UNIVERSITY  FARM 


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GEOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SURVEY  OF  MINNESOTA 
CONWAY  MAcMiLLAN,  State  Botanist 


THE 

METASPERMAE 


OF     THE 


MINNESOTA  VALLEY 


A  LIST  OF  THE  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS  INDIGENOUS  TO 
THE  DRAINAGE-BASIN  OF  THE  MINNESOTA  RIVER 


OONWAY  MACMILLAN 


REPORTS    OF   THE  SURVET 

BOTANICAL    SERIES 


DECEMBER  'J}», 

MINNEAPOLIS,    MINNESOTA 


HARRISON    &     SMITH 
STATE    PRINTERS 

MINNEAPOLIS,    MINNESOTA 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


The  University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
April  29th,   1892. 

HON.  JOHN  S.  PILLSBURY, 

President  of  the  Board  of  Retfknts  of  the   University, 
SIR: — I   have    the   honor   to   present    through   you   to   the 
Board  of  Regents  of  the  University   of   Minnesota,    my   first 
report    as   botanist   of   the    Geological    and   Natural  History 
Survey  of  Minnesota. 

I  am,  sir, 

your  obedient  servant, 

CON  WAY   MACMlLLAN, 

State  Botanist. 


BOARD  OF  REGENTS  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY. 


The  HON.  STEPHEN  MAHONEY,  B.  A.,  Minneapolis,  1N95 

The  HON.  SLOAN  M.  EMERY,  Lake  City,  1895 

The  HON.  KNUTE  NELSON,  Alexandria,    -  1896 

The  HON.  JOHN  S.  PILLSBURY,  Minneapolis,  -     1896 

The  HON.  OZORA  P.  STEARNS,^3uluth,  1897 

The  HON.  WILLIAM  LIGGETT,  Benson,  -     1897 

The  HON.  JOEL  P.  HEATWOLE,  Northfield,  1897 
The  HON.  GREENLEAF  CLARK,  M.  A.,  St.  Paul, 
The  HON.  CUSHMAN  K.  DAVIS,  M.  A.,  St.  Paul, 

The  HON.  WILLIAM  R.  MERRIAM,  Ex-Officio 

The  Governor  of  the  State. 

The  HON.  DAVID  L.  KIEHLE,  LL.  D.,  St.  Paul,  Ex-Officio 

The  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction. 

CYRUS  NORTHROP,  LL.  D.,  Minneapolis,  -    Ex-Officio 

The  President  of  the  University. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PREFACE xi 

INTRODUCTION 1 

The  work  of  a  botanical  survey 1 

Importance  of  studying  a  natural  area 2 

The  Minnesota  valley  as  a  natural  area 3 

History  of  botanical  investigation  in  the  Minnesota  valley. . .  4 
Bibliographical  list  of  publications  relating  to  the  plants  of 

Minnesota 5 

Care  and  identification  of  material 9 

Citation  of  herbarium  specimens 9 

Determination  of  ranges  outside  of  Minnesota 10 

Citation  of  generic  and  family  ranges 10 

Citation  of  authors  of  genera  and  species 11 

Synonymy  and  orthography 13 

Citation  of  genera  and  families  • 15 

Generic  synonymy  and  limitation 16 

Arrangement  of  families  and  genera 18 

Natural  divisions  of  the  vegetable  kingdom 18 

Characters  of  the  Metaspermae 22 

Characters  of  the  Archispermae 23 

The  production  of  "seeds" 24 

The  classification  of  Engler  and  Prantl 24 

Subdivisions  of  the  Metaspermae 27 

Literature  bearing  upon  metaspermic  polymorphism 29 

Statistical  discussions 30 

LIST    OF    HIGHER    SEED-PRODUCING    PLANTS    (METASPERMAE)    NA- 
TIVE TO   THE  VALLEY  OF  THE   MINNESOTA 31 

Monocotyledones 31 

I.    Typhaceae 31 

II.    Sparganiaceae 32 

III.  Potamogetonaceae 33 

IV.  Najadaceae 40 

V.    Juncagineae 41 

VI.    Alisniaceae 42 

VII.    Hydrocharitaceae 45 

VIII.    Gramineae 47 

IX.    Cyperaceae 89 

X.    Aroideae 130 

XI.    Lemnaceae 132 

XII.    Xyridaceae 135 

XIII.    Eriocaulaceae  . .  135 


Vi  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

XIV.  Commelinaceae 136 

XV.  Pontederiaceae 137 

XVt.  Juncaceae 138 

XVII.  Liliaceae 143 

XVIII.  Amaryllidaceae 159 

XIX.  Dioscoreaceae 159 

XX.  Iridaceae  160 

XXI.  Orchidaceae 162 

Dicotyledones — Archichlamyde  ae 176 

XXII.  Juglandaceae  176 

XXIII.  Myricaceae 178 

XXIV.  Salicaceae 179 

XXV.  Uetulaceae 186 

XXVI.  Fagaceae 190 

XXVIf .  Ulmaceae 192 

XXVIII.  Moraceae  195 

XXIX.  Urticaceae.  196 

XXX.  Santalaceae 199 

XXXI.  Aristolochiaceae 201 

XXXII.  Polygonaceae , 203 

XXXIII.  Chenopodiaceae 211 

XXXIV.  Amarantaceae 213 

XXXV.  Phytolaccaceae 215 

XXXVI.  Nyctaginaceae 216 

XXXVII.  Portulacaceae 217 

XXXVIII.  Caryophyllaceae 219 

XXXIX.  Nymphaeaceae 225 

XL,.  Ceratophyllaceae 229 

XLI.  Ranunculaceae 229 

XLII.  Berberidaceae 250 

XLIII.  Meoispermaceae 251 

XLIV.  Papa veraceae 252 

XLV.  Cruciferae 256 

XL,  VI.  Capparidaceae 269 

XL VII.  Sarraceniaceae , . .  271 

XL, VIII.  Droseraceae. 271 

XLIX.  Crassulaceae 273 

Lu  Saxifragaceae 274 

LI.  Rosaceae 281 

L,II.  Leguminosae 308 

LIII.  Geraniaceae 332 

L.IV.  Oxalidaceae 334 

L.V.  Linaceae 335 

L,VI.  Rutaceae '. 336 

L.VII.  Polygalaceae 338 

L.VIII.  Euphorbiaceae 340 

L,IX.  Stellariaceae 344 

L*X.  Anacardiaceae 345 

LXI.  Celastraceae  .       . 348 

LXII.  Aquifoliaceae 349 

L.XIII.  Staphyleaceae 350 


TABLE   OP   CONTENTS. 


Vll 


LXIV.    Aceraceae 351 

J,XV.    Balsaminaceae 354 

LXVI.    Rhamnaceae 355 

LXVII.    Yitaceae 357 

L.X VIII.    TiJiaceae 359 

LXIX.    Malvaceae 360 

LXX.    Hypericaceae  362 

LXXI.    Cistaceae 364 

L.XXII.    Violaceae 365 

LXXIII.    Cactaceae 371 

LXXIV.    Thymelaeaceae 372 

L.XX V.    Elaeagnaceae 373 

L.XXVI.    Lythraceae 374 

LXXVII.    Oenotheraceae 375 

LXXVIII.    Halorrhagidaceae 383 

LXXIX.    Araliaceae 385 

LXXX.    Umbelliferae 387 

L.XXXL    Cornaceae 369 

Dicotyledones—Metachlamydeae 402 

KXXXII     Pirolaceae 402 

L.XXXIII.    Ericaceae 405 

LXXXIV.    Primulaceae 411 

L.XXXV.    Oleaceae 415 

L.XXXVI.    Gentianaceae 417 

LXXXVII.    Apocynaceae 421 

L.XXXVIII.    Asclepiadaceae 422 

L.XXXIX.    Convolvulaceae 427 

XC .    Polemoniaceae 431 

XCI.    Hydrophyllaceae 434 

XCII.    Borraginaceae 436 

XCI1I.    Verbenaceae 442 

XCIV.    Labiatae 444 

XCV.    Solanaceae 456 

XCVI.    Scrophulariaceae 459 

XCVJI.    Lentibulariaceae 473 

XCVIII.    Orobanchaceae 475 

XCIX.    Plantaginaceae 476 

C.    Rubiaceae 478 

CI.    Caprifoliaceae  482 

Oil.    Adoxaceae 490 

CHI.    Valerianaceae .' 491 

CIV.    Cucurbitaceae 493 

C  V.    Campanulaceae 494 

CVI.    Compositae 499 

Summary 570 

THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  MINNESOTA  RIVEK 571 

Location  of  the  valley 571 

General  topographical  features 572 

Character  of  the  basin  573 

Distribution  of  forest  and  prairie 574 

Soils..  575 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

Climate 576 

Tables  of  precipitation 576,  577 

Table  of  temperature 577 

Phaenological  observations 578 

Geological  history  of  the  Minnesota  valley '.   ...  578 

Bibliography 581 

RELATIONSHIPS  OF  THE  METASPERMIC  FLORA  OF  THE  MINNESOTA 

VALLEY 582 

Statement  of  the  problems 582 

The  dynamic  inter-relations  of  plants 582 

General  features  of  plant  distribution  584 

The  general  factors  in  floral  differences 587 

Natural  vegetation  regions  of  the  earth 588 

Grisebach 588 

Engler 588 

Drude 590 

General  position  of   the    Minnesota  valley  as    a    botanical 

district 591 

Greater  compositeness  of  the  Northern  Realm 591 

Pressures  and  tensions 594 

General  considerations  of  equatorial  pressure 594 

Movement  of  tensions 595 

Fluctuation   of  tensions 596 

Influence  of  equatorial  pressure  on  habitat 597 

Secondary  longitudinal  tensions '. .  598 

Minor  tensions 599 

General  division  of  the  world  into  botanical  realms 600 

Outline  of  metaspermic  history  in  the  northern  hemisphere 600 

Emergence  of  metaspermic  forms 600 

Character  of  the  Cretaceous  flora 602 

The  Tertiary  flora 603 

The  post-Tertiary  movement - 604 

Results  of  the  epoch  of  glaciation 606 

Conditions  of  the  present 610 

Summary 610 

Bibliography 612 

STATISTICS  OF  METASPERMIC  PLANTS  OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY  613 

Value  of  statistics 613 

Point  of  view  of  statistical  compilation 614 

Points  of  statistical  investigation 615 

/.     Examination  of  families  represented  in  tki  Minnesota  valley  —  624 

A.  Table  illustrating  distinctive  range  of  families 618 

II.  Examination  of  genera  represented  in  the  Minnesota  valley  . . .  624 

B.  Table  illustrating  distinctive  range  of  genera 624 

C.  Table  illustrating  continental  development  of  genera  —  643 

III.  Examination  of  species  represented  in  the  Minnesota  valley  —  653 

D.  Table  illustrating  general  continental  range  of  Minne- 
sota Metaspermic  species 654 

E.  List  of  species  and  varieties  of  extra-continental  range  . .  724 

F.  Table  illustrating  range  by  families  and  species 736 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS.  ix 

IV.  Examination  of  physiognomic  characters  of  the  metaspermic 
plants  of  the  Minnesota  valley 138 

G.    Table  of  arboreal  Metaspermae 739 

H.    Table  of  shrubby  Metaspermae 740 

I.    Table  of  aquatic  Metaspermae 743 

K.    Table  of  swamp  and  marsh  Metaspermae 744 

V.  Examination  of  the  dominant  metaspermic  families  of  the  Min- 

nesota valley 752 

VI.  Conclusion 758 

INDEX  OF  THE  LIST 761 


ERRATA. 

p.    64.    For  arundiuacea  read  arundinacea. 

p.  343.    For  presslii  read  preslii. 

p.  441 :    For  var.  pilosum  read  var.  pilosa. 


PREFACE. 


The  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey  of  Minnesota  is 
established  by  virtue  of  an  act  of  the  state  legislature,  ap- 
proved March  1,  1872.  This  act  is  entitled  "An  Act  to  provide 
for  a  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey  of  the  State,  and  to 
entrust  the  same  to  the  University  of  Minnesota."  Under  the 
law,  therefore,  organising  the  survey,  the  Regents  of  the  Uni- 
versity became  its  directors  and  have  at  different  times  ap- 
pointed officers  to  prosecute  the  different  lines  of  scientific 
work.  The  order  of  carrying  on  the  work  is  prescribed  in  the 
law  establishing  it .  In  accordance  with  such  prescription  the 
geological  work  has  been  in  progress  for  twenty  years,  the 
zoological  work  for  four  years,  the  botanical  for  two  years,  and 
the  topographical  for  one  year.  Originally  the  separation  of 
these  four  lines  of  work  was  not  formally  insisted  upon  by  the 
Board  of  Regents  and  certain  botanical  and  zoological  brochures 
have  up  to  this  time  appeared  from  the  office  of  the  State 
Geologist.  More  recently,  however,  contingencies  arose  that 
induced  the  Board  of  Regents  so  to  classify  the  work  of  the 
survey  that  each  department  should  be  under  the  charge  of  a 
specialist  who  might  be  expected  to  labor  toward  the  ends 
defined  in  the  organic  law,  with  greater  directness  than  under 
the  unperfected  arrangement.  The  accompanying  work,  then, 
is  a  report  of  the  botanical  division  of  the  survey,  and  the  first 
volume  of  the  botanical  series.  It  is  transmitted  in  the  cus- 
tomary manner. 

It  is  necessary  to  add  in  this  place  a  word  to  what  is  more 
fully  discussed  in  that  portion  of  the  introductory  chapter 
which  relates  to  nomenclature.  The  action  of  the  Botanical 
Club  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  at  the  meeting  in  Rochester,  New  York,  during  the 
month  of  August,  1892,  is  a  very  grateful  one  to  all  who  have 
wished  for  some  radical  reform  in  our  laws  and  customs  of 
botanical  nomenclature,  The  rules  of  the  Paris  Congress  have 


Xll  METASPERMAE   OF    THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

in  general  been  reaffirmed  and  the  modifications  of  the  code  are 
for  the  most  part  improvements.  The  action  of  the  club  cer- 
tainly marks  the  end  of  an  unfortunate  epoch  in  the  history  of 
American  botany,  and  in  the  future  it  may  be  expected  that 
many  and  evident  benefits  will  be  derived  from  the  establish- 
ment of  nomenclature  upon  some  other  than  a  personal  basis. 
In  accord  with  the  action  of  the  Botanical  Club,  I  should  have 
adopted  in  this  work  the  1753  date  for  genera  as  well  as  for 
species,  had  not  most  of  the  pages  been  in  type  when  the  action 
was  taken.  In  accordance  with  the  new  rule  the  following 
changes  in  generic  nomenclature  are  suggested  to  persons  us  - 
ing  this  volume. 

Mariscus  HALL.    (1742)  =  Cladium  P.  BR.     (1756). 
Cyperella  CRAM.    (1744)  =  Juncodes  ADANS.    (1763). 
Ramium  RTJMPF.    (ll^l)  =  Boehmeria  JACQ.    (1763). 
Stellularia  LINN.    (1748)  =  Stellaria  LINN.    (1753). 
Leuconymphaea  LUDW.    (1737)  =  Cattalia  SALISB.    (1805). 
Nymphaea  LUDW.    (1737)  =  Nymphaea  SALISB.    (1805). 
Capnorchis  LUDW.    (1737 1  =  Bikukulla  ADANS.    (1763). 
Cracca  LINN.    (1747)  =  Colordla  ADANS.    (1763). 
Ricinocarpus  BURM.    (1737)  =  Acalypha  LINN.    (1753). 
Stellaria  LUDW.    (1737)  =  Callitriche  LINN.    (1753). 
Lappula  HALL.    (1745)  =  Lappula  MOENCH.    (1791). 
Leptostachya  MITCH.    (1748)  =  Phryma  LINN.    (1753). 
Pentagonia  SIEG.    (1737)=  Legouzia  DUR.     (1782). 

In  the  spelling  of  generic  names  the  folio  wing  are  the  prefer- 
able forms:  Cypripedium,  Pyrus,  Pyrola,  Pentstemon.  la  the 
matter  of  specific  nomenclature  the  only  change  that  need  be 
made  to  follow  the  rules  of  the  Botanical  Club  is  the  substitu- 
tion of  the  second  oldest  specific  name  in  the  duplicate 
binomials .  Phragmiles  phragmites  (  LINN.  )  then  becomes  Phrag- 
mites  vulgaris  (LAM.).  While  the  writer  is  not  at  all  in  sym- 
pathy with  this  rule  of  the  Botanical  Club,  which  makes  an 
exception  to  the  law  of  priority  of  which  no  exception  should 
under  any  circumstances  be  -allowed,  nevertheless,  in  accord, 
ance  with  his  belief  that  the  action  of  so  representative  a  body 
of  botanists  should  have  its  due  weight,  he  suggests  that  this 
change  be  made  in  the  duplicate  names  of  the  list. 

It  has  been  intimated  that  the  position  of  the  Gharaceae  is 
not  apparent  in  the  general  scheme  of  arrangement  proposed 
in  the  introduction.  It  seems  clear  to  the  writer  that  this 
group  is  to  be  included  among  the  Sporophyta-Archegoniatae. 
Whether  the  sporophytic  plant  is  represented  by  the  so-called 
pro-embryo1  or  is  altogether  suppressed,  it  would  seem  proper 
to  include  the  Characeae,  as  has  been  done,  among  the  Sporo- 

1.    Vines:  Journ  Sot.  (1878). 


PREFACE.  Xiil 

phyta.  An  extended  discussion  of  the  point  will  not  be  proper 
here,  but  it  may  be  noted  in  passing  that  the  proposition  that 
the  pro-embryo  of  Chara  is  really  homologous  with  a  sporo- 
phytic  plant  is  not  altogether  indefensible. 

Acknowledgements  not  already  made  in  the  introductory 
chapter  may  here  find  an  appropriate  place.  To  very  many  I 
am  under  grateful  obligation  for  assistance  and  encouragement, 
I  may  name  most  particularly  Dean  C.  W.  Hall,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Minnesota;  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton,  of  Columbia  College;; 
Prof.  E.  L.  Greene,  of  the  University  of  California,  and  Dr. 
C.  E.  Bessey,  of  the  University  of  Nebraska.  Each  one  of 
these  has  aided  me  and  I  take  pleasure  in  assuring  them  of  my 
sincere  gratitude  and  regard.  I  am  also  indebted  to  Maud  R. 
MacMillan,  my  wife,  for  no  little  help  in  the  proof-reading  and 
indexing-work,  and  to  my  sister,  Bertha  McMillan,  for  similar 
kindly  offices,  i  extend  my  thanks  to  them. 

The  general  plan  of  this  volume  will  be  recognised  by  my 
professional  co-workers  as  somewhat  new,  or  at  least  untried.. 
They  will  doubtless  appreciate  without  any  further  statements- 
on  my  part,  the  many  difficulties  that  confront  one  who  attempts 
to  follow  such  a  plan.  I  trust  they  will  also  bear  in  mind  that 
the  writer  is  Keenly  aware  of  many  defects  in  his  wqrk,  and 
doubts  not  that  there  are  others  which  have  escaped  his  atten- 
tention.  Oversights,  errors  and  positive  blunders  are  scarcely 
to  be  avoided  in  any  work  that  is  made  up  of  such  a  mass  of 
detail  as  in  the  case  in  hand.  I  hope,  however,  that  these  errors- 
have  been  reduced  to  a  minimum,  and  that  such  as  exist,  in 
spite  of  what  I  trust  has  been  a  due  degree  of  watchfulness, 
will  not  mislead  anyone  who  may  use  this  book.  In  spite  of 
the  onus  that  to  a  certain  degree  rests  upon  the  compiler  of  a 
local  flora,  I  believe  that  even  in  such  a  humble  department  of 
botanical  science  there  is  opportunity  for  useful  study.  Where 
the  present  work  may  have  failed,  others,  it  may  be  hoped,  will 
succeed,  and,  if  directly  or  indirectly  the  writer  has  contributed 
a  little  to  the  development  of  our  knowledge  of  the  plant  popu- 
lation of  the  continent,  he  will  feel  well  repaid  for  labors  which 
have  at  times  been  both  arduous  and  confining. 

CONWAY    MACMlLLAN 

University  of  Minnesota 
December  24,   1892 


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INTRODUCTION, 


The  work  of  a  Botanical  Survey.  In  the  law  of  March 
1st,  1872,  providing  for  a  Geological  and  Natural  History 
Survey  of  Minnesota,  it  is  directed  that  an  examination  of 
the  vegetable  productions  of  the  state,  embracing  all  trees, 
shrubs,  herbs  and  grasses,  native  or  naturalised,  shall  be 
included  in  the  said  survey.  It  is  furthermore  provided  that, 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  who,  by  law, 
are  constituted  the  Directors  of  the  survey,  reports  shall  from 
time  to  time  be  made  to  the  people  of  the  state,  and  suitable 
provisions  are  determined  for  the  distribution  of  these  reports. 
A  task  of  considerable  magnitude  is  thus  laid  upon  the  officers 
of  the  survey  in  whose  charge  the  botanical  work  is  placed. 
Not  only  must  those  conspicuous  members  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom — the  flowering  plants,  pines  and  ferns — be  subjected 
to  examination;  but  the  less  prominent  and  lower  forms,  such 
as  the  fungi,  algae,  lichens,  bacteria,  slime-moulds  and  prob- 
lematic organisms,  must  receive  what  may  seem  to  be  their 
due  share  of  attention.  These  latter  forms  from  their  intim- 
ate connection  with  the  health,  nutrition  and  activities  of  man 
may  rightly  claim  a  careful  study.  But  up  to  the  present 
time  very  little  is  known  of  the  lower  plant  forms  as  occurring 
in  Minnesota.  In  the  catalogue  prepared  by  A.  E.  Johnson, 
and  published  most  fully  in  the  Bulletins  of  the  Minnesota 
Academy  of  Sciences,  there  will  be  found  the  first  serious 
effort  to  bring  together  into  a  list  some  information  concern- 
ing the  fungi  of  the  state*(l).  In  Bulletin  No.  3  of  the  Geo- 
logical and  Natural  History  Survey  of  Minnesota,  Mr.  J.  C. 
Arthur,  assisted  by  Messrs.  Warren  Upham,  L.  H.  Bailey, 
E.  W.  D.  Holway  and  others,  presents  the  results  of  a  brief  but 
fruitful  collecting  trip  in  northern  Minnesota,  together  with  a 
number  of  notes  compiled  from  various  sources  (2).  In  this 

(1).    Johnson:    Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  Minn.,  Vol.  I.    (1877-78-79). 

(2).  Arthur:  Results  of  Botan.  Work  in  Minn,  for  1886.  Bull,  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist. 
Survey,  No.  3.  (1887). 


2  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

list  there  will  be  found  reference  to  many  of  the  lower  plants, 
but  the  number  here  determined  can  hardly  represent  more 
than  a  small  fraction  of  all  which  certainly  exist  within  the 
limits  of  Minnesota. 

During  the  three  years  of  1889,  1890  and  1891,  the  collection 
of  data  in  this  comparatively  unexplored  region  has  been 
diligently  prosecuted  by  the  Botanical  Department  of  the 
University  of  Minnesota,  and  the  information  thus  obtained 
has  become  the  property  of  the  survey.  It  is  intended  at  some 
time  in  the  future,  barring  unforeseen  contingencies,  to  present 
as  complete  a  list  as  possible  of  the  fungi  and  algae  of  the 
state.  While  this  reconnoisance  has  been  in  progress  much 
labor  has  been  expended  upon  the  enlargement  of  our  knowl- 
edge of  those  plant-groups  which  have  already  commanded, 
from  their  greater  prominence,  the  attention  of  students  of  the 
Minnesota  flora.  Owing  to  the  changes  in  nomenclature  and 
the  never-finished  revision- work  which  modifies  our  conception 
of  genera  and  species  as  well  as  of  the  larger  divisions,  and  in 
the  light  of  constantly  advancing  scientific  knowledge,  there  is 
brought  near  to  us  the  necessity  of  re-examining  somewhat  of 
the  botanical  work  already  done.  By  such  examination  it  alone 
becomes  possible  to  present  the  most  modern  aspect  of  such  a 
study  as  is,  under  the  law,  directed  towards  the  vegetable 
products  of  Minnesota. 

In  the  present  volume  a  mass  of  revisional  and  considerable 
new  material  bearing  upon  the  plants  of  Minnesota  has  been 
collected.  For  a  proper  limitation  of  the  work  within  bounds 
a  natural  group  of  plants — the  higher  seed-plants,  or  metas- 
permse — has  been  selected,  and  these  plants  -have  been  consid- 
ered with  reference  to  a  limited,  but  natural  portion  of  the  total 
area  of  the  state.  In  this  way  new  facts  are  conveniently 
grouped  and  the  old  facts  are  brought  into  a  somewhat  different 
angle  of  vision. 

The  importance  of  studying  a  natural  area.  It  is  not  com- 
monly the  custom  of  those  who  compile  local  floras  to  select  dis- 
tricts limited  by  nature  rather  than  by  man,  as  the  area  for  inves- 
tigation. It  is  far  more  usual  for  some  political  district  to  be 
chosen,  such  as,  for  example,  a  group  of  states,  a  single  state, 
a  county,  a  town  or  a  region  within  a  circle  drawn  with  arbitrary 
radius  around  some  central  city,  lake  or  valley.  In  a  list  of 
local  floras  published  in  North  America  (3),  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton 
enumerates  791  titles  of  works  that  have  been  published  since 

(H).    Britton:    A  list  of  State  and  Local  Floras.    Contr.  Col.  College  Herb.    (1890.) 


INTRODUCTION.  3 

the  early  colonial  days.  These  fall  into  three  classes,  political, 
geometrical  and  natural,  with  reference  to  the  areas  of  which 
they  treat.  To  political  areas  590  titles  are  referred,  upon 
examination  of  the  whole  list;  to  geometrical,  142  titles  and  to 
natural  areas  only  59  titles.  The  more  popular  methods  do 
not,  however,  afford  so  good  a  field  for  scientific  grouping  of 
facts  nor  do  they  permit,  without  a  most  tedious  and  pains- 
taking tabulation  and  criticism,  any  particularly  useful  gener- 
alisations which  might  be  based  upon  the  facts  when  properly 
arranged.  For  there  is,  apparently  no  very  close  connection 
between  those  conditions  which  govern  the  boundary-lines  of  a 
political  district  and  the  distribution  of  plants  within  those 
boundaries.  The  boundaries  of  Minnesota  are  certainly  not 
accidental,  but  have  been  fixed  through  the  interaction  of  a 
complicated  series  of  causes  and  events,  many  of  them  too 
subtile  and  elusive  to  permit  of  classification.  Just  as  certainly 
the  kinds  of  plants  in  Minnesota,  their  relative  abundance  or 
scarcity,  their  positions  in  forest,  lake  or  meadow,  their  general 
or  local  distribution  are  determined  by  a  similarly  complicated 
and  interlocking  series  of  causes  and  events,  many  of  which  will 
also,  it  is  probable,  be  found  to  be  too  difficult  and  "hidden  for 
successful  analysis.  In  the  effort  to  unravel  somewhat  of  the 
problems  suggested,  it  is  necessary  that  attention  should  not 
be  diverted  to  something  quite  extraneous  or  superficial  and, 
therefore,  just  as  we  should  not  attempt  to  interpret  the  laws 
governing  the  action  of  a  constitutional  convention,  by  periodic 
examinations  of  a  mercury-barometer,  no  more  should  we 
attempt  to  investigate  the  laws  of  plant-distribution  in  Minne- 
sota by  adhering  to  the  artificial  lines  which  separate  it  from 
adjacent  commonwealths  or  divide  it  into  counties,  towns  or 
sections. 

The  Minnesota  valley  as  a  natural  area.  When  one  endeav 
ors  to  divide  the  state  of  Minnesota  into  natural  regions  for  the 
purpose  of  prosecuting  a  botanical  survey,  the  river- valleys  at 
once  present  themselves  as  suitable  areas.  As  is  well-known 
Minnesota  lies  squarely  at  the  crest  of  the  North  American 
continent.  Its  altitude  above  the  sea  is  less  than  that  of  other 
places  which  might  be  named;  but  notwithstanding  this  it  is 
within  its  borders  that  the  three  great  river  systems  of  the 
continent  find  their  head-waters.  Plowing  northward  is  the 
Red  river,  the  principal  tributary  to  Hudson  Bay ;  flowing 
eastward  is  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  principal  tributary  to  the 
Atlantic,  and  flowing  southward  is  the  Mississippi,  the  great 


4  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

central  river  of  North  America,  emptying  its  waters  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  There  may  be  distinguished  then,  these  three 
drainage-basins,  and  each  might  be  a  suitable  district  for  study 
along  the  lines  contemplated  in  the  establishment  of  a  botanical 
survey.  It  happens  however  that  the  Mississippi  drainage -area 
in  Minnesota  admits  of  a  natural  subdivision.  The  Minnesota 
river  which  joins  the  larger,  but  geologically  newer  stream,  at 
Ft.  Snelling,  is  in  many  ways  the  most  interesting  portion  of 
the  Mississippi  basin.  As  will  be  shown  later,  in  the  special 
chapter  devoted  to  this  valley,  the  Minnesota  is  peculiarly 
central  in  its  location  and  remarkably  interesting,  not  only 
from  its  topography  and  situation,  but  on  account  of  its  history 
as  well. 

Occupying  the  position  that  it  does  the  Minnesota  valley, 
while  a  subsidiary  drainage-basin,  becomes  one  of  first  import- 
ance in  Minnesota.  It  is,  therefore,  the  natural  region  which 
has  been  chosen  for  study  at  this  time.  Later,  it  is  hoped,  the 
other  basins  to  which  the  superficial  area  of  Minnesota  may  be 
referred,  will  receive  attention.  Thus  a  final  report  of  the 
botanical  survey  will  knit  together  the  data  acquired  through 
the  consecutive  investigation  of  the  different  natural  districts 
making  up  the  state.  For  the  purpose  of  the  botanical  division 
of  the  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey,  then,  the  state 
of  Minnesota  may  be  considered  as  presenting  these  divisions: 

(3«. 

I.  Rainy  Lake  river  drainage-basin 11,347  sq.  m. 

II.  Red  river  drainage-basin 18,106  sq.  m. 

III.  Lake  Superior  drainage-basin 7,689  sq .  m. 

IV.  Minnesota  river  drainage-basin 15,706  sq.  m. 

V.  Rock  river  drainage-basin 1,929  sq.  ni. 

VI.    Des  Moines  river  drainage-basin 1,639  sq.  m. 

VII.    Cedar  River  drainage-basin 1,206  sq.  m. 

VIII.    St.  Croix  river  drainage-basin 3,669  sq.  m. 

IX.    Other  tributaries  of  Miss,  below  St,  Paul 6,399  sq.  m. 

X.    Central  Mississippi  drainage-basin 16,596  sq.  m. 

Total  area  of  Minnesota 84,286  sq.  m. 

Only  the  4th  and  10th  of  these  basins  are  peculiarly  Minne- 
sotan  (disregarding  the  unclassified  IX.  div.).  Of  these  two 
the  Minnesota  is  much  the  older  and  more  interesting  area,  as 
will  be  discussed  later. 

History  of  botanical  investigation  in  the  Minnesota  valley. 
In  the  earlier  published  works  relating  to  the  plants  of  Minne- 
sota it  is  not  possible  to  determine  accurately  what  references 

(3Vi).    Hall:    Physiographic  Conditions  of  Minnesota.    Proc.  Hort.  Soc.  393  (1884). 


INTRODUCTION.  5 

belong  to  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota.  Since  no  bibliography 
has  yet  been  published  of  the  district  in  question  or  of  the  state 
in  general — except  the  preliminary  one  compiled  with  much 
care  by  Mr.  Warren  Upham  (4) — it  seems  advisable  to  introduce 
at  this  point  such  a  list  as  shall  cover  at  least  the  more  promi- 
nent papers,  memoirs  and  volumes  known  to  the  writer. 


Bibliographical  List  of  Publications  Relating  to  the  Plants  of  Minnesota, 


In  this  preliminary  and  partial  list  the  *  is  prefixed  to  such  titles  as 
convey  information  concerning  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota. 

Jesuit  Relations  (1626-1679). 

Occasional  references  to  food  or  fuel  plants. 

La  Salle:  Margry's  Decouv.  et  Etabl.  de  France,  Am.  Sept.  (1683). 
Lie  Suer:  Pennecaut's  Narr.  (1705). 
Carver:  Trav.  N.  Amer.  (1779). 

Observations  of  Sugar-maple,  Vines,  Oaks,  Pirus,  Prunus,  Angelica, 
Apios  or  Astragalus,  Humulus  and  a  number  of  others,  not  all  of 
which,  perhaps,  are  to  be  credited  to  Minnesota. 

*Pike:  Exp.  Miss,  and  La.  during  1805-6  and-7  (1810). 

Observations  of  Pinus  strobus,  P.  resinosa,  Tilia,  Ulmus,  Praxinus, 
Quercus,  Acer,  Populus,  Abies,  Larix,  Zizania.  Thuja  and  a  few 
others.  t 

Torrey:  List  of  PI.  coll.  by  Capt.  D.  B.  Douglas  at  the  sources  of  the 

Mississippi.    Sill.  Journ.,  ser.  I,  vol.  IV,  pp.  56-69  (1822). 
*Nuttall  and  Schweinitz:  Say's  PI.  from  Long's  Exp.,  Appx.  in  Keat- 
ing Narr.,  vol.  II  (1825). 

124  species  of  ferns  and  spermaphyta,  30 definitely  attributed  to  Minn. 

*Beltrami:  Decouv.  Sourc.  Miss,  et  Sanglante  (1824). 
Observations  of  Maples  and  Oaks. 

*Schoolcraft:  Narr.  Exp.  Itasca,  pp.  160-165,  plants  coll.  by  Dougl. 
Houghton  (1834). 

247  sp.,  115  attributed  to  Minn. 

*Torrey:  Geyer's  coll.,  Nicollet  Rep.  t'1843). 

Catalogue  of  446  sp.,  60-65  from  Minn.,  most  of  the  others  from  Dakota. 

Eaton  and  Wright:  Man.  Bot.  N.  Amer..  ed.  VIII  (1841). 
Some  vague  references  to  Minnesota  localities. 

•    Gray:  Man.  Bot.  N.  U.  S.,  ed.  I  (1848)  and  succeeding  editions. 
In  the  first  edition  vague  references  to  Minnesota  localities. 

*Featherstoneliatigh:  Canoe- Yoy.  Minnay  Sotar  (1847). 
A  few  notes  of  common  trees,  shrubs  and  herbs. 

*Pope:  Rep.  Pemb.  Exp.,  ex.  Doc.  42,  31st  Cong.,  Sess.I.  (1851). 

Notes  of  common  trees  and  shrubs. 

*  Parry:  Syst.   Cat.  PI.  Minn,  and  Wise.,  Owen's  Rep.,  pp.  606-622 

(1852). 
*Clark:  Hanchett  and  Clark,  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  (1864). 

Enumeration  of  65-70  native  plants  and  30  cultivated  varieties. 
(4).    Upham:     Cat.  Fl.  Minn.  XI.  Rep.  Geol.  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Minn.,  (1883). 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 
*Lapliam:  Cat.  PI.  Minn.,  Rep.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.  (1875). 

951  species  noted  as  growing  in  Minn. 

•* Twining,  Wincliell,   Harrington,  Sperry,  Juni,  Roberts,  Gar- 
rison: In  vols.  I-IX,  Ann.  Reps.  Geol.  and  Nat.    Hist.  Survey, 
N.  H.  Winchell,  State  Geologist  (1872-1880). 
Dawson:  Bound.  Rep.,  pp.  351-379  (1875). 

289  sp.  Phanerogams  from  Canadian  line. 

Chickering:  PI.  Coues,  Red  river  coll.,  U.S.  Bound.  Comm.  (1878). 

96  species  from  boundary  region  near  Pembina. 

*Cathcart:  Ferns  of  Minn.,  Bull.  Minn.  Acad.  Sci.  I.,  303-304  (1877). 
30  species  and  3  varieties. 

Manning:   Wild  Flowers  of  Lake  Pepin  valley,  Rep.  Minn.  Hort. 
Soc.,  pp.  83-116  (1884). 

Catalogue  of  504  species. 

*ITpham:  Catalogue  of  the  Flora  of  Minnesota;  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist. 
Survey,  Rep.  XI  (1883);  reprinted  (1884). 

1650  species  of  flowering  plants  and  Pteridophyta,  This  very  valua- 
ble work  is  a  complete  compilation  from  preceding  papers  and 
contains  much  additional  information. 

Arthur:  Rep.  Bo  tan.  Work  in  Minn,  for  1886,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  and  Nat. 
Hist.  Survey  of  Minn.  (1887). 

Includes  work  by  Holway,  Bailey,  Upham  and  others.  750  sp.  listed 
from  N.  Minnesota.  Camp  located  in  48°  N.  lat.,  near  Lake  Vermil- 
ion. This  list  is  important,  not  only  as  a  contribution  to  our 
knowledge,  but  because  it  is  the  only  list  yet  published  based  en- 
tirely on  herbarium  material  which  is  preserved  by  the  state. 

*Up7iam:  Suppl.  Minn.  Flora,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  (1887). 
*Britton  and  others:   Torrey  Bulletin— papers  on  generic  revision 

often  contain  notes  on  Minn,  forms.    (1884—). 

*  Botanical  Gazette  papers:   Many  notes  and  references  to  Minne- 
sota plants  are  scattered  through  this  publication.    (1885—). 
*MacMillan:  E.  extension  of  Pentstemon  albidus,  Torr.  Bull.,  Oct.  (1890). 
Id.    Note  on  a  Minn,  species  of  Isaria  and  an  attendant  Pachybas- 

mm,  Journ.  of  Mycology,  vol.  VI,  No.  2  (1890). 
Id.    Note  on  a  new  species  of  Actinoceps,  B.  and  Br.,  Am.  Naturalist, 

Aug.  (1890). 
Id.    Notes  on  some  Phanerogams  of  Central  Minnesota,  Bot.  Gazette, 

Dec.  (1890). 

Id.    Salvinia  natans  in  Minnesota,  Torr.  Bull.,  Jan.  (1891). 
Id.    Some  notes  on  parasitic  fungi  affecting  the  leaves  of  Sarmcena 

purpurea  in  Minnesota,  Torr.  Bull.,  July  (1891). 
*Id.    Les  Plantes  Europe^nes  introduite  dans  la  valle6  du  Minnesota, 

Rev.  Gen.  de  Botan.  No,  34  (1891). 

E.  J.  Hill:  Pinus  Banksiana  in  the  West,  Torr.  Bull ,  Mar  (1890). 
Id.    Zizania  as  found  by  the  explorers  of  the  N.  W.,  Torr.  Bull.,  Feb. 

(1891). 

Id.    Flora  of  St.  Croix  region,  Bot.  Gazette,  May  (1891). 
Id.    Flora  of  the  Lake  Superior  region,  Bot.  Gazette,  June  (1890), 

and  fol. 
*Leil)erg:   Fl.  Dak.  and  Mont.,  Rep.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.,  pp.  361-367 

(1884). 

Trelease:  Revision  of  Epilobium  (1891). 
References  to  Minnesota  material. 


INTRODUCTION.  .  7 

Id.    Revision  of  Rumex  (1892). 

References  to  Minnesota  material. 
WJieelock:  Genus  Polygala  in  N.  America,  Torr.  Mem.  II,  No.  4 

(1891). 

References  to  Minnesota  material. 

Bailey:  Study  of  the  Genus  Carex  (1887). 

References  to  Minnesota  material. 

Bailey :  Types  of  the  Genus  Carex  (1889). 

References  to  Minnesota  material. 

*Saryent:  N.  Amer.  Silva,  vols.  I,  II,  III,— (1890— ). 
References  to  Minnesota  plants. 

Johnson:  Mycological  Flora  of  Minn.,  Bull.  Minn.  Acad.  Sci.  (1877, 
1878,  1879). 

775  species  of  fungi,  many  doubtfully  identified. 

* Arthur:  Some  Algae  of  Minn,  supposed  to  Poison,  Bull.  Minn.  Acad. 

Sci.  Appx.  (1883). 

Johnson:  Mycological  Flora  in  VI.  Rep.,  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Sur- 
vey (1876). 

558  species  listed ;  many  doubtful. 

Gray:  Revisional  papers  in  Proc.'Am.  Acad.,  (1883-1888). 
Watson:  Revisional  papers  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  (1885-1891). 
Britton:  Revisional  papers  in  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.,  (1887—). 

In  all  of  these  occasional  references  to  Minnesota  material  are  to  be 
looked  for. 

Macoun:  Flora  of  Canada,  (1883—). 

References  to  northern  border  localities. 

Upham:  Geographic  Limits  of  species  of  Plants  in  the  Basin  of  the 

Red  river  of  the  North,  Bost.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  Proc.  (1891). 
*Gray:  Synoptical  Flora  (1886). 

Many  references  to  Minnesota. 

Reports  of  Minn.  Hort.  Soc.,  Forestry  Comm.,  Agric.  Soc.  and  Ex- 
periment Station.    (1870—). 
Wolle:  Algae  of  Minneapolis,  Bull.  Torr.  Club.,  X,  13-21  (1883). 

Enumeration  of  species  new  to  D.  S.,  collected  near  Minneapolis  by 
Miss  Eloise  Butler.    18  sp.,  8  forms  new  to  science. 

Wolle:  Desmids  of  U.  S.  (1884). 

References  to  Minnesota  localities. 

Id.    Fresh- water  Algae  of  U.  S.  (1887). 

References  to  Minnesota  localities. 

Journal  of  Mycology,  (1885—). 

Occasional  scattered  allusions  to  Minnesota  localities  and  fungi. 

Houghton:  Loc.  Plants  coll.  in  N.  W.,  Exp.  (1834). 
*Hiddell:  Syn.  Fl.  W.  States  (1835). 

References  to  Minnesota  localities. 

LapJiam:  Grasses  of  Wise,  and  adjacent  States,  Trans.  Wise.  Agric. 

Soc.,  Ill,  397-488(1853). 
Whitney:   Flora  of  Lake  Superior   Region;    Foster  and  Whitney's 

Rep.  Geol.  Lake  Sup.  Land  Dist.,  II,  359-381  (1851). 
Pammel:  Weeds  of  S.  E.  Wise,  and  Minn.  (1887). 
*Leonard:  Filical  Fl.  Minn.,  Bull.  Minn.  Acad.  Sci.  (1877-78). 


8  METASPERMAE   OF    THE    MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Doubtless  other  titles  could  be  added,  but  the  above  will  in- 
dicate most  of  the  geographical  work  that  has  been  accom- 
plished upon  the  plants  of  Minnesota.  A  large  number  of  local 
collectors  are  and  have  been  residing  in  Minnesota,  and  to  the 
energy  of  these  is  due  our  information,  at  present  accessible, 
concerning  the  plants  of  Minnesota.  To  give  a  list  of  these 
would  be  difficult  since  they  are  scattered  throughout  every 
county.  Many  have  but  meagre  collections,  while  some  have 
worked  long  and  patiently  over  the  state  flora  and  possess 
good  representative  collections  from  all  parts  of  its  domain. 

Unfortunately,  the  only  excellently  complete  list  of  Min- 
nesota flowering-plants  and  ferns  is  not  largely  based  upon 
an  existing  herbarium.  In  the  herbarium  of  the  Geological 
and  Natural  History  Survey,  when  it  came  under  the  charge 
of  the  present  State  Botanist,  there  were  only  621  species  of 
our  vascular  flora  out  of  about  1,700  known,  represented  by 
specimens.  Since  that  time  many  of  the  gaps  have  been  filled, 
while  many  remain.  The  Arthur  list  of  1887  is  fortunately 
based  upon  a  skilfully  prepared  and  carefully  preserved 
herbarium  and  this  is  on  file  in  the  cases  of  the  Survey. 
Other  accessions  to  the  state-flora,  as  represented  in  the 
herbaria  preserved  at  the  University  have  come  from  time  to 
time  through  exchange,  presentation  and  personal  collection. 
The  principal  and  most  important  contributions  to  the  state- 
cabinets  have  been  made  under  the  present  working  plan.  In 
June,  1891,  Messrs.  E.  P.  Sheldon,  C.  A.  Ballard  and  B.  C. 
Taylor  were  commissioned  to  prosecute  field-work  in  different 
portions  of  the  Minnesota  valley.  Mr.  Ballard  spent  two 
months  in  the  vicinity  of  the  mouth  of  the  Minnesota,  working 
through  Carver,  Scott  and  Dakota  counties.  Messrs.  Sheldon 
and  Taylor  spent  three  months  in  the  southern  and  western 
portions  of  the  valley.  Pope  and  Douglas  counties  were  specially 
studied  by  Mr.  Taylor,  and  the  valleys  of  the  Cottonwood,  Red- 
wood and  Lac  Que  Parle  by  Mr.  Sheldon,  who  also  spent  some 
time  along  the  northeast  slope  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies, 
especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Benton.  Through  the  intel- 
ligent, energetic  and  expert  endeavors  of  these,  some  20,000 
specimens  of  flowering-plants,  vascular  cryptogams,  mosses, 
fungi  and  fresh- water  algae  were  collected,  of  which  number 
more  than  3,000  have  been  mounted  in  proper  fashion  and 
placed  in  the  herbarium* of  the  survey.  The  total  number 
includes  many  exchange  plants  and  duplicates  which  will  be  of 
value  in  building  up  weak  places  in  the  general  herbarium. 


INTRODUCTION.  9 

Care  and  identification  of  material.  The  identification,  dis- 
tribution and  arrangement  of  all  the  phanerogamic  and  vascular 
material  collected  during  the  season  of  1891  was  put  in  charge 
of  Mr.  E.  P.  Sheldon,  whose  ability  and  aptness  for  the  work 
have  been  an  indispensible  assistance  to  the  author.  Under  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Sheldon,  Mr.  W.  D.  Frost  and  Mr.  A.  P.  Anderson 
gave  some  time  to  the  mounting  and  arrangement  of  such 
plants  as  were  reserved  for  the  general  herbarium.  This  work 
occupied  the  entire  autumn  of  1891  and  the  winter  and  part  of 
the  spring  of  1892.  The  large  collections  in  the  herbarium  of 
the  Department  of  Botany,  which  numbers  not  far  from  62,000 
specimens,  afforded  excellent  facilities  for  comparison  when 
-critical  forms  were  under  consideration.  A  few  doubtful  forms 
have  been  submitted  to  specialists,  but  in  no  cases  have  the 
determinations  of  Mr.  Sheldon  been  modified. 

Citation  of  herbarium  specimens.  Every  plant  in  the  herba- 
rium of  the  survey  is  known  by  its  collector's  name  followed  by 
a  serial  number.  It  thus  becomes  possible  to  refer  to  any  plant 
•definitely  and  decisively.  Any  mistakes  in  identification,  if 
such  should  by  chance  occur,  would  thus  be  easily  discovered 
and  corrected  by  future  workers.  Under  each  species  in  the 
subsequent  list  of  Metaspermae  occurring  native  in  the  Minne- 
sota valley,  all  the  herbarium  material  at  hand  is  entered.  Not 
only  is  the  Minnesota  valley  material  properly  inserted,  but  all 
Minnesota  specimens  receive  their  place  under  the  appropriate 
heads.  Only  such  Minnesota  specimens  as  belong  to  species 
not  known  or  believed  to  occur  in  the  drainage  basin  of  the 
Minnesota  river  are  excluded.  In  this  way  a  complete  account 
of  the  status  of  each  species,  in  the  herbarium,  is  presented  to 
students  throughout  the  state,  and  gaps  or  poorly  represented 
species  may  receive  attention  from  future  collectors. 

In  addition  to  the  citation  of  all  Minnesota  specimens  of 
Minnesota  plants,  so  far  as  represented  in  the  herbariums  of 
the  University,  citations  have  been  made  from  the  personal 
collections  of  Mr.  Sheldon,  Mr.  Wickersheim,  of  Idlewild, 
Lincoln  county,  and  Judge  Moyer,  of  Montevideo,  gentlemen 
who  have  kindly  contributed  by  the  loan  of  their  herbaria  to 
our  knowledge  of  the  limits  of  species  in  their  districts.  The 
collection  of  Mr.  Sheldon,  cited  as  Herb.  Sheld.,  is  principally 
from  the  Ft.  Snelling  district ;  that  of  Judge  Moyer,  cited  as 
Herb.  Moyer,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Chippewa  river  ;  that  of 
Mr.  Wickersheim,  cited  as  Herb.  Wickersheim,  from  Lincoln 


10  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

county  and  Mankato.  With  the  addition  of  these,  the  total 
number  of  locality -citations  is  not  far  from  6,000. 

Determination  of  ranges  outside  of  Minnesota.  Curiously 
enough  there  is  no  work  accessible  to  students  of  the  Minne- 
sota flora  in  which  the  complete  range  of  Minnesota  plants  is 
given.  This  can  readily  be  excused  in  the  case  of  fungal  or 
algal  lists,  for  the  ranges  of  many  of  these  lower  forms  are 
very  insufficiently  known  and  could  scarcely  be  compiled  with- 
out great  labor  and  uncertainty.  In  the  case  of  the  higher 
seed-plants,  the  Metaspermae,  there  is  less  difficulty  in  obtain- 
ing the  intra-  and  extra- continental  distribution,  but  in  manuals, 
floras  and  lists  published  in  America  it  is  common  for  the 
range,  outside  of  the  area  arbitrarily  chosen,  to  meet  with  little 
or  no  consideration.  This  is  proper  if  the  list  is  intended 
only  as  an  enumeration,  but  if  it  is  meant  to  be  serviceable  to 
students  in  any  other  way,  it  would  seem  scarcely  out  of  place 
to  indicate  in  it  the  complete  range  of  each  species  noted.  In 
no  other  way  can  the  plants  of  a  region  be  presented  logically 
to  the  student.  This  is  especially  true  when  the  lists  are  based 
upon  unnatural  districts  of  observation.  In  any  case  it  seems 
useful  to  know  the  general  range.  With  this  in  view,  the 
writer  has  been  at  considerable  pains  to  compile  from  the 
original  sources,  as  far  as  possible,  the  American  and  Old- 
World  distribution  of  all  plants  which  are  considered  as  native 
to  the  Minnesota  valley — that  is,  all  plants  introduced  within 
its  borders  by  agencies  other  than  the  activities  of  man.  Cita- 
tions of  page  and  number  are  given  of  all  authorities  thus  con- 
sulted. The  principal  local  floras  of  America  have  been  indexed 
and  certain  lists  of  the  Old  World,  comprising  some  from  both 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  regions,  have  been  included  in  this  tabula- 
tion. Under  each  specific  name  citations  of  literature  upon 
which  geographical  range  is  based  may  be  found,  and  reference 
to  such  cited  works  will  be  sufficient  in  most  cases  to  fill  out 
the  detail  of  distribution  which  is  suppressed  for  want  of  space. 

Citation  of  generic  and  family  ranges.  The  genera  and  fami- 
lies are  handled  in  much  the  same  way  as  the  separate  species 
and  varieties.  Under  each  generic  name  is  cited  the  principal 
synonymy,  excluding  most  pre  Linnean  names,  and  following 
this  a  few  standard  compendia  of  genera  or  generic  indices.  It 
is  thus  possible  for  the  student  to  refer  at  will  to  the  detailed 
descriptions  of  genera  found  in  the  cited  works,  or  very  readily 
to  come  into  a  knowledge  of  the  literature  concerning  any 
genus  of  his  inquiry.  The  number  of  species  referred  to  a 


INTRODUCTION.  11 

given  genus  in  different  portions  of  its  range  is  indicated  and 
the  general  generic  range  is  briefly  given.  This  compilation 
permits  the  student  to  see  at  once  in  which  portion  of  its  gen- 
eral range  any  given  genus  is  preponderantly  developed,  and 
to  compare  the  relative  development  of  allied  or  distant  groups. 
Citation  of  authors  of  genera  and  species.  In  order  to  ob- 
tain stability  of  nomenclature  it  is  necessary  to  provide  that  the 
name  of  a  plant,  the  specific  name,  can  not  be  changed  through 
caprice  or  whim.  Nor  can  it  be  changed  through  ignorance, 
providing  the  mistake  through  which  the  change  was  made  has 
been  discovered.  The  refusal  to  correct  mistakes  and  the  dis- 
inclination to  do  thorough  bibliographical  work  before  publish- 
ing a  new  specific  name  is  the  cause  of  most  confusion  in  botan- 
ical nomenclature.  Hence  has  arisen  the  so-called  international 
law  or  law  of  priority  which  provides  that  the  earliest  pub- 
lished specific  name  of  any  plant  must  stand  providing  that 
name  is  not  antedated  by  some  other  similar  name  applied  to  a 
plant  belonging  in  the  same  genus.  Many  botanists  do  not 
admit  the  validity  of  this  principle  except  in  the  case  of  species 
which  they  may  have  themselves  named  and  published.  With 
reference  to  others  they  are  accustomed  to  insist  that  ' '  cus- 
tom," "  long-established-habit"  and  a  conservative  condition 
must  be  maintained.  This  is  to  save  the  difficulty  of  having  to 
revise  their  own  systems  of  nomenclature,  and  serves  in  many 
cases  to  cover  inaccuracies  or  hastiness.  With  this  conservative 
position,  the  unthinking  and  unbotanical  are  always  distinctly 
satisfied  and  are  accustomed  to  declare  that  botanical  nomen- 
clature is  purely  a  "practical  matter  "  and  should  be  taken  out 
of  the  hands  of  the  botanists  altogether  and  turned  over  to 
some  unprofessional  commission  for  settlement  (5).  Objec- 
tions of  this  sort  are  natural,  for  the  changing  of  names  in 
our  accustomed  department  of  science  is  always  a  confusing 
matter.  Such  criticism  is,  however,  unthinking  and  unbotan- 
ical because  it  fails  to  recognise  that  the  whole  difficulty  has 
originated  on  account  of  just  such  conditions  as  are  extolled 
and  recommended  for  perpetuation.  The  only  way  to  obtain  a 
stable  nomenclature  is  by  rigidly  enforcing  the  law  of  priority 
with  reference  to  specific  names.  All  instability  finds  its  well 
spring  in  the  disregard  of  this  law,  and  stability  under  our 
present  general  system  of  nomenclature  can  only  be  obtained 
by  strict  adherence  to  the  oldest  available  specific  name,  by 
whomever  or  wherever  it  may  have  been  published. 

(5)  Rand:    Hot.  Gazette,  XVI.  318-319  (1891). 


12  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

The  cause  of  the  present  upheaval  in  plant  nomenclature, 
signalised,  but  not  at  all  initiated,  by  such  a  book  as 
that  of  Kuntze  (6),  is  very  easy  to  discover.  Never  so 
much  as  to-day  has  botany  become  world-wide.  The  multipli- 
city of  periodicals,  the  facilities  for  exchange  and  correspond- 
ence between  different  countries,  expeditions,  congresses,  com- 
munications, the  development  of  new  centers  of  activity  in  all 
parts  of  the  globe,  all  conspire  to  make  insularity  of  nomen- 
clature impracticable,  except  for  those  who  do  not  care  to  be 
within  the  pale  of  the  modern  conditions.  It  was  a  matter  of 
less  importance  fifty  years  ago,  if  the  name  Potamogeton  pauci- 
florus  was  given  to  one  plant  in  France,  by  Lamarck,  and  to 
quite  a  different  plant  in  America,  by  Pursh.  There  was  less 
danger  of  confusion,  for  French  botanists  and  American  bot- 
anists were  not  then  so  distinctly  interested  in  each  other's 
field.  The  international  character  of  science  was  recognised 
long  ago  in  the  adoption  of  an  international  language — Latin 
— in  which  oriental  and  occidental  investigators  can  commu- 
nicate, whatever  their  native  dialect.  The  law  of  priority 
simply  carries  this  recognition  farther,  and  provides  that  in 
the  department  of  nomenclature  Latin  shall  be  used  in  the 
same  sense  in  all  countries. 

In  America  the  rightful  implication  of  the  law  of  priority 
has  been  ably  expounded  by  Britton  (7)  and  Greene  (8), 
seconded  by  many  others.  Under  their  leadership  most  of 
the  younger  school  of  botanists  have  determined  to  enlist,  but 
the  older  men  whose  life  works  have  been  largely  accomplished 
under  the  older  and  insular  interpretation,  the  provincial  dis- 
pensation, as  it  may  be  named,  have  in  most  cases  failed  to 
withdraw  from  the  position  of  their  youth — the  "position  of 
naming-plants-as-one-pleases  " — and  their  publications  are  in 
consequence  marred  by  the  illegal  nomenclature.  Manuals 
and  handy-reference-floras,  most  local  lists  and  many  mono- 
graphs have  perpetuated  the  faulty  and  insular  methods  and  it 
is  but  very  recently  that  a  concerted  attempt  is  being  made  to 
establish  this  department  of  botanical  work  upon  the  only  sure 
foundation  possible  without  a  complete  withdrawal  from  the 
existant  system. 

The  present  list,  therefore,  contains  many  unfamiliar  names, 
but  with  these  are  cited,  so  far  as  possible,  other  post-Linnean 

(6)  Kuntze:  Revisio  Generum  Plantarum  (1891). 

(?)  Britton:    Papers  in  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  and   Ann.  of  N.   Y,  Acad;  Contr. 

Columbia  College  Herb.(1885 ). 

(8)  Greene:    Pittonia,  Flora  Franciscana,  etc.  (1885 ). 


INTRODUCTION.  IS 

names;  so  that  the  reader  who  prefers  to  maintain  the  current, 
though  not- to-be-recommended  attitude,  will  "have  no  difficulty 
in  choosing  a  name  to  suit  his  taste,  or,  if  he  desires,  he  may 
establish  a  name  of  his  own."  Preference  has  always  been 
given,  by  the  writer,  to  the  oldest  unpreempted  specific  name 
and  the  date  of  publishing  has  been  determined  in  every  case 
with  as  much  accuracy  as  possible.  For  all  names  printed, 
the  author,  page-number  of  work  and  date  of  publication  have 
been  cited  and  an  effort  has  been  made  to  procure  exact  biblio- 
graphic detail  so  far  as  conditions  would  permit.  Biblio- 
graphic works,  such  as  those  of  Pritzel  (9)  and  Jackson 
(10),  have  been  of  much  assistance  in  determining  publica- 
tion dates  of  many  obscure  and  inaccessible  works  while 
the  libraries  of  the  Department  of  Botany  and  the  Survey, 
at  Minneapolis  have  been  serviceable.  In  addition,  the  full 
collection  of  books  belonging  to  the  University  of  Nebraska, 
and  the  personal  library  of  Dr.  Chas.  E.  Bessey  were  put  at 
my  disposal,  and  through  this  courtesy  many  references  that 
could  not  otherwise  have  been  verified  were  critically  exam 
ined.  Furthermore,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton 
and  Dr.  Thos.  Morong,  bibliographic  work  on  some  250  refer- 
ences which  had  proved  puzzling  was  conducted  for  me  in  the 
libraries  of  Columbia  college  and  in  New  York.  By  this  kind- 
ness many  gaps  have  been  filled.  The  Linnaean  citations  have 
been  worked  out  with  the  aid  of  Richter's  well-known  work 
(11)  and  revisional  assistance  has  been  derived  from  the  notes 
in  Hitchcock's  Ames  Flora  (12)  and  the  chapters  in  Kuntze  (13). 
Besides  these  a  large  number  of  minor  aids  have  been  received 
from  numerous  sources.  I  believe  full  credit  is  given  under 
each  head  in  the  general  list,  for  all  sources  of  information 
drawn  upon. 

Synonymy  and  orthography.  It  is  not  pretended  that  a  com- 
plete synonymy  is  given  in  any  case,  although  it  has  been  the 
endeavor  to  make  it  as  complete  as  possible.  In  the  old  divi- 
sion Polypetalae,  use  has  been  made  of  the  remarkably  exact 
and  painstaking  bibliographic  index  prepared  by  the  lamented 
Sereno  Watson  (14);  in  the  Gamopetalae  the  laborious  compila- 
tions found  in  Gray's  Synoptical  Flora  (15)  have  been,  in  most. 

(9)  Pritzel:     Thes.  Bot.  Lit.  ed.  I.  (1851.) 

(10)  Jackson:     Guide  Lit.  Bot.  (1881.) 
(11).    Richter:    Codex  Lvnnaeus  (1835). 

(12).  Hitchcock:    Fl.  Ames,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.  (1891). 

(13).    Kuntze.    Revisio  Generum  Plantarum,  Vol.  I,  introd.  CXXII— CXLVI.  (1891). 

(14).    Watson:    Bibliographic  Ind.  N.  Amer.  Bot.  Pt.  I  (1878). 

(15)  Gray:     Syn.  Fl.  U.  S.  (1886). 


14  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

cases,  considered  final,  while  in  the  Apetalae,  so-called,  and  the 
monocotyledons  the  works  of  Torrey  (16),  De  Candolle  (17), 
Richter  (18)  and  many  others  have  been  of  prime  assistance. 
In  addition  to  these,  a  number  of  other  works  have  been  useful, 
especially  in  the  lower  families,  where,  for  an  evident  reason, 
the  least  compilatory  labor  has  been  expended  by  previous 
workers.  In  particular  cases  help  has  been  extended  by 
specialists,  e.  g.,  by  Morong  in  Potamogetonaceae,  Lamson- 
Scribner  in  Gramineae,  Britton  in  Cruciferae,  Coulter  in  Umbelli- 
ferae,  etc.  This  is  all  gratefully  acknowledged. 

The  synonymy  is  in  general  chronologically  arranged  and 
the  specific  name  chosen  is  in  every  case  so  far  as  the  writer 
knows,  the  one  sanctioned  by  priority  regardless  of  variance 
with  "custom"  or  "authority."  As  explained  above  this  is  at 
once  the  most  modern  and,  it  would  appear,  the  most  logically 
correct  rule  to  follow.  One  point  which  should  merit  atten- 
tion, perhaps,  is  the  uniformity  with  which  capital  letters  are 
suppressed  from  specific  names,  even  in  the  synonymy.  It  is 
probable  that  the  writer  is  fairly  open  to  criticism  for  sup- 
pressing such  capitals  in  a  synonym,  while  he  might  not  merit 
it  for  the  suppression  in  the  particular  name  he  himself  is  in- 
clined to  sanction.  Nevertheless  no  capitals  will  be  found  in 
specific  names  whether  they  are  derived  from  proper  nouns  or 
not.  This  is  a  practice  in  line  with  custom,  as  may  be  dis- 
covered by  referring  to  the  older  American  manuals,  and  is 
conducive  to  regularity  and  system.  The  particular  practices 
of  different  authors  in  regard  to  this  trivial  point  may  be 
learned  by  reference  to  their  pages.  Again,  ancient  spelling 
has  generally  been  retained  in  the  specific  names,  even  if  at 
variance  with  a  more  recent  rule.  Thus  the  law  of  priority  is 
guarded  most  safely,  and  personal  preferences,  are,  so  far  as 
possible,  excluded. 

It  must  be  noted,  however,  that  the  law  of  priority  in  plant 
nomenclature  does  not  contemplate,  as  generally  interpreted, 
any  pre  Linnaean  work  as  of  importance.  An  arbitrary  start- 
ing point  must  be  determined  for  botanical  names  just  as  an 
arbitrary  point  of  latitude  or  longitude  is  determined.  As  there 
is  no  natural  longitude  to  be  discovered,  so  there  is  no  natural 
demarcation-line  between  the  older  methods  of  nomenclature 
and  the  newer.  Hence  confusion  arises:  some  writers  cite 


(16).    Torrey:     Fl.  N.  T.  (1843);  Torrey  and  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  (1838-41). 

(17).    De  Candolle:     Prodromus,  (1824 ). 

(18).    Richter:    Plantae  Europeae,  Pt.  I,  (1891). 


INTRODUCTION.  15 

generic  authors  back  to  Tournefort,  others  are  inclined  to  go 
back  to  Dioscorides  or  Pliny  (19)  with  their  references.  There 
is  ample  room  for  argument  in  this  department  of  the  subject, 
but  apparently  no  room  for  dogmatism.  It  will  be  generally 
acknowledged  that  any  starting  point  is,  of  necessity,  arbitrary, 
and  it  becomes  a  matter  of  preference,  to  be  determined  as  far 
as  possible  in  the  light  of  convenience  and  custom  whether  one 
base-line  or  another  be  adopted. 

The  common  notion  of  lay-botanists  that  Linnaeus  was  the 
founder  of  genera  or  the  inventor  of  the  binomial  system  of 
nomenclature,  is  of  course,  readily  corrected  by  the  facts  of 
history.  Nevertheless,  Linnaeus  is  generally  admitted  to  have 
been  the  first  to  reduce  nomenclature,  specific  and  generic,  to 
an  orderly  condition.  His  work  is  therefore,  for  convenience, 
adopted  as  a  meridian  and  in  these  pages  specific  citations  do 
not  go  back  of  the  1st  ed.  of  the  Species  Plantarum  (20),  nor 
generic  citations  (except  in  the  case  of  some  synonyms)  back 
of  the  1st  ed.  of  the  Genera  Plantarum  (21).  I  am  unable  to 
see  any  gain  in  citing  from  the  Systema  of  1735. 

Citation  of  genera  and  families.  It  seems  clear  for  apparent 
reasons  that  priority  should  govern  in  generic  names,  for  in  the 
present  condition  of  botanical  science  the  conception  of  a  genus 
is  relatively  stable.  This  is  true  whether  one  adopts  a  wide  or 
narrow  notion  of  a  given  genus.  Family  and  ordinal  names, 
are,  however,  not  yet  likely  to  be  stable,  for  they  are  based 
upon  a  more  fluctuating  foundation.  It  is  probable  that  the 
time  is  not  yet  ripe  for  a  definite  and  sharp  determination  of 
family  or  ordinal  characters.  While,  then,  priority  may  rightly 
govern  in  generic  citation,  there  is  no  reason  to  insist  upon  it 
in  family,  ordinal  or  class  citations.  But  if  this  should  be 
gainsaid,  the  position  may  at  least  be  maintained  that  the  mer- 
idian here  adopted  should  be  the  Genera  of  Endlicher  (22).  It 
would  appear  that  any  purely  intellectual  concept  like  a  family 
of  plants,  which  certainly  has  no  objective  existence,  but  is 
merely  a  category  in  which  we  are  accustomed  to  group  cer- 
tain quite  distinct  individual  organisms  on  the  basis  of  sup- 
posed relationship,  abstracted  from  observed  and  hypothesised 
resemblances,  should  be  elastic  in  name  as  it  is  elastic  in  sig- 
nificance. The  evident  objection  is  that  this  is  true  also  of 
genera  and  species,  which  are,  in  like  fashion,  subjective  cate- 

(19).  S.  F.  Gray:    Arr.  Brit.  PL  (1821). 

(20).  Linnaeus:    Species  Plantarum,  ed.  I.  (1753). 

(21).  Linnaeus:    Genera  Plantarum,  ed .  I.  (1737). 

(22).  Endlicher;    Genera  Plantarum  (1836-40). 


16  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

gories  rather  than  objective  realities.  Admitting  the  unques- 
tioned truth  of  such  an  objection,  it  seems  nevertheless  that 
the  species  and  genera  stand  out  somewhat  less  nebulously  than 
the  families,  classes  or  divisions.  Their  boundaries  have  been 
more  accurately  mapped,  their  highways  and  by-ways  have 
been  more  carefully  charted  and  it  is  more  admissible  to  de- 
mand for  them  at  least  the  semblance  of  a  stable  nomenclature. 
In  consequence  of  such  considerations  as  these  it  has  seemed 
unwise  to  insist  upon  strict  priority  in  the  names  of  families- 
while  maintaining  it  for  the  names  of  genera.  This  position  is, 
however,  not  unlikely  to  be  erroneous,  or  at  least  inconsistent. 

For  reasons  outlined  above  the  genera  have  been  determined 
under  the  law  of  priority,  but  this  has  not  been  insisted  upon 
for  the  families.  Under  both  families  and  genera,  page  num- 
bers of  dated  works  are  indexed,  and  such  works  have  been 
selected  as  should  at  once  put  the  student  who  refers  to  them 
in  a  fair  way  to  gain  a  knowledge  of  the  literature  of  any  plant, 
which  might  command  his  attention.  The  standard  modern 
works  have  alone  been  cited,  except  in  certain  cases  of  peculiar 
historical  or  local  interest,  for,  from  these,  proper  references 
to  older  works  may  be  compiled. 

Generic  synonymy  and  limitation.  Since  there  is  little  uni- 
formity in  $he  limitation  of  genera,  it  is  customary  in  works 
like  the  one  in  hand  to  follow  some  recognised  authority,  se- 
lecting the  authority  either  at  random  or  under  the  influence 
of  local  conditions.  Bentham  and  Hooker's  monumental  work 
(23)  has  during  the  last  twenty  years  served  as  an  authority  to 
the  English-speaking  races  and  in  less  degree  to  others.  In 
general  the  lines  of  generic  limitation  established  in  this  great 
work  have  been  adopted  by  the  writer.  In  particular  cases, 
however,  the  lines  of  Baillon  ( 24)  and  of  the  monographs  col- 
lected in  Engler  and  Prantl's  not  yet  completed  work  (25)  have 
been  followed,  thus  emending  the  limits  as.  proposed  in  the 
older  volumes. 

Synonymy  has  been  quoted  to  indicate  the  precise  limitations 
accepted  and  all  this  synonymy  has  been  properly  referred  to 
its  original  authors,  and  the  places  and  dates  of  publication 
have  been  compiled.  The  list  serves,  therefore,  as  a  partial 
date-index  to  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Baillon  and  the  German 
monographers.  Genera  proposed  prior  to  the  1st  ed.  of 

(23).    Bentham  and  Hooker:    Genera  Plantarum  (1862-1883) . 

(24).    Baillon:    Histoire  des  Plantes  (1867-1881 ). 

(25).    Engler  and  Prantl     Natuerl  Pflanzenfamilien  (1887-1893 ). 


INTRODUCTION.  17 

Linnaeus'  Genera  Plantarum  unless  adopted  by  him  have  been 
regarded  as  devoid  of  prior  right  to  consideration.  In  the 
Linnaean  works,  page-numbers  and  page-positions  have  been 
held  to  establish  priority  and  older  generic  names  have  always 
been  maintained  over  newer.  When  genera  have  been  com- 
bined the  older  names  are  always  retained  for  the  new  combi- 
nations, except  in  such  cases  as  Stachys-Betonica  or  Sorbus- 
Pirus  where  the  newer  name  received  the  greater  number  of 
species  in  1753.  This  is  the  rule  proposed  by  Kuntze  and  it  is 
reasonable. 

In  general  the  nomenclature  adopted  is  believed  to  be  thor- 
oughly abreast  of  the  times.  To  compile  this  has  been  a  much 
more  difficult  task  than  it  would  have  been  to  accept  unques- 
tioningly  the  names  as  presented  in  such  a  book  as  the  Watson 
and  Coulter  revision  of  Gray's  Manual  (26).  It  is  believed, 
however,  that  in  a  list  like  this  the  eye  should  be  cast  forward 
instead  of  backward,  that  the  future  should  receive  considera- 
ation  as  well  as  the  past.  To  the  complaint,  which  has  much 
of  reason  in  it,  that  all  changes  in  nomenclature  should  be  left 
to  monographers  and  should  be  carefully  avoided  by  the  com- 
pilers of  local  floras,  only  one  thing  can  be  said.  That  is  this: 
there  is  no  honesty  in  hiding  behind  some  other's  work  simply 
because  one's  own  work  is  of  humble  nature.  In  local  floras  as 
well  as  in  monographs  the  public  has  a  right  to  demand  the 
result  of  the  best  and  truest  convictions  of  its  servants.  It  is 
dishonest  to  put  forward  anything  which  one  does  not  believe 
to  be  correct,  on  the  plea  that  some  one  else  will  correct  it.  It 
is  discreditable  to  conform  to  a  custom  that  one  does  not  sanc- 
tion, that  one  believes  is  in  rightful  course  of  final  extinction. 
With  this  and  other  exigencies  held  in  view,  the  writer  has 
not  hesitated  to  uphold  as  strict  an  interpretation  of  the  law  of 
priority  as  may  be  possible.  It  has  been  a  matter  of  concern, 
not  so  much  to  gratify  a  conservative  instinct  in  those  who 
may  have  occasion  to  use  this  list,  as  to  keep  squarely  in  the 
current  of  progress  towards  the  better  botanical  nomenclature 
of  the  twentieth  century.  Reforms  are  not  brought  about  by 
inanition  or  conformity.  They  must  be  center  ded  for  even  at 
the  risk  of  temporary  disturbance  of  the  established  order. 

The  details  of  working  which  must  demand  attention  on  the 
part  of  the  "  nomenclaturist "  when  he  considers  so  wide  a  field 
as  the  names  of  living  or  fossil  organisms  may  offer  him,  have 
been  indicated  in  many  papers  and  volumes.  Nomenclators, 

(26).    Watson  and  Coulter:     Gray's  Man.,  6  ed.  (1890). 
-2 


18  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

such  as  those  of  Pfeiffer  (27),  Steudel  (28)  and  Kuntze  (29) 
together  with  the  laws  of  zoological  and  botanical  congresses 
and  papers  by  distinguished  taxonomists,  such  as  Agassiz  and 
A.  Gray,  have  been  freely  consulted  and  the  basis  of  nomencla- 
ture in  the  case  of  the  Metaspermae  has  been  de-rived  from 
such  critical,  historical  and  bibliographic  labors.  Those 
who  are  interested  in  the  detail  may  find  abundant  discussion 
in  these  cited  works,  which,  together  with  the  controversial 
and  argumentative  material  published  from  time  to  time  by  the 
Royal  Botanical  Gardens  at  Kew,  the  Continental  and  Austra- 
lasian Gardens  and  the  various  botanical  periodicals  and 
ephemera  that  concern  themselves  with  such  subjects,  will  be 
found  to  present  the  questions  outlined  above,  from  a  wide 
variety  of  view-points.  With  Kuntze,  it  may  well  be  said  that 
while  nomenclature  itself  is  hardly  to  be  named  a  science,  it  is 
certainly  an  important  adjunct  of  science  and  as  such  demands 
thoughtful  attention. 

Arrangement  of  families  and  genera.  The  arrangement  of 
families  and  genera  follows  as  exactly  as  possible  the  lines  laid 
down  in  Engler  and  Prantl's  Natuerlichen  Pflanzenfamilien,  which 
is  beyond  compare  the  most  important  taxonomic  summary  yet 
published  for  the  plant-kingdom.  This  arrangement  is. not 
particularly  different  from  that  which  has  come  to  be  generally 
recognised  within  the  last  ten  years.  It  is  similar  in  general 
outline  to  that  of  Luerssen  (30),  Drude  (31)  and  Warming 
(31^),  and  is  a  clear  expression  of  modern  views  of  the  inter 
relationship  and  evolution  of  the  flowering-plants.  Such  an 
arrangement  is  preferable  to  the  more  ancient  ones  just  in  such 
degree  as  it  is  more  accurate.  The  accuracy  of  the  arrange- 
ment adopted  is  acknowledgedly  incomplete,  but  it  is  believed 
to  represent  the  full  research  of  the  times. 

Natural  diyisions  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  The  constant 
effort  of  the  botanist  is  to  make  his  classification  of  plants  indi- 
cate not  only  resemblance  but  relationships.  Indeed  resem- 
blances are  considered  of  value  in  taxonomy  only  in  so  far  as  they 
indicate  relationships.  For  this  reason  no  classification  is,  or 
can  be  stable,  since  no  classification  is  ever  mature  or  com- 
plete. The  ever-progressing  knowledge  of  plant-anatomy,  dis- 
tribution, physiology  and  especially  of  embryology  renders  the 

(27).    Pfeiffer:    Nomenciator  Botanicus  (1874)1 
(28).    Steudel:    Nomenciator  Botanicus,  ed.  II.  (1840-41.) 
(29).    Kuntze:    Rev.  Gen.  (1891.) 
(30).    Luerssen:    Systematischen  Botan.  (1878-1882). 
(31).    Drude:    Syst.  und  Oeogr.  Anordn.  Phan.  (1890). 
Warming:    Syst.  Botan.,  Germ.  Tran. 


INTRODUCTION.  19 

grouping  of  yesterday  unscientific  and  archaic  to-day.  Popu- 
lar manuals,  wherever  they  may  be  published,  however  pains- 
takingly and  skilfully  they  may  be  compiled,  are  always  dis- 
tinctly in  the  rear  of  actual  botanical  advancement  in  that 
group  which  they  propose  to  elucidate.  The  well-known  and 
reasonable  demand  for  stability  in  nomenclature  is  sometimes 
accompanied  by  an  unreasonable  demand  for  permanence 
of  classification,  but  if  such  a  demand  could  be  granted  it 
would  indicate  absolute  stagnation  in  botanical  or  zoological 
science,  such  as  can  not,  under  present  intellectual  conditions 
of  the  race,  readily  be  conceived.  While,  therefore,  the  constant 
shifting  from  one  classification  to  another  is  exasperating  to 
the  conservative  student,  it  is  nevertheless  a  necessary  result 
of  advancing  information,  and  to  refuse  to  consider  the  new 
systems  which  may  be  put  forth  in  scientific  fashion  is  as 
unreasonable  as  it  was  in  those  days  when  the  railway  carriages 
were  first  brought  into  use  for  one  to  insist  upon  travelling  by 
the  old  stage-lines  of  an  earlier  mechanical  era. 

The  vegetable  kingdom  becomes  more  and  more  difficult  to 
arrange  in  well  ordered  groups  as  one's  knowledge  of  its  com- 
plexities and  relationships  increases.  The  old  notion,  for  ex- 
ample, that  it  is  possible  to  divide  plants  into  those  with  flowers 
and  those  without,  by  an  arbitrary  demarcation- line,  has  grad- 
ually disappeared  as  more  and  more  information  has  been  col- 
lecting regarding  the  life-histories  and  homologies  of  such 
transition  types  as  Selaginella,  Isoetes,  Gycas,  Casuarina  or 
Marsilia.  The  two  divisions  seen  so  clearly  by  "Linnaeus  have 
come  to  merge  into  each  other  and  must  be  defined  to-day  in  far 
different  terms  than  in  1735.  And  again  the  old  divisions  of  the 
Dicotyledones — Polypetalae,  Apetalae  and  Gamopetalae — have 
been  found  to  be  untenable,  for  they  serve  to  separate  into  dif- 
ferent groups,  genera  which  from  a  preponderance  of  charac- 
ters are  generally  believed  to  be  closely  related.  Under  the 
stress  of  renewed  examinations  the  Polypetalae  and  Apetalae 
have  been  combined  and  in  this  work  the  combination-name 
applied  is  Archichlamydeae.  These  serve  as  examples  of 
changes  in  nomenclature  resulting  from  changes  in  view-points 
under  increased  knowledge. 

It  will  be  appropriate  to  give,  in  this  introduction,  a  word  or 
two  to  the  later  methods  of  plant- classification.  Mention  may 
be  made,  very  briefly,  of  the  basis  of  such  classification.  In 
the  first  place,  a  survey  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  reveals  that 
all  the  forms  known  to  us  may  be  thrown  into  two  groups 


20  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

based  upon  the  presence  or  absence  of  sexuality.    We  have, 
therefore,  the  two  great  divisions: 

A.  PROTOPHYTA:     Plants  in  which  sexuality  has  not  been 
developed  and  in  the  ancestral  line  of  which  it  is  believed,  from 
collateral    evidence,    that    there    are    no    sexually    complete 
progenitors. 

B.  METAPHYTA  :   Plants  which  manifest  sexuality  or  indicate 
by  accessory  characters  that  in  their  ancestral  lines  there  have 
occurred  sexually  complete  progenitors. 

These  two  great  divisions  are  not  clearly  delimited,  owing  to 
the  presence  of  transition-forms  which  unite  the  lower  group 
with  the  higher.  Such  a  form  is  the  well  known  Ulothrix  zonata 
in  which  certain  cells  function  indifferently  as  spores  or 
gametes  (marrying  cells).  Furthermore,  the  limits  are  ob- 
scured by  such  reduced  forms  of  the  Metaphyta,  as  undergoing 
retrograde  metamorphosis,  have  lost  their  sexual  characters 
and  often  resemble  closely  the  upward-tending  types  of  the 
Protophyta,  which  are  acquiring  sexual  characters,  or  on  the 
point  of  acquiring  them,  one  might  say.  Such  intermediate 
forms,  whether  rudimentary  or  reduced,  render  exact  limita 
tion  of  the  two  great  divisions  quite  impracticable. 

In  similar  fashion  it  is  possible  to  arrange  the  Metaphyta  in 
two  subdivisions  based  upon  the  development  of  the  fertilised 
egg.  In  the  lower  forms,  after  fertilisation,  the  egg  proceeds 
to  develop  a  plant  like  the  parent,  which  produced  the  egg;  in 
the  higher  forms,  the  egg  undergoes  a  preliminary  subdivision, 
the  result  of  which  is  the  ultimate  development  of  few  or  very 
many  cells,  each  of  which  is  normally  capable  of  producing  a 
plant  like  one  of  the  parents.  We  therefore  have  the  two  fol 
lowing  subdivisions: 

I.  GAMOPHYTA:     Metaphyta  which  normally  develop  sexual 
plants  from  their  fertilised  eggs  without  the  interpolation  of 
any  spore-producing  structure. 

II.  SPOROPHYTA:    Metaphyta  which    normally    subdivide 
the  fertilised  egg  into  a  cellular  structure,  capable  of  growth, 
all  or  part  of  which  consists,  when  mature,  of  spores,  from 
which  sexual  plants  are  normally  produced.     Such  a  cellular 
structure  is  called  a  sporophyte  or  sporophytic  plant. 

Examples  of  I.  are  the  lower  Zygophyta  and  Oophyta  of  Bessey 
(32),  plants  like  the  pond-scum  (Zygnema)  or  the  black-mould 
(Rhizopus,  Mucor):  examples  of  II.  are  too  numerous  to  men- 
tion, for  in  this  subdivision  are  all  plants  inclusive  of,  and  higher 

( 32)  Bessey:     Text  Book  of  Botany,  6  ed.  (1889) . 


INTRODUCTION.  21 

than  such  algae  as  Oedogonium.  A  discussion  of  the  conditions 
under  which  the  Sporophyta  probably  originated  and  notes  on 
their  classification  may  be  found  in  recent  periodical  literature 
(33,  34,  35,  36).  It  may  be  well  to  say  that  all  of  our  subject- 
matter,  in  the  following  list  is  purely  sporophytic. 

Continuing  our  classification  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  it 
will  be  found  that  we  may  again  divide  the  Sporophyta  into 
three  alliances  based  upon  the  manner  of  development  of  the 
egg- organ  or  archegonium.  This  organ  combines  the  func- 
tions of  an  ovary  and  uterus  as  commonly  recognised  in 
the  mammalia.  That  is,  it  produces  the  egg,  during  the  differ- 
entiation and  maturation  of  its  cellular  structure,  and  it  retains 
the  egg  as  within  a  pouch,  nourishing  it  through  at  least  its 
first  segmentations  after  fertilisation  in  view  of  which  the  egg 
developes  as  an  embryo  sporophyte.  We  may  distinguish,  then, 
the  three  following  alliances  of  the  Sporophyta: 

(1).  THALLOPHYTA:  Sporophyta  in  which  the  egg-organ  is 
not  developed  as  a  protective  structure  about  the  egg  and  in 
which  there  are  no  accessory  characters  that  indicate  an  ances- 
tral line  containing  egg-organ-producing  progenitors. 

( 2 ) .  ARCHEGONI ATAE  :  Sporophyta  in  which  the  egg-organ 
is  present  and  functional. 

(3).  METASPERMAE :  Sporophyta  in  which  the  egg-organ 
is  aborted  and  no  purely  vegetative  cells  are  to  be  found  in 
either  the  male  or  female  plants. 

Examples  of  the  Thallophyta,  which  is  here  defined  in  the 
narrower  sense  and  does  not  include  the  Gamophyta  or  Proto- 
phyta— as  is  more  customary — are  to  be  looked  for  among  the 
sea- weeds,  fresh- water  algae  and  especially  among  the  higher, 
spore-fruit-producing  fungi,  such  as  the  mushrooms,  puff- 
balls,  etc. 

Examples  of  the  Archegoniatae  are  such  algae  as  Chara  and 
Nitella,  the  liverworts,  mosses,  ferns,  pillworts,  club-mosses, 
scouring-rushes.  Sigillarias,  Lepidodendrons,  quill  worts, 
cycads,  pines  and  other  conifers,  and  joint-firs.  Transitional 
forms  occur  in  the  region  of  Gnetum,  Ephedra  and  Casuarina 
leading  over  to  the  third  and  highest  class  of  plants — the 
Metaspermae. 

(33)  Bowers:    Homologous  and  Antithetic  Alternation,  Ann.  of  Bot.  iv.  347-370  (1890). 

(34)  MacMillan:    Sexual  Immobility  as  a  Ciusefor  the  Development  of  the  Sporophyte, 
Amer.  Nat.  xxv.  22-25  (1891). 

(35)  Campbell:    Relationships  of  the  Arcliegoniata,  Bot.  Gaz.  xvi.  323-333  (1891). 

(36)  MacMillan:    Suggestions  on  the  Classification  of  the  Metaphyta,  Bot.  Gaz.  xvii. 
108-113  (1892). 


22  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY 

Examples  of  the  Metaspermae  may  be  selected  from  the  great 
mass  of-  plants  which  contain  their  seeds  in  a  closed  ''ovary," 
better  named  carpellum.  Such  plants  range  in  structure  from 
such  lower  forms  as  Salix  and  TypJia  to  the  highly  developed 
Orchidaceae,  Umbelliferae  and  Compositae,  including  such  plants 
as  Listera,  Myrrhis  and  Hieracium. 

A  more  definite  characterisation  of  the  Metaspermae  may  be 
added  to  the  diagnostic  limitation  given  above. 

Characters  of  the  Hetaspermae.  The  Metaspermae,  other 
wise  called  Angiospermae,  are  those  Sporophyta  which  produce 
constantly  polymorphic  species-forms,  consisting  of  always 
bisexual,  vegetatively  degenerate,  parasitic  gametophytic 
plants  and  always  ( a)  bivalent  sporophytic  plants,  one  of  which 
is  produced  from  a  close-fertilised  egg  and  develops  an  endo- 
sperm of  the  seed,  while  the  other  is  produced  from  a  cross- 
fertilised  egg  and  develops  the  embryo  of  the  seed,— which 
latter,  in  turn,  upon  the  germination  of  the  seed,  normally 
resumes  development  and  matures  into  a  structure  of  high 
vegetative  specialisation  from  which  are  ultimately  developed, 
either  one  or  both  sizes  of  spores,  and  from  these  the  sexual 
plants  are  respectively  produced.  The  smaller  spores  or 
pollen-grains  are  produced  numerously  in  special  spore-cases 
(sporangia),  aggregated  upon  specially  modified  foliar  or 
axillary  structures  called  stamens.  The  larger  spores  are 
produced  severally  or,  more  commonly,  singly,  in  a  special 
sporangium  (nucellus  of  ovule)  surrounded  with  indusial  mem- 
branes (ovular  integuments)  and  the  sorus  (ovule)  thus  formed 
is  borne  in  a  closed  foliar  or  axillary  structure  called  a  pistil.  Of 
this  closed  pouch  the  actual  seed-bearing  cavity  (ovary  or 
carpellum)  ripens  into  the  fruit,  which  is  always  at  first  a  closed 
structure  The  seed  is  a  ripened  sorus  commonly  detachable 
from  the  structure  upon  which  it  was  produced.  It  contains 
within  the  modified  indusial  walls  (seed-coats)  two  sporophytic 
plants  of  different  valency.  One,  produced  from  an  egg  fertil- 
ised by  the  sperm  nucleus  from  the  pollen -tube,  is  alone  termed 
the  embryo  The  other,  produced  from  a  close-fertilised  egg,  is 
termed  the  endosperm,  and  is  consumed  by  the  embryo  either 
during  the  ripening  processes  of  the  seed  or  during  the  germi- 
nating processes  of  the  same. 

It  will  be  interesting  to  see  how  the  Archispermae  or  lower 
seed-plants  (Gymnospermae)  differ  from  the  Metaspermae.  The 
fact  that  seeds  are  such  distinct,  easily  defined  bodies,  in  com 

(a).    Except  in  some  Orchidaceae? 


INTRODUCTION.  23 

mon  parlance,  has  induced  many  botanists  to  use  them  indis- 
criminately as  always  of  equivalent  morphological  value.  Late 
research  shows,  however,  beyond  reasonable  question  that  the 
seed  of  the  Gymnosperms  so-called  and  that  of  the  Angiosperms 
are  totally  different  structures,  morphologically  and  in  point  of 
development.  The  Archispermae  is  a  name  given  to  those 
Archegoniatae  which  produce  structures  similar  to  the  seeds  of 
the  Metaspermae.  As  will  be  seen  this  "seed"  is  another 
thing  entirely  and  merits  a  different  name,  but  it  will  be  known 
here  as  the  Archispermous  seed.  To  show  its  character  it  will 
be  well  to  give  a  description  of  the  Archispermae,  to  be  placed 
side  by  side  with  the  above  characterisation  of  the  Meta- 
spermae. 

Characters  of  the  Archispermae.  The  Archispermae,  other- 
wise called  Gymnospermae,  are  those  Archegoniatae  which  pro- 
duce constantly  polymorphic  species-forms  consisting  of  always 
bisexual,  vegetatively  degenerate,  parasitic  gametophytic 
plants,  and  an  always  univalent  sporophytic  plant,  produced 
from  a  cross-fertilised  egg  and  capable  of  maturing  into  a 
structure  of  high  vegetative  specialisation  upon  which  are 
developed  either  one  or  both  sizes  of  spores,  from  which  the 
sexual  plants  are  respectively  produced.  The  smaller  spores 
or  pollen-grains  are  produced  in  special  spore-cases  (sporangia), 
aggregated  upon  specially  modified  foliar  structures  called 
stamens.  The  larger  spores  are  produced  singly  in  special 
sporangia  (nucellus  of  ovule),  surrounded  with  an  indusial 
membrane  (ovular  integument)  and  the  sorus  (ovule)  thus 
formed  is  borne  upon  a  foliar  or  axillary  structure  which  is  not 
closed  around  the  ovule.  The  seed  is  a  ripened  sorus  contain- 
ing the  vegetative  portion  of  a  female  gametophytic  plant  (the 
"endosperm")  and  one  or  more  strictly  homologous  and  analo- 
gous sporophytic  plants,  developed  from  eggs  borne  in  the 
egg-organs  of  the  female  plants  and  cross-fertilised  by  nuclei 
transmitted  through  the  hyphal,  vegetative  pollen- tube  from 
the  endosporous  spermary  of  the  male  plant.  During,  or  a 
little  before,  germination  of  the  seed  the  female  plant  is  con- 
sumed by  the  developing  sporophyte  which  alone  is  capable  of 
renewal  of  growth- activity. 

It  is  seen  by  a  comparison  of  these  two  characterisations  that 
while  the  seeds  of  Archispermae  and  Metaspermae  unite  in  the 
point  of  forming  sporophytes  capable  of  further  development, 
upon  germination,  they  are  utterly  unlike  in  the  formation  of 


24  METASPERMAE  OF   THE    MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

the  nutritive  tissues  indifferently  termed  endosperm,  in  which- 
ever way  it  is  produced. 

Thp  production  of  "  seeds"  This  is  considered  by  the  writer 
as  of  less  taxonomic  importance  than  the  other  points  which  have 
been  mentioned,  especially  as  the  "seeds"  are  such  different 
structures  in  the  Archispermae  and  Metaspermae,  However, 
the  older  botanists  considered  seeds  as  structures  of  great 
importance  and  in  consequence  the  plants  whfch  produce  seeds 
have  been  grouped  together  under  the  name  of  Spermaphyta. 
Linnaeus  recognised  this  division,  but  gave  it  the  name  Phaner- 
ogamia  under  a  mistaken  notion  that  there  was  an  analogy 
between  two  such  widely  diverse  phenomena  as  pollenisation 
and  fertilisation.  The  confusion  brought  about  by  this  mistake 
has  lasted  until  our  own  day.  Later  it  was  proposed  to  call 
these  plants  Anthophyta,  or  "plants  which  produce  flowers." 
Those  peculiar  groupings  of  spore-bearing  organs  and  acces- 
sory foliar  structures  which  are  termed  flowers  have,  from  their 
conspicuous  character  and  high  specialisation,  always  received 
particular  attention  and  thus  easily  arose  the  early  classifica- 
tion of  vegetable  organisms  into  flowering  and  flowerless 
plants — the  Phanerogamia  and  Cryptogamia  of  Linneaus.  These 
divisions  were  based,  however,  not  upon  fundamental  morpho- 
logical characters  but  upon  accessory,  and  have  been  pretty 
generally  superseded  by  systems  of  classification  which  present 
a  truer  perspective  by  emphasising  the  more  fundamental 
structural  and  developmental  characters. 

The  classification  of  Engler  and  Prantl.  In  the  Natuerlichen 
Pflanzenfamilien  Engler  and  Prantl  adopt  a  classification  based 
upon  characters  of  somewhat  different  value  from  those 
discussed  above.  They  divide  the  vegetable  kingdom  into  four 
branches: — I.  Mycetozoa,  slime-moulds;  II.  Thallophyta  (in  the 
widest  sense);  III.  Embryophyta  zoidiogama  (plants  producing 
ciliated  spermatozoids  and  building  up  sporophy tic  embryos) ; 
IV.  Embryophyta  siphonogdma  (plants  producing  pollen-tubes 
and  building  up  sporophytic  embryos).  It  will  be  seen  that 
in  this  grouping  a  much  greater  merging  of  characters  is 
permitted  than  in  the  one  outlined  above.  In  the  first  place, 
by  way  of  individual  criticism,  the  writer  is  inclined  to  suggest 
that  the  Mycetozoa  are  more  properly  classed  with  the  animals. 
The  presence  of  a  contractile  vesicle  alone,  need  not  determine 
animal  rank  among  those  organisms  that  Haeckel  terms  Protista; 
but  its  presence  coupled  with  the  absence  of  chlorophyll  is 
strong  argument.  Volvox  glbbator,  with  its  coenobial  growth, 


INTRODUCTION.  25 

contractile  vesicles  and  chlorophyll,  may  perhaps  be  safely  set 
down  as  a  planfc.  Chondrioderma  difforme,  with  its  plasmodial 
growth,  its  adelphotropic  swarmspores,  contractile  vesicles  and 
chlorophylless  nutrition,  may  be  as  safely  set  down  as  an 
animal.  This  point  admits,  however,  of  extended  argument, 
which  would  here  be  out  of  place,  and  the  impression  must  not 
be  received  that  it  is  proposed  to  give  it  an  off-hand  settlement. 
With  reference  to  the  Thallophyta  of  Engler  it  is  apparent 
that  this  group  is  a  catch-all.  Forms  widely  distinct  in 
phylogeny,  physiology  and  structure  are  indiscriminately 
lumped  together.  Plants  which  have  been  limited  above  as 
Protophyta,  Gamophy ta  and  Thallophyta  (in  the  narrower  sense) 
are  here  tumbled  into  one  broad  and  vague  category.  It  is 
true  that  a  single  clue  will  perhaps  never  lead  one  out  of  the 
labyrinth,  but  in  the  face  of  the  charge,  that  embryologists  are 
rashly  endeavoring  to  base  their  classifications  upon  single 
and  possibly  uncertain  groups  of  facts,  it  is  urged  that  the 
Thallophyta  of  Engler  has  neither  coherency  nor  limitability. 
It  serves  to  delimit  the  algae  in  a  manner  which  throws  into 
low  relief  the  probable  relationship  between  the  algae  and  the 
higher  plants.  From  Goleochaete  to  Riccia  is  not  a  long  step, 
and  it  should  not  be  made  to  appear  that  a  taxonomic  chasm 
separates  these  forms.  Apart  from  insanities  of  homologising, 
such  as  those  of  Bonavia  (37),  there  are  actual  contact  points 
between  the  ''sea-weeds"  and  the  lower  Hepaticae  and  a  natural 
classification  should  recognise  these  contact-points.  The 
Embryophyta  of  Engler  (and  to  Engler  alone  may  be  ascribed 
this  classification)  are  very  nearly  co-extensive  with  the 
Sporophyta  as  limited  above.  Oedogonium  and  allied  forms  are, 
however,  omitted  and,  in  our  belief,  this  does  violence  to  the 
natural  arrangement.  Provision  should  be  made  for  the  union 
of  these  related  plants,  for  in  the  belief  of  the  writer,  next  to 
sexuality,  the  development  of  sporophytes  is  the  most  funda- 
mental fact  of  plant- comparative- physiology.  '  Again  the  divis- 
ion of  the  Sporophyta  need  not  be  made  upon  those  struc- 
tural gametophytic  characters  employed  'by  Engler  when  he 
divides  his  Embryophyta  into  two  series,  based  upon  the  devel- 
opment of  ciliated  sperm atozoids  in  the  lower  and  the  produc- 
tion of  pollen- tubes  in  the  upper.  The  researches  of  Belajeff 
alone  (38)  serve  to  indicate  how  slight  is  the  actual  difference 

(37).    Bonavia:    Phil.  Notes  on  Botan.  Subj.  (1892). 

(38).    Belajeff:  ZurLehre  von  dem  Pollenschlauche  derGy mnospermen.  Bericht.  Deutsch 
Botan.  Gesellsch.  IX.  274-286  (1891). 


26  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

between  such  a  condition  as  that  of  Azolla  caroliniana  among 
the  Zoidiogama  and  Taxus  baccata  among  the  Siphonogama.  Not 
only  does  it  seem  that  the  presence  of  pollen-tubes  or  of 
spermatozoids  is  a  matter  of  secondary  taxonomic  importance, 
but  it  is  perhaps  hardly  advisable  to  use  a  purely  gametophytic 
character  to  limit  off  a  group  like  the  Embryophyta  siphonogama 
which,  to-day  at  least,  comprises  species  described  almost 
solely  from  sporophytic  characters  (a).  While  accepting  the 
general  arrangement  of  families  as  given  in  Engler's  great 
work  we  cannot  then,  accept  unquestioningly  his  broad  group- 
ings of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  However,  it  is  possible  that 
longer  study  will  bring  the  classification  of  Engler  into  a  more 
acceptable  light.  For  the  present  it  seems  preferable  to  the 
writer  to  insist  upon  the  basal  importance  of  the  sporophytic 
segmentations  of  plant  ova  and  the  subsidiary  importance  of 
spermatogametic  and  spermatogonial  morphology. 

There  are  a  number  of  considerations  in  this  general  taxo- 
nomic summary  which  demand  more  complete  examination,  but 
enough  has  been  said,  it  is  hoped,  to  limit  intelligibly  though, 
to  a  certain  extent,  technically,  the  group  of  plants  which  are 
studied  in  the  following  pages.  The  Metaspermae  are  believed 
to  be  a  natural  group  of  plants  properly  co-ordinate  with  the 
Archegoniatae  and  Thallophy  ta(in  the  narrower  sense)  .  Reasons 
for  breaking  up  the  oldPhanerogamiae,Anthophyta  or  Sperm  - 
aphyta  of  the  authors  have  been  brought  forward,  and  it  is 
believed  that  many  could  be  added.  Certainly  the  wide  differ- 
ence between  the  seeds  of  Metaspermae  and  Archispermae 
stands  squarely  in  the  way  of  grouping  them  in  the  same  grand 
division  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  Their  separation  has  been 
proposed  before  (39),  but  not  in  exactly  these  terms.  The 
sharp  division  of  Sporophyta  and  Gamophyta  has  been  proposed 
elsewhere  by  the  writer  (39^),  with,  however,  a  somewhat 
different  limitation  of  the  terms.  Attention  is  directed  partic- 
ularly, in  the  preceding  pages,  to  the  characterisations  of 
Metaspermae  and  Archispermae,  which  have  the  merit  at  least 
of  being  restatements  of  facts  which  are  generally  to  be  looked 
for  in  scattered  corners  of  morphological  treatises.  These 
characterisations  are  different  in  essential  particulars  from 
those  usually  given,  which  are  based  for  the  most  part  upon 


(a)  .    See  division  into  Protosporophyta,  Eusporophyta  and  Metasporophyta 
cited  below. 

(39).    Goebel:     Outlines  of  Classification  and  Special  Morphology.    Eng.  Tran.,  Introd. 
(1887). 

(39V£).    MacMillan:    Sugdestions  on  the  Classification  of  the  Metaphyta.   JBot.  Gaz.(1892), 


INTRODUCTION.  27 

such  secondary  points  as  the  structure  of  the  carpels.  In  the 
lines  laid  down  above  it  will  be  seen  that  the  nature  of  the  seed 
is  considered  to  be  of  prime  morphological  importance.  This 
view,  I  am  inclined  to  think,  will  repay  study,  for  it  serves  to 
clear  away  some  mists  which  should  have  been  dispelled  long 
ago,  had  it  not  happened  that  ancient  terminalogies  and 
conservative  taxonomies  stood  directly  athwart  the  light. 

Subdivisions  of  the  Metaspermae.  The  recent  researches  of 
Treub  (40)  have  made  necessary  a  new  subdivision  of  the 
Metaspermae  more  fundamental  than  that  into  the  Monocoty- 
ledones  and  Dicotyledones.  Upon  examination  of  members  of 
that  peculiar  Australasian  genus,  Casuarina,  it  was  found  that, 
unlike  any  other  known  Metaspermae,  they  were  devoid  of 
micropylar  canals,  and  that  the  mature  ovules  split  along  the 
chalazal  line  and  through  this  cleft  the  pollen-tube  was  permit- 
ted to  enter.  It  is  then  proposed  by  Treub  to  divide  Metaspermae 
into  two  divisions,  separating  the  more  Selaginella-like  Gasuar- 
inaceae  from  the  rest  under  the  name  of  Ghalazagameae.  Plants 
of  this  division  are  comprised  under  the  single  rather  small 
genus,  Casuarina.  All  the  rest  of  the  Metaspermae  unite,  so 
far  as  known,  in  having  a  particular  opening,  the  micropylar 
canal,  penetrating  the  ovular  membranes  and  permitting  the 
end  of  the  pollen-tube  to  be  appressed  against  the  embryo-sac 
(megaspore)  in  which  the  two  eggs  are  developed  which 
produce  respectively  the  endosperm  and  embryo  of  the  seed. 
This  division  is  termed  by  Treub,  Porogameae. 

The  Porogameae  are  divided  into  the  Monocoty  led  ones  and 
Dicotyledones.  In  the  first  division  the  embryo  undergoes  a 
distinct  type  of  segmentation-stages  (41)  and  in  most  cases 
developes  the  apical  meristem  from  two  initials  instead  of  from 
three  (42).  Moreover  there  is  but  one  cotyledonary  leaf 
developed. 

In  the  Dicotyledones  there  are  commonly  three  initials  for  the 
apical  meristem,  so  that  the  plerome,  dermatogen  and  periblem 
layers  has  each  its  own  mother- cell.  The  segmentation  stages 
are  peculiar  and  moreover  there  are  two  cotyledonary  leaves 
developed. 

The  Monocotyledones  do  not  admit  of  further  subdivisions  of 
higher  grade  than  the  orders,  as  described  and  limited  well  by 

(40).    Treub:    Ann.  Jard.  Baitenz.  X.    145-231(1891). 

(41',.  Hanstein:  Entwickelung  des  Keimes  der  Monokotylen  und  Dikotylen.  pp.  1— M2» 
taf.  1-13  (1870). 

(42),  Van  Tieghem  and  Douliot:  Recherch  Comp.  Endogen.  Member.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat. 
Botan.,  7,  VIII,  1  (1888),  and  Douliot  I.  c.  7,  XI,  283  (1891). 


'28  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Luerssen  (43)  or,  not  so  naturally,  by  Van  Tieghem  ("44).  The 
Dicotyledones  however  admit  of  arrangement  in  two  distinct 
divisions,  based  upon  the  morphological  characters  of  the 
perianth.  These  are  as  follows: 

(a).  ArcUichlamydeae:  Perianth  wanting  or  made  up  of 
incoherent  leaves  owing  to  the  failure  of  parts  in  the  same 
foliar  circle  to  undergo  fusions. 

(b).  Metacklamydeae:  Perianth  exhibiting  fusions  between 
parts  of  the  same  foliar  order  or  indicating,  by  accessory 
characters,  an  ancestral  line  in  which  such  fusions  must  have 
taken  place. 

Under  the  classification  above  worked  out  the  plants  of  the 
following  list  are  arranged.  It  must  be  remembered  that  the 
families  follow  each  other  in  precisely  the  order  laid  down  in 
the  monographers'  work,  in  Engler  and  Prantl.  Thus  it  is 
believed,  a  system  as  natural  as  available  has  been  adopted, 
and  the  arrangement  of  genera  and  species  is  made  to  conform 
so  far  as  may  be  practicable  to  the  general  order. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  the  epoch-marking  work  of  Engler 
and  Prantl  may  be  translated  into  English,  but  even  if  it  is  not 
it  must  for  at  least  a  decade  stand  as  the  highest  and  most 
generally  accepted  authority.  And  it  is  for  this  reason  that  I 
have  preferred  to  follow  its  arrangement  rather  than  the 
Benthamian  which  is  steadily  and  irrevocably  losing  ground. 

Some  citations  of  important  literature  not  referred  to  in  the 
body  of  the  above  discussion,  are  here  added  to  indicate  to 
students  where  to  look  for  the  memoirs  and  volumes  which 
have  done  so  much  to  bring  to  light  the  four-fold  complexity  of 
our  common  higher  plants.  It  will  be  seen  from  a  considera- 
tion of  the  metaspermic  characters  adduced  above  that  what  we 
call  an  oak,  the  Quercus  macrocarpa.  for  example,  is  not  an  indi- 
vidual like  an  animal,  but  a  group  of  four  individuals  of  which 
one  only  is  vegetatively  important  while  the  other  three,  com- 
prising both  the  sexual  plants  and  one  of  the  two  sexless  plants, 
are  reduced  into  a  condition  of  dependence  which  permits  them, 
in  ordinary  parlance  and  in  many  treatises,  to  be  discussed  as 
organs.  This  condition  might  easily  arise  as  a  result  of  high 
differentiation  and  polymorphism  and  something  like  it,  on  a 
much  simpler  scale,  is  seen  in  animals  like  the  copepods,  in 
certain  species  of  which  the  male  is  very  much  smaller  than  the 
female  and  lives  parasitically  upon  the  body  of  the  larger  crus- 

(43).    Luerssen:    Medicin.-Pharmac.  Bot.,  Vol.  I,  (1882X 
(44)    Van  Tieghem:     Traite  de  Botan.,  Vol.  II,  (1891) . 


INTRODUCTION. 


tacean.  But  it  is  in  the  higher  plants  that  such  polymorphism 
reaches  its  unparalleled  development,  and  in  this  sense,  at 
least,  we  find  that  the  higher  plants  are  the  most  complicated 
of  organisms.  Only  a  partial  list  of  books  and  memoirs  can  be 
given  here. 


Literature  Bearing  npon  Metaspermic  Polymorphism. 

Hofmeister :  Yergl.  Untersuch  der  Keimung  (1851). 

"         :  Entsteh.  Embryo  der  Phanerogamen  (1849). 

"         :  N.  Beitr.  Kenntn.  Embryobild.  Phan.  (1859-61). 
Strasburger :  Befruchtung  und  Zelltheilung  (1878). 

"  :  Kern-  und  Zelltheilung  (1808). 

"  :  Angiospermen  u.  Gymnospermen  (1879). 

Hofmeister :  Historisch.  Beitr.,  Flora,  125  (1875). 
Warming:  De  1'Ovule,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Botan.,  6,  V.  176  (1878). 
Vesque:  Sur  Devel.  Sac  Embryonaire,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  6,  VT.  237  (1879). 
Mann:  Embryo-Sac  of  Myosurus,  Proc.  Bot.  Soc.  Edin.  (1891). 
Farmer:  Isoetes,  Ann.  of  Bot.  V.  59  (1890). 
Guignard:  Embryogen.  Legum.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Botan.,  6,  XII  (1881). 

"        :  Sac  Embryonaire,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Botan.,  6,  XII,  136(1882). 

66        :  Etud.  Phen.  Morph.  Fecund.,  Act.  Bot.  Congr.  (1889). 

«'        :  Nouv.  Et.  Fecund.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.,  7,  XIV  (1891). 
Strasburger:  N.  Untersuch.  Befrucht.  Phan.  (1884). 
Minot:  Phenom.  of  Impregnation  in  Animals,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.. 

Hist.,  XIX  165  (1877). 

Balfour:  Phen.  Matur.  Ovum,  Q.  J.  Micro.  Sci.,  XVIII  109,  (1878). 
VanBeneden:  Recherch.  Matur.  Ov.  et  Fecund.,  Afrch.  Biol.  (1883). 
Weissmann:  Essays  on  Heredity,  Eng.  Tran.  (1889). 
Geddes  and  Thompson:  Evolution  of  Sex  (1890). 
ScJienck:  Handbuch  Botan. 
Campbell:  Pilularia  Globulifera,  Ann.  of  Bot.,  II,  247  (1887). 

"        :  Isoetes,  Ann.  of  Bot.,  V,  231  (1891). 

Hartog:  Problems  of  Reproduction,  Q.  J.  Micro.  Sci.,  XXXIII,  (1891),. 
Bertliold:  Protoplasmamechanik  (1886). 
Le  Monnier:  Journ.  de  Botan.,  I,  140  (1887). 
Treub:  Recherch.  Cycadeae,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  6  XII,  212  (1881). 
Warming:  Systematisch  Botanik  (1890),  Deutsch.  Ausgabe. 
Pax:  Allgemein.  Morphol.  der  Pflanz.  (1890). 
Strasburger:  Coniferen  und  Gnetaceen  (1872). 

Fisctier:  Embryosackentn.  Angiosp.,  Jen.  Zeitschr.  f.  Naturw.(l880). 
Mellink:  Ontwik.  v.  d.  Keimzak  bij  Angiosp.,  Diss.  Leid.  (1880). 
Tulasne:  Etud.  d'Embryogenie  Veg.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.,  3,  XII 

(1849). 

Hanstein:  Entwick.  Keimes  d.  Monocot.  u.  Dicot.  (1870). 
Hegelmaier:    Vergleich.  Untersuch.  u.  d.  Entwick.  Dicot.  Keime- 

(1878). 
Treub:  Embryogenie  Orchidaceae  (1878). 


30  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

Many  other  titles  might  be  added  to  this  list,  but  those  cited 
will  put  any  student  into  contact  with  the  general  literature. 
Most  of  these  works  do  not  devote  themselves  solely  to  the 
subject  in  the  caption,  but  all  serve  to  illuminate  it  more  or 
less.  Works  of  purely  historical  value,  such  as  those  of  Brong- 
niart,  Amici,  R.  Brown,  Schacht,  Radlkofer,  Karsten,  et  al., 
have  not  been  cited,  for  it  is  not  my  intention  to  give  in  this 
place  a  complete  bibliography  of  the  subject,  but  only  to  cite 
enough  works  to  enable  readers  to  come  in  contact  with  the 
original  sources. 

Statistical  discussions.  The  chapters  following  the  list 
take  up  in  order  certain  statistical  investigations  based 
upon  facts  collated  in  the  list  itself.  No  complete  sta- 
tistical investigation  can  be  made  of  even  this  limited  area,  the 
Minnesota  valley,  in  the  present  advancement  of  our  know- 
ledge. There  are,  however,  data  enough  at  hand  to  determine 
certain  characters  of  our  flora.  It  is  believed  that  the  points 
of  view  from  which  the  statistics  are  gathered,  and  the  prin- 
ciples underlying  their  tabulation,  enable  one  to  present  some 
facts  less  barren  and  meaningless  than  those  commonly  put 
forward  in  such  chapters.  By  keeping  steadily  in  view  the 
facts  discussed  above,  in  relation  to  the  difference  between 
natural  and  artificial  districts,  and  with  a  constant  compre- 
hension of  the  indubitable  fact  that  one  can  not  consider  even 
a  natural  district  apart  from  surrounding  districts,  the  writer 
has  attempted  to  penetrate  to  some  of  the  inner  facts  which 
become  accessible  in  such  a  labor  as  has  been  undertaken.  'It 
is  believed  that  the  characters  of  the  Minnesota  valley  flora  thus 
determined  throw  some  unexpected  light  upon  the  general  con- 
ditions of  plant  distribution  in  this  central  region  of  the  conti- 
nent. And  while  some  of  the  conclusions  may  seem  simple  to 
trained  geographical  botanists,  it  must  be  recalled  by  them 
that  this  work  is  not  primarily  addressed  to  any  coterie  of 
savants  in  some  special  line  of  science,  but  to  the  general  pub- 
lic of  Minnesota,  under  whose  ultimate  sanction,  and  by  whose 
open-minded  comprehension  of  the  value  of  scientific  knowledge 
in  all  departments  of  human  activity,  this  Geological  and  Na- 
tural History  Survey  has  been  established,  developed  and 
directed. 


LIST  OF 

HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS, 

(MET A  SPERMJB), 

NATIVE  TO  THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  MINNESOTA, 


POROGAME^E.         MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
L    TYPHACE/E.     Cat  Tail    Family. 

Endlicher,   Gen.  PI.  241  (1840);   Bentham  and  Hooker,   Gen.  Plant. 
III.  954  (1883);  Engler  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.,  2. 1.  183  (1887). 
Genera:    1.  Swamps  of  tropical  and  temperate  regions. 
Species:     12  living;  2  fossil. 

TYPHA  LINN.     Gen.  707  (1737). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III.  955;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  445. 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.2,  I.  186  (Solms);  Schenck,  Palceophyt.  376. 

Living  species,  12;  tropical  and  temperate  regions:  Europe, 
9;  Russian  Europe,  5;  Russia,  5;  N.  America,  2;  So.  Sts.,  1; 
Canada,  2;  California,  2;  E.  Sts.,  2;  Rocky  Mts.,  1. 

Fossil  species:  2;  Tertiary,  France.  Samland.  (A.  Br.,  Stur) 

Typha  latifolia  LINN.  Spec.  971  (1753). 

T.  major  CURT.    PI.  Lond.  Ill,  61  (1777-1787). 

1.  angustifolia  RICH.  Tent.  Fl.  Abyss.  II,  350  (1851). 

T.  latifolia  var.  elongata  DUDL.  Fl.  Cay.  102  (1886). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.,  6  ed.  547:  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  251;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.,  135;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  69;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.,  359;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St. 
443;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  98;  Watson,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  188;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl. 
Boss.,  IV.  1;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit  442;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  9;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ. 
122:  Engl..  Nat,  Pflanz.  II.  1, 186;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  337;  Cov.,  Fl,  Ark.  227; 
Hart,  Fl.  Scand.  I.  440. 

Europe,  Asia  and  N.  Africa. 

North  America:  all  Can.  to  N.  Eng.  and  Fla.,  W.  to 
Mts.  and  Sacramento,  Calif. 


32  METASPERMAE   OF    THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  marshes,  swamps  and 
edges  of  lakes. 

HERB.;  Sheldon  247,  Lake  Washington,  Blue  Earth 
Co.;  Taylor  699,  Minnesota  Lake;  Ballard  262,  Jordan,  Scott 
Co. ;  Taylor  408,  Janesville;  Sandberg  527,  Chisago  Lake;  Herrick 
280,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  222,  Minneapolis. 

II.    SPARGANIACEAE.     Burr-Reed  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  241  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  III.  955 
(1883);  Engler  in  Engl.  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2, 1.  192  (1887). 

Genera  :     1;  temperate  and  colder  regions  of  Northern  Hem 
isphere;  Australia  and  New  Zealand;  swamps  and  marshes. 
Species :  6-8  living;  2-3  extinct. 

SPARGAN1UM  LINN.     Gen.  706  (1737). 
Platanaria  S.  F.  Gray,  Art:  II.  39  (1821). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III.  955;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Pfian.  445; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pjianz.  2,  I.  193  (Engler);  Schenck,  PalaeophyL, 
376-377. 

Living  species  :     6-8  ;  temperate  and  colder  regions  of  N 
hemisphere,  Australia  and  New  Zealand.     Canada,  6;  Calif.,  2; 
E.  Sts.,  3. 

Fossil   species :     5-10   described ;    2-3    distinct ;     Tertiary, 
widely  distributed. 

Sparganium  simplex  HUBS.  Fl.  Angl,   ed.  2,  401  (1762). 

8.  erectum  var  B.  LINN.    Spec.  971  (1753). 

8.  erectum  WAHL.    Fl.  Suec.  1020  (1824-26). 

S.  simplex  var  nuttallii  ENGELM.  Gray's  Man.,  5  ed.  481  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.,  6ed.548;  Upham,  Fl.'Minn.  135;  Watson, 
Fl.  Calif.,  II.  188 ;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo,  359 ;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.,  II.  70,  367  ;  Nym., 
Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross,  IV.  4 ;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  422;  Richt..  PL  Eur. 
10;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  122;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.,  II.  I,  193;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  269;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  227?  Hart,  Fl.  Scand.,  I,  440. 

Europe;  Siberia  to  Dahuria. 

North  America:  Sierras  to  Oregon;  throughout  Can. 
to  Ft.  Franklin  on  Mackenzie.  Newf.  and  Vancouver;  S.  to 
Minn.,  Mich.,  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  infrequent;  swamps, 
marshes  and  edges  of  lakes. 

HERB.:     Roberts  124,   Agate  Bay;  Sandberg  529,  Red  - 
Wing;  var.  fluitans  —  Bailey  85,  Vermilion  Lake;   MacM.    and 
Sheld.  27,  Cass  Co. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  33 

Sparganium   androcladum  (ENGELM.  )  MORONG,  Torr.  Bull 

XV,  78  (1888). 

S.  simplex  var.  androcladum  ENGELM.  Gray's  Man.   5  ed.  481  (1867). 

S.  ramosum  AUCT.  AMEK.  in  part. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  548;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  252;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  136;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  360;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.,  II.  60;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  227. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man.,  Saskatch- 
ewan and  Vancouver;  S.  to  Colo  ,  Minn.,  Mo.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  J. 
and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  the  S.  E.  district,  rare; 
swamps,  marshes  and  edges  of  lakes. 

Sparganium   eurycarpum  ENGELM.      Gray's   Man.   2d  ed. 

(1852). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  548;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  252;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  98;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  69  ;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II.  188  ;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
359;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  443 ;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  135 ;  Wats..  King  Exp.  337; 
Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  269. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  Ont.,  Man.  to  Humboldt 
River,  Nev.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Va.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and 
Kan. 

Minn,  valley :  Throughout;  swamps,  marshes  and 
edges  of  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  253,  Lake  Washington,  Le  Sueur  Co. ; 
Taylor  1109,  Glenwood;  Taylor  522,  Mud  Lake  ;  Taylor  673, 
Minnesota  Lake;  Sheldon  991,  Cross  Lake,  Brown  Co.;  Sheldon 
644,  Waseca;  Ballard  111,  Shakopee;  Sandberg  528,  Red  Wing; 
Holzinger  263,  Winona  Co. 

i 
III.       POTAMOGETONACEAE.        Pond-Weed 

Family. 

Zoster aceae  Lindl.  Veg.  King.  145  (1846)  p.  p. 

Najadaceae  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III.  1009(1883);  (Excl. 
Tribus  I,  Juncagineae.  Tribus  II,  Apogetoneae.  Tribus  VII,  Najadeae}', 
Ascherson  in  Engl.  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2, 1.  194  (1889). 

Genera:    9   living  ;  3   extinct ;  cosmopolitan  ;  aquatic, 
principally  in  fresh  water. 

Species:    75  ±  living;  20-30  ?  extinct. 

POTAMOGETON  LINN.     Gen.  92  (1737) 

Peltopsis  Raf.    Jour.  Phys.    LXXXIX,  101  (1819). 
Spirillus  and  Groenlandica  J.  Gay,  Comptes  Rendus,  Avr.  (1854). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1014;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  453; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2.  I,  207;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.,  381-383. 
-3 


34  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Living  species:  50 ±;  fresh  and  rarely  brackish  wa- 
ters; cosmopolitan.  Russia,  25;  Europe,  38;  N.  America,  35 
(15  endemic);  California,  19;  Canada,  27;  E.  Sts.,  29;  Rocky 
Mts.,  11;  PL  King.,  10;  PL  Wheel.,  4;  S.  Sts.,  10. 

Fossil  species:  Tertiary;  numerous  forms  described 
but  all  rather  doubtful;  2  sp.  clearer  than  the  rest.  Oeningen 
(A.  Br.)-,  S.  France  (Saporta). 

Potamogeton  natans  LINN.     Spec.  126  (1753). 
Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  553;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  257;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  97;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  136;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  446;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
II,  195;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  81;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  362;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led., 
Fl.  Ross.  IV,  23;  Hook.,  FL  Gt.  Brit.  431;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  11;  Herd.,  F,. 
Eur.  Russ.  124;  Engl.,  Ascherson,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II.  1  207;  Wats.,  King  Exp 
337;  Cov.  Fl.  Ark.  228;  Hart,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  431;  Rothr.,  Alask.  445. 

Europe;  Asia;  Australia;  Africa. 

North  America:  Anticosti,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont., 
Owen  Sound  to  Man.  and  Lake  Athabasca;  N.  to  Hudson  Bay 
and  Alaska;  Vancouver;  S.  to  Calif.,  Nev.,  Utah,  N.  Mex. ;  E. 
to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  ponds,  lakes 
and  sluggish  streams. 

HERB.  :  Bollard,  782,  Swan  Lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard, 
587,  Crystal  Lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard,  858,  Page  Lake,  Carver 
Co.;  Bollard  276,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  821,  Belle  Plaine; 
Bollard  431,  Prior's  Lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  723,  Cottonwood 
river,  near  Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  900,  Waconia;  Taylor  1072, 
Douglas  Co.;  Sheldon  273,  Duck  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Sheldon 
1088,  Springfield;  Kassube  223,  Rocky  Lake;  Herrick  281,  Min- 
ne tonka;  Hohinger  265,  Winona  Co.;  Bailey  391,  Mud  Lake; 
Sandberg  531,  Chisago  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1693,  Minneapolis. 

Potamogeton  fluitans  ROTH.     FL  Germ.  I,  72  (1788). 

P.  natans  var.  fluitans  CHAM.    Adnot.  4  (1815). 
P.  petiolaris  PR.    Del.  Pr.  I,  151  (1822). 

P.  natans  var.  angustatus  M.  and  K.    Rohl.  Fl.  D.  I,  836  (1823). 
P.  oblongus  MET.    Chlor.  Hann.  519  (1836). 
?P.  Imchites  TUCKERM.    Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2,  VI,  226  (1848). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  560;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  257;  Upham, 
FL  Minn.  136;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  II,  83,  369;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  196;  Coult  ,  FL 
Colo.  363;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  446;  Hook.,  FL  Gt.  Brit.,  432?;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  125 
Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  124;  Engl.,  Ascherson,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  1,  207;  Wats., 
King  Exp.  337;  Hart.,  FL  Scand.  I,  431;  Webb  ,  Appx.  Neb.  22. 
All  Europe:  cosmopolitan. 

North  America:    N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  N.  J.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Iowa,  Neb. ,  Mex. ;  also  Washington  to  Nevada. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED  PRODUCING  PLANTS.  35 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  district;  prob- 
ably local. 

Potamogeton  amplifolius  TUCKERM.     Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2,  VI. 

225  (1848). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  561;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  257;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  136;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  196;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  84;  Coult,,  Fl. 
Colo.  363;  Chap.,  Suppl.  So  St.  652;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  228;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  22. 

North  America:  Ont.,  N.  Superior  reg.,  Man.  to  Van- 
couver, Oregon  and  Calif. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng. ,  N.  J.  and  mts.  of  Ga. ; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan  ,  Ark.,  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley :  Forest  district;  frequent;  lakes  and 
ponds. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  318,  Madison,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Ballard 
599,  Prior's  Lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Ballard  606,  Prior's  Lake,  Scott 
Co. ;  Sandberg  532,  Chisago  Co. 

Potamogeton  perfoliatus  LINN.     Spec.  126  (1753). 
P.  loeselii  R.  and  S.    Syst.  Ill,  508  (1818). 
Peltopsis  perfoliata  RA.F.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  102  (1819). 
Potamogeton  Crispins  DARL.    Fl.  Cestr.  23  (1826). 

Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  562;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  258;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  137;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  85;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  197;  Chap.,  Fl.  So. 
St.  446;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  363;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit,  434;  Nym.  Fl.  Eur.;  Led., 
Fl.  Ross.  IV,  27;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  113;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  13;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  124;  Engl.,  Ascherson,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  1,  207;  Wats.,  King  Exp,  337; 
Roth.,  Wheel.,  Exp.  268?;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  434. 

Europe;  all  Russia  and  Siberia;  N.  Africa;  Australia. 
North  America:    N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Anticosti,  Q.,  Ont.,  to 
valley  of  Slave  river,  N.  W.  T.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.;  W. 
to  Minn. ,  Iowa  and  Colo.  ? 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  ponds  and  lakes. 
HERB.:  Ballard  601,  Prior's  Lake,  Scott  Co.;  Ballard 
865,  Page  Lake,  Carver  Co.;  Taylor  67,  Elysian;  Taylor  140, 
Janes ville;  Taylor  1050,  Glenwood;  Ballard  44.9,  Prior's  Lake, 
Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  440,  Buffalo  Lake,  Waseca  Co. ;  Oestlund  185, 
Minnehaha;  Herrick  284,  Minnetonka;  Roberts  125,  Knife  river; 
Herb.  Sheld.  1752,  Lake  Johanna,  Ramsey  Co. 

Potamogeton  heterophyllos  SCHREB.     Spic.  21  (1771). 
P.  hybridus  PENTAGN.    Inst.  II,  289  (1787). 
P.  gramineus  ROTH.    Tent.  Fl.  Germ.  I,  74  (1788). 
P.  palustris  TEESD.    Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  V,  43  (1800). 
P.  gramineus  var.  fieteropfiyllos  FRIES,    Nov.  Fl.  Suec.  35  (J828j. 
P.  paucifolius  OP.     Bohm.  Fl.  23  (1823). 

P.  proteus  f.  heterophyllos  CHAM,  and  SCHLECHT.     Linn.  II,  201 
(1827). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  561;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  257?;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  136;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  363;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  84;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St- 


36  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

446;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  196;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.,  432;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  13; 
Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  ]24;  EngL,  Ascherson,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  1,  207;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  270;  Roth.,  Wheel.,  Exp.  268;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  432. 

Europe;  N.  Asia. 

North  America:  Q.,  Saskatchewan  and  Rocky  Mts.  to 
Vancouver;  S.  to  Yellowstone  and  Mono  Pass,  Calif. ;  E.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  probably  W. ;  ponds 
and  lakes. 

HERB.:  Balla.rd  899,  Waconia;  Ballard  860,  Page  Lake, 
Carver  Co. ;  Ballard  859,  Page  Lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bailey  in  herb. 
Morong,  Vermilion  Lake. 

Potamogeton  gramineus  LINN.  var.  zizii  (ROTH.)  M.  and  K. 
in  Ro-hl.  FL  D.  I,  845  (1823). 

P.  zizii  ROTH.    Tent.  Fl.  Germ.  I.  75  (1788). 
P.  angustifolius  OP.    Bohm.  Gerd.  23  (1823). 
P.  proteus  f.  zizii  CHAM,  and  SCHLECHT.    Linn.  II.  201  (1827). 
P.  lucens  var.  minor  UPHAM,  Fl.  Minn.  136  (1883). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  561;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  258;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  85;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  433;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  14;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II, 
370;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  433. 
Europe;  Asia? 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla. ; 
W.  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

Minn,  valley:    N.  E.  district,  rare;  ponds  and  lakes. 
HERB.  :  Herrick  283,  Minne  tonka. 

Potamogeton  illinoensis  MORONG,  Bot.  Gaz.  V.  (1880). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  561;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  137. 
North  America:   W.  N.  Y.  to  Ills.,  Iowa  and  Minn. 
Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  edge ;  ponds  and  lakes. 

Potamogeton  pusillus  LINN.     Spec.  127  (1753). 
P.  acutifolius  PR.    Fl.  Cech.  37  (1819). 
P.  gramineus  MER.    Fl.  Par.  II,  70  (1836). 
P.  berchtholdn  FIEB.  in  Berchth.  Fl.  Bohm.  II,  277  (1839). 
P.  mucronatus  NYM.    Syll.  387  (1854-55). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  563;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  258;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  137;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  87;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II.  198;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  363;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  435;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV.  29;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur. 
30;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  124;  Engl.  Ascherson,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II.  1,  208; 
Wats.,  King  Exp.  338;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  435. 

N.  Europe;  N.  Africa;  N.  and  S.  America;  N.  Asia. 
North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  Sas- 
katchewan, Prairie  region  to  Brit.  Col.,  lat.  55°  N. ;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,    N.  J.,   Minn.,   Mo.,   Uintah  Mts.,    Santa  Cruz   and  the 
Tuolumne. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  37 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  ponds  and  lakes ;  abundant. 

HERB.:  Taylor  105,  Janesville;  Bollard  447,  Prior's 
Lake,  Scott  Co.;  Herrick  285,  Minnetonka;  Bailey  394,  Mud 
Lake;  Bailey  538,  Long  Lake — var.  tenuissimus;  Bailey  369, 
Vermilion  Lake,  in  herb.  Morong. 

Potamogeton  rutilus  WOLFG.    Schult.  Mant.  Ill,  362  (1827). 
P.  compressus  SM.    Engl.  Bot.  t.  418  (1796)  not  Linn. 
P.  pusillus  var.  major  FRIES,    Nov.  Ed.  II,  48  (1828). 
P.  friesii  RUPR.    Ber.  Russ.  Rch.  IV,  43  (1845). 
P.  oederi  MEY.    Fl.  Hann.  536  (1819). 
P.  major  MORONG  in  Litt.  (1892  . 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  563;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  88,  371;  Led., 
Fl.  Ross.  IV.  30;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  435;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  124;  Engl., 
Asch.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  I.  208;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  15. 

Middle  Europe  and  Asia;  N.  Africa. 
North  America:    N.  S.,  Anticosti,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  N.  E.  T., 
Man.  and  Brit.  Col.;  S.  to  W.  N.  Y.,  Mich,  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  and  N.  E.  districts;  rare;  ponds 
and  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Bailey  369,  Mud  Lake;  Crattij,  State  Line,  S. 
edge,  Herb.  Morong. 

Potamogeton  pert  hiatus  LINN.     Spec.  127  (1753). 
P.  interruptus  KIT.  in  Schultes  Ostr.  Fl.  I,  328  (1794). 
P.  vaillantii  R.  and  S.    Syst.  Ill,  514  (1818). 
P.  fasciculatus  WOLFG.  in  Schultes  Mant.  Ill,  364  (1827). 
P.  filicaulis  SCHUR.    Enum.  633  (1866). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  564;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  258;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  364;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  88:  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  445;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
137;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II.  198;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  113;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV.  30; 
Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  436;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  15;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  124;  Engl.,  Ascherson,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  1,  208;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  338; 
Roth.  Wheel.  Exp.  288;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I.  437;  Webb.,  Appx..  Neb.  22. 
Europe;  N.  Asia  to  N.  W.  India;  Australia. 
North  America:  Greenland  and  N.  S.  to  Man.,  Rocky 
Mts.,  Hudson  Bay;  Brit.  Col.  and  Vancouver;  N.  to  lat.  62°;  S. 
to  Fla.  and  W.  to  Rockies  through  U.  S. ;  also  Washington  to 
S.  Calif.,  Nev.  and  Utah. 

Minn,  valley:   Throughout;  frequent;  ponds  and  lakes. 

HERB.:     Taylor  104,  Glenwood;    Sheldon  439,  Buffalo 

Lake,  Waseca  Co.;  Taylor  643,  Minnesota  Lake;  Sheldon  87  ly 

Sleepy  Eye;  Oesthmd  186,  Minnehaha;  Holzinger  268,  Winona 

Co. ;  Bailey  124,  Vermilion  Lake. 

Potamogeton  lucens  LINN.     Spec.  126  (1753). 
P.  sermtus  WEBB.    Pr.  Fl.  Hoist.  16  (1780). 
P.  lucidus  GULDENST.     It.  I.  76  (1787). 


38  METASPEKMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

P.  acuminatus  SCHUM.    Enum.  Sail.  1,49  (1801). 
P.  volhynicus  BESS.,  R.  and  S.    Syst.  Ill,  509  (1818). 
P.  cornutus  PR.    Fl.  Cech.  37  (1819). 
P.  caudatus  SEID.    Op.  Bohm.  Gew.  23  (1823). 
P.  proteus  f.  lucens  CHAM,  and  SCHLECHT.    Linn.  II,  197  (1827). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  562;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  136;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II.  85:  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  446?;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II.  196;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  363;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  432;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.:  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV.  26; 
Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  14;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  124;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I  433. 
Europe;  Asia;  N.  Africa;  Australia;  W.  Indies. 
North  America:    N.  S.,   Q.,  Ont.   to  Keewatin;    S.  to 
Minn.,  Ark.,  N.  Mex. ;  E.  to  N.  Eng.  and  Fla?. ;  also  California. 
Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  infrequent;  ponds  and  lakes. 
HERB.:    Taylor  1002,  Glenwood;   Oesilund  184,  Minne- 
haha;    Her  rick  282,   Minnetonka;    Bollard  600,  Prior's  Lake, 
Scott  Co. 

Potamogeton    praelongus    WULF.      Roem.   Arch.   Ill,   331 
(1803-5). 

P.  lucens  WEBB.    Prim.  Hoist.  15  (1780)  not  Linn. 
P.  flexicaule  DETH.    Strel.  Anz.  n  50  (1809). 
P.  Jkxuosus  (SCHL.  and)  WRED.    Meckl.  Fl.  I  (1811). 
P.  acuminatus  WAHL.     Fl.  Ups.  116  (1820). 

Wats,  and  Goult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  562;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  258;  Richt., 
PL  Eur.  14;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  85:  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  433;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur., 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II.  197. 
Europe. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Vancouver;  S.  to  Mass., 
Minn.,  Iowa. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  ponds  and  lakes  or 
sluggish  streams. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  319,  Madison  Lake;  Bailey  404,  Burnt- 
side  Lake. 

Potamogeton  lanceolatus  SM.    Engl.  Bot.  1985  (1808). 

P.  perfoliatus  var.  lanceolatus  ROBBINS,  Gray's  Man.  5  ed.  (1868). 
P.  perfoliatus  var.    richardsonii  BENNETT,  Mac.    Fl.  Can.  II,  370 
(1890)  in  part? 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  562;  Coult.,  Fl.Colo.  363;  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  II.  197;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  86;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  137;  Hook.,  Fl. 
Gt.  Brit.  434;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  13;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  268?. 
Europe. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Rockies  and  62°  N.  lat. ;  S.  to 
N.  J. ,  Fla.  and  N.  Mex. ;  W.  to  Pac.  coast  and  Yellowstone 
basin. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  probably  W. ;  ponds 
and  streams. 

HERB.  :  Holzinger  266,  Winona  Co. ;  Bailey  149,  Ver- 
milion Lake,  and  Sandberg,  Hennepin  Co.,  in  herb.  Morong. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  39 

Potamogeton  zosteraefolius  SOHUM.     PL  Sail.  I,  "50  (1801). 
?P.  complanatus  WILLD,    Berl.  Mag.  297  (1809). 
?P.  citspidatus  SCHRAD.    Ex.  Sm.  Engl.  Fl.  1.  234  (1824). 
P.  zosterophyllus  DUM.    Fl.  Belg.  164  (1827). 
P.  compressus.    AUCT.  AM.,  not  Linn. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  562;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  258;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  137;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  II.  86;  Wats..  FL  Calif.  II.  197;  Hook.,  FL  Gt. 
Brit.  434;  Led.,  FL  Ross.  IV.  29;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  14;  Herd., 
Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  124,  126;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  228:  Webb  ,  Appx  ,  Neb.  22. 
Europe;  N.  Asia  to  Baikal  Mts. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Ont.,  L.  Superior  region  and 
N.  Saskatchewan  to  57°  N.  lat;  Oregon  and  N.  Calif.;  N.  Eng. 
to  N.  J. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak. ,  Iowa  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  ponds  and  lakes. 
HERB.:  Bollard  642  n.,  Page  Lake,  Carver  Co.;  Bol- 
lard 456,  Prior's  Lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  598,  Prior's  Lake, 
Scott  Co.;  Holzinger  267,  Winona  Co.;  Bailey  545,  Long  Lake; 
Bailey  403,  Burntside  Lake;  W.  Upham  in  herb.  Morong,  Man- 
kato. 

Potamogeton  foliosus  RAF.     Med.  Rep.  (Ill),  II,  409  (1811). 
P.  pauciflorus  PURSH,    Fl  Am.  (1814)  not  Lam. 
P.  purshianus  MORONG  in  Litt.  (1892). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  563;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  258;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  137;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  97;  Wats.,  FL  Calif.  II.  197;  Mac.,  FL  Can. 
II.  86;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  446. 

North  America:   N.  Br.,   Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Superior  reg- 
ion, Saskatchewan  and  Hudson  Bay ;  Oregon  to  central  Calif. ; 
N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.  and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Iowa,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Kan. 
Minn,  valley:   Forest  district;  ponds  and  lakes. 
HERB.  :    Upham,  Mankato,  in  herb  Morong. 

ZANICHELLJA  LINN.     Gen.  700  (1737). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  III.  1016;   Durand,   Ind.  Gen.  Pfian. 
453;  Engler  and  Prantl,   Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  I,  213  (Ascherson). 

Living  species:  9   described;  only  1  distinct.    Cosmopolitan, 
but  wanting  in  Australia. 

Zanichellia  palnstris  LINN.     Spec.  969  (1753). 

Z.  geniculata  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II.  419  (1792). 

Z.  repens  BNGH.    FL  Men.  Prodr.  273  (1824). 

Z.  major  BNGH.    Reich.  Icon.  VIII.  24  (1*30). 

Z.  radicans  WALLM.    Flora,  Lit.  Bl.  20  (1841). 

Z.  macrostemon  GAY,  WILLK.  and  LGE.  Prodr.  I,  26  (1870). 
Wats  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  565;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J.  259;  Mac,  FL 
Can.  II.  90;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  96;  Wats.,  FL  Calif.  II.  193;  Coult.,  FL  Colo. 
362;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  136;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  445;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  437; 
Nym.,  FL  Eur.;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  17;  Herd.,  FL  Eur.  Russ,  J24;  Engl.,  Asch- 
erson, Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  1,  213;  Wats.,  KingExp.  337;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross,  IV.  22. 


40  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Europe;  Asia;  North  Africa;  Philippines;  Australia. 

North  America:  Anticosti,  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.,  N.  E.  T., 
Saskatchewan  and  Man. ;  S.  to  N  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Oregon, 
Utah,  Calif,  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  region;  peat 
bogs;  rare. 

HERB.  :    tSandberg  530,  Goodhue  Co. 

IV.    NAJADACEAE.    Naiad  Family. 

Najadeae  (Tribus  VII,  Najadaceae)  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL 
III.  1011  (1883);  Magnus  in  Eng.  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  I.  214  (1889) 
Genera:   1;  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 
Species:   10-12  living;  1-2  extinct. 

NAJAS  LINN.     Gen.  701  (1737). 

Fl'ivialis  MICHEL.  Nw.  Gen.t.S  1729),andPers.£?/n.  II.  530(1807). 
Caulinia  WILLD.    Mem.  Acad.  Berl.  87  (1798  . 
Ittnera  GMEL.    Fl.  Bad.  III.  t.  4  (1808). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  1018;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  453; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  I,  217  (Magnus);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt., 
380. 

Living  species:   10-12;  temperate  and  tropical  regions:   Eu- 
rope, 4;  Russian  Europe,  3;    N.  America,  4;   E.  Sts.,  3;  Cali- 
fornia, 2;  Canada,  1;  So.  Sts.,  3;  PL  Wheel.,  1. 
Fossil  species:   Upper  cretaceous  and  tertiary. 

Najasflexilis(WiLLD.)  ROSTK.  and  SCHM.,  PI.  Sed.  382(1824). 

Caulinia  flexilis  WILLD.      Act.  Acad.  Berol.  88  (1798). 
Fluvialisflexilis  PERS.     Syn.  II,  530  (1807). 
Najas  graminea  ROSTK.  in  Link.  H.  C.  I,  287  (1829). 

.  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  566;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  259;  Mac.,  Fl- 
Can.  II.  91;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  136;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  444;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
II,  191;  Nym.,  Fl.Eur.;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  439:  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  18;  Herd. 
Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  126;  Engl.  Magnus,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II.  1,  217;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand. 
I,  404;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  22. 

Great  Britain,  Scandinavia,  N.  Germany,  Russia,  Si- 
beria; Mexico;  W.  Indies. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  Brit. 
Col.  and  Pac.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  S.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Iowa  and  Neb.;  S.  to  San  Francisco  on  Pac.  coast. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  infrequent  or  locally 
abundant;  lakes,  ponds  and  sluggish  streams. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  450,  Lake  Helena,  Waseca  Co. ;  Sheldon 
910,  Cotton  wood  river,  near  Sleepy  Eye;  Holzinger  264,  Winona 
Lake;  Oestlund  183,  Minnehaha;  Bailey  389,  Mud  Lake. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  41 

V.    JUNCAGINEAE.    Arrow-Grass  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  127  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  III.  1010 
(1883),  Tribus  /,  Najadaceae;  Buchenau  and  Hieronymus  in  Engl.  and 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  I,  222  (1889). 

Genera:     4  living;    2    extinct;    temperate  regions  to 
Magellan  straits  and  Australia. 

Species:   15  living;  2  extinct. 

TRIGLOCHIN  LINN.     Gen.  302  (1737). 
Juncagx>  TOURN.    Inst.  (1700). 
Cycnogeton  ENDL.    Ann.  Wien.  MKS.  II,  210  (1840). 
Maundia  F.  MULL.    Frag.  Phyt.  Austral.  I.  23  (1861?). 
Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PL  III,  1012;  Durand,  lad.  Gen.  Phan.  452;  Eng- 
ler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  I,  224  (Bucbenau  and  Hieronymus). 

Living  species:  12;  temperate  and  colder  regions.  Russia, 
4;  Europe,  5;  Russian  Europe,  2;  N.  America,  2;  Canada,  2;  E. 
Sts.,  2;  So.  Sts.,  1;  Rocky  Mts.,  2;  PI.  King,  2;  California,  1; 
PL  Wheel.,  2. 

Triglochin  palustris  LINN.     Spec.  338  (1753). 
T.  juncea  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II,  501  (1792). 
Juncago  palustris  MOENCH,    Meth.  644  (1794). 
Iriglochin  chilensis  ME  YEN,    Eeise  I,  354  (1835^. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  557;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  138;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II.  79;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  199;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  364:  Trautv.,  Fl.  • 
Sib.  113;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV.  35;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  430; 
Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  18;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  124;  Engl.  Buchanau,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
II.  1,  224;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  340;  Roth  ,  Wheel.  Exp  268;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand. 
I,  417;  Rothr.,  Alask.  446. 

Europe;   Asia;  Africa;  S.  America. 
North  America:   Labrador,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man., 
Little  Slave  Lake,  Bartlett  Bay  and  Alaska;  W.  to  Rocky  Mts. ; 
S.  to  N.  Y.,  Ill,  Minn.,  Dak.  and  Mont.;  in  Rockies  to  N.  Mex. 
and  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:    S.  central  district  and  probably  spar- 
ingly throughout;  peat  bogs. 

HERB.  :   Leiberg  63,  64,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Triglochin  maritima  LINN.     Spec.  339  (1753). 

T.  mexicana  H.  B.  K.    N.  Gen.  et  Spec.  I,  244  (1815). 

T.  elata  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  237  (1818). 

T.  salina  WALLR.    Linn.  XIV,  567  (1840). 

T.  maritima  var.  elata  GRAY,  Man.  ed.  V,  491  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  558;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  256;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  364;  Webb.,Fl  Neb.  97;  Upham,Fl.  Minn.  138;  Mac.,Fl.  Can.  II,  80; 
Wats.,Fl.  Calif.  II,  199;  Hook.,Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  430;  Nym.,Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,Fl. 
Ross.  IV,  35;  Trautv.,Fl.  Sib.  113;  Richt., Pl.Eur.  19:  Herd.,Fl.  Eur.  Russ. 
124;  Engl., Buchenau  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  1,  224;  Wats., King  Exp.  340;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  268;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  417;  Rothr.,  Alask.  446. 


42  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Europe;  Asia;  Africa;  S.  to  Caucasus  and  Dahuria. 

North  America:  Atlantic  coast  from  Labrador  to  N.  J. ; 
also  San  Francisco  to  Arctic  ocean  and  Alaska;  interior  from 
mts.  of  Colo,  to  N.  Mex.  and  E.  to  the  coast  in  saline  places. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  S.  central  district,  abund- 
ant; marshes  and  peat  bogs. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  732,  Glenwood;  Bollard  809,  Page  Lake, 
Carver  Co.;  Ballard359,  Helena,  Scott  Co.;  Ballard  624,  Chaska; 
Leiberg  65,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Herrick  286,  Minneapolis;  the  rest 
are  var.  elatum  (Nutt.).  Herrick  287,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  326, 
St.  Louis  river;  Sandberg  533,  Chisago  Lake. 

SCHEUCHZERIA  LINN.     Gen.  301  (1737). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  III,  1012;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  453; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  I,  225  (Buchenau  and  Hieronymus); 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  388. 

Living  species :   1 ;  N.  temperate  and  boreal  regions. 
Fossil  species:   Cretaceous;  Lamprocar piles,  Greenland 
(Heer). 

Scheiichzeria  palustris  LINN.     Spec.  338  (1753). 
S.  paniculata  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II,  502  (1792). 
S.  asiatica  MIQ.    Fl.  Ind.  Bat.  Ill,  243  (1837?). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  558;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  256;  Coult.,Fl. 
Colo.  364;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  138;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  81;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II, 
199;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV.  37;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  430;  Richt., 
PL  Eur.  19;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  124;  Engl.  Buchenau,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II.  1, 
225;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  416. 

Middle  and  N.  Europe;  N.  Asia. 

North  America:  N.  Br.  Ont.  to  Hudson  Bay,  Georgian 
Bay,  Keewatin  and  Rocky  Mts.;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  W.  to  Minn., 
Dak. ,  Mont,  and  Colo. ;  also  Washington  to  Sierra  Co. ,  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  but  local  or  rare;  peat 
bogs  and  wet  places  in  marshy  meadows. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1113,  Glenwood ;  Bailey  305,  St.  Louis 
river;  Sandberg  534,  Chisago  Co. 


VI,    ALISMACEAE.     Water-Plantain  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  127  (1840)  in  part;  Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PL 
III.  1003  (1883),  excl.  Tribus  II,  Butomeae;  Buchenau,  Engl.  and  Prantl, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  I,  227  (1889). 

Genera:   10;  temperate  and  warmer  regions. 
Species:   55  ±  living;  4-5  extinct. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  43 

ALISM1  LINN.     Gen.  308  (1737). 

Calclesia  PARLAT.    Fl.  It.  Ill,  598  (1862?). 
Baldellia  PARLAT.    Nuovo.  Gen.  Monoc.  57  (1854). 
Helanthium  ENGELM.  Mss.    ex.  Benth.  and  Hook.  I.  c.  (1883). 
Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PL  III,  1004;   Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  452; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  I,  230  (Buchenau);  Schenck,  Paleophyt., 
388. 

Living  species:  5-10;  Europe;  temperate  and  tropical 
Asia;  tropical  Africa;  Australia;  N.  and  S.  America.  Russia, 
4;  Europe,  5;  U.  S.,  2;  1,  continental;  1,  Pac,  coast. 

Fossil  species:  3-4;  Cretaceous,  Greenland  (Heer); 
Tertiary,  Greenland  and  Spitzbergen  (Heer);  France  (Saporta). 
All  doubtful. 

Alisma  plantago  LINN.     Spec.  342  (1753). 
A.  natans  POLL.    PL  Pal.  Ill,  319  (1777). 
A.  latifolium  GILIB.    Fl.  Lith.  Y,  222  (1781). 
A.  ranunculoides  ALL.    Fl.  Fed.  I,  234  (1785). 
A.  angustifolium  HOPPE,    Taschenb.  13  (1797). 
A.  plantago  var.  americanum  R  and  S.    Syst.  Ill  (1818). 
A.  trivialis  and  parviflora  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  252  (1814). 
?A.  subcordatum  RAF.    Med.  Rep  V,  356  (1809). 
?A.  odorata  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  (1817  >. 
?A.  roseum  RAF.    Ex.  Steud.  Nom. 
A.  lanceolatum  SCHULTZE,    Spreng  Syst.  II,  163  (1825). 
A.  plantago  var.  triviak  B.  S.  P.    Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  554;    Britt.  Fl.  N.  J.  255;  Coult.  Fl. 
Colo.  361;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  97;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  76;  Wats.,Fl.  Calif.  II, 
200;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  448;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  427;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led. 
Fl.  Ross.  IV,  39;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  113;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.19;  Herd.  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  124;  Engl.  Buchenau,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  1,  230;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  340; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  228;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  415. 

Europe;  Asia,  Australia;  N.  Africa. 
North  America:   Newf.  to  Rockies  and  Pac.;  S.  to  N. 
California  and  E.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Ga. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  marshes  and 
edges  of  lakes  or  shallow  edges  of  slow  streams. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  220,  Janesville;  Bollard  821,  Page  Lake; 
Bollard  264,  Jordan;  Taylor  730,  Glenwood;  Bollard  789,  Swan 
Lake;  Bollard  609,  Chaska;  Sheldon  922,  Sleepy  Eye ;  Taylor  609, 
Minnesota  Lake;  Kassube  225,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  187,  Hen- 
nepin  Co. ;  Hohinger  269,  Winona  Co. ;  Sandberg  535,  Goodhue 
Co. ;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  51,  Brainerd;  Herb.  Moyer  229,  Montevideo. 

SAtilTTARIA  LINN.     Gen.  723  (1737). 

Lophiocarpus  MICH.    D.  C.  Mon.  Phan.  Ill,  60  (1881). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  1006:  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  452; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.    2,  I,  231  (Buchenau);  Schenck,  Palaeo- 
phyt.  389. 


44  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Living  species:  14-17;  mostly  American,  but  in  all 
temperate  and  tropical  regions.  U.  S.,  10-12;  E.  Sts.,  7;  So. 
Sts.,  5;  Canada,  4;  California,  1;  Atl.  America  and  Tex.,  10. 

Fossil  species:  3-4;  Tertiary;  Alaska,  Greenland, 
Spitzbergen  (Heer)\  doubtful. 

Sagittaria  rigida  PURSH,  Fl.  Am.  397  (1814). 

S.  heterophylla  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  396  (1814)  not  Schreb. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  555;  Britt.,Fl.  N.  J.  256;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  138;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  449;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  78. 

North  America:  St.  Lawrence  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and 
Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  edges  of  lakes  or  quiet 
streams;  abundant. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  321,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Bollard  814,  Page  Lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Sheldon  705,  White  Bear 
Lake;  Ballard  588,  Crystal  Lake,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  444,  Lake 
Helena,  Waseca  Co.;  Bailey  542,  Long  Lake;  Herrick  289,  Min- 
netonka;  Sandberg  538,  Centre  City;  Herb.  Wickersheim  117,  Ash 
Lake,  Lincoln  Co. 

Sagittaria  graminpa  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  190  (1803). 
S.  acutifolia  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  397  (1814). 
S.  purshii  KUNTH,    Enum.  Ill,  160  (1838). 
S.  stolonifera  ENGELM.  and  GRAY,    PI.  Lindh.  26  (1845). 
S.  simplex.    AUCT.  AMER. 

,     Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  555;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  256;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II.  79;  Webb.,  Fl.  ISTeb.  97;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St  449;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  228. 
North  America:   Cape  Breton.  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.,  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  local  or  infrequent; 
edges  of  ponds  and  quiet  streams. 

HERB.:  Ballard  603,  Prior's  Lake,  Scott  Co.;  Ballard 
237,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Berseth  1,  Minneapolis. 

Sagittaria  sagittaefolia  LINN.     Spec.  993  (1753). 
S.  minor  MILL.    Diet.  (1768). 
S.  major  SCOP.     Fl.  Cam.  II,  239  (1772). 
S.  monoica  GILIB.    Fl.  Lith.  V,  218  (1781). 
S.  vulgoris  GULDENST.    Reise  Russ.  II,  45  (1791). 
S.  latifolia  and  obtusa  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  409  (1805). 
Vallisneria  bulbosa  Pom.     Enc.  Meth.  VIII,  321  (1806). 
Sagittaria  heterophylla  SCHREB.    FL  Erl.  II,  119  (1811). 
S.  gracilis,  tiastata  and  simplex  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  II,  396  (1814). 
S.  variabilis  ENGELM.    Gray's  Man.  ed.  1  (1818). 
S.  longiloba  ENGELM.    Torr.  Mex.  Bound.  (1858). 
S.  sagittaefolia  var.  variabilis  MICHELI,    D.  C.  Mon.  Phan.  HI,  69 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED  PRODUCING  PLANTS.  45 

Wats,  and  Coult..  Gray's  Man. 6  ed.  554;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  138;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  77;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II.  201;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  97;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
361;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  449;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  255;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  428: 
Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Kicht.,  PI.  Eur.  20;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  124;  Engl.  Buch- 
enau,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II.  1,  231;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  368;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  340; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  228;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I.  416. 

Europe;  Asia  to  N.  W.  India. 

North  America:  Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Can.;  N.  to  60°  N.  lat.; 
S.  to  Calif,  and  N.  Nev.;  from  Rockies  E.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J. 
and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  in  the  various  forms; 
marshes,  edges  of  ponds  and  quiet  streams;  abundant. 

HERB.  :  Forma  gracilis  (Pursh),  Bollard  897,  St.  Boni- 
facius;  Ballard  831,  Page  Lake;  F.  obtusa  (Willd.),  Bollard  607, 
Prior's  Lake;  Ballard  731,  Benton;  F.  hastata  (Pursh),  Taylor 
642,  Minnesota  Lake;  Taylor  405,  Buffalo  Lake,  Waseca  Co.; 
Taylor  22,  Elysian;  Sheldon  1567,  Lake  Benton;  Ballard  666, 
Waconia;  Ballard  163,  Chaska;  F.  latifolia  (Willd.),  Sheldon  921, 
Sleepy  Eye;  F.  angustifolia  (Engelm.),  Sheldon  1073,  Spring- 
field; Ballard  739,  Waconia;  Ballard  808,  Page  Lake,  Carver 
Co.;  Ballard  830,  Page  Lake;  F.  diversifolia,  Herrick  288,  Min- 
neapolis; also  F.  angustifolia,  Bailey  151,  Vermilion  Lake;  Sand- 
berg  536,  Red  Wing;  F.  latifolia,  Sandberg  537,  Vasa;  Oestlund 
188,  Minnehaha;  F.  hastata,  Bailey  154,  Vermilion  Lake;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1683,  forma  angustifolia  (Engelm.),  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Moyer  230,  forma  obtusa  (Willd.),  Montevideo. 

VII.       HYDROCHARITACEAE,       Frog's  -  Bit 
Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI  160  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PL  III,  448 
(1883);  Ascherson  and  Giirke,  Engl.  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2, 1,  238(1889). 

Genera:  14;  cosmopolitan;  11  in  fresh  water;  3  in  In- 
dian ocean,  African  coast  waters,  Red  sea,  Australian  waters 
and  the  Pacific. 

Species:   60  living;  1-2  extinct?. 

ELODEA  L.  C.  RICH.     MX.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  20  (1803). 
Udora  NUTT.     Gen.  II,  242  (1818). 

Apalanthe  and  Egeria  PLANCH.  Ann.  Nat.  Sci.  3,  XI, 75,79  (1849). 
Anacharis  BAB.  and  PLANCH.  Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edin.  Ill,  27  (1852)! 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  450;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  383;. 
Engler  and  Prantl,   Nat.  Pflanz.  2, 1,  250  (Ascherson  and  Gttrke). 

Living  species:  6;  N.  and  S.  America;  Mid.  and  N. 
Europe  (introduced);  U.  S.,  1. 


46  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Elodea  canadensis  RICH,  and  MICHX.  Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  20  (1803). 
Serpicula  occidentalis  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  38  (1814). 
Udora  canadensis  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  242  (1818). 
Serpicula  verticillata  MUHL.    Cat.  (1818). 

ApalantJie  schweinitzii  PLANCH.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3,  XI,  75  (1839). 
Anacharis  canadensis  PLANCH.    Ann.  Mag.  and  Nat.  Hist.  2  ser.  I, 
86  (1848). 

Udora  occidentalis  KOCH,    Syn.  771  (1843-45). 
Anacharis  alsinastrum  BAB.    Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  81  (1848). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  496;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  229;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  139;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  129;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  450;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  1;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  382;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  21;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  124;  Engl.,  Ascherson,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  1,  251;   Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  221; 
Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  403;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  22. 

Introduced  in  Gt.  Britain,  C.  Eur.  and  Russia. 
North  America:   Q.,  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan  and  Assini- 
boia;  S.  to  Oregon  and  Mendocino  Co.,  Calif.;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  abundant;  rivers, 
streams  and  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  605,  Prior's  Lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard 
822,  Page  Lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard  823a,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ; 
Taylor  317,  Janesville;  Oestlund  189,  Minnehaha;  Holzinger  270, 
Winona  Co.;  Holzinger  271,  Winona  Lake. 

YALLISNER1A  LINN.     Gen.  741  (1737)  Em.  Mich. 
Physkium  LOUR.    FL  Cochinch.  662  (1790). 
Nechamandra  PLANCH.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3,  XI,  78  (1849). 
?Lagarosiphon  HARV.    Hook.  Journ.  Bot  IV,  230  (1842)  part. 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  450,  451;   Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan. 
383;  Eugler  and  Prantl,    Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  I,  251  (Ascherson  and  Giirke); 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  390. 

Living  species:    2;  tropical  and  subtropical  regions, 

extending  into  temperate  N.  and  S.  America.     1  sp.  tropical 

Asia  and  Isl.  of   Socotra  (African  region) ;  1  sp.  circumdiffused. 

Fossil  species:   Eocene,  Aix  (Saporta)  Isp.;  Jurassic 

of  Siberia,  1  sp. ?  (Schenck) 

Yallisneria  spiralis  LINN.     Spec.  1015  (1753). 

Physkium  natans  LOUR.    Cochinch.  662  (1790). 

Valksneria  americana  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  220  (1803). 

V.  jacquinii  SAVI.    Oss.  12  (1816). 

V.  spiralis  var.  americana  TORR.    Comp.  365  (1824). 

V.  jacquiniana  EICHW.    Fl.  Gasp.  Cauc.  2  (1831). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  496;   Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  229;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  1;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  450;   Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  139;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.; 
Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  46;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  21;   Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  124; 
Engl.,  Ascherson  and  Giirke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  1,  252;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  221. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  47 

S.  Europe,  Mid.  and  S.  Russia;  India;  Australia;  Is- 
lands of  Mediterranean. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  W.  to  Cotton  wood 
valley  and  Chippewa;  rivers,  ponds  and  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  455,  Prior's  Lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Herrick 
290,  Minnetonka;  Oestlund  190,  Minnehaha;  Holzinger  272, 
Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  539,  540,  "Minnesota." 

VIII.    GRAMINEAE.    Grass  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  77  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  1074 
(1883);  Hackel  in  Engl.  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  1  (1887). 
Genera:   300-325;  cosmopolitan;  3-4  extinct. 
Species:  3500-4000;  3100-3200  (B.  andH.);  40-50 extinct? 

ANDROPOGON  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  V,  1014  (1754). 

Schizachrium  NEES,  Agrost.  Bras.  331  (1829). 

Heterochloa  DESVX.    ex  Dur.  1.  c.  (1888). 

Diectomis  H.  B.  K     Nov.  Gen.  et  Spec.  I,  193  (1815). 

Homoeatherum  NEES,    Hook,  and  Am.  Beech.  Bot.  239  (1841). 

Hypogynium  NEES,    Agrost.  Bras.  364  (1829). 

Anadelphia  HACK.    Engl.  Jahrb.  VI,  240  (1885). 

Arthostachys  DESVX.    ex  Dur.  1.  c.  (1888). 

Euklastaxoii  STEUD.    Syn.  Gluni.  I,  412  (1855). 
?  Agenium  NEES,    Lindl.  Introd  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  447  (1835). 

Sorghum  PERS.    Syn.  I,  101  (1805). 

Blumenbachia  KOEL.    Gram.  Gall.  28  (1802). 

Vetiveria  THOU,    ex  Yir.  Journ.  -Pharm.  I,  XIII,  499  (1857). 

Anatherum  P.  BEAUV.    Agrostogr.  128  (1812). 

Mandeloriia  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  I,  359  (1855). 

Chrysopogon  TRIN.    Fund.  Agr.  187  (1820). 

Rhaphis  LOUR.    Cochinch.  552  (1790). 

Centrophorum  TRIN.    Fund.  Agr.  (1820). 

Holcus  R.  BR.    Prodr.  198  (1810)  in  part. 

Dichantium  WILLEM.    Herb.  Maur.  in  Ust.  Ann.  Bot.  XVIII, 
11  (1796). 

Diplasantlms  DESVX.    ex  Dur.  1.  c.  (1888). 

Lepeocercis  TRIN.    Fund.  Agr.  203  (1820). 

Cymbopogoii  SPRENG.    PI.  Min.  Cog.  Pugil.  II,  14  (1815). 

Gymiianthelia  and  Hyparrheiiia  ANDERS.    Schweinf.  Beitr. 
Fl.  Aethiop.  299,  300  (1862?).    . 

Heteropogon  PERS.    Syn.  II,  533  (1805). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1133-1135;   Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan. 
464;  Engler  and  Prantl,   Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  26  (Hackel). 

Living  species:   200  ±;  warmer  regions;  N.  America, 
Asia  and  temperate  Europe.      Europe,  8-9;   N.  America,   24; 


48  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

So.   Sts.,   20;    Canada,  3-4;    E.   Sts.,   10;    Rocky  Mts.,   5;    PL 
Wheel.,  6. 

Andropogon  nutans  LINN.     Spec.  1045  (1753). 
A.  avenaceus  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  58  (1803). 
Sorghum  nutans  GRAY.    Man.  ed.  I,  617  (1848). 
Chrysopogon  nutans  B.  and  H.    Gen.  PL  III,  1135  (1883). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  638;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  185;  Webb., 
Fi.  Neb.  105;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  406;  Chap.,  FL  So.  St.  583;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses 
U.  S.  36;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  173;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  296;   Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
234;  Vas..  Mon.  9. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Man.;  S.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and 
Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Mo.,  Ark.  and  S.  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  principally  prairie  dis- 
trict; dry  and  high  places. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1595,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Taylor  1064,  Alex- 
andria; Sheldon,  1289,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Sheldon  1652,  Minneapolis; 
MacM.  and  Sheld.  17,  Brainerd;  Sandberg  606,  Red  Wing;  Foote 
12,  Worthington. 

Andropogon  provincialis  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  I,  376  (1783). 
A.  villosus  var.  B.  LAM.    Fl.  Fr.  Ill,  634  (1778). 
A.  gerardi  VITM.    Summ.  PL  VI,  16  (1792). 
A.  furcatus  MUHL.     Willd.    Spec.  IV,  919  (1805;. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  637;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  II,  184;  Britt., 
FL  N.  J.  284;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  105;  Coult.,  FL  Colo.  405;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
173;  Chap.,  FL  So.  St.  581;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  35;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  I, 
23;  Cov.,  FL  Ark.  234;  Vas.,  Mon.  12. 
Southern  France. 

North  America:  Ont.;  L.  of  Woods,  Man.;  S.  to  N.  J. 
and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  especially  in  prairie  dis- 
trict; dry  and  high  places. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1028,  Glen  wood;  Sheldon  1172,  New 
Ulm;  Tay lor  1071,  Alexandria;  Sheldon  1130,  Springfield;  Shel- 
don  1338,  Lake  Benton;  Sandberg  603,  Goodhue  Co.;  Sandberg 
604,  Red  Wing;  Fooie  10,  Worthington;  Oestlund  349,  Minne- 
apolis; 350,  Minneapolis. 

Andropogon  scoparius  MICHX.     FL  N.  Am.  I,  57  (1803). 
A.  dissitijtorus  MICHX.     FL  N.  Am.  I,  57  (1803). 
A.  purjiurascens  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  913  (1805). 
Pallinia  scoparia  SPKENG.    Syst.  II,  832  (1825). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  637;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  284;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  185;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  105;  Upham,  Fl.'Minn.  173;  Coult.,  FL 
Colo.  405;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  581;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  35;  Both.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  296;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  234;  Vas.,  Mon.  10. 

Nortfi  America:     N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.   and  Sas- 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  49 

katchewan;  S.  to  N.  Eng..  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak., 
Neb.,  Kan.,  Mo.,  Ark.  and  S.  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  principally  in  prairie  dis- 
trict; high  or  dry  places. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1318,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1378,  Ver- 
di, Lincoln  Co.;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  13,  Brainerd;  Sandberg  605, 
Red  Wing;  Foote  11,  Worthington. 

PANICUM  LINN.     Gen.  47  (1737). 

Thalasium  SPRENG.    Syst.  Cur.  Post.  22,  30  (1827). 
Migitaria  RICH,  in  Pers.  Syn.  I,  84  (1805). 
Syntherisma  WALT.    Fl.  Carol.  76  (1788). 
Trichaclme  NEES,    Agrost.  Bras.  85  (1829). 
Acicarpa  RADDI,    Agrost.  Bras.  31  (1823). 
Urochloa  KUNTH,    Rev.  Gram.  I,  31  (1835). 
Coriclochloa  NEES,    Edin.  Phil.  Journ.  XV,  381  (1831?). 
Eriachne  PHILIPPI,    Sert.  Mend.  Alt.  49  (I860?). 
Holosetum,  Mesosetum  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  I,  118  (1855). 
Bluffia,  Rhyiiclielythrum  NEES,     Fl.  Afr.  Austr.  Gram.  61, 
64  (1841). 

Thrasya  H.  B.  K.    Nov.  Gen.  et  Spec.  I,  120  (1815). 
Tylothrasya  DOELL.    Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  II,  2,  295  (1833). 
?  Dimorphostachys  FOURN.    Compt.  Rend.  LXXX,  441  (1875). 

Paractaenium,     Urochloa,     Echinochloa,     Hymenachne 
BEAUV.    Agrostogr.  47,  48,  53  (1812). 

Streptostachys  DESVX.    Bull.  Philom.  II,  190  (1810). 
Otachyrium  NEES,    Agrost.  Bras.  273  (1829). 
Coleataenia  GRISEB.    Symb.  Arg.  308  (1875). 
Tricholaeiia  SCHRAD.    R.  and  S.  Syst.  II,  Mant.  163  (1824). 
?  Gramerium  DESVX.    ex  Dur.  1.  c.  (1888). 
?  Alloteropsis  PRESL,    ex  Dur.  1.  c.  (1888). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1100;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  466: 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  35,  36  (Hackel);  Schenck,  Palaeo- 
phyt.  384. 

Living  species:  310  ± ;  temperate  and  warmer  regions; 
Europe,  13;  Russia,  10-12;  N.  America,  67;  So.  Sts.,  48;  E. 
Sts.,  22;  California,  15;  Rocky  Mts.,  5;  Canada,  15;  Texas,  41; 
PI.  Wheel.,  5;  PI.  King,  3. 

Fossil  species:    ?  Tertiary  of  Switzerland  (Schenck). 

Panicnm  crus-galli  LINN.  var.  hispidum  (MUHL.)  TORR.  Fl. 
N.  Y.  II,  424  (1843). 

P.  muriatum  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  47  (1803). 
-    P.  walteri  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  66  (1814). 
P.  hispidum  MUHL.    Gram.  167  (1817). 
Oplismenus  muricatus  KUNTH,    Enurn.  I,  143  (1833). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.,  6  ed.  634;  Britt.,Fl.  N.  J.  282;  Mac.,  Fl- 
Can.  II,  177;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  106;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  173;  Both.,  Wheel- 
Exp.  295;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  394;  Cpv.,  Fl.  Ark.  232;  Vas.,  Mon.  37. 
-4 


50  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

North  America:  Ont.,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Minn.,  Neb. 
and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  and  S.  W.  edges ; 
doubtfully  indigenous;  boggy  places  or  drier  soil. 

HERB.  :   Sandberg  600,  Red  Wing. 

Panicum  dichotomum  LINN.     Spec.  58  (1753). 

P.  pubescens,  nitidum  and  laxiflorum  LAM.  Enc.  Meth.  IV,  749(1797). 
P.  barbulatum  and  ramulosum  MICHX.    Fl.N.  Am.  I,  46  (1803). 
?  P.  microcarpon  MUHL.    Gram.  112  (1817). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.,  6  ed.  633;  Britt,  Fl.  N.  J.  280;  Chap., 
Fl.  So.  St.  576;  Mac  ,  Fl.  Can.  II,  178;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  106;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  404;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  259;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  172;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  394;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  232;  Vas.,  Mon.  30. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Owen  Sound, 
Ste.  Marie  and  Thunder  Bay;  S.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Fla. ;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.,  Colo.,  Calif,  and  S.  to  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  probably  W.;  dry 
fields  and  along  embankments. 

HERB.:  Ballard  8,  Chaska;  Sheldon  1100,  Springfield; 
Bollard  278,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Ballard  520,  Prior's  Lake, 
Scott  Co. ;  Ballard  315,  Belle  Plaine;  Ballard  544,  Spring  Lake, 
Scott  Co.;  Ballard  637,  Chaska;  Sheldon  1216,  New  Ulm;  Shel- 
don 515,  Waseca  [var.  pubescens  (Lam.)];  Oestlund  346,  Minne- 
apolis; Oestlund  347,  Minneapolis  [var.  pubescens  (Lam.)]-,  Herb. 
Sheld.,1709,  1798,  Minneapolis. 

Panicum  depauperatum  MUHL.     Gram.  112  (1817). 
?P.  strictum  PUKSH,    Fl.  Am.  69  (1814). 
P.  rectum  R.  and  S.    Syst.  II,  457  (1817). 
P.  involutum  TORR.     Fl.  U.  S.  I,  144  (1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.,  6  ed.  633;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  279;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  177;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  106;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  173;  Chap.,  Fl.  So. 
St.  576;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  232;  Vas.,  Mon.  29. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Saskatch- 
ewan; S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb. 
and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  dry  woods;  hillsides, 
along  embankments  and  shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Leiberg  104,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  ?  Sandberg  599, 
Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1797,  Minneapolis. 

Panicum  scoparium  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  IV  (1797). 

P.  pauciflorum  ELL.    Sk.  1.  (1821). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.,  6  ed.  632;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  280;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  106;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  180;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  404;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
259;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  172;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  575;  Cov.,  Fl'.  Ark.  233; 
Vas.,  Mon.  31. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PKODUCING    PLANTS.  51 

North  America:  Ont.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  to  N.  Car.  and  Fla. ; 
W.  to  Vancouver;  S.  to  Calif.,  Oregon,  Colo.,  Neb.,  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  rare  or  infrequent;  wet 
fields  and  edges  of  thickets. 

HERB.  :   Leiberg  103,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Panicum  latifolium  LINN.     Spec.  59  (1753). 
P.  walteri  Pom.    Enc.  Suppl.  IV,  282  (1816). 
P.  dandestinum  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  235  (1840). 
1  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.,  6  ed.  632;  Britt.,  Fl,  N.  J.  280;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  179;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  575;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  232;  Vas.,  Mon.  33. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.,  N.Y.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  infrequent;  thickets 
and  damp  copses  or  woodland. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  620,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co. ;  Bollard  487, 
Prior's  Lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Oestlund  345,  Hennepin  Co. 

Panicum  xanthophysum  GRAY,     Gram.  I,  28  (1835). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.,  6  ed.  631;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  172;  Mac., 
Fl  Can.  II,  180;  Vas.,  Mon.  29. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Man.,  Saskatchewan  and  As- 
siniboia;  S.  to  Maine  and  Penn. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Wise.,  Iowa 
and  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:   Forest  district;  rare;  sandy  soil  along 
embankments  or  beside  ponds  or  streams. 
HERB.  :   Sheldon  555,  Waseca. 

Panicum  virgatum  LINN.     Spec.  59 '(1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.,  6  ed.  631;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  282;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  172;  Mao.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  180;  Webb..  Fl.  Neb.  106;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  403;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  573;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  28;  Cov.,  FL  Ark. 
223;  Vas.,  Mon.  36. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  L.  Huron  region,  Saskatch- 
ewan and  Assiniboia;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to 
Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Colo. ,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  especially  in  prairie  dis- 
trict; sandy  soil  and  embankments. 

HERB.:  Sheldon,  1206,  New  Ulm;  Oestlund  341,  Minne- 
apolis; 342,  Minneapolis;  Foote  9,  Worthington;  Sandberg  598, 
Red  Wing. 

Panicum  agrostoides  MUHL.     Gram.  119  (1817). 
P.  midtiflorum  Pom.    Suppl.  Enc.  IV,  282  (1817). 
P.  elongatum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  69  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  631;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  176;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  281;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  28;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  106;  Wats.,  Fl. 
Calif.  II,  258;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  172;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  232;  Vas.,  Mon.  35. 


52  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

North  America:  Mass,  and  N.  J.  to  Minn,  and  Van- 
couver; S.  to  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  to  Sacramento,  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  districts;  rare; 
damp  fields  and  shores  of  lakes  or  along  streams. 

Panicum  nudum  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  (1788). 
P.  dichotomiflorum  MTCHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  (1803). 
P.  divergens  MUHL.    Gram.  (1817). 
P.  autumnale  Bosc.    Mem.  (1822). 
P.  fragile  KUNTH,    Enum.  (1833). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  630;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  172;  Vas., 
Mon.  33. 

North  America:   111.  to  S.  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Tex? 
Minn,   valley:   Reported  from  S.  central  region;  rare 
or  doubtful;  hillsides  or  plains;  sandy  soil. 

Panicum  capillare  LINN.     Spec.  58  (1753). 

Milium  capillare  MOENCH,    Meth.  203  (1794). 
?  Panicum  strigosum  ELL.    Sk.  I,  126  (1821). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  630;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  281:  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  177;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif,  II,  258;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  403:  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  106;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  574;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  172;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  I, 
26;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  470;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  394;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  232; 
Vas.,  Mon.  33. 

Introduced  in  S.  Europe  and  Russia. 
North  America:   N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.   to  Saskatch- 
ewan, Man.,  Brit.  Col.  and  Vancouver;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J. 
and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Pac.  coast  and  S.  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  .Throughout;  abundant;  dry  fields  and 
along  embankments. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  1155,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  956,  Redwood 
Falls;  Sheldon  1460,  Pipestone;  Foofe  8,  Worthington;  Oest- 
hmd  340,  Hennepin  Co.;  Sandberg  597,  Red  Wing;  Sheldon 
1529,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Herb.  Sheld.  1671,  Minneapolis. 

CENCHRU8  LINN.     Gen.  Corr.  n.  989  (1737),  p.  p. 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III.  1105;  Durand,  2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  467; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II.  36  (Hackel). 

Living  species  :  12  ;  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  and  in 
temperate  N.  and  S.  America.  N.  America,  4,  So.  Sts.,  4;  E. 
Sts.,  1;  California,  1;  Rocky  Mts.,  1;  PL  King.,  1. 

Cenchrus  tribuloides  LINN.     Spec.  ed.  II.  1483  (1762). 
C.  carolinianus  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  79  (1788). 
C.  echinatus  MUHL.    Gram.  52  (1817). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  634;  Britt.,  Fl.N.  J.  282;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II.  181;  Webb.,Fl.  Neb.  106;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I.  261 ;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
404;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  Sts.  579;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  173;  Engl.  Hackel,  Nat. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  53 

Pflinz.  II.  2,  36;  Gris.,  Fl.  W.  I.;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  394;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  232; 
Vas.,  Mon.  39. 

Africa?  Jamaica,  Antigua  and  East  Indies. 

North.  America:  N.  Eng.  to  Fla. ;  W.  to  Calif,  and 
Oregon;  Ontario,  introduced  (?). 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  sandy  or  waste  places 
along  streams  and  roadsides  or  embankments. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1190,  New  Ulm;  Leiberg  105,  Minne- 
sota valley;  Kassube  275,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  601,  Goodhue 
Co. ;  OestlundSJf.8,  Minneapolis;  Hohinger  295,  Winona  Co.;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1706,  Minneapolis. 

ZIZANIA  LINN.     Gen.  ed.,  II.  863  (1742)  em. 
Hydropyrum  LINK.    Hort.  Berol.  1.  252  (1827). 
Melinum  LINK.    Handb.  Nutz.  Gew.  I.  96  (1829) 
Zizaniopsis  DOELL.  and  ASCH.     Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  II.  2,  12  (1833?). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III.  1115;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Plian.  468; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II.  40  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  2;  N.  and  S.  America;  N.  E.  Asia,  E. 
U.  S.  and  Can,  1;  S.  U.  S.  and  Brazil,  1. 

Zizania  aquatica  LINN.     Spec.  991  (1753). 
Z  palustris  LINN.    Mant.  II.  295  (1771). 
Z.  davulosa  MICHX.      Fl.  N.  Am.  I.  75  (1803). 
Hydropyrum  esculenlum  LINK,    Hort.  Berol.  I.  252  (1827). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  635;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  283;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  159;  Chap.,Fl.  So.  St.  549;  Webb.,  Fl.  TSTeb.  105;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II, 
183;  Vas.  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S  33;  Eugl.  Hackel,   Nat.  Pflanz.   II.  2.40;  Cov., 
Fl.  Ark,  233;  Vas.,  Mon.  41. 

Siberia  and  Japan. 

North  America:  New!  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man.;  S. 
to  Penn.  and  Pla, ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Mo.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley  :  Throughout;  somewhat  local;  shallow 
waters;  edges  of  lakes  and  narrows  between  ponds. 

HERB.:  Taylor 222,  Janesville;  Taylor  1019,  Glenwood; 
Sandberg  554,  Red  Wing. 

HOMALOCENCHRUS  MIEG.    ex.  Hall,  Stirp.  Helv.  II.  201 
(1768). 

Leersia  SWARTZ,  Nov.  Gen.  et.  Spec.  21  (1788). 
Ehrhartia  WIGG.    Prim.  Hoist.  63(1780). 
Asprella  SCHREB.    Gen.  PI.  45  (1789). 
Blepharochioa  ENDL.    Gen.  PI.  1352  (1840). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  III.  1117;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  468; 
Engler  an<J  Prantl.  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II.  41  (Hackel);  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen. 
II.  777 


54  METASPERMAE   OF    THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Living  species:  5;  America,  3  endem. ;  Old  World,  tem- 
perate regions,  1;  tropical  regions,  1;  U.  S.,  4;  Atlantic  States, 
3;  Tex.,  1. 

Homalocenchrus    oryzoides  (LiNN.)  POLL.      Fl.  Palat,  I. 
52  (1776). 

Phalaris  oiyzoides  LINN.    Spec.  55  (1753). 
Ehrhartia  clandestine   WIGG.      Fl.  Hoist.  695  (1780). 
Asprella  oryzoides  LAM.    111.  I.  167  (1791). 
Persia  oryzoides  Sw.     PI.  Ind.  Occ.  1. 132  (1797). 
Oryza  clandestina  A.  BR.     Asch.  Fl.  Brand.  799  (1864). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  635;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  284;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  105;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  159;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II.  262;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II.  184;  Vas.  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  34;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  548;  Engl., 
Hackel,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II.  2,  41;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  I.  28;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Hook., 
Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  471;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV.  466;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  233;  Hart.,  Fl. 
Scand.  I.  571;  Vas.,  Mon.  41. 

Northern,  Central  and  Southern  Europe;  Temperate 
Asia;  N.  Africa. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.f  Ont.  to 
Saskatchewan;  Oregon  to  Calif.;  Atl.  Region  to  Fla.  and  W.  to 
Missouri  river  valley. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  principally  in  forest  dis- 
trict; sloughs  and  marshes. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  1159,  Glenwood;  Oestlund  221-222,  Hen- 
nepin  Co. ;  Sandberg  557,  Red  Wing. 

Homalocenchrus  yirginicus  (WILLD.)  BRITT.     Fl.  N.  J.  2b5 

(1890). 

Leersia  virginica  WILLD.    Spec.  I.  325(1797). 
Asprella  virginica  R.  and  S.    Syst.  II.  266  (1817). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  635;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  159;  Webb. 
Fl.  Neb.  105;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  184;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  548;  Vas.  Ag.  Grasses 
U.  S.  34;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  233;  Vas.,  Mon.  41. 

North  America:  Newf.  to  Maine,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Penn. 
and  Fla.;  W.  to  Ont,,  Ott.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.,  La.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  rare  or  infrequent;  low 
and  marshy  woodland. 

HERB.:  Oestlund  220,  Hennepin  Co.;  Sandberg  556, 
Goodhue  Co. 

PHALARIS  LINN.     Gen.  38  (1737). 

Digraphis  THIN.    Fund.  Agr.  127  (1820). 
Baldingera  GAERTN.    Mey.  et.  Schreb.,  Fl.  Wett.  (1799). 
Typhodes  MOENCH,    Meth.  201  (1794). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III.  1138;  Durand..  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  468; 
Engler  and  Prantl,   Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II.  43  (Hackel). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  55 

Living  species:  10;  Europe;  Mediterranean  region; 
Canaries;  extratropical  America.  Principally  in  S.  Europe; 
Europe,  9;  Russia,  3;  N.  America,  5-6;  Pac.  America,  3;  Atl. 
America.  3;  of  which  1  is  introduced. 

Phalaris  arundinacea  LINN.     Spec.  55  (1753). 

Calamagrostis  variegata  WITH.     Arr.  Brit.  PI.  124  (J776). 
Typho  des  arundinacea  MOENCH,  Meth.  202  (1794). 
Arundo  colorata  WILLD.     Spec.  I.  457  (1797). 
Baldingera  colorata  GAERTN.     Fl.  Wett.  99  (1799). 
Calamagrostis  colorata  DC.    Fl.  Fr  III.  26  (1805). 
Digraphis  arundinacea  THIN.    Fund.  Agr.  130  (1820). 
Baldingera  arundinacea  DUM.     Agr.  Belg.  130  (1823). 
Phalaris  americana  TORR.    Fl.  U.  S.  I.  100  (1824;. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Grab's  Man.  6  ed.  639;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  285;    Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II.  185;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  105;  Wats.,Fl.  Calif.  II.  265;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  406;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  38;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  171;  Engl.  Hackel, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  II.  2,  43;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross  IV.  454;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  I.  30;  Hook., 
Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  472;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  269;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  393;  Hart.,  Fl. 
Scand.  I,  528;  Vas.,  Mon.  42. 

Mid.  and  N.  Europe;  Asia  to  Kurile  Isls. 
North  America:    N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Hudson 
Bay,  Saskatchewan,  Man.,  Brit.  Col.,  Vancouver;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.   J.,  Penn.   and  Va  ;  W.  to  Minn.,   Neb.,   Colo.,   Calif,   and 
Washington. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  not  infrequent;  marshy 
meadows  and  wet  ground. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  456,  Duck  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Sheldon  1519,  Lake  Benton;  Ballard  245,  Jordan,  Scott  Co,; 
Bailey  446,  Mud  Lake. 

HIEROCHLOE  GMEL.  PL  Sib.  I.  100  (1747). 
SavastanaScHRANiv.  Bair.  Fl.  I.  100,  337  (1789). 
Disarrenum  LABILL.    PI.  Nov.  Holl,  II.  82  (1806). 
Torresia  R.  and  P.  Prodr.  Peruv.  125  (1794). 
Ataxia  R.  BR.    Chlo  r.  Melv.  2£2  (1824). 

Benth.  and  Hook..  Gen.  PL  III.  1139;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Plian.  469; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II.  44  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  13;  cosmopolitan;  in  tropical  mts. 
Europe,  5;  Russia,  5;  N.  America,  4;  Calif,  and  Oregon,  1;  Atl. 
region,  2;  Melville's  Isl..  1. 

Hierochloe  odorata  (LiNN.)  WAHL.  var.  fragrans  (WILLD.) 
Richt.,  PI.  Eur,  I.  31  (1890). 

Holcus  fragrans  WILLD.    Spec.  IV.  936  (1805) 
Hierochloa  fragrans  R.  and  S.      Syst.  II.  513  (1817). 
JET.  borealis  and  odorata.    AUCT.  AMER. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  639;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  285;  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  II.  266;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  406;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  187;  Upham,  Fl. 


56  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn.  171;  Engl.  Hackel,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II.  2,  44;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit  473? 
Trautv,  Fl.  Sib.  139?  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  269?  Wats.,  King  Exp.  393;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  294;  Vas.,  Mon.,  43;  Rothr.,  Alaska  458. 

N.  Europe  and  possibly  N.  Asia  and  Kurile  Isls. 

North  America:  Labrador  and  Newf  to  Hudson  Bay 
and  Alaska;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.;  W.  to  Gt.  Lake  region  and 
Oregon  to  Calif,  and  Washington. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  damp  fields  and 
marshy  meadows. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  175,  Eagle  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Menzel  7,  Pipestone  City;  Gedge  17,  Detroit,  Becker  Co. ;  Bailey 
541,  Long  Lake;  Sandberg  596,  Goodhue  Co. 

ARISTIDA  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  V.  88  (1754). 

Chaetaria,  Curtopogon,    Arthratherum  P. -BEAU v.  Agros- 
togr.  30,  32.  (1812). 

Streptaclme  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Spec.  I.  124  (1815). 
Ortaclme  NEES,    Seem.  Bot.  Her.  225  (1857). 
Stipagrostis  NEES.    Linn.  VII.  290  (1833). 
Schistachre  FIG.  ET  NOTAK.   Mem.  Ac.  Tur.  2,  XII.  252  (       ) 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III.  1140;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Plmn.  469; 
Engler  and  Prantl,   Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II.  45  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  100;  warmer  regions;  few  in  temper- 
ate Eur.  and  Asia;  abundant  in  N.  America.  Europe,  2;  N. 
America,  29-30;  So.  Sts.,  17;  E.  Sts.,  10;  Canada,  3-4;  Tex.,  N. 
Mex.  and  Arizona  region,  21. 

Aristida  purpurea  NUTT.     Trans.  Am.  Phil.  SDC  v.  (1837). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  640;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn  164;  Vas., 

Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  41;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  407;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  105;  Mac.,  Fl. 

Can.  II.  190;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  286;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  381:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 

234. 

North  America  :  Brit.   Col.   and  Colo,   to  Tex. ;  W.  to 

Great  Basin  region;  E.  to  Dak.,  Minn.,  Iowa,  Neb.,  Mo.  and 
Ark. 

Minn,  valley;  S.,  Central  and  W.  districts;  sandy  or 
dry  localities. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1379,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Leiberg  90,  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  Leiberg  91,  Rock  Co. 

Aristida  basiramea  ENGELM.     Bot.  Gaz.  IX.  76  (1884). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  640;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  105;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  163;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  190;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  407;  Vas.,  Mon.  44. 
North  America:     Man.  to  Kan.,  Colo.,  Neb.,  Iowa  and 
111. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  S.  W.  districts;  dry,  sandy 
localities;  local  or  rare. 

HERB.:     Upham  3,  Minneapolis;  Upham  4,  Minneapolis. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  57 

STIPA  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  V.  84  (1754). 

Macrochloa  KUNTH,    Rev.  Gram.  I.  58  (1835). 

Aristella  BERTOL.    Fl.  It.  I.  690  ( 1833). 

Streptachiie  R.  BR.    Prodr.  174  (1810). 

Orthoraphium  NEES,     Proc.  Linn.  Sue.  I,  94  (1841). 

Jarava  R.  and' P.     Prodr.  Peruv.  2  (1794). 

Lasiagrostis  LINK,    Hort.  Berol.  I.  99  (1827). 

Achnatberuin  PAL.-BEAUV.    Agrostogr.  19  (1812).  ;.: 

Ptilagrostis  GRISEB.  in  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV.  447  (1853). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III.  1141;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  469; 
Engler  and  Prantl,   Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II.  46  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  100;  tropical  and  temperate  regions; 
Europe,  12;  Russia,  9-10;  N.  America,  23;  Canada,  6;  E.  Sts.,  4; 
So.  Sts.  1;  California  to  Montana  and  Colo.,  15-16  ;  Tex.  and  N. 
Mex.  region,  7-8. 

Stipa  spartea  TRIN.     Act.  Petr.  I.  440  (1830). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  641;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  163;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  104;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  408;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  11.  191;  Vas.  Ag.  Grasses 
U.  S.  42:  Engl.  Hackel,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II.  2,  46;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  379;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  285;  Vas.,  Mon.  53. 

North  America:  Prairie  region  of  Can.  from  Portage 
la  Prairie  to  Rockies;  S.  to  Colo,  and  Upper  Missouri  region; 
E.  to  Neb. ,  Iowa,  Kan. ,  Minn. ,  111.  and  Mich. 

Minn,  valley  :  Throughout ;  principally  in  prairie 
district;  dry  or  high  prairies  or  moister  land. 

HERB.:  Ballard  173,  Shakopee;  Sheldon  1383,  Lake 
Benton;  Sheldon 607,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co.;  Sheldon  746.  Sleepy 
Eye;  Kassube  272,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  340,  Minneapolis; 
Sandberg  564,  Chisago  Co.  v  . 

OR1ZOPSIS  MICHX.     PL  N.  Am,  I,  51  (1803). 

Dilepyrum  RAF.  ex.  Endl.  Gen.  87  (1836). 

Uracbne  TRIN.    Fund.  Agr.  109  (1820). 

Piptatherum  BEAUV.    Agrostogr.  17  (1812). 

Caryochloa  SPRENG.    Syst.  Cur.  Post.  22,  30  (1827). 

Piptochaetiiim  PRESL,    Rel.  Haenk.  I.  222(1830). 

!Nassella  E.  DESVX.  in  Gay  Fl.  Chile,  VI.  263  (1845). 

Eriocoma  NTJTT.    Gen.  I.  40  (1818). 

Fendleria  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  I.  419  (1855), 

Schousbaea  NICOTR.    ex.  Dur.  1.  c.  (1888). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III.  1142;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  469; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II.  46,  47  (Hackel). 

Living  species :  28  ;  temperate  regions  N.  and  S. , 
especially  S.  America.  Europe,  5;  N.  America,  8;  Canada,  4; 
E.  Sts.,  4;  California  and  Pac.  Coast,  6. 


58  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Oryzopsis  juncea  (Micnx.)  B.  S.  P.  Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Stipajuncea  MICHX.  Fl.  N.  Am.  I.  54  (1803). 
S.  canadensis  Pom.    Enc.  Meth.  VII.  452  (1806). 
Milium  pungens  TORB.  Fl..  U.  S.  I.  78  (1824). 
Urachne  brevicaudata  TRIN.    Gram.  Pan.  27  (1826). 
Oryzopsis  parviflora  HOOK.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  II.  236  (1840). 
O.  canadensis  TORR.    Fl.  N.  Y.  II.  433  (1843). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  642;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can,  II.  192;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  286;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  162;  Vas.,  Mon.  55. 

North  America :  St.  Lawrence,  Q. ,  Ont. ,  to  Port 
Arthur  and  Saskatchewan,  Brit.  Col.  and  Rocky  Mts. ;  S.  to  W, 
N.  Eng.,  N,  J.;  W.  to  Penn.,  Wis.  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  edge;  rocky  or 
gravelly  hillsides.  « 

Oryzopsis  asperifolia  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  51  (1803). 
Urachne  leucosperma  LINK,    Hort.  Berol.  I,  94  (1828>. 
U.  asperifolia  TRIN.    Diss.  I,  174  (1828). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  642;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  286;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II.  192;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  162;  Vas.,  Mon.  55. 

North  America  :  Newf . ,  N.  Br. ,  Q. ,  Ont.  to  Man. , 
Brit.  Col.,  Rocky  Mts.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  and  Penn.;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Dak.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  N.  districts,  woods,  hillsides 
and  shaded  banks;  local  or  rare. 

HERB.  :    Sheldon  1926,  Minneapolis. 

Oryzopsis  melanocarpa  MUHL.     Gram.  79  (1817). 
Milium  racemosum  SM.    Rees,  Cyc.  (1819?). 
Piptatherum  niyrum  TORR.    Fl.  U.  S.  I.  79  (1824). 
Urachne  racemosa  TRIN.    Diss.  I,  174  (1828). 
lOryzopsis  asperifolia  KUNTH,    Enum.  1, 176  (1833 1  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  642;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  286;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  193;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  1P2;  Vas.,  Mon.  55. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Penn.;  W. 
to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley :  Forest  and  N.  W.  districts  ;  dry  or 
rocky  woods. 

HERB.:  Taylor  949,  Glenwood;  Herrick  339,  Minne 
apolis. 

MUHLENBERGIA  SCHREB.     Gen.  PL  44  (1789). 
Vaseya  THURB.    Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  79  (1863). 
Podosaemum  DESVX.    Bull.  Philom.  II,  188  (1813). 
Trichochloa  BE  ATI  v.    Agrostogr.  29  (1812). 
Bealia  SCRIBN.  ex.  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  469  (1888). 
Calycodone  NUTT.    Jour.  Acad.  Phil.  I,  Is6  (1817). 
Clomena  and  Tosagris  BEAUV.    Agrostogr.  28,  29  (1812). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEEIf-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  59 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  III,  1143:  Durand,  Ind.   Gen.  Phan.  469; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  47  (Hackel). 

Living  species  :  60;  N.  America  and  Andes  of  S. 
America;  a  few  in  Japan  and  the  Himalayas.  N.  America,  37; 
Canada,  5-6;  So.  Sts.,  7;  E.  Sts.,  8;  California,  4-5;  Texas,  N. 
Mex.  and  Arizona  region,  31. 

Muhlenbergia  diffusa  SCHREB.  Gram;  II,  t.  51  (1772). 

Dikpyrum  minutiflorum  MICHX.     Fl.  Am.  I,  40  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  644;  Vas.,  Mon.  Grasses  68;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  287;  Mac..  Fl.  Can.  II,  194;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  104;   Vas.,  Agr. 
Grasses  U.  S.  41. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.,  Ont.  and  N.  Y.  to  Mich., 
Minn.,  Iowa  and  Neb. ;  S.  to  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  district;  dry  hills  and  woods  or  banks 
of  streams. 

HERB.  :     Leiberg  107,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Muhlenbergia  tenuiflora  (WILLD.)  B.  S.  P.  Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Agrostis  tenuiflora  WILLD.    Spec.  I,  364  (1799). 
Cinna  tenuiflora  LINK,    Enunu.  I,  71  (1821). 
Muhlenbergia  willdenovii  TRIN.    Diss.  I,  188  (1828). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  643;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  287;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  195;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  161;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  552;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  235;  Vas.,  Mon.  68. 

North  America  :  Ont.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car. ;  W. 
to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley  :  S.  central  district  and  probably  W. ; 
local  or  infrequent;  rocky  or  gravelly  woodland  and  hillsides. 

Muhlenbergia  ambigua  TORR.  Nicollet  Rep.  (1841). 

M.  sylvatica  var.  setiglumis  WATS.    Bot.  King.  Exp.  378  (1871). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  643;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  161;  Vas., 
Mon.  69. 

North  America:  S.  Minn,  and  Humboldt  Pass,  Nev. 
at  6,000  ft.  alt. 

Minn,  valley:  Shore  of  Lake  Elysian,  Waseca  Co., 
Minn. ;  local,  and  possibly  exterminated. 

HERB.:  Columbia  College  (type.),  "Lake  Okaman," 
Nicollet;  Harvard  College,  Wats.  1288;  Humboldt  Pass,  Nev. 

Muhlenbergia  mexicana  (LINN.)  TRIN.     Diss.  I,  189  (1828). 

Agrostis  mexicana  LINN.    Mant.  31  (1767). 

A.  lateriflora  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  53  (1803). 

A.  flliformis  MIJHL.  Gram.  66(1817). 

A.  foliosa  R.  and  S.    Syst.  II,  373  (1817). 

Cinna  mexicana  LINK,    Enum.  I,  71  (1821). 

Agrostis  lateriflora  var.  flliformis  TORK.     Fl.  U.  S.  I,  86  (1824). 

Muhlenbergia  foliosa  TRIN.    Diss.  I.  190  (1828). 


€0  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  3  ed.  643;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  287;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  194;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  .161;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  43;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  104;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  552;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  409;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
235;  Vas.,  Mon.  69. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  L.  Superior  to  Minn. . 
Dak.,  Wyoming;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Neb., 
Mo.,  Ark.  and  Ind.  Terr. 

Minn,  valley  :  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  low  grounds  and  along  streams. 

HERB.:  Bailey  422,  Long  Lake;  Oestlund  325,  Minne- 
apolis; Sandberg  560,  Red  Wing. 

Muhlenbergia  racemosa  (Micnx.)  B.  S.  P.  Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Agrostis  racemosa  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  53  (1803). 

Polypogon  glomeratus  WILLD.    Enum.  I,  87  (18G9). 

Agrostis  setosa  MUHL.      Gram.  68  (1817). 

Polypogon  racemosus  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  51  (1818). 

Iriclilochloa  glomerata  and  calycina  TRIN.    Fund.  Agrost.  117  (1820). 

Muhlenbergia  glomerata  TRIN.    Diss.  (1828). 

Polypogon  setosiis  SPRENG.     Mant.  I,  31  (1827). 

Cinna  racemosa  KUNTII,    Enum.  I,  207  (1833). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  643;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  287;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  194;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  43;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  104;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  161;  Vas.,  Mon.  68. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  Saskatche- 
wan, Brit.  Col.  and  Rocky  Mts. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.  and  N. 
J.;  W.  to  111.,  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Utah. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  bogs,  moist  or  dry  soil, 
cultivated  fields. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1184$,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1448,  Pipe- 
stone;  (var.  ramosa  Vasey);  Taylor  1184,  Glenwood;  Sheldon 
2284,  LakeBenton;  Sheldon  1478$,  Pipestone;  Ballard  797,  Goose 
Lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Leiberg  89,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  (all  var.  ramosa) ; 
MacM.  and  Sheld.  9,  Brainerd;  Foote  4,  Worthington;  Sandberg 
559,  Red  Wing;  Upham  2,  Minneapolis  (var.  ramosa  Vas.). 

Muhlenbergia  sobolifera  (MUHL.)  TRIN.  Diss.  I,  187  (1824). 
Agrostis  sobolifera  MUHL.  Willd.  Enum.  95  (1809). 
Cinna  sobolifera  LINK,    Enum.  I,  71  (1821). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  644;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  287;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  161;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  I,  42;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  235;  Vas.,  Mon.  68. 
Central  Europe. 

North  America  :  Mass,  to  Mich,  and  Minn.;  S.  to  N. 
J.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  districts  ;  open  or 
rocky  woods. 


LIST    OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  61 

BRACHYELYTRUM    PAL.-BEAUV.     Agrostogr.    39  (1812). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  1144;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  469; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pftanz.  2,  II,  47  (Hackel). 
Living  species:  1;  N.  America. 

Braehyelytruni   aristosum    (MiCHx.)  B.   S.  P.  Cat.  N.  Y. 

(1888). 

Dilepyrum  aristosum  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Amer.  I,  40  (1803). 
Muhlenbergia  aristata  PERS.    Syn.  I.  76  (1805). 
Bracfiyelytrum  aristatum  P.  DE  B.      Agrost.  39  (1812). 
Muhlenbergia  brachyelytrum  THIN.    Diss.  I,  188  (1828). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  644;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  195;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb   104;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  553;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  162;  Engl.  Hackeb 
Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,~47;  Cov.,  FL  Ark.  235;  Vas.,  Mon.  71. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Owen  Sound  and 
north  shore  of  L.  Superior;  S.  to  N.  Y,,  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  infrequent;  rocky  woods 
and  copses. 

HERB.:  Ballard  397,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Bailey  397, 
Mud  Lake. 

ALOPECURUS  LINN.     Gen.  50  (1737). 

Colobaclme  PAL.-BEAUV.    Agrostogr.  22  (1812). 
Tozzettia  SAVI,    Mem.  Soc.  It.  Sci.  VIII,  477  (1868). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1140;   Durand,  Lid.  Gen.  Phan.  470; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  48  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  20;  40  described;  Europe  and  extra 
tropical  Asia;  a  few  species  in  N.  and  S.  America  and  Australia, 
doubtfully  indigenous.  Europe,  14;  Russia,  11;  N.  America,  8; 
California,  3;  Rocky  Mts.,  2;  So.  Sts.,  1;  Canada,  4-5;  E.  Sts., 
1;  PI.  King,  1-2;  PI.  Wheel.,  1-2;  Pac.  coast,  7-8. 

Alopecurus  geniculatus  LINN.     var.  aristulatus  (Micnx.) 
MUNRO,    Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  I,  97  (1824). 

A.  aristulatus  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  43  (1803). 
A.  subaristatus  PERS.    Syn.  I,  80  (1805). 
A.  fulvus  KUNTH,     Enurn.  I,  24  (1833). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  645;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  285;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  105;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif  II,  263;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  160;  Coult..  Fl. 
Colo.  407;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  183;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  40;  Richt.,  PL 
Eur.  I,  38  (spec.);  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  269  (spec.);  Wats.,  King  Exp.  375; 
Roth..  Wheel.  Exp.  281;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  234;  Hart.,  Scand.  Fl.  I,  576  (spec.); 
Vas.,  Mon.  87. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Anticosti,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont., 
Man.,  N.  W.  T.,  to  Columbia  and  Vancouver;  N.  to  lat.  55°;  S. 
to  N.  Y.,  Penn.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Calif.,  Oregon;  not 


62  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

very  abundant  south  of  this  range,  though  occasional  even  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  in  wet  meadows 
or  ditches,  or  along  edge  of  ponds. 

HERB.:  Bollard  265,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  83, 
Lake  Custan,  Le  Sueur  Co. ;  Sheldon  213,  Lake  Ballentyne,  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  Sheldon  688,  Waseca;  Sheldon  916,  Sleepy  Eye;  Lei- 
berg  88,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sandberg  555,  Chisago  Lake. 

SPOROBOLUS  R.  BR.     Prodr.  169  (1810). 
Vilfa  P.  BEAUV.    Agrostogr.  16  (1812). 
Agrosticula  RADDI,    Agrost.  Bras  33  (1823). 
Triachyrum  HOCHST.    Steud.  Syn.  Glum.  I,  176  (1855). 
Cryptostachys  STEUD.     Syn.  Glum.  I,  181  (1855j. 
Diachyrium  GRISEB.    PI.  Lorentz.  209  (1874). 
Spermachiton  LLAN.    Frag.  Phil.  25  (1851). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1148;  Durand,  2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  470: 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nut.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  49  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  80;  temperate  and  tropical  America; 
some  in  warmer  Africa;  Asia;  1  in  S.  Europe.  U.  S.,  31;  Atl. 
states,  12;  Pac.  states,  5-6;  Texas  and  Arizona  region,  24; 
EockyMts.,  10;  Canada,  6-7. 

Sporobolus  cryptandrus  (TORR.)   GRAY,     Man.  ed.    2,    542 
(1852). 

Agrostis  cryptandra  TORR.    Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  I.  151  (1824). 
Vilfa  cryptandra  TRIN.    Agrost.  I,  47  (1840). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  646;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  197;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  104;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  268;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  411:  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
II,  391;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  375;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  160;  Vas.,  Mon.  62. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Assiniboia  and  Brit.  Col.;  S. 
to  N.  Eng.,  Minn.,  Kan.,  Neb.,  Tex.,  N.  Mex.;  W.  to  Colo,  and 
Oregon. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  S.  W. ;  dry  or  waste 
places. 

HERB.  :    Oestlund  223,  224,  Hennepin  Co. 

Sporobolus  heterolepis  GRAY,     Man.  ed.  V,  610  (1868). 

Vilfa  heterolepis  GRAY,    Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  Ill,  233  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  646;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  104;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  198;  Uphatn,  Fl.  Minn.  160;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  235;  Vas.,  Mon.  62. 
North  America:    Ont.,  Georgian  Bay,  N.  W.  Man.  and 
Assiniboia;  S.  to  Conn,  N.  Y.,  Penn. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Mo. 
and  Texas. 

Minn  valley:  Forest  district  and  westward;  infre- 
quent; dry  or  sandy  places;  along  railways. 

HERB.  :   Sheldon  1368,  Verdi,  Lincoln  Co. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  63 

Sporobolus  junceus  (Micnx.)  KUNTH,     Enum.  I  (1833). 
Agrostis  juncea  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  A.  I  (1803). 
Vilfa  juncea  TRIN.    Diss.  (1828). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  646;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  160;  Chap., 
Fl.  So.  St.  550;  Vas.,  Mon.  63. 

North  America:  Penn.  to  Wis.,  Minn,  and  Dak.;  S.  to 
Fla.  and  La. ;  more  abundant  southward.  Tex. 

Minn  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  district;  rare; 
dry  or  barren  localities. 

Sporobolus  depauperatus   (TORR.)  SCRIB.     Torr.  Bull.  IX 
103  (1882). 

Vilfa  depauperata  TORR.    Hook.,  Fl.  II,  257  (1840). 
V.  utilis  TORR.    Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  Y,  365  (1856). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  646:  Vas.,  Mon.  61;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
II,  197:  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  104;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  411;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  160. 
North  America:   Brit.  Colo,  and  Rocky  int.  region  to 
Arizona  and  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:   S.  c.  toW.  districts;  dry  or  waste  places. 
HERB.:   Sheldon  15Sl\t  Lake  Benton;  Leiberg  108,  109, 
Blue  Earth  Co. 

Sporobolus    euspidatus    (TORR.)  SCRIB.      Torr.    Bull.  IX, 

103  (1882). 

Vilfa  cuspidata  TORR. 

?  Agrostis  cryptandra  TORR.    Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  I,  151  (182.1). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  646;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  103;  Up- 
ham, Fl.  Minn.  160;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  411;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  197;  Vas., 
Mon.  60. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man.,  Saskatchewan 
and  Rocky  mts. ;  S.  to  Maine,  Minn. ,  Iowa,  Neb.  and  Mo. ;  W. 
to  Colo. 

Minn.  valJey:  Reported  from  N.  E.  and  S.  E.  districts; 
dry  or  barren  localities. 

Sporobolus  yaginaeflorus  (TORR.)  VAS.     Cat.  Grass.  U.  S. 
45  (1885). 

Agrostis  virqinica  MUHL.    Gram.  74  (1817)  not  Linn. 
Vilfa  vaginceflora  TORR.  in  Gray  Gram,  and  Gyp.  I,  3  (1834). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  645;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  160;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  288;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  551;  Webb  ,  Fl.  Neb.  104;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
II,  198;  Cov .,  Fl.  Ark.  235;  Vas.,  Mon.  60. 

North  America:  Maine  to  Ont.  and  Minn.;  S.  to  N.  J., 
N.  Car.;  W.  to  Neb.,  Mo.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district  and  to  S  central  district; 
barren  or  waste  places. 


64  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Sporobolns  asper  (Micnx.)  KUNTH,    Enum.  I,  210  (1838). 
Agrostis  aspera  Mrcex.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  53  (1803'. 
Vilfa  aspera  P.  DE  B.    Agrost.  16  (1812). 
?  Muhleriberoia  clandestina  TRIN.    Diss.  I,-  190  (1824). 
Vilfa  liookeri  TRIN.    Agrost.  84  (1840). 
Agrostis  clandestina  SPRENG.    Syst.  I,  32  (1&24). 
Vilfa  longifolia  TORR.  in  Gray,  Gram.  4  (1834). 
Agrostis  longifolia  TORR.    Fl.  u!  S.  I,  90  (1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  645;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  288;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  160;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  103;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  551;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark., 
235;  Vas.,  Mon.  59. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Va.  and  Fla.;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  district;  sandy 
hills,  fields,  dry  places  and  roadsides. 

CINNA  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  V,  15  (1754). 
Abola  ADANS.    Fam.  II,  31  (1763). 
Blyttia  FRIES,    Novit.  Fl.  Suec.  Mant.  II,  2  (1839). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  1151;   Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  471; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  50  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  2;  N.  Europe  and  N.  America.  N. 
America,  2;  Europe,  1. 

Cinna  arundiuacea  LINN.     Spec.  7  (1753). 
Agrostis  cinna  LAM.    111.  I,  162  (1791). 
Muhlenbergia  cinna  TRIN.    Diss.  I,  191  (1824). 
M.  pendula  BONG.    ex.  Vas.  Mon.  1.  c.  (1892). 
Blyttia  suaveolens  FRIES,    Mant.  II,  2  (1832-42). 
Cinna  latifolia  GRISEB.    Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  435  (1853). 
Wats,  and  Coult..  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  649;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  289;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  202;    Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  161;   Vasey,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  47; 
Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  552;  Engl.  Hackel,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  50;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
235;  Vas.,  Mon.  57. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Saskatch- 
ewan; S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Ark., 
La.  and  Tex. ;  N.  Rocky  mts.  to  Oregon  and  Washington. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  infrequent;  woods  and 
swamps. 

AGROSTIS  LINN.     Gen.  54  (1737)  p.  p. 
Vilfa  ADANS.    Fam.  II,  495  (1763). 
Trichodium  Micnx.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  41  (1803). 
Ag-raulus  P.  BEAUV.    Agrostogr.  5  (1812). 
Bromiclium  NEES,    PI.  Meyen,  154  (1835). 
Didymochseta  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  I,  185  (1855). 
Chamsecalamus  MEYEN,    PI.  Reise  I,  456  (1835). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1149;   Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  471; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  50  (Hackel). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  65 

Living  species:  100;  cosmopolitan;  especially  in  N. 
temperate  regions.  Europe,  38;  Russia,  20;  N.  America,  26; 
Canada,  15;  California,  14;  E.  Sts.,  6;  Rocky  mts.,  5;  PL 
Wheel.,  7j  PL  King,  4. 

Agrostis  hiemalis  (WALT.)  B.  S.  P.    Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Cornucopia  hiemalis  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  74  (1788). 
Agrostis  scabra  WILLD.    Spec.  I,  370  (1799). 
Trichodium  laxifolium  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  42  (1803). 
T.  scabrum  MUHL.    Gram.  61  (1817). 

Agrostis  laxiftora  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  240  (1840)  in  part. 
A.  oreophila  TRIN.    Agrost.  II,  77  (1841). 
A.  micfiauxii  TRIN.    Agrost.  II  (1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  648;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  288;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.,  103;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  199;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  551;  Wats.,  Fl. 
Calif.  II,  274;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  412;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  377;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  283;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  235;  Vas.,  Mon.  75. 
Siberia. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Ont.,  Man.,  Brit.  Col.  to  60° 
N.  lat.,  Athabasca  and  Unalascha;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J,,  Fla.; 
W.  throughout  the  continent. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  and  perhaps  throughout; 
dry  or  sunny  banks  and  openings  in  forest. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  657,  Cobb  river,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  .Shel- 
don 662,  Waseca;  Bollard  639,  Chaska;  Bollard  251,  Jordan, 
Scott  Co.;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  71,  Brainerd;  Bailey  129,  Vermil- 
ion Lake;  Sandberg  558,  Red  Wing;  Herrick  338,  Minneapolis. 

Agrostis  rubra  LINN.     var.  alpina  (Oakes). 

A.  canina  var.  alpina  OAKES,    Cat.  Vermont  PL  (1842). 
A.  pickeringii  TUCK.    Sill.  Journ.  XLV,  42  (1843). 
A.  rupestris  CHAP.     Fl.  So.  St.  551  (1860)  not  all. 
A.  canina  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  V,  611  (1867). 
A.  rubra  var.  americana  SCRIBN.    Mac..  Fl.  Can.  II,  391  (1890). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  648;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  551;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  412;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  198;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  377;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  161. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  to  N.  Y.,  N. 
J.  and  N.  Car. ;  W.  across  cont. ;  Alaska  ? 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  W.  edge;  high  plains 
and  headlands;  rare. 

Agrostis  perennans  (WALT.)  TUCKERM.     Gray,  Man.  ed.  V, 

611  (1868). 

Cornucopia  perennans  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  74  (1788). 
Trichodium  decumbens  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  42  (1803). 
T.  perennans  ELL.    Sk.  Car.  (1823). 
Agrostis  laxiflora  KICH.    Parr.  Voy.  Appx.  (1823). 

-5 


DO  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  648;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  288;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  103;  U.pham,  Fl.  Minn.  160;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  199;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  412;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  551;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.*269?;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II, 
392;  Both.,  Wheel.  Exp.  283;  Cov.,  Fl  Ark.  235;  Vas.,  Mon.  76. 

Kurile  Isls.  (?) 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.,  Ott.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and 
Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Wyoming,  Montana  and  N.  W.  coast. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  and  S.  central  districts;  probably 
throughout;  damp  and  shaded  banks  or  woodland. 

HERB.  :   Sheldon  863,  Sleepy  Eye. 

DEYEUXIA  CLARION    in  Pal.  Beauv.  Agrostogr.  43  (1812). 
Laclmagrostis  TRIN.    Fund.  Agr.  128  (1820). 
Achaeta  FOURN.    Gram.  Mex.  109  (1880). 
Kelchella  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  I,  101  (1855). 
Cinnastrum  FOURN.    Gram.  Mex.  90  (1880). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1152;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Pfian.  471; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  51  (Hackel  . 

Living  species:  120;  temperate  and  colder  regions; 
nits,  of  tropics;  Andes  region,  60;  U.  S.,  28;  Europe.  13;  Pac. 
America,  23;  Atl.  America,  7-8;  S.  Sts.,  3;  Canada,  24-26. 

JDeyeuxia  neglect  a  (EHRH.)  KUNTH,     Enum.  I,  76  (1833). 
Arundo  neglecta  EHRH.    Beitr.  VI,  137  (1791). 
Calamagrostis  neglecta  GAERTN.    Fl.  Wett.  I,  94  (1799). 
Arundo  stricta  "TiMM.    Mecklb.  Mag.  II,  236";  ex  Richt.,  PI.  Eur. 
I,  50  (1890). 

Calamagrostis  stricta  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  47  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  650;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  205;  Coult , 
Fl.  Colo.  414;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  103;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  281;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  162;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  142;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  428;  Vas.,  Moh.  82: 
Rothr.,  Alask.  459. 

Europe;  temperate  Asia. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  toL.  Superior  region, 
Assiniboia,  Rocky  mts.  and  Selkirks;  N.  to  Hudson  Bay  and 
62°  N.  lat.  and  Pac.  coast;  S.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  Neb.,  Iowa  and 
Wise.  Labrador. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  S.  central  district; 
rocky  woods  or  low  meadow's. 

HERB.:   Cratty  2,  Emmet  Co.,  Iowa;  state  line. 

Deyeuxia  canadensis  (Micnx.)  P.  DEB.     Agrost.  (1812). 

Arundo  canadensis  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  73  (1803). 
Calamagrostis  canadensis  P.  DE  B.    Agrost.  (1812). 
Arundo  agrostoides  PUKSH,     Fl.  Am.  83  (1814). 
A.  cinnoides  MUHL.    Gram.  187  (1817). 
Calamagrostis  mexicana  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  46  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  650;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  204;  Up- 
ham, Fl.  Minn.  162;  Britt,,  Fl.  N.  J.  289;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  103;  Vas.,  Ag. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  67 

Grasses  U.  S.  48;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  279;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  413;  Led.,  Fl. 
Ross.  IV,  429;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  393;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  285;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  235;  Vas.,  Mon.  80;  Rothr.,  Alaskj  459. 

Baikal  region,  Siberia  to  Unalascha. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Hudson  Bay  to  Sitka,  Alaska; 
S.  throughout  Can. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Va. ;  W.  to  Rocky 
mts.  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  principally  forest  district; 
meadows  and  along  streams. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  374,  Helena,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  582, 
Rice  Lake,  Scott  Co.;  Sandberg  561,  Red  Wing;  Roberts  262, 
Agate  Bay;  Bailey  529,  Agate  Bay;  Bailey  10,  Vermilion  Lake; 
Bailey  256,  Vermilion  Lake;  Sandberg  562,  Chisago  Co. 

AMMOPHILA  HOST.     Gram.  Austr.  IV,  24  (1809). 
Psamma  P.  BEAUV.    Agrostogr.  143  (1812). 
Calamovilfa  HACKEL  in  Scrib.  Trans.  Gram.  (1890). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  HI,  1153;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  471; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  51  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  4  or  more?;  N.  America,  4;  N.  hemis- 
phere, 2;  Atl.  N.  America,  4;  Pac.  N.  America,  2. 

Ammophila   longifolia   (HooK.)  B.   and  H.      Gen.  PL  III, 
1153  (1883). 

Calamagrostis  longifolia  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  241  (1840). 
Calamovilfa  longifolia  HACK,  in  Sterib.  and  South w.  trans.  Engl. 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  (Gramin.  Hackl.)  113  (1890). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  651;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  208;  Up- 
ham,  Fl.  Minn.  162;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  103;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  413;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  235;  Vas.,  Mon.  84. 

North  America:  Prairie  region  of  Canada;  S.  to  Minn., 
111.,  Neb.,  Dak.,  Kan.,  Mich.,  Ark.,  Colo,  and  Arizona;  W.  to 
Utah. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  at  lower  levels;  sandy  shores 
of  lakes  and  streams. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1226,  Iberia,  Brown  Co.;  Taylor  838, 
Glenwood;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  11,  Brainerd;  Oestlund  526,  Min- 
neapolis; Sandberg  563,  Red  Wing. 

DESCHAMPSIA  BEAUV.     Agrostogr.  91  (1812). 

Campella  LINK,    Hort.  Berol.  I,  122  (1827). 

Vahlodia  FRIES,    Bot.  Nol^r  (1842). 

Avenella  PARLAT.    Fl.  It.  I,  244  (1848). 

Lerchenfeldia  SCHUR.    Transsylv.  753  (1866). 
,  Moiianclraira  EM.  DESV.    Gay,  Fl.  Chile  VI,  341  (1845). 

Airidium   and   Rytidosperma    STEUD.      Syn.  Glum.  I,   423, 
425  (1855). 


68  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Peyritschia  FOURN.    Gram.  Mex.  109  (1880). 
Campella  GRISEB.    ex  Dur.  1.  c.  (1888). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  1157;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  472; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  54  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  20;  cosmopolitan;  in  tropical  mts. 
Europe,  11;  Russia,  7;  N.  America,  8;  California,  5;  Canada, 
6-7;  Rocky  mts.,  4;  S.  Sts.,  1;  E.  Sts.,  3. 

Deschampsia  caespUosa  (LINN.)  BEAUV.    Agr.  91  (1812). 
Aira  caespitosa  LINN.    Spec.  64  (1753). 
A.  breviaristata  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II,  528  (1792). 
A.  altissima  MOENCH,    Meth.  182  (1794). 
Calamagrostis  arundo  ROTH.    Tent.  Germ.  II.  88  (1789). 
C.  leersii  KOEL.    Gram.  107  ( 1802). 
Aira  amUgua  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  61  (1803). 
Campella  caespitosa  LINK,    Hort.  Berol.  I,  122  (1827). 
Avena  caespitosa  GRIS.    K.  Schr.  52  (1836). 
A.  stolonifera  HAUSM.    Fl.  Tir.  980  (1851-55). 
A.  wibeliana  SCHUR.  Oe.  Bot.  Zeit.  IX,  326  (1859). 
A.  hartmanniana  NYM.    Consp.  Fl.  Eur.  807  (1882). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  652;   Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  290;  Mac 
Fl.  Can.  II,  209;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  414;  Wats ,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  297;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  171;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  I,  56;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  421;  Engl.  Hack- 
el,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  54;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  483;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  141. 
Europe  and  Asia;  cosmopolitan. 

North  America:  Newf.  and  N.  S.  to  Peace  river  val- 
ley and  Alaska;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  W.  across  cont.  to 
California. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co.;  rare; 
shores  of  streams  and  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Bailey  424,  Fall  Lake. 

ATENA  LINN.     Gen.  42  (1737). 

Heuffelia  SCHUR.    Transsylv.  760  (1866). 
Helicotrichum  BESS.    Reich.,  Fl.  Germ.  Exc.  140  b  (1830). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1160;   Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  472; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  55  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  50;  temperate  regions,  especially  in 
the  Old  World.  Europe,  39;  Russia,  22;  N.  America,  2-3;  Can- 
ada, 2;  California,  1;  E.  Sts.,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  PI.  King,  2. 

Avena  striata  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  7.3  (1803). 
Tfisetum  purpurascens  TORR.    Fl.  U.  S.  I,  127  (1824). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  673;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  291;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  213;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  415;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  171. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man.,  Brit. 
Col.  and  Rocky  mts.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.;  W.  to 
Minn,  and  Colo. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  69 

Minn,  valley:    Forest  district;    W.   to  New  Ulm  and 
Cottonwood  valley;  hillsides  and  riverbanks. 
HERB.  :  Sandberg  595,  Washington  Co. 

DANTHONIA  DC.     *'l.  Fr.  Ill,  32  (^805)  p.  p. 

Streblocliaeta  HOCHST.    PL  Schimp.  Abyss,  n.  412  (1835?). 
Pentameris  BEAUV.    Agrostogr.  92  (1812). 
Triraphis  NEES,    PL  Af  r.  Austr.  Glum.  270  (1841). 
Chaetobromus  NEES,  LindL,  Ind.  Nat.  Svst.  ed.  2,  449  (1835). 
Monachather  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  I,  247  (1855). 
Plinthanthesis  STEUD.  1.  c.  I,  14  (1855). 
Crinipes  HOCHST.    Flora,  279  (1855). 

Benth.  and  Hook,  Gen.  PL  III.  1162;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Ptian.  473; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  56  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  100;"  temperate  and  warmer  regions; 
more  than  half  are  in  S.  Africa.  Europe,  1;  N.  America,  5-6; 
California,  2-3;  Pac.  coast,  1  end.  sp. ;  Canada,  4-5;  Rocky 
mts.,  2-3;  S.  Sts.,  3;  E.  Sts.,  3. 

Danthonia  spioata  (LINN.)  BEAUV.  Agr.  55  (1812). 
Avena  spicata  LINN.    Spec.  119  (1753). 
A.  glumacea  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  654;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  291;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  214;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  170;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  569;  Both.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  293;  Cov.,  FL  Ark.  235. 

North  America  :  Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Can. ;  N.  to  N.  S. , 
Peace  river  and  Vancouver;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla. :  W. 
to  Minn. ,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  and  S.  W. 
districts;  rare  or  local;  dry  or  sandy  or  gravelly  places. 

SPARTINA  SCHREB.     Gen.  PI.  43  (1789). 
Trachynotia  MICHX.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  I,  63  (1803). 
Limiietis  PERS.    Syn.  I,  72  (180n). 
Ponceletia  THOU.    Fl.  Trist.  d'Achun.  36  (1806). 
Solenaclie  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  I,  ]2  (1855). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  1108;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  473; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  58  (Hackel). 

Living  species  :  7;  saline  localities;  3,  Atl.  coast  re- 
gions ;  prairies  of  N.  America,  2;  Montevideo,  1;  Tristan 
d'Achuna,  Amsterdam,  Isl.  St.  Paul,  1.  Europe,  1  (Mediter- 
ranean region);  N.  America,  6;  Canada,  6;  California,  2-3;  S. 
Sts.,  4;  Rocky  mts.,  2;  E.  Sts.,  4-5;  PL  King.,  1;  PL  Wheel.,  1. 

Spartina  cynosuroides  (LiNN.)  WILLD.     Enum.  I,  80  (1809). 
Dactyli*  cynosuroides  LINN.    Spec.  71  (1753).  • 

Trachynotia  cynosuroides  and  polystachya  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  64 
(1803). 


70  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY 

Limnetis  cynosuroides  and  polystachya  PEKS.    Syn.  I,  72  (1805). 
Spartina  polystachya  MUHL.    Gram.  53  (1817). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  627;  Britt ,  Fl.  N.  J.  283;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  164;  Coult,  Fl.  Colo.  405;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  182:  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  106;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  290:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  233. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man.  to  Saskatche- 
wan, Assiniboia  and  Little  Slave  lake;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  W.  to 
Neb.,  Ark.,  Ind.  Terr.,  Colo,  and  California. 

Minn,  valley  :  Throughout ;  abundant ;  banks  of 
streams,  moist  prairies  and  low  meadows. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  531,  deary's  Lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Ballard 
786,  Swan  Lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Ballard  649,  Chaska;  Sheldon  1538, 
Lake  Benton;  Taylor  1000,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  741,  Sleepy  Eye; 
MacM.  and  Sheld,  10,  Brainerd;  Sandberg  565,  Red  Wing;  Foote 
5,  Worthington;  Oestlund  327,  Hennepin  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1653, 
Minneapolis. 

SCHEDONNARDUS  STEUD.     Syn.  Glum.  I,  146  (1855). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1167;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Plum.  473; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  59. 

Living  species:     1;  North  America. 

Schedonnardus    panirulatns  (  NUTT.)    Cov.     Fl.    Ark.   236 
(1891). 

Lepturus  paniculatus  NUTT.    Gen.  1,  81  (1818). 
Bottboellia  paniculata  SPRENG.     Syst.  II,  (1825). 
Schedonnardus  texanus  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  I,  146(1855). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  655;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  103;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  169;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  322;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  416;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
II,  215;  Engl.  Hackel,  Nat,  Pflanz.  II,  2,  69;  Both.,  Wheel.  Exp.  293. 

North  America:  Assiniboia,  Man.,  Minn,  to  111.,  Mont., 
Neb.,  Colo.,  Calif.,  Ark,,  N.  Mex.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley  :  Reported  from  S.  W.  edge;  rare  and 
doubtful;  high  plains  and  sterile  ridges. 

HERB.:     Leiberg  101,  Rock  Co.,  state  line. 

BOTJTELOU1  LAGASC.    Var.  Cienc.  y.  Litt.  141  (1805). 
Eutriana  TRIN.    Fund.  Agr.  161  (1820). 
Actinochloa  WILLB.    B.  and  S,  Syst.  II,  22,  417  (1817). 
Chondrosium  DESVX.    Bull.  Philom.  II,  188  (1813). 
Atheropogon  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  IV.  937  (1805). 
Dinebra  D  C.    Cat.  Hort.  Monsp.  104  (1813)  p.  p. 
Heterosteca  DESVX.    Bull.  Philom.  II.  188  (1813). 
Aristidium  ENDL.     Gen.  94  (1836). 
Triathera  DESVX.    1.  c.  (1813). 
Triaena  H  B  K.    Nov.  Gen.  et  Spec.  I,  178  (1815). 
Polyoclon  H  B  K.    1.  c.  I,  174  (1815). 
Triplathera  ENDL.  Gen.  94  (1833). 
?  Corethrum  YAHL,    Sk.  Kiobenh.  VI,  85  (1810). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  71 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  1168;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Plwn.  473; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  59  (Hack el). 

Living  species:  30;  plateaus  of  S.  W.  United  States; 
a  few  generally  distributed  in  Nortflb.  America  and  in  S.  Amer- 
ica. Rocky  mts.,  5;  California,  3-4;  Canada,  3;  E.  Sts.,  3;  S. 
Sts.,  2;  PI.  Wheel.,  8;  Tex.,  Mex.  and  Arizona,  23. 

Bouteloua    curtipendula  (Micnx.)  GRAY,     Man.  ed,  v.  621 

(1868). 

Chloris  curtipendula  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  159  (1803). 
Atlieropogon  apludioides  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  IV,  927  (1805). 
Bouteloua  racemosa  LAG.    Varied,  de  Cienc.  (1805). 
Cynosurus  secundus  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  728  (1814). 
Eutriana  curtipendula  TRIN.     Diss.  I,  243  (1828). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  656;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  292 ;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  103;  Mac.,  FJ.  Can.  II,  216;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  417;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn 
164;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  57;  Engl.,  Hackel,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  59;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  286;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  236. 
Peru. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Man.;  S.  to  Mex.  and  C. 
Amer. ;  W.  to  Colo,  and  Arizona;  E.  to  Minn  ,  Neb.,  Ark.,  111., 
Wise.,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  especially  prairie  districts; 
dry  prairies  and  ridges. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  823,  Cottonwood  valley,  near  Sleepy 
Eye  ;  Sheldon  1129,  Springfield  ;  Sheldon  1376,  Lake  Benton ; 
Sheldon  1173,  New  Ulm  ;  Taylor  735,  Glenwood  ;  Sheldon  957, 
Redwood  Falls;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  12,  Brainerd;  Foote  6,  Worth  - 
ington  ;  Oestlund  328,  Minneapolis  ;  Oestlund  329,  Minneapolis; 
Sandberg  567,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1707,  Minneapolis. 

Bwteloua  hirsuta  LAG.     Var.  Cienc.  y.  Litt.  (1805). 
Chondrosium  hirtum  H  B  K.    N.  Gen.  et.  Spec.  (1815) 
Atlieropogon  papillosus  E^GELM.    Am.  Jour.  Ssi.  XLVI  (1843). 
Chondrosium  foenum  TORR.    Marcy  Rep.  157  (1848). 
Bouteloua  foena  TORR  . 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  656;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  164;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  103;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  215;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  416;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  32,  288. 

North  America:  Alberta  to  Colo,  and  Mex.;  E.  to 
Tex.,  Neb.,  Ill,  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  dry  or  sandy  fields  and 
ridges. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1167,  New  Ulm  ;  Sheldon  1444,  Pipe- 
stone  ;  Taylor  736,  Glenwood ;  Sheldon  1341,  Lake  Benton ; 
Sheldon  1380,  Norwegian  creek,  Lincoln  Co.;  Sheldon  1654, 
Minneapolis;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  21,  Brainerd;  Ballard  24a, 


72  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

Zumbrota ;  Leiberg  93,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Saulberg  566,  Cannon 
Palls. 

Bouteloua  oligostachya  (NUTT.)  TORR.     Gray's  Man.  ed.  v. 

621  (1868). 

Atheropogon  oligostachyum  NUTT.    Gen   I,  78  (1818). 
Chondrosium  oligostachyum  TORR.     Marcy's  Rep.  300  (1853). 
Eutriania  oligostachyum  KUNTH,    Enum.  I,  (1833). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  656;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  164;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  103;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  216;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  416;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
II,  291 ;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S,  57  ;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  32,  288  ;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  236. 

North  America:  Man..  Saskatchewan,  Assiniboia  and 
Rocky  mts.;  S.  to  Tex.  and  Mex.;  W.  to  S.  Calif.;  E.  to  Wise, 
and  Iowa. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district  and  S.  W. ;  plains  and 
high  meadows. 

HERB.  :     Leiberg  92,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

BECKMAWV1A  HOST.     Gram.  Austr.  Ill,  5  (1805). 
Brucbmannia  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  48  (1818). 
Joacbimea  TEN.  ex  Kunth,  Enum.  I  (1833). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  III,  1099;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  474; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  60  'Hackel). 

Living  species:  1;  E.  and  S.  E.  Europe;  temperate 
Asia  and  N.  America. 

Beckmannia  erucaeformis  (LINN.)  HOST.  Gram.  Ill,  5(1805). 
Phalaris  erucaeformis  LINN.    Spec.  55(1753). 
Cynosurus  erucaeformis  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  I,  105  (1789). 
Paspalum  aristatum  MOENCH,     Meth.  196  (1794). 
Beckmannia  erucoides  BEAUV.    Agr.  13(1812). 
Bruchmannia  erucaeformis  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  48  (1818). 
?  Beckmannia  erucaeformis  var.  uniflora    SCRIBN. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  628;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  107;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  171;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  176;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  264;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  403;  Vas.,  Agr.  Grasses  U.  S.  24;  Engl.  Hackel,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  60; 
Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  453;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  I,  67;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  144;  Wats., 
King  Exp.  393;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  295. 

S.  Europe  and  the  Orient  to  Caucasus,  Siberia  and 
Dahuria. 

North  America:  Iowa,  Minn.,  Neb.,  Dak.  to  Calif., 
Oregon,  Wash.,  Brit.  Col. ;  N.  to  L.  Misstassini,  Man. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  and  W.  districts;  near  edges  of 
ponds;  local  or  rare. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1260,  Lake  Benton;  MacM.  and  Sheld. 
8,  Brainerd;  Leiberg  102,  Pipestone  quarry;  MacM.  21,  Morton. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  73 

BULBILIS  RAP.     Am.  Mo.  Mag.  (1819). 
Sesleria  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  64  (1818)  not  Linn. 
Calanthera  NUTT.    MSS.  ex  B.  and  H.  1.  c.  (1883)  not'Kunth. 
Buchloe  ENGELM.    Trans.  St.  L.  Acad.  432  (1859). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1173;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  474; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  61  (Hackel);  O.  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen. 
II,  763. 

Living  species:   1;  N.  America. 

Bulbilis  dactyloides  (NUTT.)  RAF.    Am.  Mo.  Mag.  (1819). 
Sesleria  dactyloides  NUTT.    Gen.  I.  65  (1818). 
Calanthera  dactyloides  KUNTH  (?),    Journ.  Bot.  VIII,  18  (1856?). 
Antephora  axilliflora  STEUD.    Glum.  I,  111  (1855). 
Buchloe  dactyloides  ENGELM.    Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis  I  (1859). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  657;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  165;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  417;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  165;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  59;  Engl. 
Hackel,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  61;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  288. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  Kan., 
Tex.  and  N.  Mex. ;  W.  to  Dak. ,  Colo. ,  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  W.  edge;  infrequent 
or  exterminated;  dry  plains. 

HERB.  :  Leiberg  94,  Pipestone  quarry. 

PHRAGHITES  TRIN.     Fund.  Agr.  134  (1820)  p.  p. 
Arundo  BEAUV.    Agrostogr.  60  (1812). 
Czernya  PRESL,    Gyp.  et  Gram.  Sic.  22  (182(K 
Trichoon  BOTH,    Eoem.  Arch.  I,  3,  37  (1798). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  1179;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  475; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  68  (Hackel);  Schenck,  Palaeophyl. 
385. 

Living  species:  3;  1  cosmopolitan;  1  tropical  Asia; 
1  Argentine  Republic. 

Fossil  species:  1,  cretaceous,  N.  America  (Lesquereaux); 
1  tertiary,  Hungary  (Stur.) ;  1  tertiary,  Europe,  America, 
polar  regions  (A.  Br.). 

Phragmites  phragmites  (LiNN. ). 

Arundo  phragmites  LINN.    Spec.  81  (1753). 

A.  vulgaris  LAM.    Fl.  Fr.  Ill,  615  (1778). 

A.  vulnerans  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II,  541  (1792). 

Phragmites  communis  TRIN.    Fund.  Agr.  154  (1820). 

Czernia  arundinacea  PR.    Gram.  22  (1820). 

Arundo  graeca  LINK,    Linn.  IX,  136  (1834). 

Phragmites  graecus  STEUD.    Nom.  ed.  2,  II,  324  (1841). 

Arundo  aggerum  KIT.    Linn.  XXXII,  309  (1863). 

Phragmites  vulgaris  B.  S.  P.     Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  658;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  2L6;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  293;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  102;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  60;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  418;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  300;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  567;  Kicht.,  Pi.  Eur. 
I,  71;  Engl.  Hackel,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  68;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.,  Led.,Fl.  Boss. 


74  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

IV,  392;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  487;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  270;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
390;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  293;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  236;  Hart.,  FL  Scand.  I,  514; 
Uphain,  Fl.  Minn.  168. 

Europe  and  Asia;  cosmopolitan. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Winnipeg,  Athabasca,  Brit. 
Col.  and  Pac.  coast;  S.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. ;  W.  to  S.  Cal. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  especially  prairie  districts; 
edges  of  streams  and  ponds. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  783,  Swan  Lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Sheldon 
1053,  Sleepy  Eye;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  3,  Brainerd. 

ERAGROSTIS  BEAUV.     Agrostogr.  70  (1812). 

Macroblepharos  PHILIPPI,    Linn.  XXIX,  100  (1855). 
Harpachne  HOCHST.    A.  Rich.,  Fl.  Abyssin.  II,  431  (1851). 
Coelachyrum  NEES,    Linn.  XVI.  221  (1842). 
Megastachya  BEAUV.    Agrostogr.  74  (1812). 
Cladoraphis  FRANCH.  ex  Dur.  1.  c.  (1888). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1186,  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  476; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  Q9  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  100;  cosmopolitan;  principally  in  the 
tropics.  Europe,  5;  Russia,  4;  N.  America,  10-12;  S.  Sts., 
10-11;  E.  Sts.,  7;  Canada,  1;  California,  3-4;  Rocky  mts.  1; 
PL  King,  2;  PL  Wheel.,  3. 

Eragrostis   pectinacea   (Micnx.)  GRAY,  Man.    ed.    V,    682 

(1868). 

Poa  pectinacea  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  A.  (1803). 

P.  spectabilis  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  (1814). 

Eragrostis  spectabilis  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  I,  598  (1848). 

E.  pectinacea  var.  spectabilis  GRAY  1.  c. 

Poa  hirsuta  AUCT.  AMER. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  661;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J,  294;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  102;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  168;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  564;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
237. 

North  America:   Mass,  to  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn., 

Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  infrequent;  sandy  and 
barren  places. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  638,  Chaska;  Sondberg  582,  Red  Wing; 
Oestlund  332,  Minneapolis. 

Eragrostis  purshii  SCHRAD.     Linn.  XII,  45  (1838). 
Poa  tenella  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  (1814). 
P.  caroliniana  Si'RENG.    Mant.  I,  33(1828). 
P.  pectinacea  AUCT.  AMER.  not  of  MICHX. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  661;  Britt ,  Fl.  N.  J.  294;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  102;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  219;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  419 ;  Chap.,  Fl.  So. 
St.  563;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  167;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  388;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp. 
291?;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  237. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  75 

North  America:  Ont,  Penn.  and  N.  J.  to  N.  Car.;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Colo  ,  Nev.,  Ark.  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  sandy  places  and  banks 
of  streams.  < 

HERB.  :  Bollard  853,  Page  Lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Leiberg 
97,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sandberg  580,  Red  Wing ;  Sandberg  581, 
Red  Wing;  Leiberg  98,  Pipestone  Quarry. 

Eragrostis  eragrostis  (LINN.). 

Briza  eragrostis  LINN.    Spec   70(1753). 
Poa  multiflora  FORSK.     Descr.   21  (1775). 
P.  cilianensis  ALL.     Fl.  Fed.  II,  246  (1785). 
Briza  oUonga  MOENCH,    Meth.  185  (1794). 
Poa  megastachya  KOEL.    Gram.  181  (1802). 
P  eragrostis  SM     Prodr.  I,  54  (1806). 
Eragrostis  major  HOST.    Gram.  IV.  14  (1809). 
Megastachya  eragrostis  BEAUV.    Agr.  74  (1812). 
Eragrostis  megastachya  LINK,    Hort.  Berol.,1,  187  (1827). 
E  vulgaris  var.  megastachya  Coss.  and  GERM.    Fl.  Par.   II,  641 
(1845). 

PoaoUonga  BMG.    Enum.  Ill,  238  (1846). 

Eragrostis  poaeoides  var.  megastachya  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  V.  631  (1868). 
E.  multiflora  ASCH.    Cat.  Serb.  10  (1877). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  660;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  293;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  219;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  101;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  563;  Upham,  Fl  Minn. 
167;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II.  315;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  61;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV. 
382;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  I,  73 ;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  388;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  291;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  237. 

Middle  Europe;  S.  Asia;  Africa;  cosmopolitan. 
North  America:    Ont.  1oN.  Eng.,  N.  J.  andFla.;  W.  to 
Man. ,  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Ark. ;  also,  Pac.  coast  to  Oregon. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  riverbanks,  lake  shores, 
roadsides  and  railway  embankments. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  839,  Page  Lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Sheldon 
895,  Sleepy  Eye  ;  Sandberg  579,  Cannon  Falls;  Oestlund  334, 
Hennepin  Co. 

Eragrostis  hypnoides  (LAM.)  B.  S.  P.     Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Poa  hypnoides  LAM.    111.  I,  185  (1791). 
P.  reptans  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  A.  I.  69  (1803  . 
Megastachya  reptans  BEAUV.    Agr.  74(1812). 
Eragrostis  reptans  NEES,    Mart.  Fl.  Braz.  I,  514  (1829). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  660;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  167;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  293;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  102;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  563;  Mac.;  Fl.  Can.  II, 
219;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  314;  Gris.,  Fl.  W.  I.;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  237. 
Trinidad  to  Buenos  Ayres. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.;  W.  to 
Man.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 


76  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  frequent;  riverbanks  and 
lake  shores. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1207,  New  Ulm;  Sheldon  1089,  Spring- 
field ;  Bollard  484,  Prior's  Lake,  Scott  Co.;  Sandberg  578, 
Goodhue  Co. 

EATONIA  RAF.     Journ.  Phys.  LXXXIX.  104  (1819). 
Keboulea  KUNTH,    Rev.  Gram.  341  (1835). 
Colobanthus  TRIN.    Mem.  Acad.  Petr.  6,  II,  66  (1845). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III.  1184;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  2,  II,  70(Hackel  ;  Durand,  Ind.Gen.  Phan.  476. 

Living  species:  3;  N.  America.  E.  Sts.,  3;  Canada,  2; 
Rocky  mts.,  1;  California,  1;  S.  Sts.,  3;  PI.  Wheel.,  1;  PI. 
King.,  1. 

Eatonia  obtusata  (Micnx.)  GRAY,     Man.  ed.  V.  626  (1868). 
Aira  obtusata  MICHX.    Fl.  ET.  Am.  I,  62  (1803). 
A.  truncate  MUHL.    Gram.  83(1817). 
flteboulea  gracilis  KUNTH,    Enum.  (1833). 
Koeleria  truncata  TORR.    Fl.  N.  Y.  II,  469  (1843). 
Reboulea  obtusata  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  I,  591  (1848). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  659 :  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  293 ;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  102 ;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  218,  394  ;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  419 ;  Wats.  Fl. 
Calif.  II,  302;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  560;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  166;  Engl.,  Hackel, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  70;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  383;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  289;  Cov., 
Fl.  Ark.  236. 

North  America:  N.  Penn.  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.;  W.  to 
Lake  Huron,  Minn.,  Saskatchewan,  Oregon  and  Arizona.  S.  to 
Ark.  and  N.  ]$lex. . 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  S.  W. ;  dry  soil  and 
openings  in  forest. 

HERB.  :    Sheldon  867,  Sleepy  Eye;  Leiberg  96,  Rock  Co. 

Eatonia  pennsylvanica  (DC.)  GRAY,     Man.  ed.  V,  626  (1868). 
Koeleria  (?)  pennsylvanica  DC.    Cat.  Monsp.  (1813). 
Aira  mollis  MUHL.    Gram.  81  (1817). 
A.  triflora  ELL.    Sk.  I,  154  (1821). 
fEeboulea  gracilis  KUNTH,     Enum.  (1833). 
R.  pennsylvanica  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  I,  591  (1848). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  660;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  293;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  218;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  102;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  166;  Chap.,  Fl.  So. 
St.  560;  Engl.,  Hackel,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  70;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  2,  394; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  236. 

North  America:  N.  Br.  to  Carolinas;  W.  to  Man., 
Hudson  Bay,  Brit  Col.  and  Rocky  mts.;  S.  to  Neb.,  Nev.,  Ark. 
and  Tenn. 

Minn,  valley :  Forest  district  and  S.  W. ;  meadows 
and  open,  damp  woodland. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  77 

HERB.:  Taylor  658,  Cobb  river,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Bailey  32,  Vermilion  lake. 

KOELERIA  PERS.     Syn.  I,  97  (1805). 
Collinaria  EHRH.    Beitr  IV  147  (1789). 
AirocWoa  LINK,    Hort.  Berol.  I,  126  (1827). 
Lopliochloa  REICH.    Fl.  Germ.  Exc.  42  (1830). 
^Egialitis  TRIN.    Fund.  Agr.  127  (1820). 
^Egialina  SCHULTES.    Syst.  Mant.  II,  13,  222  (1824). 
Willielmsia  C.  KOCH,    Linn.  XXI,  400  (1847). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  1183 ;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  476 ; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  70  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  15;  Europe,  temp.  Asia,  N.  Africa — 1 
of  these,  N.  America,  S.  America  and  S.  Africa.  Principally 
in  Europe;  Europe,  16  (Eichter);  Russia,  4 ;  1  Patagonia, 
Sandwich  Isls. ;  N.  America,  1. 

Koeleria  cristata  (LiNN.)  PERS.     Syn.  I,  97  (1805). 

Aim  cristata  LINN.    Spec.  63  (1753). 

Festuca  cristata  VILL.    Dauph.  II,  93  (1787). 

Poa  pyramidata  LAM.    111.  I,  183  (1791). 

P.  cristata  WILLD.     Spec.  I,  402  (1797). 

Melica  gmelini  ROTH.    Tent.  Germ.  II,  104  (1797). 

M.  hirsuta  KOEL.    Gram.  144(1802). 

Dactylis  cristata  M.  B.    Fl.  T.  1,  67  (1809). 

Koeleria  nitida  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  74  (1818). 

Koeleria  arenaria  DUM.    Agr.  115  (1823). 

K.  pawiflora  BERT.    Schultes  Mant.  II,  344  (1824). 

Airochloa  cristata  LINK,  Hort.  Berol.  I,  435  (1827). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  659;  Upham.  Fl.  Minn.  166;  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  II,  301  ;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  418;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  102;  Vas.,  Agr. 
Grasses  U.  S.  60;  Engl.,  Hackel,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  70;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  I, 
74;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  401;  Nym.,Fl.  Eur.;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  488;Trautv., 
Fl.  Sib.  138;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  383;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark,  236;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp. 
288;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  506. 

All  Europe;  middle  Russia  to  Caucasus  mts.  and 
Dahuria. 

North  America:  Penn.  to  111.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Ark. ;  N. 
W.  to  Dak.,  Minn.,  Saskatchewan,  Athabasca;  W.  to  Vancouver, 
Oregon  and  Calif. ;  R.  mt.  region. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  dry  hillsides, 
railway  embankments  and  roadsides  or  meadows. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  756,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  656,  Cobb 
river,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Taylor  353,  Janesville;  Taylor  174,  Janes- 
ville  ;  Bollard  96,  Shakopee  ;  Bailor  1  254,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.; 
Ballard  184,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  57,  Brainerd; 
Sandberg  568,  Red  Wing ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1758,  Minneapolis ; 
Sheldon  1382,  Lake  Benton. 


78  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

POA  LINN.     Gen.  55  (1737). 

Leuconoa  GRISEB.    Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  383  (1853). 
Poidium  NEES,    Lindl.   Introd.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  450  (1835). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1196;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  478; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  73  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  100;  cosmopolitan;  tropical  mts.  Eu- 
rope, 41;  Russia,  25;  N.  America,  40;  Canada,  29;  PI.  King, 
11;  PL  Wheel,  10;  Rocky  mts.,  12;  E.  Sts.,  10;  S.  Sts  ,  8; 
Calif.,  10-11. 

Poa  nemoralis  LINN.     Spec.  69  (1753). 

Fesluca  airoides  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  II,  464  (1786). 
Poa  cinerea  YILL.    Dauph.  II,  156  (1787). 
P.  debilis  THUILL.    Fl.  Par.  43  (1790). 
P.  nutans  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II,  532  (1792). 
P.  juncea  SUT.    Fl.  Helv.  I,  46  (1802). 
P.  glaucantha  GAUD.    Alp.  Ill,  36  (1808). 
P.  gracilescens  SCHRAD.    Hort.  Gott.  I  (1809). 
P.  glauca  BAST.    Ess.  39  (1809). 
Aira  elodes  BRIGN.    Fl.  For.  10  (1810). 
Poapalustris  DC.    Fl.  Fr.  VI,  272  (1815). 
Ccdabrosa  elodes  R.  and  S.    Syst.  II,  696  (1817). 
Poa  firmula  GAUD.    Fl.  Helv.  I,  239  (1828). 
P.  caesia  AUCT.  AMER.,  not  Sm. 
P.  caesia  var.  strictior  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  V,  628  (1868). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  664;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  167;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  223,  225:  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  101;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  421;  Richt., 
PL  Eur.  I,  85;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  374:  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  492;  Nym.,  Fl. 
Eur.;  Wats.,  KingExp.  386;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  237;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  498; 
Rothr.,  Alask.  458. 

Arctic  and  Northern  Europe  to  Mediterranean;  Siberia 
to  Himalayas. 

North  America:  Greenland,  Labrador,  N.  S.  to  Sas- 
katchewan, N.  W.  T.,  Brit.  Col.  and  Rockies;  S.  to  Maine  and 
Vt. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Colo.  Ark.  ?  Alaska. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  dry  and  open  places; 
infrequent. 

HERB.  :  Bailey  469,  Agate  Bay;  Bailey  434,  Basswood 
Lake;  Sandberg  575,  Red  Wing;  Sandberg  576,  Red  Wing. 

Poa  palustris  LINN.     Syst.  874  (1759). 
P.  serotina  EHRH.    Beitr.  VI,  86  (17pl). 
P.  riparia  WOLF.    Hoffm.,  Fl.  Dan.  42  (1791). 
P.  triflora  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II,  531  (1792). 
P.  fertilis  HOST.    Gram.  Ill,  10  (1805). 
P.  hydropfiila  PERS.    Syn.  I,  89  (1805). 
P.  angustifolia  WAHL.    Fl.  Ups.  66  (1820). 
P.  exigua  DUM.    Belg.  Agr.  113  (1823). 
?  P.  crocata  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Amer.  I,  68  (1803). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  79 

?  P.  effusa  KIT.    Schultes,  Ost.  Fl.  ed.  2,  I,  227  (1814). 

P.  nemoralis  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  665;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  295;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  101;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  167;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  226;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  442;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  313;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  67;  Led.,  Fl. 
Ross.  II,  375;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  I,  87;  Wats.,  K^ing  Exp.  386;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  290. 

Mid.  and  S.  Europe;  N.  Africa;  Asia  Minor  to  Siberia 
and  the  Himalayas. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  J.;  W.  to  Mich., 
Wise.,  Minn.,  Man.,  Neb.,  Saskatchewan,  Colo.,  Rocky  mts. 
and  Washington;  N.  to  Vancouver  and  Athabasca. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  meadows  and  edges  of 
marshes  and  along  streams. 

HERB.:  Bollard  32S,  Belle  Plaine;  Ballard  325,  Belle 
Plaine;  Taylor  227,  Janesville;  Bailey  510,  Agate  Bay;  Sand- 
berg  577,  Red  Wing;  Juni  25,  Agate  Bay. 

Poa  compressa  LINN.     Spec.  69  (1753). 
P.  muralls  WIBB.    Fl.  Werth.  114  (1799). 
P.  anceps  PR.    Cyp.  and  Gram.  43  (1820). 
P.  planiculmis  PR.    Add.  (1820). 

P.  polynoda  and  subcompressa  PARN.    Brit.  Gras.  84  (1845). 
P.  complanata  SCHUR.    Enum.  770  (1866). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  664;  Brit.,  Fl.  N.  J.  295;  Mac.,  Fl, 
Can.  II,  224;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  421;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  65;  Webb.,  Fl. 
ISeb.  101;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  167;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  563;  Led.,  Fl.  Boss. 
IV,  371;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  I,  88;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  492;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.; 
Hart.,  Fl.  ^"cand.  I,  500. 

Mid.  and  S.  Europe;  Siberia  and  Kamtk. 
North  America:    Minn,   to  Neb.   and  Kan.;    N.  W.  to 
Vancouver.     Introd.  E.  and  S. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  infrequent;  waste  places. 
HERB.:   Oestlund  331,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  332,  Min- 
neapolis; Bailey  527,  Agate  Bay. 

SCOLOCHLOA  LINK,     Hort.  Berol.  I,  136  (1827). 

Fluminia  FRIES,    Summ.  Scand.  Veg.  247  (1846). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1197  (sub  Grapliephorum};  Durand,  Ind. 
Gen.  Phan.  478;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  74  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  2;  1,  N.  temperate  regions;  1,  Sa- 
ghalin. 

Scolochloa  arundinacea  (LILJ.  ). 

Festuca  arundinacea  LILJ.    Sv.  Fl.  II,  47  (1792). 
Arundo  festucacea  WILLD.    Enum.  I,  126  (1809). 
Donax  festucaceus  BKAUV.    Agr.  78  (1812). 
Sclienodorus  arundinaceus  R.  and  S.    Syst.  II,  700  (1817). 


80  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Donax  boreolis  TRIN.    Fund.  Agrost.  156  (1820). 
Festuca  borealis  M,  K.    Rohl.,  Dan.  Fl.  I,  664  (1823). 

F.  donacina  WAHL.    Fl.  Suec.  64  (1824-26). 
Scolochloa  festucacea  LINK,    Hort.  Berol.  I,  137  (1827). 
Iriodia  festucacea  EICHW.    Sk.  119  (1830). 

Glyceria  arundinacea  FR.     Nov.  Mant.  II,  8  (1832-42). 
Flumlnia  arundinacea  FR.    Summ.  I,  247  (1846-49). 
Graphephorum  festucaceum  GRAY,    Ann.  Bot.  Soc.  Can.  I,  57  (1861). 

G.  arundinaceum  A  sen.    Fl.  Brand.  852  (1866). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  666;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  229;  Up- 
ham,  Fl.  Minn.  165;  Engl.  Hackel,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  74;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur. 
I,  89;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  505. 

Northern  Europe  and  Baikal  Siberia. 

North  America:  Lake  of  the  Woods  and  Saskatchewan, 
throughout  the  prairie  region  and  to  the  Peace  river  country; 
S.  to  Emmet  Co.,  Iowa. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  and  N.  W.  districts  and  S.  edge; 
edges  of  lakes  or  streams. 

HERB.  :   Craiiy  5,  Emmet  Co.,  Iowa,  state  line. 

PANICULARIA  FABR.     En.  PL  Helm.  373  (1763). 
Glyceria  R.  BR.    Prodr.  179  (1810). 
Hydrochloa  HARTM.    Gram.  Scand.  8  (1819). 
Porroteranthe  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  I,  287  (1855). 
Exydra  ENDL.    Fl.  Posen.  119  (1830). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  IIJ,  1197;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  478; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  74;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II,  782. 

Living  species:  16;  principally  N.  America;  a  few 
Europe  and  Asia;  1,  Australia.  Europe,  9-10;  Russia,  6; 
North  America,  15;  Canada,  14;  California,  3-4;  Rocky  mts  , 
4;  PL  Wheel.,  4;  E.  Sts.,  8;  S.  Sts.,  4;  PI.  King,  3. 

Panicularia  fluitans  (LINN.)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  II,  782  (1891). 
Festuca  fluitans  LINN.    Spec.  75  (1753). 
Hydrochloa  fluitans  HOST.    Gram.  I,  141  (1801). 
Poa  fluitans  KOEL.    Gram.  204  (1802'. 
Glyceria  fluitans  R.  BR.    Prodr.  I,  179  (1810). 

Wats,  and  Coult,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  667;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  296;  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  II,  307;  Vas.,  Agr.  Grasses  U,  S.  70;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  167; 
Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  561;  Engl.  flackel,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  74;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur. 
I,  90;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  394;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  494;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  237; 
Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  501. 

Cosmopolitan — Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  Australia. 
North  America:    N.  Br.,   Q.,   Ont.   to  Saskatchewan, 
Brit.  Col.,  Vancouver;  S.  to  Oregon  and  Sierra  Nevada;  E.  to 
Minn.,  Ark.,  Tenn.  and  Atl.  coast. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  shallow  water  of  poncls 
or  sluggish  streams. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  81 

HERB.  :  Bailey  20,  Vermilion  Lake;  Sandbery  573.  Cen- 
ter City. 

Panicularia  americana  (TORR. ). 

Poa  aquatica  var.  americina  TORR.    Fl.  U.  S.  I,  108  (1824). 
Glyceria  arundinacea  KUNTH,    Enum?  I,  367  (1833). 
G.  aquatica  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  248  (1840). 
G.  grandis  WATS,    in  W.  and  C.  Gray's  Man.  ed.  VI,  667  (1890). 
Panicularia  aquatica  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  II,  782  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  667;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  69; 
Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  166;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  230;  Britt  ,  Fl.  N.  J.  296;  Webb.^ 
Fl.  Neb.  101;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  423:  Upham,  FL  Minn.  167;   Wats.,  King 
Exp.  384;  Rothr.,  A  Task.  458. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.  and 
N.  J. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  Neb.,  Colo.,  California;  N.  to  Sas- 
katchewan, Brit.  Col.,  Vancouver  and  Sitka,  Alaska;  S.  to. 
Arizona  ? 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  probably  through- 
out; wet  grounds  and  meadows  along  streams. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  480,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Bollard  124,  Chaska,  Carver  Co.;  Bollard  317,  Belle  Plaine; 
Oestlund  330,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  331,  Minneapolis;  Sand- 
berg  572,  Red  Wing;  B.tiley  97,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  263, 
St.  Louis  river;  Bollard  250,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  267,. 
Jordan,  Scott  Co. 

Panicularia  nervata  (WILLD.)  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  II,  783  (1891). 
Poa  nervata  WILLD.    Spec.  I,  389  (1797). 
P.  striata  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  69  (1803). 
P.  lineata  PERS.    Syn.  I,  89  (1805). 
P.  parviflora  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  I.  80  (1814). 
Briza  canadensis  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  69  (1818). 
Glyceria  michauxii  KUNTH,    Enum.  367  (1833). 
G.  nervata  TRIN.    Act.  Petrop.  ser.  6, 1,  365  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  eel.  667;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  296;  Mac.r 
Fl.  Can.  II,  232;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  70;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  166;  Webb.,. 
Fl.  Neb.  101;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  561;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  307;  Coult.,  FL 
Colo.  423;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  I,  90;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  289;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark  237. 
Introduced  in  Prance. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  W.  Fla.; 
W.  to  Athabasca,  Peace  river,  Vancouver,  Brit.  Col.,  Oregon, 
Calif. ,  Nev.  and  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  moist  or  marshy 
fields  and  meadows  or  wet  places  in  open  woodland. 

HERB.:   Sheldon  55S,  Rice  lake,  Waseca  Co.;  Bollard 
59,  Chaska;    Sheldon  955,  Redwood  Falls;    Sheldon  455,  Duck 
lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Bailey  349,  Mud  river;  Bailey  103,  Ver- 
-6 


82  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

milion  lake;  Sandberg  570,  Red  Wing;   Sandberg  571,  Ohisago 
Co. 

Panicularia  elongata  (ToRR.)  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  II,  783  (1891). 
Poa  elongata  TORR.    Fl.  U.  S.  I,  112  (1824). 
Glyceria  elongata  TRHST.    Act.  Petrop.  ser.  6,  I,  365  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  667;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  296;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  231;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  166. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn. 
and  mts.  of  N.  Car. ;  W.  in  U.  S.  to  Mich,  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  rare;  damp,  marshy  places  in  woods. 

Panicularia  canadensis  (Micnx.)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  II,  783 
(1891). 

Briza  canadensis  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  71  (1803). 
Poa  canadensis  BEAUV.    Agrost.  155  (1812). 
Megastacliya  canadensis  R.  and  S.    Syst.  II,  593  (1817). 
Glyceria  canadensis  TRIN.    Act.  Petrop.  ser.  6, 1,  366  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  667;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  295;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  166;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  230;  Yas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  69. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Georgian 
Bay  and  L.  Nipigon;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Penn.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb. 
and  Kan. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  districts  and  N.  edge;  marshes 
and_edges  of  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1630,  Taylors  Falls;  MacM.  and  Sheld. 
14,  Cass  Co. ;  Bailey  264,  St.  Louis  river;  Bailey  273,  St.  Louis, 
river;  Sandberg  569,  Chisago  Co. 

FESTUCA  LINN.     Gen.  41  (1737). 

Vulpia  GMEL.    Fl.  Bad.  I,  8  (1805). 

Mygalurus  LINK,    Hort.  Berol.  I,  92  (1827). 

Loretia  DUR.    Jour.  Rev.  Sci.  Nat.  II,  2,  38  (1874). 

Helleria  FOURN.    Gram.  Mex.  128  (1880). 

Schedonorus  BEAUV.    Agrostogr.  99(1812). 

Amphigene*  JANKA,    Linn.  XXX,  619  (1856). 

Catapodium  LINK,    Hort.  Berol.  I,  44  (1827). 

Micropyrum  and  Festucaria  LINK,  Linn.  XVII,  397-398  (1843). 

Nardurus  REICH.    Godr.  Fl.  Lorr.  ed.  2,  II,  458  (1857). 

Castellia  TIN.    PI.  Rar.  Sic.  17  (1846). 

Sclerochloa  REICH.    Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  t.  58  (1834). 

Scleropoa  GRISEB.    Spic.  Rum.  II,  431  (1845). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1198;   Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Pfian.  478; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  74  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  85;  250  described;  temperate  and  trop- 
ical (rarely)  regions.  129  (Richter),  Europe;  N.  America,  16; 
Canada,  14;  California,  7-8;  E.  Sts.,  3;  S.  Sts.,  8-10;  Rocky 
mts.,  4-5;  PL  King,  4;  PI.  Wheel.,  4. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  83 

Festuca  nutans  WILLD.     Enum.  I,  116  (1809). 

Poa  nutans  LINK,    Hort.  Berol.  (1827). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  669;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  100;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  297;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  234;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  565 ;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  168:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  238. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  *N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla. ; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Dak.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  W. ;  rather  rare; 
woods  and  thickets,  sterile  soil. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  387,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  528, 
Cleary's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  130,  Chaska;  Sandberg  583, 
Chisago  Co. ;  Bollard  222,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. 

Festuca  oyina  LINN.     Spec.  73  (1753). 
JBromus  ovinus  SCOP.    Fl.  Cam.  I,  77  (1772). 
Festuca  nigra  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II,  533  (1792). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  669;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  297;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  235;  Wats.',  Fl.  Calif.  II,  317;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  424;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb. 
100:  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  168;  Engl.  Hackel,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  75;  Richt., 
PL  Eur.  I,  93;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  350;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit. 
497;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  134;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  271;   Wats.,  King  Exp.  389; 
Both.,  Wheel.  Exp.  32,  291,  292;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  1, 491;  Rothr.,  Alask.  458. 
Cosmopolitan. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man.  to  Saskatch- 
ewan, Bear  Lake,  62°  N.  lat.,  Vancouver;  S.  to  Fla.,  N.  Mex. 
and  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  frequent;  fields  and 
meadows. 

HERB.:  Bollard  240,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  282, 
Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Leiberg  99,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Bailey  489, 
Agate  Bay;  Bailey  450,  Mud  lake. 

Festuca  octoflora  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  81  (1788). 
F.  bromoides  MJCHX.    Fl.  N.  A.  I,  66  (1803). 
F.  tenella  WILLD.    Enum.  I,  113  (1809). 
Schoenodoms  tenellus  R.  and  S.    Syst.  II,  727  (1817). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  669;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  237;  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  II,  317;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J.  296;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  565;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  100;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  168;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  424;  Roth  ,  Wheel.  Exp. 
292;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  388;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  238. 

North  America:  Q.  to  Brit.  Col.  and  Vancouver  ;  S. 
to  Fla. ,  Tex.  and  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  forest  district  and  prob- 
ably W.  to  Chippewa  river;  dry  or  waste  places. 

BROMUS  LINN.     Gen.  40  (1737). 

Schedonorus  BEAUY.    Agrostogr.  99(1812'. 
Aiiisaiitha  C.  KOCH,    Linn.  XXI,  394  (1847). 


84  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Serrafalcus  PAUL  AT.    PI.  Nov.  75  (1842). 

Libertia  LEJEUNE,    Nov.  Act.  Cur.  XII,  755  ( ). 

Michelaria  DUM.    Agrostogr.  Belg.  77  (1823). 

Triniusa  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  I,  328  (1855). 

Ceratochloa  BEAUV.    Agrostogr.  75  (1812). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1200 ;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  478; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  75  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  40;  cosmoplitan;  especially  in  N.  tem- 
perate regions;  a  few  in  tropical  mts.  and  in  the  S.  hemisphere. 
Europe,  42  (Eichter);  N.  America,  12;  Canada,  10;  California,  6; 
S.  Sts.,  4;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  E.  Sts.,  2;  PL  Wheel.,  2;  PL 
King.,  2. 

Bromus  purgans  LINN.     Spec.  76  (1753). 

B.  ciliatus  var.  purgans  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  I,  600  (1848). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  670:  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  297;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  566 ;   Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  168 ;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV.  361?  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  238;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  25. 

Kamtschatka  and  S.  America? 

North  America  :  N.  Eng. ,  to  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Dak. 
and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley :  Throughout;  abundant;  river  banks, 
shores  of  lakes  and  woodlands. 

HERB.:  Ballard,  214,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  707, 
Waconia;  Sheldon  1594,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1307,  Lake  Ben- 
ton;  Sheldon  902,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  558,  Waseca;  Sheldon 
1193,  New  Ulm;  Ballard  509,  Prior's  Lake,  Scott  Co. ;  MacM.  and 
Sheld.  60,  Brainerd;  Sandberg  586,  Red  Wing;  Oestlund  385, 
Minneapolis. 

Bromus  ciliatus  LINN.     Spec.  76  (1753). 

B.  canadensis  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  65  (1803). 
B.  pubescens  var.  1,  TORR.    Fl.  U.  S.  I,  129  (1824). 
B.  purgans  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.  Am.  I,  252  (1833 »,  in  part 
B.  inermis  var.  ciliata  TRAUTV.     Act.   Hort.   Petrop.   V,  I,   135 
(1877). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  670;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  297;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  100;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  168;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  237  ;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  425;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  320;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  74;  Led.,Fl. 
Boss.  IV,  358 ;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  390  ;  Roth  ,  Wheel.  Exp.  292  ;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  238;  Rothr.,  Alask.  458. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man.,  Brit. 
Col.,  Vancouver  to  Kotzebue  Sound,  Alaska;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N. 
J.  and  Va.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Neb.,  Colo,  and  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  woods,  banks  of  streams 
and  shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.:  Ballard  717,  Benton,  Carver  Co.;  Taylor  1189, 
Glenwood  ;  Ballard  846,  Page  Lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Ballard  579, 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  85 

Crystal  Lake,  Scott  Co. ;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  58,  Brainerd;  Bailey 
5,  Vermilion  Lake;  Sandberg  585,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld  1649, 
Minneapolis, 

Bromus  kalmii  GRAY,     Man.  ed.  I,  600  (1848). 
B.  ciliatus  LINN,    in  herb,  not  spec.  * 
B.  purgans  TORR.    Fl.  N.  Y.  II.  463  (1843),  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  670;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  297;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  425;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  233;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  100;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
168. 

North  America:  Ont.,  Ott.  and  Man.;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.,  Penn.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Dak.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  dry  places,  fields  and 
meadows. 

HERB.:  MacM.  and  Sheld.  59,  Brainerd;  Sandberg  584, 
Red  Wing;  Leiberg  100,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

AGROPYRUM  J.  GAERTN.    ex.  Beauv.  Agrost.  101  (1812). 

Elytrigia  DESVX.    Bull.  Philom.  II,  190  (1810). 

Koegneria  C.  KOCH,    Linn.  XXI,  413  (1847). 

Anthosachne  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  I,  237  (1855). 

Eremopyrum  LED.    Fl.  Alt.  I,  112  (1829). 

Costia  WILLK.    Bot.  Zeit.  377  (1858). 

Cremopyrum  SCHUR.    Transsylv.  807  (1866). 

Haynaldia  SCHUR.    1.  c.  807  (1866). 

Heteranthelium  HOCHST.    Jaub.  et  Spach,  111.  Or.  IV,  24  (1855). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  1202;   Durand,   Ind.  Gen.  Ptian. 
479;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  78  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  34;  temperate  regions.  Europe  32; 
(Eichter);  N.  America,  10;  Canada,  6;  Rocky  mts.,  5;  California, 
4;  E.  Sts.,  5. 

Agropyrum  caninum  (LiNN.)  R.  and  S.    Syst.  II,  756  (1817). 
Tritlcum  caninum  LINN.     Spec.  86  (1753). 
Elymus  caninus  LINN.    Fl.  Suec.  ed.  II,  112  (1755). 
Triticum  sepium  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  II,  563  (1786). 
Festuca  nutans  MOENCH,     Meth.  191  (1794). 
Bracconotia  elymoides  GODR.    Fl.  Lorr.  Ill,  193  (1844). 
Wats,  and  Coult..  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  672;  Mac,  Fl.  Can.  II,  241;  Britt.. 
Fl.  N.  J.  298 ;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II.  324;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  426 ;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  169;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  I,  123;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  503. 
Europe;  Siberia;  Himalayas. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Saskatchewan,  Brit- 
Col,  and  Rocky  mts.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Colo  ,  Nev.  and  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Probably  throughout;  principally  in 
forest  district;  waste  or  dry  places. 

HERB.  :     Bailey  4%,  Vermilion  lake.. 


86  METASPERMAE    OP   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

Agropyrum  violaceum  (HORN.)  LANGE,     ex.  Richt.  PL  Eur. 
I,  123  (1890). 

Triticum  violaceum  HORN.    Fl.'  Dan.  2044  (1827?). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  672;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  243  ;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.,  426;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  324;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  169:  Richt.,  PL 
Eur.  I,  123. 

N.  Scandinavia. 

North  America;  Q.,  Man.,  Assiniboia  to  Rockies,  N. 
W.  T.  and  Grinnell  Land— 81°  44'  N.  lat.;  Greenland;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.  and  mts.  of  N.  Y. ;  W.  to  Lake  Superior  region,  Minn,  and 
Dak. 

Minn,  valley :  Throughout;  forest  openings  and  rail- 
way embankments;  infrequent. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  979,  Sleepy  Eye;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  2, 
Brainerd;  Bailey  494  Agate  Bay. 

Agropyrum  glaucum  (DESP.)    R.  and  S.   var.  occidentale 
VAS.  and  SCRIB. 

A.  repens  AUCT.    in  part. 
Iriticum  repens  var.  glaucum  VAS.    Cat.  (1885). 

Wats!  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  671;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  298;  Webb.. 
Fl.  Neb.  100;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  425;  Wats.,  FL  Calif.  II,  323;  Vas.,  Ag. 
Grasses  U.  S.  75;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  II,  242;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  169;  Engl. 
Hackel,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  79;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  I,  123  (spec.);  Hook.,  FL 
Gt.  Brit.  504  (spec.);  Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  IV,  340  (spec.);  Trautv.,  FL  Sib.  133 
(spec.). 

Species  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  Brit.  Col. 
and  Arctic  sea?;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Va. ;  W.  to  CaL,  Oregon  and 
Utah. 

Minn,  valley:   Throughout;  fields  and  sterile  places. 

HERB.:  Bollard  316,  Belle  Plaine;  Sheldon  1377,  Lake 
Benton;  Sheldon  463,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  MacM. 
and  Sheld.  17,  Brainerd;  Bailey  511,  Agate  Bay;  Sandberg  587} 
Red  Wing;  588,  Red  Wing. 

HOEDE1TM  LINN.     Gen.  45  (1737). 

Critho  E.  MEY.    Ind.  Hort.  Regiom.  (1848). 
Zeocriton  BEAUV.    Agrostogr.  114  (1812). 
Critesion  RAF.    Journ.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  103  (1819). 
Crithopsis  JAUB.  et  SPACH,  111.  Or.  IV,  30  (1355). 
Cuviera  KOEL.    Gram.  Gall,  et  Germ.  328  (1802). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  III,  1206;   Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  480; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  86  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  16;  temperate  Asia,  Europe,  N.  Africa, 
N.  and  S.  America.  Europe,  10;  N.  America,  5;  Canada  3; 
California,  3;  E.  Sts.,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  1;  PL  King,  3; 
PL  Wheel.,  2. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  87 

Horde  urn  nodosum  LINN.     Spec.  ed.  2,  126  (1762). 
JHT.  murinum  var.  B.  LINN.    Spec.  85  (1753) 
H.  secalinum  SCHREB.    Spic.  148  (1771). 
U.  pratense  HUDS.    Fl.  Angl.  ed.  2,  56  (1778). 
Zeocriton  secalinum  BEAUV.    Agr.  115(1812). 
Hordeum pusillum  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  87  (1818). 
H.  pratense  var.  nodosum  LED.    Fl.  Ross.  IV,  329  (1853). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  672;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  99;   Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  426;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  244;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  325;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  169;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  77;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  I,  131;   Chap., 
Suppl.  S.  St.  664;  Roth  ,  Wheel.  Exp.  293;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  391;   Rothr., 
Alaskf  458. 

Europe  and  Asia;  cosmopolitan. 

North  America:  Ohio,  111.,  Minn.,  Neb.  to  Nev.,  Colo., 
Utah,  Calif.,  Oregon;  N.  to  Vancouver;  S.  to  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  district;  rare 
or  local. 

Hordeum  jubatum  LINN.     Spec.  85  (1753). 

Critesium  geniculatum  RAF.  Jour.  Phys.  103  (1819). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  672;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  298;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  99;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  169;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  325;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  243;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  76;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  427;  Richt.,  PI. 
Eur.  I,  131;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  132;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  329;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  293;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  390;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  238. 

Europe — S.  Russia;  E.  Siberia. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Ott.,  Saskatchewan, 
Athabasca,  Peace  river,  Vancouver,  Brit.  Col. ;  N.  to  Mackenzie 
and  Yukon  regions;  S.  to  Gt.  Lakes,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  waste  or  sandy 
places. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  176,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Ballard  155,  Chaska;  Foote  6,  Worthington;  Oestlund  336,  Min- 
neapolis; Kassube274,  Minneapolis  ;  Bailey  128,  Vermilion  lake; 
Sandberg  589,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1801,  Minneapolis. 

ELYMUS  LINN.    Gen.  ed.  V,  91  (1754). 

Sitanion  RAF.    Journ.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  103  (181 9). 
Polyantherix  NEES,    Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  I,  1,  284  (1838). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1206;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  480; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  88  (Hackel). 

Living  species:  30;  temperate  regions,  except  Aus- 
tralia and  S.  Africa.  Europe,  4;  N.  America,  15;  Canada, 
12-13;  E.  Sts.,  6;  California,  5-6;  Rocky  mts.,  4;  S.  Sts.,  3; 
PI.  King,  2;  PI.  Wheel.,  4. 

Elymus  elymoides  (RAF.)  SWEEZEY,      Cat.  Neb.  PL  (1891). 
Aegilops  hystrix  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  86  (1818). 
Sitanion  elymoides  RAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  103  (1819). 


88  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY 

Polyantherix  hystrix  NEES,    Mart.  Bras.  (1829). 
Elymus  sitanion  R.  and  S.    Mant.  II,  426  (1824). 
E.  hystrix.  per  legem  not  Linn. 

Wats  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  673;  Upham,Fl.  Minn.  170;  Wats., 
Tl.  Calif.  II,  327;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  427;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  293,  377:  Wats., 
King  Exp.  391;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  24. 

North  America:  Oregon  to  San  Diego,  Calif.;  E.  to 
Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.,  Arizona,  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  district  and 
westward;  infrequent;  river  banks  and  wooded  hills. 

Elymus  striatus  WILLD.     Spec.  I  (1797). 
E.  villosus  MUHL.    Willd.  Enum.  131  (1809). 
E.  striatus  \ar.  villosus  GBA.Y,    Man.  ed.  V,  639  (1868). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  673;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J,  299;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  247;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  170;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  99;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  567;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  238. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  infrequent;  roadsides  and 
banks. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  842,  Sleepy  Eye;  Herb.  Sheld.  1647, 
Hennepin  Co. 

Elymus  canadensis  LINN.     Spec.  83  (1753). 

E.  philadelphicus  LINN.    Amoen.  Acad.  IV,  266  (1759). 
E.  glaucifolius  WILLD.    Enum.  I,  131  (1809). 
E.  canadensis  var.  glaucifolius  TORR.    Fl.  Am.  I,  137  (1824). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  673;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  298;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  245;   Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  427;   Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  99;  Vas.,  Ag. 
Grasses  U.  S.  77;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  169;  Wats..  Fl.  Calif.  II,  327;  Chap., 
Suppl.  S.  St.  664;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  293;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  238. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont,  Man.,  Assiniboia  to 
Rocky  mts.,  Brit.  Col.  and  Oregon;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and 
mts.  of  Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  roadsides  and 
banks. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1120,  Springfield;  Sheldon  976%,  Sleepy 
Eye;  Taylor  762,  Glenwood;  Bollard  389,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.; 
Bollard  578,  Crystal  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  765,  Waconia 
[(var.  glaucifolius  (Willd.)];  Sandberg  591,  Red  Wing;  Oestlund 
338,  339,  Minneapolis. 

Elymus  virginicus  LINN.     Spec.  83  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  673;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  247;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  99;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  567;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  169;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J. 
298;  Vas.,  Ag.  Grasses  U.  S.  77;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  238. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  L.  Superior 
region  to  Man. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng. ,  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn. , 
Neb.,  Kan.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  89 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  infrequent;  banks  of 
streams  and  lakes. 

HERB.:  Foote  7,  Worthington;  Sandberg  590,  Red 
Wing;  Oestlund  337,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  265,  St.  Louis  river; 
Sheldon  1375,  Lake  Benton  [(forma  minor  (Vas.)]. 

HISTRIX  MOENCH,     Meth.  294  (1794). 
Asprella  WILLD.    Enutn.  132  (1809). 
Gymuosticlmm  SCHREB.    Beschr.  Gras.  II,  127  (1772). 
Benth.  and  Hook..  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  1207;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  280; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  PJfanz.  2,  II,  88  (Hackel);  O.  Kuntze,  Bev.  Gen. 

II,  777. 

Living  species:    4;    N.   America,  2;    Siberia,  1;    New 

Zealand,  1.     N.  America, — California,  1;  Atl.  states,  1. 

Hystrix  hystrix  (LiNN. ). 

Elymus  hystrix  LINN.    Spec.  ed.  2,  124  (1762). 
Gymnostichum  hystrix  SCHREB.    Gras.  47  (1769). 
Hystrix  patula  MOENCH,  Meth.  (1794). 
Asprella  hystrix  WILLD.    Enum.  I,  132  (1809). 

A.  angustifolia  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  ser.  5,  151  ( ). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  674;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  170;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  299;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  567;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  248;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
238;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  24. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man.  and  Saskatch- 
ewan; S.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb., 

III.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  particularly  forest  dis- 
trict; woods. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  459,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ; 
Bollard  128,  Chaska;  Sandberg  592,  Red  Wing;  593,  Chisago 
Co. ;  594,  Red  Wing. 

IX,    CYPERACEAE.    Sedge  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  109  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PI  III,  1037 
(1883);  Pax  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  98  (1887). 

Genera:  65;  cosmopolitan;  extinct,  1-2. 
Species:   3000;  living;  3-4?  extinct. 

HEMICARPHA  NEES,    Edin.  Phil.  Journ.  XVII,  263  (1834). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1053;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  458; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  10o  (Pax). 

Living  species:  3;  1  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and 
subtropical  regions;  1,  California;  1,  Atl.  N.  America,  Mexico 
and  Brazil. 


90  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Remicarpha  micrantha  (VAHL)  BRITT.    Cat.  N.  J.  266  (1890). 
Isolepis  micrantha  VAHL,    Enum.  (1806). 
Scirpus  subsquarrosus  MUHL.    Gram.  39  (1817). 
Hemicarpha  subsquarrosa  MART.    FL  Brazil  II,  61  (1842). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  583;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  150;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  368;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  220;  Chap  ,  Fl.  S.  St.  513;  Both.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  275;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  230:  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  24. 
Brazil  and  Central  America. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  to  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.y 
Colo. ,  Calif,  and  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  probably  infrequent;  sandy  lake-beaches. 

HERB.  :  Leiberg  78,  Le  Sueur  river,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

DULICHIUM  PERS.     Syn.  I,  65  (1805). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1046;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  456; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  107  (Pax). 

Living  species:   1;  N.  America,  Atlantic  states. 

DulicMum  spathaceum  (LiNN.)  PERS.     Syn.  I,  65  (1805). 
Schoenus  spathaceus  LINN.    Spec.  ed.  2,  63  (1762). 
Cyperus  spathaceus  LINN.    Syst.  84  (1774). 
Scirpus  spathaceus  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  32  (1803). 
Schoenus  angustifolius  VAHL,    Enum.  II,  225  (1806). 
Dulichium  canadense  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  54  (1814). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  573;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  262;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  94;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  150;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  513;  Engl.  Pax, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  107;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  229;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  24. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Saskatchewan  and  Van- 
couver; S.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  edge;  possibly 
S.  W. ;  edges  of  lakes  and  marshes. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  833,  Patterson  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bol- 
lard 815,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co.;  Bollard  775,  Swan  lake, 
Carver  Co.;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  16,  Brainerd;  Sandberg  513, 
"Minnesota";  Herrick  322,  Minneapolis;  Leiberg  77,  Blue 
Earth  Co. 

CIPERUS  LINN.     Gen.  33  (1737). 
Bobartia  LINN.    Zeyl.  17  (1747). 
Mariscus  VAHL,    Enum.  II,  372  (1806). 
Opetiola  GAERTN.    Fruct.  I,  14  (1788). 

Aclupla  Bosc.    Jaume  St.  Hil.  Expos.  Fam.  Nat.  I,  65  (1805). 
Pycreus  BEAUV.    Fl.  Ow.  and  Ben.  II,  48  (1807). 
Torreya  and  Distimus  RAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  105  (1819). 
Anosporum  and  Dichostylis  NEES,    Linn.  IX,  287,  280  (1835). 
Trentepohlia  BOECKL.    Bot.  Zeit.  249  (1858). 
Sorostaehys  and  Atomostylis  STEUD.   Syn.  Glum.  II,  315  (1855). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  91 

Galilea  PAKLAT.    Palerm.  I,  297  (1845). 
.     Papyrus  WILLD.    Abh.  Ac.  Wiss.  Berl.  70  (1812-13). 
Borobora  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  II.  71  (1855). 
Hyclrosclioenus  ZOLL.  ET  MORR.    Verz.  PI.  Zoll.  95  (1828?). 
Dicliclium  SCHRAD.    Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  II,  1,  51  (1829). 
Torulinium  DESV.    Ham.  Prodr  Ind.  Occ.  15  (1825). 
Benth.  and  Hook..  Gen.  PL  III,  1043;   Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  456; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nfit.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  107  (Pax);  Schenck,  Palaeopliyt.  383. 
Living  species:   400;  tropical  and  temperate  regions. 
Europe,  24;  Russia,  14;  Russian  Europe,  6;  U.  S.,  60;  S.  Sts., 
41;  E.  Sts.,  25;    California,  11-14;    Canada,   8;    Rocky  mts.,   3; 
PL  King,  3;  PL  Wheel.,  7. 

Fossil  species:    ?  Miocene,  Oeningen — Cyperites. 

Cyperus  speciosus  VAHL,    Enum.  II,  253  (1806). 
C.  strigosus  LAM.    111.  I,  726  (1791). 
C.  erythvorhizos  TORR.    Fl.  I,  61  (1824). 
C.  mictiauxianus  TORR.    Fl.  N.  Y.  II,  339  (1843). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Mar.  6  ed.  572;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  261;  Upham 
(C.  michauxianus  Schultes  for  Torr.?),  Fl.  Minn.  150?;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
507;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  215;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  99;  Britt.,  Torr.  Bull. 
XIII,  214. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.  to  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
Tex.,  N.  Mex. ;  Gila  and  Rio  Colorado  to  Ft.  Yuma. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  district;  low 
and  sandy  shores. 

HERB.  :    tSandberg  509,  Red  Wing. 

Cjperus  strigosus  LINN.     Spec.  47  (1753). 
C.  flavicomus  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  27  (1803). 
C.  micfiauxianus  SCHULTES,    Mant.  II,  123(1824). 
C.  stenolepis  WATS.    Fl.  Calif.  II,  215  H880). 

Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.571;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  261;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  150;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  94;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  507;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
229;  Britt.,  Torr.  Bull.  XIII,  211;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  24. 

North  America:  Greenland  and  N.  S.  to  Hudson  Bay 
and  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Neb. ,  Tex.  and  Pac.  coast. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  not  infrequent;  damp 
places  along  streams. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1070,  Springfield;  Herrick  321,  Minne- 
tonka;  Sandbery  508,  Goodhue  Oo. 

Cyperus    strigosus  LINN.     var.    compressus  BRITT.     Torr. 
Bull.  XIII,  211  (1887). 
Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  261. 

N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  Minn.;  damp  or  drier 
places. 


92  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Cyperus  esculentus  LINN.     Spec.  45  (1753). 
C.  phymatodes  MUHL.    Gram.  23  (1817). 
C.  repens  ELL.    Sk.  I,  69  (1821). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  571;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  260;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  150;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  99;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II.  215;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
II.  93;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  508?  Kicht.,  PI.  Eur.  135;  Engl.  Pax.,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
II,  2,  108;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  229;  Britt.,  Torr  Bull.  XIII,  210. 
Cosmopolitan. 

North  America  :  N.  Br.  to  L.  Erie  ;  S.  to  Fla. ;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Yosemite  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  forest  district;  rare;  low 
places  along  streams. 

Cyperus  erythrorhizos  MUHL.     Gram.  (1817). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  571;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  261;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  150;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  94;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  512;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
II.  215;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  229;  Britt.,  Torr.  Bul'i.  XIII,  213, 

North  America:  W.  Ont.  to  L.  I.,  N.  J.,  Penn.;  S.  to 
Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Mich,  and  N.  Mex. ;  also,  Rio  Colorado  to 
Oregon. 

Minn,  valley:     Throughout;   rather  common;  banks. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  880,  Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  802,  Goose 
lake  ;  Bollard  832,  Page  lake  ;  Bollard  892,  St.  Bonif acius  ; 
Taylor  1117,  Glenwood;  Bollard  274,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Sheldon 
1633,  Taylor's  Falls;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  29,  Brainerd;  Sandberg 
506,  Goodhue  Co. 

Cyperus  filiculmis  VAHL,     Enum.  II,  328  (1806). 
Scirpus  cyperiformis  MUHL.    Gram.  41(1819). 
Cyperus  mariscoides  ELL.  Sk.  1,67  (1821). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.   6  ed.  570;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  261;  Mac.,  Fl. 

Can.  II,  94;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  150;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  99;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 

511;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  366;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  229;  Britt.,  Torr.  Bull.  XIII.  216. 

North  America:    Ont.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J. ;  S.  to  Fla. ; 

W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Ark.,  Colo,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  perhaps  W. ;  dry  and 
waste  places. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  636,  Chaska,  Carver  Co. ;  MacM.  and 
Sheld.  25,  Brainerd;  Bollard  18a,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Leiberg  76,  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  Sandberg  511,  Red  Wing;  512,  Red  Wing. 

Cyperus  schweinitzii  TORR.     Cyp.  276  (1836). 

C.  alterniflorus  SCHWEIN.    Long  Appx.  II,  381  (1825)  not  E.  Br. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  570;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  99;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  150;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  93;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  274;  Britt.,  Torr. 
Bull.  XIII,  207. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  L.  of  Woods,  Qu'Appelle, 
Assiniboia;  S.  toW.  N.  Y.  and  Penn. ;  W.  to  Minn.  Neb.  and  Can. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  93 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  sandy  ridges  and  shores 
of  streams;  abundant. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  260,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  635, 
Chaska;  Sheldon  1056,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1193,  New  Ulm; 
Taylor  1149,  Glenwood;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  26  Brainerd;  Kas- 
sube  251,  Minneapolis;  Oesilund  212,  Minneapolis;  Leiberg  75t 
Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sandberg  510,  Red  Wing. 

Cyperus  aristatus  ROTTB.     Descr.  23  (1773). 
C.  undnatus  PURSH,    PI.  Am.  I,  50  (1814). 
C.  inflexus  MUHL.    Gram.  (1817). 
C.  confertus  CHAPM.    PL  S.  St.  510  (1860). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  570;  Britt.,  PI.  N.  J.  260 ;  Webb., 
PI.  Neb.  99;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  93;  Wats.,  PL  Calif  II,  214;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
366;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  360;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  228;  Britt.,  Torr.  Bull  XIII,  207. 
Africa;  E.  Indies. 

North  America :  Ont.  to  Man. ,  Saskatchewan  and 
Vancouver ;  S.  on  Pac.  to  S.  Calif,  and  Lower  Calif. ;  E. 
throughout  U.  S.  to  N.  Eng.  and  Fla. ;  S.  to  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout ;  abundant;  sandy  shores 
of  rivers  and  ponds. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1208,  Redstone,  near  New  Ulm; 
Sheldon  998,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1474,  Pipestone;  Sheldon  1090, 
Springfield;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  6,  Brainerd;  Sandberg  507,  Red 
Wing. 

Cyperus  diandrus  TORR.     Cat.  N.  Y.  90  (1819). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  569;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  260;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  506;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  92;  Wats.,  FL  Calif.  II,  214;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
229;  Britt.,  Torr.  Bull.  XIII,  305;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn,  150;  Webb.,  Appx. 
"Neb.  24. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Owen  Sound,  N.  Eng.;  S.  to 
N.  J.,  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.,  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.;  Calif? 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  low  places  and  margins 
of  lakes. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1052,  Glenwood;  Taylor  1144,  Glenwood; 
Ballard  834,  Page  1  ake,  Carver  Co.;  Sheldon  1629,  Taylor's 
Falls;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  22,  Brainerd;  Leiberg  74,  Blue  Earth 
Co. ;  Oestlund  210,  Hennepin  Co. ;  211  Ramsey  Co. 

Cyperus    diandrus  TORR.     var.  castaneus  (BIGEL.)    Torr. 
Cat.  N.  Y.  90  (1819). 

C.  castaneus  BIGEL.    Fl.  Bost.  18  (1814). 
C.  flavescens  var.  castaneus  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  I,  52  (1814). 
C.  bicolor  BARTR.     Fl.  Phil.  I,  27  (1818). 
C.  elliotianus  R.  and  S.    Mant.  II,  100  (1824). 
?  C.  rimdaris  KUNTH,    Enum.  I,  (1833). 


94  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

I 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  .6  ed.  569;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  260;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  150;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.,  II.  93;  Britt.,  Ton.  Bull.  XIII,  205;  Webb. , 
Appx.  Neb.  24. 

North  America:  N.  Br.  to  Owen  Sound;  S.  to  N.  J. 
andFla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  N.  Mex.  and  Tex.;  Sacramento 
and  San  Francisco,  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  and  forest  district; 
banks  of  lakes,  sandy  beaches. 

ERIOPHORUM  LINN.  Gen.  34  (1737). 
Linagrostis  ADANS.  Fam.  II,  41  (1763). 
Trichophorum  PERS.  Syn.  I,  69  (1805). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1052;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  457; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2.  II,  111.  (Pax). 

Living  species:  13;  Europe,  extratropical  Asia  and  N. 
America.  Europe,  8;  Russia,  8;  Russian  Europe,  8;  N.  Amer- 
ica, 10-11;  Canada,  9-10;  S.  Sts.,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  2;  E.  Sts.,  7; 
California,  2;  PL  King.,  1. 

Eriophorum  virginicum  LINN.     Spec.  52  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.6ed.  583;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  265;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  152;  Webb.,  Fl  Neb.  98;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  521;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II, 
105;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  111. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont  to 
Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  J.,  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  district;  doubtful; 
bogs  and  marshes. 

Eriopborum  gracile  KOCH,     Roth.  Cat.  II,  259  (1800). 
Linagrostis  paniculata  var.  B.  LAM.    Fl.  Fr.  Ill,  555  (1778). 
Eriophorum  triquetrum  HOPPE,    Taschenb.  106  (1800). 
E.  angustifolium  TORR.    Fl.  N.  Y.  II,  359  (1843). 
E.  gradle  var.  paudnervium  ENGELM.   Gray's  Man.  ed.  2,  502  (1852). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  583:  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  106;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  152;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  220;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  368;  Britt.,  Fl. 
N.  J.  266;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  136;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  446:   Led.,  Fl.  Ross. 
IV,  255;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  122;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  138;  Hart.,  Fl.Scand. 
I.  450;  Webb  ,  Appx.  Neb.  24;  Rothr.,  Alask.  457. 

Northern  and  central  Europe;  Siberia. 
North  America:    Newf.  and  N.  S.  to  Hudson  Straits, 
Saskatchewan,  Arctic  sea  and  Ft.  Wrangel,  Alaska;    S.  to  N. 
J.,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  bogs  and  edges  of 
marshes. 

HERB.:  Bollard  483,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor 
519,  Mud  Lake,  WasecaCo.;  Ballard  114,  Chaska;  Taylor  87, 
Elysian ;  Sheldon  340,  Madison  Lake;  Leiberg  83,  Blue  Earth 
Co. ;  Sandberg  522,  Chisago  lake. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  95 

Eriophorum  lat  ifolinm  HOPPE,     Taschenb.  108  (1800). 
E.  polystachion  LINN.    FL  Suec.  ed.  II,  17  (1755). 
E.  polystacliyon  DC.     Fl.  Fr.  Ill,  131  (1805). 
Linagrostis  paniculata  LAM.     Fl.  Fr.  Ill,  555(1778). 
Eriophorum  vulgare  PERS.     Syn.  I,  70  (1805). 
Carex  alopecurus  LAB.     Abr.  Suppl.  141  (1818). 
Eriophorum  pubescens  Sm.    Engl.  Fl.  I,  78  (1824). 
E.  polystachyon  var.  latifolium  GRAY,     Man.  5  ed.  (1868). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  583;   Richt.,  PL  Eur.  136;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  105;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  152;  Rothr.,  Alask.  457. 

North  America:  Newf.  to  Alaska;  S.  to  N.  Eng.  and 
Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district  and  to  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
bogs  and  edges  of  marshes. 

HERB.  :   Bailey  202,  Vermilion  lake. 

Eriophorum  polystachion  LINN.     Spec.  52  (1753). 
Linagrostis  polystachya  SCOP.    Fl.  Cam.  ed.  2,  I,  48  (1772). 
Eriophorum  angustifolium  ROTH.     Fl.  Germ.  II,  63  (1793). 
E.  vulgare  PERS.    Syn.  I,  70  (1805). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  583;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  265;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  105;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  521;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  368;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  152:  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  220;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  136;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt. 
Brit.  445;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  111;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  275;  Hart., 
Fl.  Scand.  I,  449;  Rothr.,  Alask.  457. 

All  Europe  except  Greece;  N.  Asia. 
North  America:   Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.   to  Hudson 
Straits,  Arctic  Sea  and  Vancouver;  S.  to  Oregon  and  N.  Cal.  ? 
W.  Col.  to  Rocky  mts.  and  across  continent  to  N.  Eng.  and  Ga. 
Minn,  valley:   Throughout;  abundant;  bogs  and  edges 
of  swamps. 

HERB.:  Taylor  738,  Glenwood;  Taylor  1108,  Glen- 
wood;  Sheldon  208,  Lake  Washington,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Sheldon 
339,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  28, 
Brainerd;  Leiberg  82,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Herrick  323,  Minneapolis; 
Sandberg  521,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1715,  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Moyer  243,  Montevideo. 

Eriophorum  yaginatum  LINN.     Spec.  52  (1753). 
Linagrostis  vaginata  SCOP.    Fl.  Can.  2  ed.  I.  47  (1772). 
Eriophoi*um  caespitosum  HOST.    Gram.  I,  39  (1801). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  582;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  103;   Up- 
ham, FL  Minn.  152;  Kicht.,  PL  Eur.  136;  Hook.,  FL  Gt.  Brit.  445;  Led., 
FL  Ross.  IV,  252;  Trautv.,  FL  Sib.  121;  Herd.,  FL  Eur.  Russ.  138;  Engl. 
Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  111;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  450;  Rothr.,  Alask.  457. 

Middle  and  northern  Europe;  temperate  and  northern 
Asia. 

North  America:  Greenland,  Labrador  and  Newf.  to 
Hudson  Bay,  Brit.  Col.,  Vancouver  and  Yukon  region,  Alaska; 


96  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

S.  to  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn.;  W.  to  Mich.,  Minn., 
Dak.  and  Montana. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  bogs  and  marshes;  rare. 

HERB.  :  Leiberg  80,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Leiberg  81,  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  Sandberg  520,  Chisago  Lake;  Kassube  256,  Minne- 
apolis. 

Eriophorum  cyperinum  LINN.     Spec.  ed.  2,  77  (1762). 
Trichophorum  cyperinum  PERS.    Syn.  I,  69  (1805). 
Scirpus  eriophorus  VAHL,    Enum.  II,  282  (1806). 
S.  thyrsiflorus  WILLD.    Enum.  I,  78  (1809). 
S.  cyperinus  KUNTH,    Enum.  II,  170  (1837). 
S.  (Trichophorum)  eriophorum  TORR.    Fl.  N.  Y.  II,  356  (1843). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  582;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  265;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  152;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  102;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  521;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  II.  2,  111;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  230. 

North  America:  Newt,  Hudson  Bay  to  Saskatchewan; 
S.  to  N.  J.,  Fla.,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  W. ;  marshes  and 
swamps. 

HERB.:  Bollard  479,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard 
454,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  549,  Spring  lake,  Scott 
Co.;  MacM.  and  Skeld.  65,  Brainerd;  Leiberg  79,  Blue  Earth 
Co. ;  Bailey  164,  Vermilion  lake  ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1922,  Minne- 
apolis. 

Eriophorum  lineatum  (Micnx.)  B.   and  H.     Gen.   PL   III, 
1052  (1883). 

Scirpus  hneatus  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  32  (1803). 
Trichophorum  lineatum  PERS.    Syn.  I,  39  (1805). 
Scirpus  pendulus  MUHL.    Grain.  44  (1817). 
Isokpis  lineatu  R.  and  S.    Syst.  II,  117  (1817). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  582;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  265;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  152;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  521;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  368;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
II,  103;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  111. 

North  America:  S.  W.  Ont.  and  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.  and 
Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  W.  Kan.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  forest  district;  Ft.  Snell- 
ing to  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  low  places  along  streams  and  around 
ponds. 

SCIRPUS  LINN.     Gen.  32  (1737). 

Haplostemum,    Aplostemon,    Diplarrhenus,    Distichnms 

KAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  105  (1819). 

Oxycaryum,  Blepharolepis  NEES,    Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  II,  90,  91 

(1829). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  97 

Androconia  NEES,     Hook.  Jour.  Bot,  II,  396  (1836). 

Malachochaete,  Hymenocliaete   NEES,     Linn.  IX,  292,   293 
(1835). 

Nomochloa,  Hymenocliaeta  BEAUV.    Lestib.  Ess.  Fain.  Gyp. 
37,  43  (1819). 

Blysmus  PANZ.    R.  and  S.  Syst.  II,  Mant.  41  (1824). 

Pterolepis  SCHRAD.    Gott.  Gel.  Anz.  2071  (1821). 

Heleophylax  LESTIB.    Ess.  Fam.  Cyp.  41  (1819). 

Hellmuthia,  Anthopliyllum  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  II,  90,  160 
(1855). 

Elytrospermum  C  A.  MEY.    Mem.  Sav.  Etr.  Petr.  I,  200  (1841?). 

Desmosclioeims  HOOK.  f.    Fl.  N.  Zeal.  I,  271  (1867). 

Eleogiton,  Holoschoeuus  LINK,    Hort.  Berol.  I,  284,  293  (1827). 

Dichostylis  BEAUV.    Lestib.  Ess.  Fam.  Cyp.  39  (1819). 

Isolepis  B.  BR.    Prodr.  221  (1810). 

Nemum  DESVX.    Ham.  Prodr.  Ind.  Occ.  13  (1825). 

Baeothryon  EHRH.    Beitr,  IV,  147  (1789). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1049;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Plian.  457; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  111  (Pax);  Schenck,  Palaeopkyt.  385. 
Living  species:  200;  300  described;  cosmopolitan. 
Europe,  37;  Russia,  20;  Russian  Europe,  10;  U.  S.,  35-40;  Can- 
ada, 10;  S.  Sts.,  14;  E.  Sts.,  17-19;  Rocky  mts.,  10;  California, 
12-15;  PL  King,  5;  PL  Wheel.,  5. 

Fossil  species:   Cyperites?  Miocene,  Oeningen. 

Scirpus  atrovirens  MUHL.     Gram.  43  (1817). 
?  8.  polyphyllus  VAHL,    Enum.  II,  274  (1806). 

S.  sylvaticus  var.  atrovirens  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  2,  (1856). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  581;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  265,  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  98;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  152;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  219;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
II,  101;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  368;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  230. 

North  America  :  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.  and 
Saskatchewan  ;  S.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Neb. , 
Kan.,  Ark.,  Ind.  Terr.,  Colo,  and  to  Calif,  and  Oregon. 

Minn,  valley :  Throughout ;  marshes  and  bogs ; 
abundant. 

HERB.:  Taylor  763,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1303,  Lake 
Benton;  Sheldon  1081,  Springfield;  Sheldon  1042,  Sleepy  Eye; 
Sheldon  673,  Gaiter  lake,  Waseca  Co.;  Bollard  217,  Jordan, 
Scott  Co.;  Taylor  634,  Minnesota  lake;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  41, 
Brainerd;  Sandberg  519,  Red  Wing;  Oestlund  217,  Hennepin 
Co. ;  Sheldon  252,  Lake  Washington,  Le  Sueur  Co. 

Scirpus  sylraticus  LINN.    var.  microcarpus  (PRESL). 

S.  microcarpus  PRESL,    Rel.  Haenk.  I,  193  (1830). 
S.  sylvaticus  HOOK.    FL  Am.  II,  230  (1840). 
8.  knticularis  TORR.    Cyp.  328  (1836). 

S.  sylvaticus  var.  digynus  BOECKL.    Linn.  XXXVI,  727  (1862). 
-7 


98  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  581;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  101;  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  II,  219;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  152;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  368;  Rothr.,  Fl. 
Alask.  457;  Britt.,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  XI,  74-93. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Man.,  Selkirks 
and  Vancouver;  N.  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Yukon  river;  S.  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. 

Minn,  valley  :  Forest  district;  along  streams  and  in 
edges  of  marshes. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  275,  Madison  Lake;  Ballard  12a,  Zum- 
brota;  Sandberg  611,  Red  Wing;  Ballard  340,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. 

Scirpus  fluviatilis  (ToRR.)  GRAY,     Man.  v  ed.  564  (1869). 

S.  maritimus  var(?)  fluviatilis  TORR.    Fl.  N.  Y.  II,  354  (1843),  eoccl 
syn. 

?  S.  robustus  PURSH,    FL  Am.  I,  56  (1814),  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  581;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  265;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  151;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  99;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  100:  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
367. 

North  America:   Q.,  Ont.  to  Man. ;  S.  to  W.  Vt.,  Conn., 

N.  J.,  Penn. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Iowa  and  Mont.? 

Minn,  valley;  Throughout;  but  principally  in  forest 
district;  shallow  waters,  borders  of  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  249,  Lake  Washington,  Le  Sueur  Co. ; 
Ballard  54,  Chaska;  Sheldon  982,  Cross  lake,  Brown  Co.;  Bailey 
21,  Vermilion  lake;  Oestlund216,  Minneapolis. 

Scirpus  lacustris  LINN.     Spec.  48  (1753). 

S.  altissimus  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II,  514  (1792). 
8.  validus  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  56  (1814). 
8.  brayi  HOPPE,    R.  and  S.  Syst.  II,  137  (1817). 
S.  orgylis  RAF.    Am.  Nat.  (1820). 

S.  andrzejowslcii,  janii,   lithuanicus,  manophyllus,  wolfgangii  BESS. 
Schultes  Mant.  II,  535  (1824). 

8.  glaucus  SM.    Engl.  Fl.  I,  57  (1824). 
Heleogiton  glaucum  REICH.    Fl.  Exc.  77  (1830). 
Scirpus  custoris  HEG.    Fl.  Sched.  49  (1840). 

Schoenoplectus  lacustris  and  tabernaemontani  PALLA,    Sitzb.  Z.  B. 
G.  XXXVIII,  49(1888). 

Wats,  and  Coult..  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  580;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  264;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  151;  Mac.,  EL  Can.  II,  99;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  99;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
520;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II.  217;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  367;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  140; 
Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  442;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  138;  Cov., 
Fl.  Ark.  230;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I.  445. 

Europe;  Asia;  Australasia;  Sandwich  Islands. 
North  America:    Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Lake  Winni- 
peg, Saskatchewan,  Brit.  Col.   and  Vancouver;  S.  to  Fla. ;  W. 
to  Rockies  and  Pac.  coast  (in  var. ) 

Minn,   valley:     Throughout;  edges  of  ponds;  shallow 
lakes. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  99 

HERB.  :  Taylor  213,  Janesville;  Bollard  SI,  Chaska; 
Sheldon  876,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1083,  Springfield;  Taylor  410, 
Lake  Elysian  ;  Bailey  219,  Vermilion  lake  ;  Kassube  255,  Hen- 
nepin  Co. ;  Sandberg  518,  Goodhue  Co. 

Scirpus  triangularis  (PERS.). 

S.  mucronatus  ALL.    Fl.  Fed.  II,  277  (1785). 
S.  triqueter  ROTH.    N.  Beitr.  I,  91  (1802). 
S.  triqueter  var.  triangularis  PERS.    Syn.  I,  91  (1805). 
S.  americanus  PERS.    Syn.  I,  92  (1805). 
S.  punyens  VAHL.    En.  II,  255  (1806). 
S.  -rothii  HOPPE,     Sturm  Dan.  Fl.  II,  36  (1814). 
S.  tenuifolius  DC.     Fl.  Fr.  YI,  300  (1815). 
Ekocharis  leptophylla  SCHULT.    Mant.  II,  88  (1824). 
Heleogiton  pungens  REICH.    Fl.  Exc.  78  (1830). 
tichoenoplectus pungens  PALLA,    Sitz.  Z.  B.  G.  XXXVIII,  49  (1888). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  579;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  264;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  151 ;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  99;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  99;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
519;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  366;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  218;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  141; 
Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  442;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  275;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  230. 

Central  Europe  ;  Mediterranean  region  ;  Australia  ;  S. 
America  and  W.  Indies.  ' 

North  America:  Newf.,  Hudson  Bay  and  Saskatche- 
wan to  Vancouver  and  Ft.  Wrangel,  Alaska;  S.  throughout  N. 
Amer. 

Minn  valley:  Forest  district  and  W.  ?;  borders  of 
lakes,  ponds  and  streams. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  86,  Elysian;  Kassube  254,  Minneapolis; 
Oestlund  215,  Minneapolis. 

HELEOCHARIS  R.  BE.     Prodr.  224  (1810). 
Bulbostylis  EAF.    Bull.  Mosc.  X,  355  (1813). 
Limnochloa,     Scirpiclium,     Chaetocyperus,     Eleogenus 

NEES,    Linn.  IX,  289,  293,  294  (1835). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1047;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  456; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  112  (Pax). 

Living  species:  80;  tropics  and  N.  hemisphere  to 
Arctic  regions.  Europe,  8;  Russia,  8;  Russian  Europe,  8;  N. 
America,  30;  S.  Sts.,  25;  E.  Sts.,  21;  California,  9-10;  Canada, 
10;  Rocky  mts.,  5;  PL  King,  2;  PI.  Wheel.,  2. 

Heleocharis  wolfii  GRAY,     Proc.  Am.  Acad.  X,  77  (1874). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  576;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  151;  Britt. , 
Journ.  N.  Y.  Micro.  Soc.  V,  105. 

North  America:     Iowa  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  edge  of  valley;  doubtful 
or  local;  wet  prairies  and  edges  of  sloughs. 

HERB.  :     Crafty  20,  Emmet  Co.,  Iowa. 


100  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Heleocharis  acicularis  (LINN.)  R.  BR.     Prodr.  I,  80  (1810). 

Scirpus  acicularis  LINN.    Spec.  48  (1753). 

Cyperus  acicularis  WITH.    Arr.  Brit.  PL  78  (1776). 

Mariscus  acicularis  MOENCH,    Meth.  350  (1794). 

Scirpus  trichodes  MUHL.    Gram.  30  (1817). 

Ekocharis  costata  PR.    Fl.  Cech.  11  (1819). 

Isolepis  acicularis  SCHLECHT.    Fl.  Berol.  1,  36  (1823). 

Scirpus  chaeta  SCHULTES,    Mant.  II,  272  (1824;. 

Clavula  acicularis  DUM.    Fl.  Belg.  143  (1827). 

Linnochloa  acicularis  EEICH.    FL  Exc.  78  (1830). 

Scirpidium  acicularis  NEES,    Linn.  IX,  293  (1835). 

Chaetocyperus  urceolatus  LEIBM.  Mex.  Halvg.  243  (1849). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  576:  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  263;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  151;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  99;  Coult.,  FL  Colo.  369;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II, 
97;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  518;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  221;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  143; 
Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  243;  Hook.,  FL  Gt.  Brit.  441;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ. 
138;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz,  II,  2, 112;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  360;  Roth.,Wheel. 
Exp.  275,  376;  Cov.,  FL  Ark.  229;  R.  and  S.,  Syst.  II,  154;  Britt..  Jour.  Mic. 
Soc.  N.  Y.  V,  104:  Hart.,  FL  Scand.  I,  449. 

Northern  hemisphere  to  N.  W.  India  and  Mexico. 
North  America:  N.  S.,  Hudson  Bay  and  Saskatchewan; 
S.  to  N.  J.,  Fla.  and  Mex.;  W.  to  Pac.  from  Santa  Barbara  to 
Brit.  Col. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  wet  places,  borders  of 
marshes  and  shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1084,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  817,  Sleepy 
Eye;  Sheldon  161,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Bollard  790, 
Swan  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard  281,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Bol- 
lard 79,  Chaska;  Taylor  74,  Elysian;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  52, 
Brainerd;  Bailey  150,  Vermilion  lake;  Kassube  253,  Minne- 
eapolis;  Oestlund  213,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Sandberg  516,  Red  Wing; 
Sandberg  517,  Chisago  Co. ;  Leiberg  78,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Leiberg 
79,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1848,  Minneapolis. 

Heleocharis  tenuis  (WILLD.)  SCHULTES,  Mant.  II.  89  (1824). 

Scirpus  tenuis  WILLD.    Enurn.  I,  76  (1809j. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  575;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  263;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  151;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  97;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  517;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
230;  Britt.,  Jour.  N.  Y.  Micro.  Soc.  V,  108. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Lake  Nipigon,  L.  Winnipeg, 
Assiniboia  and  Rockies;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn, 
and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:   Forest  district;  peat  bogs  and  marshes. 

HERB.:  Taylor  29,  Elysian;  Taylor  640,  Minnesota 
lake;  Sandberg  515,  Center  City,  Chisago  Co. 

Heleocharis  intermedia  (MUHL.)  SCHULTES,    Mant.  II,  91 
(1824). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  101 

Sdrpus  intermedius  MUHL.    Gram.  31  (1817). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  575;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  263;  Up  ham 
Fl.  Minn.  157;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  96;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  576;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
II,  373;  Britt.,  Jour.  N.  Y.  Micro.  Soc.  V,  110. 

North  America:     Ont.  and  N.  Y.  to  N.  J.,  Perm.,  Iowa 
and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:   Reported  from  S.  central  district;  peat 
bogs  and  swamps. 

Heleocharis  acuminata  (MUHL.)  NEES,   LINN.  IX,  294  (1835). 
Sdrpus  acuminatus  MUHL.    Gram.  27  (1817). 
Hekocfiaris  compressa  SULLIV.    Sill.  Journ.  XLII,  50  (1842). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  576;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  96;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  151;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  369;  Chap.,  Suppl.  S.  St.  659;  Britt.,  Jour. 
Micro.  Soc.  N.  Y.  V,  108. 

North  America:   N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Colo.; 
S.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

Minn,  valley:    Forest  district;    Ft.   Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  swamps  and  wet  places. 

HERB.:    Sandberg  514,    Chisago   ]ake;    Sheldon   1847, 
Ft.  Snelling. 

Heleocharis  palustris  (LINN.)  R.  BR.     Prodr.  I,  80  (1810). 
Sdrpus  palustris  LINN.    Spec.  47  (1753). 
S.  baiotfiryon  WAHL.    Suppl.  3(1796). 
S.  reptans  THUILL.    Fl.  Par.  ed.  2,  I,  22  (1799). 
S.  varius  SCHREB.    in  Schw.  and  K.  Fl.  Erl.  11  (1804). 
Eleocharis  polycaula  WEND.    Beitr.  Hass.  19  (1823). 
E.  uniglumis  SCHULTES,    Mant.  II,  88  (1824). 
Sdrpus  melanostacliys  D'URV.    Mai.  29  (1825). 
Clavula  palustris  DUM.    Fl.  Belg.  143  (1827). 
Fwibristylis  melanostachya  BROGN.    Dup.  Voy.  81  (1828). 
Sdrpus  glaucescens  MER.    Fl.  Par.  ed.  3,  44  (1831-34). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  575;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  99;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  150;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  95;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  518;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J. 
262;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  369;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  221;   Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  142; 
Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  IV,  244;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  441;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Trautv., 
FL  Sib.  120;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  138;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  112; 
Wats  ,  King  Exp.  360;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.275,  376;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  229;   R. 
and  S.,  Syst.  Veg.  II,  151;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  448. 

Europe;  Mediterranean  region;  all  Asia;  Malay  Arch- 
ipelago; Australasia. 

North  America:   Can.  throughout  to  Greenland,  Hud- 
son Bay  and  Bear  lake;  U.  S.  throughout  to  Fla.  and  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:    Throughout;   abundant;   wet  meadows, 
marshes  and  in  shallow  water. 

HERB.:   Sheldon  13,  Elysian;  Sheldon  1411,  Lake  Ben- 
ton;   Sheldon  181,   Eagle  lake,    Blue   Earth   Co.;    Taylor  406 


102  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Elysian;  Taylor  19,  Elysian;  Bollard  24,  Chaska;  Bollard  495, 
Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  620,  Minnesota  lake;  MacM. 
and  Sheld.  53,  Brainerd;  Kassube  252,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  19, 
Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  535,  Long  lake;  Sheldon,  1620,  Ram- 
sey Co. 

Heleocharis   palustris    (LiNN. )  R.   BR.     var.   glaucescens 
(WiLLD.)  GRAY,     Man.  ed.  v,  558  (1868). 
Sdrpus  glaucescens  WILLD.    Enum.  76  (1809). 
Eleocharis  glaucescens  R.  and  S.    Mant.  II,  89  (1824). 
E.  calm  TOUR.    Fl.  N.  Y.  II,  346  (1843). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  575;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  262;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  151;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  96;  Britt.,  Jour.  Micro.  Soc.  N.  Y.  V,  103; 
Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  24. 

North  America:   With  type  east  of  Minn,  and  S.   of 
Nipigon  river,  also  in  Nebraska. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district;  infrequent 
or  rare;  localities  with  the  typical  form. 

Heleocharis  ovata  (ROTH.)  R.  BR.     Prodr.  I,  80  (1810). 
Scirpus  capitatus  SCHREB.    Spic.  Lips.  60  (1771). 
S.  compressus  MOENCH,    Meth.  349  (1794). 
S.  annuus  THUILL.    Fl.  Par.  ed.  2,  I,  22  (1799). 
S.  ovatus  BOTH.    Cat.  II,  5  (1800). 
8.  nutans  BERG.    Fl.  Pyr.  I,  43  (1803). 
S.  soloniensis  DUB.    Meth.  Ort.  295  (1803). 
S.  turgidus  PERS.    Syn.  I,  66  (1805). 
S.  multicaulls  GMEL.    Fl.  Bad.  96  (1805). 
S.  obtusus  WILLD.    Enum.  I,  76  (1809). 
Eleocharis  oUusa  SCHULTES,    Mant.  II,  89  (1824). 
Clavula  ovata  BUM.    Fl.  Belg.  143  (1827). 
Ekogenus  ovatus  NEES,    Linn.  IX,  294  (1834). 
Eleocharis  diandra  WRIGHT,    Torr.  Bull.  X.  101  (1883). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  574;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  99;   Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  262;  Mac.,  Fl,  Can.  95;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  222;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
518;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  150;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  143;  Herd.,  Fl.  Russ.  Eur.  138; 
Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  112;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  372;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
229;  Britt.,  Journ.  N.  Y.  Micro.  Soc.  V,  102;  R.  and  S.,  Syst.  II,  152. 
Central  Europe,  Siberia  and  India. 
North  America:    N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Georgian 
Bay  and  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn., 
Dak.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Tex.;  Brit.  Col.  to  Oregon,  Plurnas  Co., 
Calif.,  and  Yosemite. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  infrequent;  in  wet  places. 
HERB.  :   Bollard  439,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. 

IEIA  RICH.     Pers.  Syn.  I,  65  (1805). 

Fimbristylis  VAHL,    Enum.  II,  285  (1806). 
Abildgaardia  VAHL,    1.  c.  296  (1806). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  103 

Mischospora  BOECKL.    Flora.  113  (1860). 

Gussonea  PRESL,    Rel.  Haenk.  I,  183  (1830). 

Pogonostylis  BERTOL.    Fl.  Ital.  I,  312  (1833). 

Triclielostylis  LESTIB.    Ess.  Fam.  Gyp.  40  (1819). 

Oncostylis  NEES,    Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  II,  1,  80(1829). 

Leptoschoenus  NEES,    Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  II,  393  (1836). 

Echinolytrum  DESYX.    Jour.  Bot.  I,  20  (1808). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III.  1048;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Plum.  457; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II.  113  (Pax);  O.  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen. 
II.  751. 

Living  species:  200;  tropical  and  temperate  regions. 
Europe,  4;  Russia,  2;  U.  S.  6-7  ;  S.  Sts.,  7;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  E. 
Sts.,  4;  California,  3;  PL  King,  2;  PL  Wheel.,  2. 

Iria  capillaris  LINN.  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  II,  753  (1891). 
Scirpus  capillaris  LINN.    Spec.  49  (1753). 
Isolepis  capillaris  R.  and  S.    Syst.  II,  118  (1817). 
Scirpus  muhlenberqii  SPRENG.    Syst.  I,  207  (1825). 
Fimbristylis  capillaris  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  I,  530  (1848). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  578;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  263;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn  152;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  522;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  223;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  275;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  230;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  24. 
Tropical  and  subtropical  regions. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Neb.,  Tex.,  Arizona,  Calif,  and  Oregon. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  district;  perhaps  S.  central  and 
S.  E.  districts;  sandy  places. 

HERB.  :     Sheldon  1201,  Redstone,  near  New  Ulm. 

MARISCUS  HALL.     En.  Stirp.  Helv.  251  (1742). 

Pseudocyperus  SEGU.    PL  Veron,  I,  115(1745). 

Claclium  P.  BK.    Hist.  Jamaic.  114  (1756). 

Baumea  and  Viiicentia  GAUDICH.    Freyc.  Bot.  Voy.  416,  417 
(1826). 

Agylla  PHILIPPI,    Anal.  Univ.  Chile,  I,  643  (1885). 

Terobera  STEUD.    Syn.  PL  Glum.  II,  164  (1855). 

Trasi  BEAUV.    Lestib.  Ess.  Fam.  Gyp.  32  (1819). 

Machaerina  VAHL,    Enum.  II,  238  (1806). 

Tracliyrhynchium  NEES,    Herb.  Meyen. 

Chapelliera  NEES,    Linn.  IX,  298  (1835). 

Schoenopsis  BEAUV.    Lestib.  Ess.  Fam.  Cyp.  34  (1819). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  1065;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  460; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  116  (Pax);  O.  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  II, 
754. 

Living  species  :  30  ;  tropical  and  temperate  regions; 

especially  Australia  and  New  Zealand.    Europe,  2;  N.  America, 
3;  California,  2;  Atl.  States,  2;  Canada,  1. 

Mariscus  mariscoides  (MUHL.)  O.   KUNTZE,     Rev.  Gen.  II, 
755  (1891). 


104  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Schoenus  mariscoides  MUHL.    Gram.  5  (1817). 
Cladium  mariscoides  TORR.    Gyp.  372  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  eel.  586;  Uphain,  Fl.  Minn.  152;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  268;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  107;  Chap.,  Suppl.  660. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  J., 
Del.,  N.  Car.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  S.  Minn.  Iowa  and  Ark? 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  edge;  bogs  and 
wet  meadows;  doubtful. 

RHYNCHOSPORA  VAHL,     Enum.  II,  229  (1806). 

Haplostylis,  Morisia,  Mitrosnora,  Diplochaeta,  Cepha- 
loschoenus,  Echinoschoenus,  Calyptrostylis,  Ceratosclioenus,, 
Haloschoenus,  Nomochloa  NEES,  Linn.  IX,  295,  296  (1835). 

Trichochaeta,  Ptilosciadium,  Calyptrolepis  STEUD.  Syn. 
Glum.  II,  151  seq.  (1855). 

Sphaeroschoenus  NEES,    PI.  Meyen.  97  (1835), 

Pterotheca  PRESL,    Symb.  Bot.  I,  55  (1832). 

Asteroschoenus,  Ephippiorhynchium,  Ptilochaeta,  Nem- 
ochloa  NEES,  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  II,  1, 134,  seq.  (1829). 

Spermodon,  Zosterospermon  BEAUV.  Lestib.  Ess.  Fam.  Cyp. 
27,  28  (1819). 

Pleurostachys  BRONGN.    Dup.  Voy.  Coq.  Bot.  172  (1829). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1058;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  459; 
Engler  and  Prantl,   Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  116  (Pax). 

Living  species:  150;  tropical  and  subtropical  regions; 
extending  to  Canada.  N.  America,  50;  S.  Sts.,  45;  E.  Sts.,  14; 
Canada,  4;  Europe,  2;  Russian  Europe,  2;  Russia,  2. 

Rhynchospora  setacea  (MUHL.). 

Schoenus  setaceus  MUHL.    Gram.  6  (1817). 
Rhynchospora  capillacea  TORR.    Fl.  N.  Amer.  I,  55  U824). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.,  6  ed.  585;  Britt,  Fl.  N.  J.  267;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  152;  Mac  ,  Fl.  Can.  II,  107. 

North  America:  N.  Vt.  and  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and  Penn. ; 
W.  to  W.  N.  Y.  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley :  S.  central  district;  peat  bogs  and 
marshes. 

HERB.  :    Leiberg  84,  85,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Rhynchospora  alba  (LiNN.)  VAHL,     Enum.  II,  236(1806). 
Schoenus  albus  LINN.    Spec.  51  (1753). 
Mariscus  albus  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II,  512  (1792). 
Wats,  and  Coult,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  585;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  267;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  152;  Mac.,Fl.  Can.  II.  107,;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  527;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur. 
145;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV.  259;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  446;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.; 
Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  138;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  116;  Wats.,  Fl. 
Calif.  II,  213;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  230;  Rothr.,  Alask.  457. 

Northern  and  middle  Eurppe;  Siberia. 
North  America:   Newt  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Alaska;  S. 
to  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  N.  Ind. ,  Minn. ,  Ark.  and  Oregon. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PKODUCING   PLANTS.  105 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  and  N.  E.  districts; 
rare;  bogs  and  marshes. 

HERB.  :     Bailey  319,  St.  Louis  river. 

SCLERIA  BERG.     K.  Vet.  Ac.  EL  Stockh.  XXVI,  142  (1765). 

Diaphora  LOUR.    Cochinch.  57.8  (1790). 

Diplacrum  R.  BK.    Prodr.  241  (1810). 

Diploscyplmm  LIEBM.    Mex.  Halvgr.  74  (1849). 

Schizolepis  SCHRAD.    Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  II,  1,  186  (1829). 

Sphaeropus  BOECKL.     Flora  89  (1873). 

Hypoporum,  Cylinclropus  NEES,    Linn.  IX,  303  (1835). 

Trachylomia,  Mastigoscleria,  Chondrolomia,  Hynienoly- 
trum,  Ophryoscleria  NEES,  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  II.  1,  173  seq.  (1829). 

Macrolomia  SCHRAD.    ex.  Nees,  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  1  c.  181  (1829). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1070;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  461; 
Engler  and  Prantl,   Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  II,  120  (Pax). 

Living  species:  100;  tropical  and  subtropical  regions, 
extending  N.  in  Atl.  N.  America.  N.  America,  12-13;  Canada, 
2;E.  Sts.,  6;  S.  Sts.,  12. 

Scleria  verticillafa  MUHL.     Willd.  Spec.  IV,  317  (1805). 

Hypoporum  vertidllatum  NEES,    Linn.  IX,  303.  (1835). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  587;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  153:  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  268;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  532;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  121. 

North  America :  E.  Mass,  to  N.  J.  and  Fia. ;  W.  to  S. 
Ont.,  Minn.,  111.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley :  S.  central  district ;  rare ;  bogs  and 
marshes. 

HERB.  :  Leiberg  86,  87,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Scleria  triglomerata  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  A.  II,  168  (1803). 
S.  nitida  WILLD.    Enum.  II,  350  (1809,. 
S.  flaccida  STEUD.    Syn.  174  (1840). 
Cladium  triglomeratum  NEES,    Linn.  IX,  301  (1835). 
Trachylomia  triglomerata  NEES,     Mart.  Fl.  Brazil,  II.  1,  174  (1842). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  5»6;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  268;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  153;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  531;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  108;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
231;  Britt.,  Rev.  Scler.,  N.  Y.  Acad.  Ill,  129  (1883-85). 

North  America:  Ont.,  Mass,  and  Vt.  to  N  J.,  N.  Car. 
and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  edge;  infrequent; 
swamps  and  marshes. 

CAREX  LINN.     Gen.  705  (1737). 

Carex,  Scuria,  Triplima,  Trioclus  RAF.  Jour.  Phys. 
LXXXIX,  106  (1819). 

Maukscliia,  Leucoglochin,  Callistacliys,  Genersichia, 
Cryptoglochin  HEUFFL.  Flora,  527,  528  (1844). 


106  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

PseiKlocarex  MIQ.    Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  II,  146;  ex  B.  and  H. 
Gen.  1.  c. 

Schelbammeria  MOENCH,    Meth.  Suppl.  119(1802). 

Psyllophora  EHRH.    Beitr.  IV,  146  (1789). 

Vignea  BEAUV.    ex  Schur.  Transsylv.  696  (1866). 

Vignaiitlia  SCHUR.    ex  Schur.  1.  c.  (1866). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  .111,  1073:  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  461; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  122  (Pax);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  385. 
Living  species:  1000  described;  500  distinct;  temper- 
ate and  colder  regions,  and  a  few  in  tropical  mts.  N.  America, 
250±;  S.  Sts.,  80-85;  E.  Sts.,  135±;  Rocky  mts.,  90-95;  Cali- 
fornia, 90-100;  Canada,  200;  PL  King,  58;  PL  Wheel.,  41;  Eu- 
rope, 190-195;  Russian  Europe,  140;  Russia,  200±. 

Fossil   species:      ? Tertiary;    Prance,    Arctic   regions 
(Heer). 

Carex  sychnocephala  CAREY,  Sill.  Journ.  ser.  2,  IV,  24  (1847). 

C.  cyperoides  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  ser.  2,  III,  171  (1846)  not  Linn. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  622;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  121. 

North  America:   Ont,  to  Man.;  S.  to  central  N.  Y.  and 
W.  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:    Par  S.  W.  districts,  and  probably  N. 
edge  also;  rare  and  local. 

HERB.:   Sheldon  1509,  Lake  Ben  ton;  MacM.  and  Sheld. 
61,  Brainerd. 

Carex  straminea  WILLD.  Schkr.  Car.  49,  34  (1801). 
C.  straminea  var.  minor  DEW.  Sill.  Journ.  XI,  158  (1826). 
C.  tenera  SARTW.  Exsicc.  45  (1848). 

C.  festucacea  var.  tenera  CAREY,    Gray's  Man.  ed.  1,  545  (1848). 
C.  straminea  var.  tenera  BOOTT,    111.  120,  384  (1862). 
C.  tenera  f.  erecta  OLN.    Exsicc.  II,  14  (1871). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  621;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  131;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  98;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  278;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  397;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
535;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  155;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  378;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  367; 
Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  149. 

North  America:    Ont.  to  Man.;    S.   to  N.  Eng.,   N.  J. 
and  Penn. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Utah  and  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley:   Forest  district;  openings  in  woods  and 
thicket  edges;  not  infrequent. 

HERB.:     Taylor  13,   Elysian;    Bollard  5a,  Zumbrota; 
Kassube  262,  Minneapolis. 

Carex   straminea  WILLD.  var.  brevier  DEW.     Sill.  Journ. 
XI,  158  (1826). 

C.  festucacea  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  242  (1805). 

C.  straminea  SCHKR.    Car.  Nachtr.  23,  174  (1806). 

C.  straminea  var.  schkithni  GAY,    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2,  X,  363  (1838). 

C.  straminea  var.  festucacea  TUCKM.    Enum.  18  (1843). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  107 

C.  straminea,  typica  and  vars.  crawei  and  meadii  BOOTT,    111.  121 
(1862). 

C.  foenea  BOOTT,    111.  118,  376  (1862). 

C.  straminea  vars.  hyalina  and  typica  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  5,  580-581 
(1868). 

C.  tenera  var.  suberecta  OLN.    Exsicc.  II,  18  (1871). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  622;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  131;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  535;   Upharu,  Fl.  Minn.   155;   Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  IT,  378:   Webb., 
Appx.  Neb.  23. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Ont.  to  Man.;  S.  to  N.  J.  and 
Va. ;  W.  to  Colo.,  Neb.,  Minn,  and  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  infrequent;  openings 
and  thickets. 

HERB.:    Taylor  336,  Janes  ville;  Herb.  S  held.  19  3  2,  Ken 
nepin  Co. 

Carex   stramiuea   WILLD.  var.  mirabilis    (Dsw.)   TUCKM. 
Enum.  Meth.  18  (1853). 

C.  mirabilis  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  XXX,  63  (1836). 
C.  cristata  var.  mirabilis  BOOTT,    111.  (1862). 
C.  lagopodioides  var.  mirabilis  OLN.    Exsicc.  (1871). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  621;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  396;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  278;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  130;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  98;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
II,  238(?)?  Upham,  Suppl.  Minn.  86;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  150. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Man.  and  E.  U.  S.  through- 
out; Yosemite  valley  ? 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  abundant;  openings  and 
edges  of  thickets. 

HERB.:  Bollard  434,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor 
734,  Glen  wood;  Ballard  28,  Chaska;  Bollard  220,  Jordan,  Scott 
Co. ;  Ballard  847,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bailey  41,  Vermilion 
lake. 

Carex  foenea  WILLD.     Enum.  957  (1809). 
C.  adusta  Auct.  Amer.  Vet. 
C.  argyrantha  TUCKM.    Herb.  Dietr.  (1859). 

C.  albolutescens  SCHWEIN.  var.  argyrantha  OLN.    Exsicc.  I,  9  (1871). 
C.  adusta  var,  argyrantha  BAIL.    Cat.  Car.  (1884). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  621;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  278;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  129;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  238(?);  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  25;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  155;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  377;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  150. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.,  Penn.,  N.  J.  to  Mich.,  Minn., 
Man.  and  Brit.  Col. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  districts;  rare; 
rocky  or  sandy  woodland. 

Carex  adusta  BOOTT,  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  215  (1840). 
C.  albolutescens  SCHWEIN.  var.  glomerata  OLN.  Exsicc.  V,  10  (1871). 
C.  adusta  var.  glomerata  BAIL.  Car.  Mon.  149  (1886). 


108  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY 

C.  pinguis  BAIL.    Bull.  3,  G.  and  N.  H.  Surv.  Minn.  22  (1887). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  621;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  129;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J  278;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  397;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  238;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car. 
24;  Upham,  FL  Minn.  155;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  277;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  148. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Maine,  Mich.,  Minn.,  N.  W.  T. 
to  Brit.  Col.,  Rocky  mts.  and  57°  N.  lat.;  S.  to  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district,  and  perhaps  forest  dis- 
trict throughout;  copses,  thickets  and  barren  or  rocky  wood- 
land. 

HERB.:  Bailey  6,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  530,  Agate 
bay;  Bailey  325,  St.  Louis  river;  Bailey  7,  Vermilion;  Bailey 
464,  Agate  bay;  Bailey  526,  Agate  bay;  Bailey  2S3,  St.  Louis 
river;  Bailey  558,  Mud  lake;  Kassube  261,  Minneapolis. 

Carex  scoparia  SCHKR.     Car.  Nachtr.  (1801). 
C.  leporina  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  170  (1803). 
C.  scoparia  var  minor  BOOTT.    111.  116  (1858). 
C.  lagopodioides  var.  scoparia  BOECK.    Linn.  XXXIX,  114  (1875). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  620;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  278;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  396;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  535;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  62;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn., 
155;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  237  in  var  ;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  148. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Sas- 
katchewan and  L.  Athabasca;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  S.  Car.; 
W.  to  Iowa,  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  principally  in  forest  dis- 
trict; meadows  and  damp  fields. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1199,  New  Ulm;  Bollard  548,  Spring 
lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  523,  Mud  lake,  Waseca  Co.  (var.  minor 
Boott);  Bailey  126,  Vermilion;  Bailey  301,  St.  Louis  river; 
Bailey  492,  Agate  bay;  Bailey  60,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  8, 
Vermilion  lake. 

Carex  tribuloides  WAHL.   K.  Acad.  Handl.  XXIV,  145  (1803). 
C.  lagopodioides  SCHKR.    Nachtr.  20  (1806). 
C.  scoparia  var.  lagopodioides  TORK.    Cyp.  394  (1836). 
C.  lagopodioides  var.  composita  OLN.    Exsicc.  II,  10  (1871). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  620;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  535;   Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  130;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  237;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  396;  Bail.,  Typ. 
Car.  54;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  98  in  var.;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  155;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
231;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  148. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan;  S. 
to  N.  Y.,  N.  Eng.,  Penn.,  N.  J.  and  mts.  of  N.  Car.;  Wv  to 
Minn,  and  Dak. ;  S.  in  Rockies  to  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  especially  eastward; 
damp,  shady  places. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  16a,  Zumbrota;  Bailor d  2a,  Zumbrota; 
Bailey  270,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  92,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  109 

35,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  418,  Long  lake;   Bailey  525,  Agate 
bay;  Bailey  184,  Vermilion  lake  (all  in  var.  reducta  Bail.). 

Carex  tribuloides  WAHL.  var.  cristata  (SCHWEIN.)  BAIL. 
Syn.  Car.  148  (1886). 

C.  cristata  SCHWEIN.    Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  66  (1824). 
C.  straminea  var.  cristata  TUCKM.    Enum.  Meth.  18  (1843). 
C.  lagopodioides  var.  cristata  Carey,    Gray's  Man.  ed.  1,  545  (1848). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  620;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  55;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  130;  Uphani,  Fl.  Minn.  155;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  278;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
II,  238;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  396;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  148;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  23. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  S.  Man.;  S.  to 
•Penn.  and  N.  J. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  E.  Wyoming. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  wet  meadows  and  damp  fields. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  218,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.  (var.  reducta 
Bail.);  Taylor  121,  Janesville;  Sheldon  333,  Smith's  mill,  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  Bollard  433,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.  (all  var.  reducta 
Bail.);  Bailey  259,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  538,  Red  Wing. 

Carex  tribuloides  WAHL.   var.  bebbii   (OLN.)  BAIL.     Typ. 
Car.  55  (1889). 

C.  bebbii  OLN.    Exsicc.  II,  12  (1870). 
C.  cristata  UPHAM,    Fl.  Minn.  155  (1884)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  620;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  98;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  130;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  278? 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Man.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y., 
N.  J.(?);  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district;  local  or  infrequent; 
habitat  with  the  typical  form. 

Carex  nmskingumensis  SCHWEIN.    An.  Tab.  (1823). 
C.  scoparia  var.  muskingumensis  SCHWEIN.    An.  Tab.  (1823). 
C.  arida  SCHWEIN.  and  TORR.    Car.  Mon.  312   1824). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed   620;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  129;  Bail., 
Typ.  Car.  71;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  155. 

North  America:  Man.  to  Minn.,  Wise.,  111.,  Mich, 
and  Ohio. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  infrequent;  wet  and 
marshy  meadows. 

HERB.  :  Sandberg  537,  Center  City. 

Carex  siccata  DEW.     Sill.  Journ.  X,  278  (1826). 
C.  pallida  C.  A.  MEY.     Cyp.  Nov.  21  (1830). 
C.  liddoni  CAREY,    Gray's  Man.  ed.  1,  545  (1848). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  619;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  114;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  392;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  230;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  153;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  363;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  276;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  124;  Bail., 
Syn.  Car.  147;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV. 


110  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

North-eastern  Asia. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  L.  Superior  region,  Man., 
Saskatchewan,  N.  W.  T.,  Brit.  Col.  and  Rocky  mts.;  S.  to  N. 
Eng. ;  W.  to  Ohio,  Mich,  and  Minn. ;  Colo. ,  Sacramento  valley 
and  Columbia  river  region. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  forest  district;  rare;  dry 
and  sandy  places. 

Carex  dewejana  SCHWEIN.     An.  Tab.  (1823). 
C.  remota  EICH.    Appx.  Frankl.  (1823)  not  Linn. 
Wats  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  619;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  394;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  124;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  236;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  71;  Upham,  FL. 
Minn.  155;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  146. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.  and  Brit.  Col. 
and  Rocky  mts. ;  S.  to  Colo. ,  Calif,  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  thickets,  dry  woodland 
and  river  banks. 

HERB.  :  Bailey  37,  Vermilion  lake. 

Carex  trisperma  DEW.     Sill.  Journ.  IX,  63  (1825). 

Wats,  and  Coult,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  619;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  122;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  278;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  98;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  154;  Chap.,  Suppl.  S. 
St.  660;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  144. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  L.  Superior  and 
Rocky  mts.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  N.  Car.;  W., 
around  Gt.  Lakes,  to  Iowa  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district;  cold 
swamps  and  bogs. 

HERB.:  Juni  21,  Put  In-Bay;  Bailey  91,  Vermilion. 

Carex  tenuiflora  WAHL.     Act.  Holm.  146  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  619;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  154;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  122;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  151;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  146;  Bail., 
Syn.  Car.  145;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  473. 

N.  Europe  and  Siberia. 

North  America:  N.  Br.  to  S.  Man.;  S.  to  N.  N.  Eng. 
and  S.  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  swamps  and  cold  bogs. 

HERB.:  Bailey  281,  St.  Louis  river;  Sandberg  532, 
Chisago  Co.;  Herrick  335,  Minneapolis. 

Carex  canescens  LINN.     Spec.  974  (1753). 
C.  brizoides  HUDS.    Fl.  Angl.  406  (1762). 
C.  elongata  LEERS.    Fl.  Herb.  14  (1775). 
C.  cinerea  PALL.    PI.  Palat,  II,  571  (1777). 
C.  richardii  THUILL.    Fl.  Par.  482  (1790). 
C.  curta  GOODEN.    Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  II,  145  (1792). 
Viqnea  canescens  REICH.    Fl.  Exc.  58  (1830). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  Ill 

V.  persooni  SCHUR.    Verb.  S.  V.  Ill,  169  (1852). 
Carex  vitilis  var.  pallida  OLN.    King  Exp.  V,  364  (1871). 
Wats,  and  Goult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  618;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  123;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  535;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  394;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  64;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
II,  236;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  278;   Upham,  Fl.  Minn,  154;  Kicht.,  PL  Eur.  151; 
Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  140;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  452;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp. 
278;   Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.   II,  2,   124;    Bail.,   Syn.  Car.  143;    Rothr., 
Mask.  457. 

Europe;  N.  Asia;  S.  Chile. 

North  America:  Greenland,  Hudson  Bay,  Mackenzie 
valley  to  Sitka,  Alaska;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  Penn.,  N.  J. ;  W.  to 
Minn,  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  marshes  and  wet  meadows. 

HERB.  :   Sandberg  533,  Center  City. 

Carex  echinata  MURR.  var.    radiata  (WAHL.)  B.  S.  P.  CaL 

N.  Y.  (1888). 

Carex  stellulata  var.  radiata  WAHL.    K.  A  cad.  Handl.  XXIV,  147 
(1803). 

C.  scirpoides  SCHKR.    Car.  19  (1805). 

C.  sterilis  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  208  (1805). 

C.  sterilis  vars.  B.  and  G.  TORR.    Gyp.  392  (1836). 

C.  stellulata  vars.  scirpoides  and  angustata  CAREY,    Gray'sMan.  ed. 
I,  544  (1848). 

C.  echinata  var.  microstachys    BOECK.    Linn.  XXXIX,  125(1875). 

C.  echinata  and  var.  microcarpa  UPHAM,    Fl.  Minn.  155  (1884). 

C.  echinata  var.  microcarpa  BAIL.    Coult.  Fl.  Colo.  395  (1885). 

C.  echinata  var.  angustota  BAIL.    Car.  Cat.  (1884). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  618;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  126;  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  II,  237;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  58;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  277;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
395;  Bail.  Syn.  Car.  58;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  155;   Koth.,  Wheel.  Exp,  277; 
Cov,,  FL,  Ark.  2*7;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  124. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Sitka, 
Alaska;  S.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Fla.;  W  to  Oregon 
and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  marshes  and  wet  places, 
or  swamps. 

HERB.:  Ballard  153,  Chaska,  Carver  Co.;  Sandberg 
536,  Center  City;  Bailey  482,  Agate  Bay. 

Carex  cephalophora  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  IV  (1805). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  617;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  118;  Bail., 
Typ.  Car.  61;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  534;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  389;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
154;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  277;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  231;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II, 
2,  123;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  141. 

North  America:  Ont,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  to  Fla.;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Iowa,  Mo.,  Ark.  Ind.  Terr,  and  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  woods  and  fields. 


112  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.  :  Sandberg  528,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  324,  Min- 
neapolis. 

Carex  muhlenbergii  SCHKR.     Nachtr.  XII,  178  (1806), 

C.  pinetorum  SCHLECHT.    Linn.  X,  265  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  617;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  389;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  118;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  534;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  62;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  154;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  277;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  231;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  140; 
Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  23. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Hudson  Bay;  S.  to  N.  Y.,  N. 
J. ,  Penn.  and  S.  Car. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Dak.  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district;  rare  or 
doubtful;  fields  and  meadows. 

Carex  rosea  SCHKR.     Nachtr.  XV,  179  (1806). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  616;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  98;  'Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  119;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  276;  Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.  154;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car. 
62,  69;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  534;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  389;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  231;  Bail., 
Syn.  Car.  139. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont,  Owen 
Sound  and  Man.;  S.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Neb.  andlnd.  Terr.? 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  perhaps  westward; 
moist  woodland  and  wet  fields. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  145,  Madison  Lake;  Taylor  147,  Janes- 
ville;  Taylor  202,  Janes ville;  Bollard  6,  Chaska;  Ballard  7 a, 
Goodhue  Co.;  Sandberg  529,  Center  City;  Kassube  259,  Minne- 
apolis; Herb.  Sheld.  1930,  Hennepin  Co. 

Carex  rosea  SCHKR.  var.  radiata  DEWEY.     Sill.  Journ.  X, 
276  (1826). 

C.  neglecta  TUCKM.    Enum.  Meth.  19  (1843). 
C.  rosea  var.  minor  BOOTT,   111.  81  (1858). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  615;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  119;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  389;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  276;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  534;  Upham,  Suppl. 
Minn.  86. 

North  America:    Ranges  with  the  type  and  to  Ind. 

Terr.,  and  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  and  S.  central 
district;  habitat  with  the  typical  form. 

Carex  tenella  SCHKR.     Car.  I,  23  (1801). 

C.  disperma  DEW.    Sill.  Journ,  VIII,  266  (1824). 
C.  blytii  NYL.    Spic.  Fenn.  II,  35  (1843-46). 
C.  gradlis  GRAY,    Sill.  Journ.  IV,  22  (1847). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  616;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  121;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  389;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  235;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  276;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  154;  Herd.,  FL  Eur.  Russ.  146;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Richt.  PL  Eur.  151; 
Wats.,  King  Exp.  364;  Roth,,  Wheel.  Exp.  277;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  139;  Hart., 
Fl.  Scand.  I,  473. 


LIST   OF    HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  113 

Northern  Europe. 

North  America:  Atl.  to  Pac  in  Can.,  and  N.  to  lat.  56° 
on  Peace  river;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  Penn.  and  N.  J. ;  W.  to  Oregon, 
Utah  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  swamps,  and  cold  peat 
bogs. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  152,  Chaska,  Carver  Co. ;  Bailey  30, 
Vermilion  lake;  Kassube  260,  Minneapolis. 

Carex  sartwellii  DEW.     Sill..  Journ.  XL.III,  90  (1868). 
C.  intermedia  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  IV,  343  (1847)  in  part. 
C.  disticha  SARTW.    Exsicc.  71(1848). 

C.  disticha  var.  sartwellii  DEW.    Sill.  Journ,  XLI,  330  (1866). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  615;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  114;  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  II,  230;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  8;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  392;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
153;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  138?;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  373;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
362;  Bail.,  Syn  Car.  137;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  23. 
N.  E.  Asia? 

North  America:  Newf,,  Ont.,  C.  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  Sas- 
katchewan, Brit.  Col,  and  Rockies;  S.  to  Utah  and  Colo. 

Minn,   valley:     N.  E.  districts;   rare  or  local;  dry  or 
waste  places  and  prairies  or  openings  in  forest, 
HERB.  :     f  Kassube  257,  Minneapolis, 

Carex  vulpinoidea  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  69  (1803). 
C.  multiflora  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  V,  (1805). 
C.  bracteosa  SCHRW.    An.  Tab.  (1823). 
C.  setacea  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  IX,  61  (1825). 
C.  multifiora  var.  microsperma  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  XI,  317  (1826). 
C.  vulpinaeformis  TUCKM.    Enum.  Meth.  9  (1843). 
C.  scabrior  SARTW.    Dew.,  Sill.  Journ.  VIII,  349  (1849). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  615;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  276;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  98;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  61;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  11,115;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
153:  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  392;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  277;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  232;  Bail., 
Syn.  Oar.  136. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Nelson  river  val- 
ley; S.  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Ark.,  and  E.  to  N.  Eng., 
Penn.  and  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  low  meadows;  abundant. 
HERB.:  Taylor  515,  Mud  lake,  Waseca  Co.;  Taylor 
681,  Glen  wood;  Taylor  381,  Janesville;  Sheldon  1308,  Lake  Ben- 
ton;  Bollard  219,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  14a,  Goodhue  Co. ; 
Juni  19,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  524,  Chisago  Co. ;  Sandberg  525, 
Red  Wing. 

Carex  gravida  BAIL.     Typ,  Car.  5  (1889). 

C.  ceplialoidea  SARTW.    Exsicc.  75  (1848). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  615;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  118;  Webb.,, 
Fl.  Neb.  98;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  390;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  154. 
-8 


114  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  111.,  Iowa,  S.  Minn  and 
Dak.  and  E.  Neb.  and  Wyoming. 

Minn,  valley:    Forest  district;  low  meadows  and  fields. 
HERB.  ;     Taylor  169,  Janesville. 

Carex   gravida    BAIL.    var.  laxifolia    BAIL.     Typ.  Car.  6 

(1889). 

Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  23;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  ed.  6,  615. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  low,  wet  meadows  and 
moist  fields. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  514,  Mud  lake,  Waseca  Co. ;  Taylor 
504,  Minnesota  Lake. 

Carex  teretiuscula    GOODEN.      Trans.    Linn.  Soc.  II,  163 
(1794). 

C.  diandra  SCHKR.    Baier.  Fl.  281  (1789). 

C.  paniculata .  var.    teretiuscula    WAHL.     Konigl.    Acad.    Handi. 
XXIV.  140  (1803). 

Vignea  teretiuscula  REICH.    Fl.  Exc.  60  (1830). 
Carex  teretiuscula  var.  major  KOCH,    Fl.  Germ.  867  (1837). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  614;  Mac.,  Fl.Can.  II,  116;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  276;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  153;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  140;  Richt.,  PI. 
Eur.  150;  Trautv.  Fl.  Sib.  124;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV.  76;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit. 
450;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  124;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  136;  Hart.,  Fl. 
Scand.  I,  478. 

Middle  and  Northern  Europe;  Asia  to  Himalaya  mts.; 
N.  Zealand. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man.,  Sas- 
katchewan, Brit.  Col,  to  Vancouver;  S.  1o  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn. ; 
W.  to  Minn,  and  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  not  infrequent;  swamps 
and  marshes. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  86,  Lake  Custin,  Le  Sueur  Co. ;  Sand- 
berg  523,  Goodhue  Co. 

Carex  teretiuscula  GOODEN.  var.  ramosa  BOOTT,     111.  145 

(1858). 

C.  paradoxa  BOOTT,    Hook.  Fl.  II,  213  (1840). 
C.  prairea  DEW.    Wood's  Bot.  750  (1861). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  615;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  IV,  116;  Up- 
ham, Fl.  Minn.  153;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  136. 

North  America:  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  Saskatchewan,  Dak., 
Man. ,  L.  Athabasca,  Rocky  mts. ,  valley  of  the  Columbia  and 
Vancouver. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  and  S.  E.  districts; 
infrequent;  wet  places,  swamps  or  marshes. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  115 

Carex  crus-corvi  SHUTTLEW.     Kunze,  Riedgr.  Suppl.   128 

(1850). 

C.  siccaeformis  BOOTT,  Jour.  Bost.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  V,  113  (1847). 
C.  halei  DEWEY,    Sill.  Journ.  Ser.  2,  II,  248  (1846). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  614;  Bail.-,  Typ.  Car.  72;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  533;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  98;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  391;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  153; 
Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  124;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  135. 

North  America:  S.  Minn,  to  Neb.,  Ind.  Terr,  and 
Mex.;  E.  to  Ky.,  Tenn.  and  W.  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  E.  and  S.  central  district;  swamps 
and  springs  in  forest. 

HERB.  :  Sandberg  526,  Red  Wing. 

Carex  stipata  MUHL.     Cat.  (1805). 

C.  vulpinoidea  TORR.    Fl.  N.  Amer.  (1836). 
tt  stipata  var.  maxima  CHAP.    Fl.  S.  St.  533  (1861). 
C.  crus-corvi  SOMM.    Cat.  N.  S.  PI.  (?  1872). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  614;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  117;  Bail., 
Typ.  Car.  61,  62;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  391;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  276;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
533;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  153;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  362;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  231;  Bail., 
Syn.  Car.  135;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  23, 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man., 
Saskatchewan,  Brit.  Col.,  Vancouver;  S.  in  Rockies  to  Tex.  and 
Mex.;  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Dak. ,  Neb.  and  Mont. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  abundant;  low  meadows 
and  fields. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  132,  Lake  Elysian;  Bollard  5,  Chaska; 
Sheldon  105a,  Elysian;  Taylor  21,  Elysian;  Taylor  161,  Janes- 
ville;  Bollard  lla,  Zumbrota;  Sandberg  527,  Center  City,  Chi- 
sago  Co. ;  Bailey  621,  Agate  Bay. 

Carex  conjuncta  BOOTT,     111.  Car.  122  (1862). 
C.  vulpina  CAREY,    Gray's  Man.  ed.  I,  512  (1848). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  614;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  153;  Bail., 
Syn.  Car.  134. 

North  America:     N.  J.  and  Ky.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 
Minn,  valley:     N.  E.  district;  local;  low  meadows  or 
fields. 

HERB.  :     9  Kassube  258,  Minneapolis. 

Carex  stenophylla  WAHL.     Act.  Holm.  142  (1801). 
C.  juncifolia  HOST.    Syn.  504  (1797). 
C.  glomerata  HOST.    Gram.  I,  32  (1801). 
C.  hostii  SCHKR.    Car.  I,  26  (1801). 
Vignea  stenophylla  REICH.    Fl.  Exc.  56  (1830). 
Carex  duriuscula  C.  A.  MEY.    Cyp.  Nov.  214  (1831). 
C.  pachystylis  GAY,    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  X,  301  (1838). 
C.  deinbolliana  GAY,    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2  ser.  XI,  183  (1839), 


116  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  614;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  120;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  98;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  391;  Upham.  Suppl.  Minn.  49;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Euss.  138;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  148;  Both.,  Wheel.  Exp.  277;  Bail.,  Syn. 
Car.  133. 

Europe  (region  of  the  Caucasus  mts.  and  the  Carpa- 
thians). 

North  America:  Colo,  to  N.  Mex. ;  E.  to  Neb.,  Iowa; 
N.  to  Minn.,  Saskatchewan  and  Rocky  mts.  in  Peace  river 
valley  region. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  and  N.  W.  districts; 
wet  prairies. 

Carex  chordorhiza  EHRH.     Linn.  f.  Suppl.  414  (1781). 
C.  funiformis  CLAIBV.    Man.  287  (1811). 
Vignea  chordorhiza  REICH.    Fl.  Exc.  56  (1830). 
Carex  fulvicoma  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  XXIX,  249  (1836). 
C.  chordorhiza  var.  genuina  TRAUTV.     Act.   Hort.  Petr.   V,   123 
(1877). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.6ed.  614;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  120;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  154;  Herd.  Fl.  Eur.  Euss.  138;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  148;  Trautv.  Fl. 
Sib.  123;  Led.,  Fl.Ross.  IV,  271;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  123;  Bail., 
Syn.  Car.  133;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  477. 

Europe  and  Russian  Empire. 

North  America:  Anticosti,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man., 
Saskatchewan,  Brit.  Col.,  lat.  54°  N.  and  Hudson  Bay;  S.  to 
Vt.  and  W.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

Minn,  valley:     Forest  district;  rare;  bogs  and  springs. 
HERB.  :     Sandberg^dSO,  Red  Wing. 

Carex  polytrichoides  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  II,  4  (1802).    . 
C.  leptalea  WAHL.    K.  Acad.  Handl.  XXIV,  139  (1803). 
C.  microstachya  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  169  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  613;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  276;  Bail., 
Typ.  Car.  61,  64;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  131;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  536;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
378;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  111;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  153;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  276. 
North  America:   Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man. 
to  Selkirk  mts.  and  Brit.  Col.  to  Vancouver;  N.  to  Hudson  Bay; 
S.  to  Minn.,  Col.;  E.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  districts  and  N.  edge;  rare;  low 
grounds  and  marshes. 

HERB.:  Juni  18,  Little  Marais;  Bailey  316,  Vermilion 
lake;  Bailey  29,  Vermilion  lake. 

Carex  pubescens  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  IV,  28  (1805). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  613;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  61;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  161;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  276;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  157;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
377;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  127. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J., 
Ky. ,  and  W.  to  Minn. ,  Dak.  and  Mo. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  117 

Minn,   valley:    Forest  district;    Ft.   Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  damp  woods  and  openings;  meadows  or  hills. 
HERB.  :   Kassube  267,  Ramsey  Co. 

Carex  pennsylvanica  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  Ill  (1789). 
C.  marginata  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  IV,  261  (1805). 
C.  lucorum  WILLD.    Hort.  Berol.  Suppl.  63  (1809) 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  612;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  61,  62;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  158;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  275;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calf.  II,  246;  Chap.  Fl.  S. 
St.  539;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  374;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  157;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  122; 
Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  23. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  Brit.  Col. 
and  Vancouver;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak. 
and  Mo. ;  S.  to  Colo,  in  mts.  and  to  California  (?). 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  common;  dry  woods  and 
thickets;  hillsides  and  meadows 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  55,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Sheldon  1619,  Min- 
neapolis; Bollard  17a,  Zumbrota;  Kassube  265,  Minneapolis. 

Carex  yaria  MUHL.     Wahl.  K. Acad.Handl.  XXIV,  159  (1803). 
C.  alpestris  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  VII,  268  (1824). 
a  davisii  DEW.    1.  c.  X,  279  (1826). 

C  albicans  "  WILLD.  in  herb."    Spreng.  Syst.  Veg.  Ill,  818  (1826). 
C.  emmonsii  DEW.    Torr.,  Mon.  Car.  411  (1836). 
0.  novae-angliae  var.  emmonsii  CAREY,  Gray's  Man.  ed.  1,  556  (1848). 
C.  lucorum  var.  emmonsii  CHAP.    Fl.  S.  St.  539  (1860). 
C.  emmonsii  var.  elliptica  BOOTT,    111.  97,  287  (1860). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  611;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  275;  Bail., 
Typ.  Car.  40;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  539;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  159;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
375;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  384;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  232;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  123. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  lat.  55°  N., 
Brit.  Col.;  S.  to  N.  Car.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Ind. 
Terr. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  S.  central  section; 
wooded  hills  and  thicket  edges. 

Carex  pedunculata  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  IV  (1805). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  610;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  167;  Bail., 
Typ.  Car.  61;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  275;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  157;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car. 
120. 

North  America:   N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.   and  Rocky 

mts.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Va. ;  W.  to- Minn,  and  Iowa. 

Minn,  valley:  Central  S.  district;  woods  and  shaded 
banks. 

HERB.  :  Leiberg  87,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Carex  richardsoni  R.  BR.     Appx.  Frankl.  Narr.  723  (1823). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  610;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  68;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  158;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  246;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  157;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  376;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  122. 


118  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

North  America:    Newf.,   Ont.,  lat.   54°  N.,   Brit.   Col 
N.  W.  coast  of  Can.;  S.  to  W.  N.  Y.,  111.,  Minn.,  Mont,  and 
Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  dry  fields  or  hillsides. 

HERB.:  Kassube  266,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  547,  Red 
Wing. 

Carex  eburnea  BOOTT,    Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  226  (1840). 
0.  alba  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  VII,  266  (1824). 
C.  alba  var.  setifolia  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  XI,  316  (1826). 
C.  paupercula  TOBR.    Cyp.  415  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  610;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  157;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.,  98;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  157;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  275:  Bail.,  Syn.  Car. 
120. 

North  America:   N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  Rocky  mts. 

and  lat.  56°  on  Mackenzie  river;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn. 
Ky.,  Ind.,  Minn.,  Iowa  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:   Central  S.  district;  rocky  ledges 

HERB.  :  Leiberg  86,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Carex  aurea  NUTT.     Gen.  II,  205  (1818). 

C.  mutica  R.  BR.    Appx.  Frankl.  Narr.  763  (1823). 
C.  pyriformis  SCHWEIN.    An.  Tab.  (1823). 
C.  aurea  var.  androgyna  OLN.    Exsicc.  I,  15  (1870). 
C.  condnna  OLN.    Bot.  King  Exp.  372  (1871). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  610;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  138;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  378;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  156;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  240;  Wats., 
King  Exp.  371;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  278;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  119;  Webb.,  Appx. 
Neb.  23. 

North  America:     Newf.,   N.   S.,    N.   Br.,   Q.,   Ont.   to 

Man.,  Saskatchewan,  Brit.  Col.,  Pelly  river,  lat.  63°  N.;  S.  to 
N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.  and  Colo.;  S.  in 
Rockies  to  Arizona  and  N.  Mex.,  in  Sierras  to  California,  Utah 
and  Nevada. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  wet  banks  and  grassy 
places  along  streams  and  around  ponds. 

HERB.  :  Holway  30,  Vermilion  lake;  Oesttund  218,  Min- 
neapolis. 

Carex  tetanica  SCHKUHR,  var.  meadii  (DEW.)  BAIL.     Syn. 
Car.  118  (1886). 

C.  meadii  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  XLIII,  90  (1842). 
C.  panicea  var.  meadii  OLN.    Exsicc.  1,  24  (1870). 
C.  panicea  var.  canbyi  OLN.    Exsicc.  II,  24  (1871). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  609;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  152;  Up- 
ham, Fl.  Minn.  156;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  379;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  98. 

North  America:  R.  I.  to  Minn,  and  Assiniboia;  S.  to 
Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  119 

Minn,  valley:   N.  E.  district;  woods  and  river  banks. 
HERB.  :    ?Kassube  276,  Minneapolis. 

Carex  laxiflora  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  Ill,  392  (1789). 
C.  striatula  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  173  (1803;. 
C.  conoidea  MUHL.    Diss.  Gram.  248  (1817). 
C.  anceps  SCHWEIN.  and  TURK.    Mon.  343  (1825)  in  part. 
C.  Uanda  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  X,  45  (1826). 
C.  anceps  \ar.  Uanda  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  226  (1840). 
C.  anceps  var.  striatula  CAREY,    Gray's  Man.  ed.  1,  554  (1848). 
C.  ignola  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  VIII,  348  (1849). 
C.  laxiflora  var.  striatula  CAREV,    Gray's  Man.  ed.  2,  524  (1852). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  607;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  155;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  274;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  98;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  157;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
540r  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  382;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  231;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  114. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W. 
to  Minn,  ancl  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  wet  meadows;  infrequent. 

HERB.  :   Sandberg  546,  Red  Wing. 

Carex  flava  LINN.    Spec.  975  (1753)  var.  \iridula  (Micnx. ) 
BAIL.     Typ.  Car.  31  (1889). 

C.  viridula  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  170  (1803). 
C.  irregularis  SCHWEIN.    An.  Tab.  (1823). 
C.  oeden  SCHWEIN.  and  TORR.     Mon.  Car.  334  (1825). 
?  C.  demissa  HORNEM.    Spreng.  Syst.  Ill,  822  (1826). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  606;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  140;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  273;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  Ill;   Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  158;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur. 
164  (spec.);  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  140  (spec.,;   Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  461 
(spec.);  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  231;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  125;  Hart.,  Fl. 
Scand.  I,  459  (spec.). 

North  America:  Greenland,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont., 
Man.  to  Brit.  Col.,  Vancouver  and  Hudson  Bay;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
Penn.,  N.  J. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.  and  Mont. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  rare;  wet  places  and  in 
rocky  soil. 

HERB.:  MacM.  and  Sheld.,  Brainerd  (var.  graminis 
Bail.). 

Carex  crawei  DEW.     Torr.,  Bot.  N.  Y.  II,  408  (1843). 

C.  heterostacliya  TORR.    Sill.  Journ.  II,  248  (1846). 
C.  crawei  var.  heterostachya  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  XLII,  4  (1866). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  606;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  IE,  153;   Up- 
ham, Fl.  Minn.  157;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  110. 

North  America:  Anticosti,  Ont.,  Owen  Sound  and 
Man.  to  N.  Y.,  111.  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district;  peat  bogs  and  wet 
places  in  forest. 


120  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Carex  granularis  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  V  (1806). 
C.  chalaros  STEUD.    Gyp.  231  (1855). 
C.  haleana  OLN.    Exsicc.  Ill,  14  (1871). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  605;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  153;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  273;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  540;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  61,  70:  Bail.,  Syn.  Car. 
110. 

North  America:   Ont,  Q.,  to  L.  Nipigon  and  Man.;  S. 

to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Va.,  Fla.;  W.  to  Wise.,  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  not  infrequent;  wet 
fields  and  meadows. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  70,  Ely  si  an;  Kassube  263,  Minneapolis; 
Sandberg  543,  Chisago  Co. 

Carex  grisea  WAHL.     K.  Acad.  Handl.  XXIV,  154  (1802). 
C.  laxiflora  SCHKUHR,    Car.  Nachtr.  69  (1805). 
C.  grisea  var.  minor  OLN.    Hall's  PI.  Tex.  26  (1873).. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  605;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  154;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  98;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  273;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  539;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  378; 
Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  61,  62;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  231;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  107. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to 
100th  Mer.  and  in  S.  Utah. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  low  meadows  and  fields. 
HERB.:    Bollard  339,  Jordan,   Scott  Co.;    Sheldon  33, 
Elysian;  Taylor  128,  Lake  Elysian;  Taylor  216,  Janesville;  Bal- 
Iard20a,  Goodhue  Co.;  2 la,  Goodhue  Co.;  15a,  GoodhueCo. 

Carex  darisii  SCHWEIN.  and  TORR.     Mon.  326  (1825). 
C.  aristata  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  VII,  277  (1824). 
C.  torreyana  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  X,  47  (1826). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  605;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  273;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  538;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  380;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  157;  Bail.,  Syn. 
Car.  107. 

North  America:   W.  Mass,  to  N.  J.   and  mts.   of  Ga. ; 

W.  to  S.  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  districts  and  west- 
ward ;  infrequent ;  wet  grounds  along  streams  and  around 
lakes. 

Carex  gracillima  SCHWEIN.     An.  Tab.  (1823). 
C.  digitata  SCHWEIN.  and  TORK.    Mon.  324  (1825). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  604;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  137;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  538;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  273;   Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  157;  Bail.,  Typ. 
Car.  71;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  106. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q  ,  Ont,  to  Man.;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.  and  N.  Car. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  wet  meadows  and  low  fields  or  prairies. 

HERB.  :  Kassube  264,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  545,  Chis- 
ago Co. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  121 

Carex  arctata  BOOTT,     Hook.  Fl.  II,  227  (1840). 

C.  sylvatica  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  X,  40  (1826),  not  Huds. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  603;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  161;  Up- 
ham,  Fl.  Minn.  157;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  273;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  380. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J.; 
W.  to  Perm.,  Minn.,  Colo,  and  Mont. 

Minn,  valley:   Throughout;  woods  and  dry  thickets. 
HERB.:   Sheldon  163,  Madison  lake;   Taylor  906,  Glen- 
wood;  Bailey  211,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  556,  Mud  lake. 

Carex  castanea  WAHL.     K.  Acad.  Handl.  XXIV,  155  (1803). 
C.  flexilis  BUDGE,    Linn.  Trans.  VII,  98  (1804). 
C.  blepharophora  GRAY,    Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  Ill,  237  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  603;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  60;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  162,  386;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  158. 

North  America:  Newf.,  L.  Nipigon  to  Minn.;  S.  to 
Conn,  and  Mich 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  edge;  banks  of  streams;  infre- 
quent. 

HERB.:  Bailey  557,  Long  lake;  Sandberg  619,  Vermil- 
ion lake;  Juni  28,  Knife  river. 

Carex  longirostris  TORR.     Schwein.  An.  Tab.  (1823). 
C.  sprengelii  DEW.    Spreng.  Syst.  Ill,  827  (1826). 
C.  longirostris  var.  minor  BOOTT,    Phil.  Acad.  78  (1863). 
C.  longirostris  var.  microcystis  BOECKL.    Linn.  XLI,  241  (1875). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  603;  Mac..  Fl.  Can.  II,  162;  Bail., 
Typ.  Car.  70;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  98;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  380;   Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J. 
272;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  159;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  102. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man.  to  Brit.  Col. 
and  Rocky  mts.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn.;  W.  to  Neb., 
Minn,  and  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  rocky  soil  and  shaded 
places. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  117,  Madison  lake;  Bollard  126,  Chaska; 
Sheldon  1632,  Taylor's  Palls;  Kassube  27 lt  Minneapolis;  Sand- 
berg  553,  Center  City. 

Carex  limosa  LINN.     Spec.  977  (1753). 
C.  elegans  WILLD.    Prodr.  34  (1787). 
C.  laxa  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  XXVI,  376  (1834). 
C.  limosa  var.  prairei  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  XXIX,  71  (1837). 
C.  irriqua  Torr.  Club  Cat.  N.  J.  (18a5). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  602;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  150;  Britt., 
F1.N.  J.  272;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  156;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  161;  Herd  ,  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  142;Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  130;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  307;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt. 
Brit.  456;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  125;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  94:  Hart., 
Scand.  Fl.  I,  456;  Rothr.,  Fl.  Alask.  457. 

N.  and  mid.  Europe;  N.  and  W.  Asia. 


122  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  Brit. 
Col.,  N.  W.  T.  and  Sitka,  Alaska;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and 
Penn. ;  W.  to  111.  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  infrequent;  peat  bogs 
and  shaded  marshes. 

HERB.  :  Bailey  294,  St.  Louis  river;  Sandberg  541,  Red 
Wing. 

Carex  magellanica  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  Ill,  385  (1789). 

C.  limosa  var.  irrigua  WAHL.    K.  Acad.  Handl.  XXIX,  162(1803). 
C.  paupercula  MICHX.    PL  N.  A.  I,  172  (1803). 
C.  lenticularis  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  VII.  273  (1823). 
C.  irrigua  Sm.    Hoppe  Car.  72  (1823). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  602;  Mac.,  PL  Can.  II,  150;  Upham, 
PL  Minn.  156;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  70;  Coult ,  PL  Colo.  387;  Richt.,  PL  Eur. 
161;  Herd.,  PL  Eur.  Russ.  142.  Hook.,  PL  Gt.  Brit.  456;  Wats.,  King  Exp  . 
361;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  125;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  94;  Hart.,  PL 
Scand.  1,457. 

Northern  Europe  to  Pyrenees  and  Caucasus;  S.  Amer- 
ica. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  N.  E.  T., 
Man.,  Vancouver;  S.  to  Penn.,  Minn,  and  Utah. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  'rare;  peat  bogs  and 
low  marshes  in  woodland. 

HERB.  :    Bailey  90,  Vermilion  lake. 

Carex  crinita  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  393  (1789). 
C.  gynandra  SUHWEIN.    An.  Tab.  (1823). 
C.  crinita  var.  gynandra  S.  and  TORR.    Car.  Mon.  360  (1824). 
C.  mitchelliana  CURT.    Sill.  Journ.  XLIV,  84  (1836). 
C.  crinita  var.  pakacea  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  X,  270  (1826). 
C.  crinita  var.  minor  BOOTT,     111.  18  (1862). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  661;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  272;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  149;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  156;  Chap.,  FL  S  St.  536.  Chap.,  Suppl. 
S.  St.  660;  Cov.,  FL  Ark.  231. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Ott.;  S. 
to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  and  Va.  to  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn  valley:     Forest  district  and  probably  westward; 
wet  ground  along  streams  and  around  lakes. 
HERB.  :    Bailey  107,  Vermilion  lake. 

Carex  prasina  WAHL.     K.  Acad.   Handl.  XXIV,  161  (1802). 

C.  miliacea  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  V  (1806). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  601;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  139;  Bail., 
Typ.  Car.  61;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  272;  Chap.,  FL  S.St.  538;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
157;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  87. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  Vt.  to  N.  J.  and  mts.  of  Ga; 
W.  to  Mich.,  Wise,  and  Minn. 


LIST   OP  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  123 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  wet  meadows  and  along 
streams 

HERB.  :    Kassube  268,  Ramsey  Co. 

Carex  aquatilis  WAHL.     K.  Acad.  Handl.  XXIV,  165  (1802). 

Vignea  aquatilis  REICH.    Fl.  Exc.  140  (1830.) 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  600;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  143;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  155;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  388;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  271;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  142;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  155;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  455;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
368;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  277;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  84;  Hart,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  466; 
Rothr.,  Alask.  457. 

Arctic  and  Northern  Europe. 

North  America:  Greenland,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to 
Hudson  Bay,  Man.,  Brit.  Col.  and  Vancouver;  Alaska;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.  and  Minn,  and  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  New  Ulm;  infrequent 
or  local;  margins  of  ponds  and  rivers. 

HERB.:  Bailey  145,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  540, 
Minnesota. 

Carex  stricta  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  Ill,  387  (1789). 
C.  acuta  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  38  (1814). 
C.  angustata  BOOTT,    Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  218  (1840). 
C.  strictior  DEW.    Wood,  Bot.  755  (1861). 
C.  virginiana  var.  elongata  BOECK.    Linn.  XL,  432  (1875). 
C.  vulgat-is  BAIL.    Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  155(1884). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  599;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  144;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  98?;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  70,  71,  72;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  535;  Britt.,  Fl.N. 
J.  271;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  124;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  84. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.  Ont.,  to 
Man.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Va.;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Neb.? 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling;  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  moist  banks  of  streams  and  lakes. 

HERB.:  Bollard  8a,  Zumbrota;  Bollard  3a,  Goodhue 
Co.;  Kassube  263,  Minneapolis;  Roberts  261,  Agate  Bay. 

Carex  fusca  ALL.     Fed.  Fl.  2324  (1785). 

C.  buxbaumii  WAHL.    K.  Acad.  Handl.  XXIV,  163  (1802). 
C.  canescens  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  216  (1840). 
Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  599;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  156;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  271;  Bail.,  Typ  Car.  60;   Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  134;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
537;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  238;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  77;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  387; 
Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  168;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  453;  Wats..  King  Exp.  371;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  278;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  125;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I, 
463;  Rothr.,  Alask.  457. 

Arctic  and  Alpine  Europe;  N.  Asia;  Alpine  Australia. 
North  America:    Newf. ,  Hudson  Bay  and  Sitka,  Alaska; 
S.  to  Arizona  and  New  Mex.  in  Rocky  mts. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N. 
J. ,  Penn.  and  mts.  of  Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  111.  and  Dak. 


124  MBTASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district;  peat  bogs  and  shaded 
marshes  in  forest. 

Carex  riparia  CURT.     Fl.  Lond.  IV,  60  (1821). 
C.  acuta  ALL.    Fed.  Fl.  2347  (1785). 
C.  crassa  EHRH.    Beitr.  IV,  43  (1789). 
C.  lacustris  \\ILLD.    Spec.  IV  (1805). 
C.  exaltata  PETRM.    Flora  340  (1844). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  598;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  164;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  15*;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  271;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  545;  Eicht.,  PI.  Eur. 
167;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Euss.  142;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  465;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat. 
Pllanz.  II,  2, 125:  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  76;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  451. 

Northern,  Central  and  Southern  Europe;  W.  Asia;  N. 
Africa  and  S.  America. 

North  America:  .Newf.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.;  S. 
to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Ga.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  mar- 
gins of  ponds,  streams  and  swamps. 

HERB.  :    Sandberg  549,  Chisago  Co. 

Carex  triehocarpa  MUHL.     Willd.  Spec.  IV,  302  (1805). 
C.  triehocarpa  var.  turbinata  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  XI,  159  (1827). 
C.  striata  CARE^,    Gray's  Man.  ed.  I,  561  (1848). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  598;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can  II,  174;  Wats., 
Fl.,  Calif.  II,  251  (in  var.);  Upham,  Suppl.  Minn.  86;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  271; 
Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  98  (in  var.). 

North  America:  Ont.  and  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.  and  Penn. ; 
W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Probably  throughout;  marshes  and 
wet  meadows. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1302,  Lake  Benton;  Sandberg,  617, 
Center  City. 

Carex  triehocarpa  MUHL.     var.   aristata   (R.   BR.)    BAIL. 
Bot.  Gazette,  X,  293  (1885). 

C.  aristata  R.  BR.    Appx.  Frankl.  Narr.  (1823). 
C.  atherodes  SPRENG.    Syst.  Veg.  Ill,  828  (1826). 
C.  orthostachys  C.  MEY.    Fl.  Alt.  IV,  231  (1844). 
C.  aristatavsLT.  lonqo-lanceata  DEW.    Sill. Journ.  XVIII,  102(1854). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  598;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  175;   Up- 
ham, Fl.  Minn.  158;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  70;  Bail.  Syn.  Car.  75.  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.,  381;  Wats.,  King  Ex.  374;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  278,  281;  Webb.,  Appx. 
Neb.  24. 

North  America:  Ont.,  Man.  and  Saskatchewan,  Atha- 
basca, Peace  river  region,  Columbia  valley  and  Rocky  mts. ;  S. 
to  N.  Eng.,  Wise.,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Utah. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  typical  form  westward; 
variety  eastward;  wet  places  or  edges  of  streams  and  ponds. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  125 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1302,  Lake  Ben  ton  (typical);  Sheldon 
402,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Bollard  46,  Chaska;  Bollard 
44,  Chaska  [var  aristato  (R.  Br.)];  Bollard  6a,  Goodhue  Co.; 
Sandberg  550,  Chisago  Co. 

Carex  filiformis  LINN.     Spec.  976  (1753). 

(J.  tomentosa  LIGHTF.      Fl.  Scot.  II,  552  (1777). 
C.  splendida  WJLLD.    Prodr.  103  (1787). 
G.  lasiocarpa  GAUD.    Agr.  II,  125  (1811). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  597;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  271;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  165;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  98;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  250m  var.;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  381;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  158 ;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  167;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  142;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  460;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  374;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car. 
74;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat  Pflanz.  II,  2,  125;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  454. 
Middle  Europe  and  Siberia. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.,  Man., 
Brit.  Col.  and  Vancouver;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn. ;  W.  to 
Ind,,  Minn.,  Neb.,  Dak.  and  Mont. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  extending  westward 
to  Granite  Falls;  peat  bogs  and  swamps. 

HERB.:  Bailey  200,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  548, 
Chisago  Co. 

Carex  flliformis  LINN.     var.  lanuginosa  (Micnx.)  B.  S.  P. 
Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

C.  lanuginosa  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  175  (1803). 
C.  pellita  MUHL.     Willd.  Spec.  IV  (1805). 
C.  filiformis  var.  latifolia  BOECKL.    Linn.  XLI,  309  (1875). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  597;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  165;  Bail., 
Syn.  Car.  74;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car  64;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  381;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II, 
250:  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  271;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  158;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  278: 
Wats.,  King  Exp.  373;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  23. 

North  America:     N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Saskatch- 
ewan, Athabasca  and  Mackenzie  river  region;  Brit.  Col.  and 
Vancouver;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Va. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Colo.,  Tex. 
Mex.  and  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  N.  W.  districts;  swamps 
and  marshes. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  250,  Lake  Washington,  Le  Sueur  Co. ; 
Bollard  34,  Carver;  Bailor 1  19a,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Kassube  269, 
Ramsey  Co. 

Carex  houghtonii  TORR.     Cyp.  413  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  597;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  164;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  158;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  74. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Hudson  Bay  to  Saskatch- 
ewan and  N.  W.  T.,  lat.  54°  N.;  S.  to  Maine  and  N.  Y.;  W.  to 
Wise.,  Minn,  and  Iowa. 


126  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co,;  wet 
banks  and  shores. 

HERB.  :  Bailey  206,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  509,  Agate 
Bay. 

Carex  squarrosa  LINN.     Spec.  973  (1753). 

C.  typhina  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  169  (1803). 
C.  typhinoides  SCHWEIN.    An.  Tab.  (1823). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  596;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  137;  Britt., 
Fl.  JST.  J.  270;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  158;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  537 ;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
231;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  71;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  23. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Ga. ;  W. 
to  Minn. ,  Mo.  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  the  S.  E.  edge;  rare; 
low,  wet  meadows  or  swamps. 

Carex  pseudocyperus  LINN.     Spec.  978  (1753). 

C.  reversa  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II,  549  (1792). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  596; Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  174;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  158;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  270;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  166;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  142;  Hook.,  FL  Gt.  Brit.  465;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2, 125;  Bail., 
Syn.  Car.  70;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  455. 

Northern,  Central  and  Southern  Europe;  Asia;  tem- 
perate and  S.  Africa;  Australia. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.  and 
Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Mich.,  Wise,  and 

Minn. 

Minn,  valley :    Reported  from  forest  district  and  S.  W. 

district;  rare;  margins  of  lakes  and  bogs. 

Carex    pseudocyperus    LINN.     var.    americana    HOCHST. 
Herb.  Un.  It.  (1837). 

C.  furcata  ELL.    Sk.  II,  552  (1824)  not  Lap. 
C.  pseudocyperus  SCHWEIN.  and  TORB.    Car.  Mon.  355  (1825). 
C.  comosa  BOOTT,    Linn.  Trans.  XX,  117  (1845). 
C.  pseudocyperus  var.  comosa  BOOTT,    Bot.  Calif.  II,  252  (1880). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  596;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  174;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  270;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  54;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  543;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
158;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  389;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  70. 

North  America:     Newf.,  N.  Br.,  Ont;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.,  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  La.;  also,  Oregon  and  Calif. 
Minn,    valley:     Forest  district;   abundant;   edges  of 
ponds  and  in  bogs. 

HERB.:  Bollard  781,  Swan  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard 
172,  Shakopee;  Sheldon  992,  Cross  lake,  Brown  Co.;  Sheldon 
341,  Smith's  Mill,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Sheldon  248,  Lake  Washing- 
ton, Le  Sueur  Co.;  Taylor  407,  Lake  Elysian;  Ballard  la, 
Zumbrota. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  127 

Carex  hystricina  MUHL.     Willd.  Spec.  IV  (1805). 

C.  cooleyi  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  XLVII1,  144  (1845). 
C.  ge&rgiana  DEW.    1.  c.  VI,  245  (1848). 
C.  thurberi  DEW.    Mex.  Bound.  232  (1859). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  596;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  173;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  543;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  98;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  270;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
382;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  69. 

Norbh  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Man.,  Sas- 
katchewan and  N.  of  lat.  52°  in  prairie  region;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.,  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Ind.  Terr,  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  westward  to  Chip- 
pewa  valley  at  least;  wet  meadows  and  margins  of  lakes. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  342,  Smith's  Mill,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Bollard  7,  Chaska;  Ballard  338,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  75, 
Elysian;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  62,  Brainerd;  Ballard  4a,  Zumbrota; 
Herrick  336,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  270,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg 
551,  Center  City;  Wickersheim  135,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. 

Carex  schweinitzii  DEWEY,     Sill.  Journ.  IX,  68  (1825). 

Wats,  and  Coult.  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  595;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  173;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  270. 

North  America:  W.  N.  Eng.  and  Ont.  to  Minn,  and 
Mich. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  swamps  and  borders  of 
lakes. 

HERB.  :    Ballard  33,  Chaska. 

Carex  lurida  WAHL.     K.  Acad.  Handl.  XXIV,  153  (1803). 

C.  tentaculata  MUHL.      Willd.  Spec.  IV,  266  (1805). 
(7.  rostrata  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  282  (1805). 
C.  gigantea  KUNTH,    Enum.  II,  503  (1837). 
C.  purshii  OLN.    Exsicc.  I,  30(1871). 
C.  beyricfiiana  BOECKL.    Linn.  XLI,  239  (1876). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  595;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  10:  Mac.,Fl. 
Can.  II,  173;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  382;  Britt.,  Fl.  ST.  J.  270;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
158;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  389;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  231. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N. 
J.,  Va.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  111.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  forest  district;  infre- 
quent; wet  meadows  and  bogs. 

Carex  retrorsa  SCHWEIN.     An.  Tab.  (1823). 

C.  reversa  SPRENGK    Syst.  Veg.  Ill,  827  (1826). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  595;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  71:  Bail.,  Syn. 
Car.  68;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  158. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  Sas- 
katchewan, Brit.  Col.  and  Rocky  mts. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng. ,  Penn. , 
Mich,  and  Minn. 


128  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  margins  of  lakes  and 
streams;  not  infrequent. 

HERB.:  Taylor  905,  Glenwood;  Bailey  67,  Vermilion 
lake;  Bailey  101,  Vermilion  lake;  Juni  22,  Moose  lake;  Bollard 
13a,  Goodhue  Co.;  Herrick  337,  Minneapolis;  Taylor  1128, 
Glenwood. 

Carex  tuckermani  DEW.     Sill.  Journ.  XLIV,  48  (1845). 
C.  bullata  AUCT.  AMER.,  not  SCHKUHR. 
C.  cylindrical  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  I,  566  (1848). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  594;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  172,  Up- 
ham,  Suppl.  Minn.  86;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  269. 

North  America:  Newt,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  and  W.  N. 
Eng.  to  N.  J.  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  swamps  and  borders  of 
lakes. 

HERS.  :  Sheldon  149,  Madison  Lake;  MacM.  and  Sheld. 
64,  Brainerd;  Sandberg  612,  613,  Center  City;  Bailey  104,  Ver- 
milion lake. 

Carex  monile  TUCKERM.     Enum.  Meth.  20  (1843). 

C.  vaseyi  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  XXIX,  347  (I860). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  GrayXMan.  6  ed.  591;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  269;  Bail., 
Typ.  Car.  39;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  251;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  353;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  158;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  67. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  N.  E.  T.;  also 
Brit.  Col.  and  Calif.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to 
Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  wet  places  and  edges  of 
ponds  or  streams. 

HERB.:  Taylor  25,  Elysian;  Bollard  9a,  Goodhue,  Co.; 
lOa,  Goodhue  Co.;  Juni  23,  Agate  bay;  Bailey  423,  Fall  lake; 
Bailey  274,  St.  Louis  river. 

Carex  utriculata  BOOTT,   Hook.   Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  221  (1840). 

C.  ampullacea  var.  utriculata  CARET,    Gray's  Man.  ed.  1,  566  (1848). 

C.  rostrata  var.  utriculata  BAIL.    Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XXII,  67  (1886). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  594;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  171;  Britt., 

Fl.  N.  J.  269;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  252;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  158;  Coult.,  Fl. 

Colo.  383;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  388;   Wats.,  King  Exp.  374;   Roth.,  Wheel. 

Exp.  278;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  67. 

North  America:  Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Can.;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. ;  S.  in  Rocky  mts.  to 
Colo,  and  Utah. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  W. ;  swamps  and 
marshes. 

HERB.:    Bollard  43,  Chaska;    Taylor  520,  Mud  lake, 


LIST  OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  129 

Waseca  Co.;  Bailey  144,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  112,  Vermilion 
lake. 

Carex  oligosperma  MICHX.     PL  Am.  II,  174  (1803). 

C.  oakesiana  DEW.     Sill.  Journ.  XIV,  351  (1828). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  593;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  168;  Up- 
ham,  Fl.  Minn.  159. 

North  America:   N.  Eng.,  N.  Br.  to  Bear  lake  and  lat. 
66°  N. ;  S.  to  Penn.  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:   N.  E.  district;   swamps  and  borders  of 
lakes. 

HERB.:   Sandberg  615,  616,  Center  City;    Arthur  Wa, 
White  Bear  lake. 

Carex  lupulina  MUHL.     Willd.  Spec.  IV  (1805). 

C.  lurida  BAIL.    Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XXII,  63  (1886). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  593;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  11;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  167;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  269;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  382;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  543, 
Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.  158;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  386;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II, 
2,  125;  Bail.,  Syn.  Car.  63. 

North  America:   N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Hudson  Bay;  S.  to 
N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Ind.  Terr,  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:    Forest  district;    Ft.   Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  wet  meadows,  bogs  and  swamps. 

HERB.:    Sheldon  334,   Smith's  Mill,    Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Bollard  697,  Waconia;  Sandberg  552,  Red  Wing. 

Carex  lupulina  MUHL.  var.  longipedunculata  SARTW.  Herb. 
(1856). 

C.  folliculata  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  Ill,  391  (1789). 

C.  gigantea  KUDGE,    Linn.  Trans.  VII,  99  (1804). 

C.  lupulina  MUHL.  var.  pedunculata  DEW.  Wood,  Cl.-Bk.  Bot.  376 
(1855). 

C.  canadensis  DEW.    Sill.  Journ.  XLI,  229  (1866). 

C.  lupulina  UPH.    Fi.  Minn.  158  (1884)  in  part. 

C.  lurida  \&T.polystachya  BAIL.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XXII,  63  (1886) 
in  part. 

C.  lurida  MACOUN,    Fl.  Can.  II,  167  (1888)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  593;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  12;  Chap., 
PL  S.  St.  543(?);  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  269(?);   Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  386;   Bail., 
Syn.  Car.  64. 

North  America:   Ont.  to  Hudson  Bay?;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J. ,  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Iowa  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:   Forest  district,  especially  N.  E. ;  infre- 
quent; wet  meadows  and  bogs. 

Carex  intumescens  RUDGE,     Linn.  Trans.  VII,  97  (1804). 

C.  folliculata  WAHL.    K.  Acad.  Handl.  XXIV,  152  (1802)  not  Linn. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  592;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  167;  Upham, 

PL  Minn.  158;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J  269;  Bail.,  Typ.  Car.  62,  64,  72;  Chap.,  Fl. 


130  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

S.  St.  554;  Coult ,  Fl.  Colo.  382;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  2,  125:  Bail., 
Syn.  Car.  62 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to 
Man.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  S.  W.  district;  probably 
throughout;  wet  meadows  and  bogs  or  swamps. 

HERB.:  Taylor  50,  Elysian;  Bailey  68,  Vermilion  lake; 
MacM.  and  Sheld.  61,  Brainerd. 

Carex  pauciflora  LIGHTP.     Fl.  Scot.  II,  543  (1777). 
C.  patula  HUBS.    Fl.  Angl.  402  (1762)  not  Host. 
C.  leucoglocfiin  LINN.  f.    Suppl.  413  (1781). 
Leucoglophin  pauciflorus  HEUFF.    Flora  528  (1844). 
Psyllophora  pauciflora  SCHUR.    Enum.  697  (1866). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  592;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  111;  Richt., 
PI.  Eur.  145;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  448;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  138;  Upham,  Suppl.  Minn.  86;  Rothr.,  Alask.  457. 
Arctic  and  Alpine  Europe. 

North  America:  Newf  to  Ont,  Man.,  N.  W.  T.  and 
Vancouver;  N.  to  Sitka;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  Penn.,  Mich,  and 

Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  districts;  peat  bogs  and  cold  marshes. 

HERB.:  Sandberg  614,  Center  City;  Bailey  203,  Ver- 
milion lake. 

X.    AROIDEAE.    Arum  Family. 
Orontiaceae  LINDL.     Veg.  King.  193  (1846). 
Araceae  ENGLER,     DC.     Mon.  Phan.  II  (1875). 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  232  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  955 
(1883);  Engler  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  III,  102  (1887). 

Genera :  105  living;  2-3  extinct?  Tropical  and  temper- 
ate regions. 

Species:  1000;  92  per  cent,  in  tropics;  8  per  cent,  in 
temperate  regions. 

ACORUS  LINN.     Gen.  296  (1737). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  999;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  Engler 
and  Prantl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  III,  118  (Engler);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  378. 

Living  species:  2;  Japan,  1;  temperate  northern 
regions;  1. 

Fossil  species:  2-3,  doubtful;  Spitzbergen,  1:  ter- 
tiary, (Heer). 

Acorus  calamus  LINN.     Spec.  324  (1753). 
A.  odoratm  LAM.    Fl.  Fr.  Ill,  299  (1778). 
Calamus  aromaticus  GULDENST.    It.  II,  327  (1791). 
Acorus  aromaticus  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II,  205  (1792'. 
A.  commutatus  SCHOTT.    Prodr.  Aroid.  578  (1860). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  131 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.551;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  254:  Upham,, 
Fl.  Minn.  135;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  74;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  442;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb., 
98;  Hook..  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  424;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  112;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  13;. 
Riclit.,  PI  Eur.  171;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  122;  Engl  ,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  3V 
118:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  227;  Hart.,  Scand.  Fl.  I.  429. 

Almost  all  Europe;  temperate  Asia  to  China  and 
Japan. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Owen  Sound;; 
L.  of  Woods  and  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to> 
Minn. ,  Dak. ,  Iowa,  Neb. ,  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  E.  districts  to  Chippewa  valley;  margin 
of  swamps  and  streams. 

HERB.:  Bollard  23n,  Chaska;  Taylor  10,  Elysian; 
Leiberg  62,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Bailey  50,  Vermilion  lake;  Sand- 
berg  524,  Red  Wing;  Sandberg  525,  Chisago  Co. ;  Sandberg  526 ', 
Chisago  Co. ;  last  two  are  narrow- leaved  forma  angustifolia, 

SPATHYEMA  RAF.     Med.  Rep.  X,  173  (1808). 
Ictocles  BtGEL.    Med.  Bot.  I,  43  (1817). 
Symplocarpus  SALISB.    Nutt.  Gen.  I,  105  (1818). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  995;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  446; 
O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II,  743;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  III,  122 
(Engler). 

Living  species:  1;  Atl.  N.  America,  Japan  and  Amur- 
land. 

Spathy  ema  foetida  (LiNN. )  RAF.    Med.  Rep.  II,  1 0, 173  ( 1808) . 
Dracontium  foetidum  LINN.    Spec.  967  (1762). 
Pothos  foetidus  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  186  (1803). 
Modes  foetidus  BIGEL.    Med.  Bot.  II,  41  (1817). 
Symplocarpus  foetidus  SALISB.    Nutt.  Gen.  1,  105  (1818). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  551;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  254;  Mac.,  FL 
Can.  II,  73;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  134;  Chap  ,  Fl.  S.  St.  441;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
II,  3,  122. 

Japan  and  Amurland. 

North  America:  N.  S.;  N.  B.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  swamps  of 
N.  Oar. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  New  Ulm;  local;  bogs 
and  near  springs. 

HERB.  :  Holzinger  262,  Winona  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1863, 
Minneapolis. 

CALLA  LINN.     Gen.  697(1737). 

Provenzalia  ADANS.    Fam.  II,  469  (1763). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  989;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  446; 
"Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2.  Ill,  123  (Engler). 

Living  species:  1;  Europe  to  Alps  and  Carpathians; 
Siberia;  Atl.  N.  Amer. 


132  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY 

Calla  palustris  LINN.     Spec.  ed.  2,  1373  (1762). 

C.  aetfiiopica  GAERTN     Fruct.  II,  20  (1791). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  550;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  253;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  73;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  134;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  11; 
Bicht.,  PI.  Eur.  171;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  122;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  3. 
123;  Hart.,  Fl  Scand.  I,  428. 

Europe,  N.  of  Alps  and  Carpathians;  Siberia. 
North  America:    N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q  ,  Ont.,  Man.  to  Sas- 
katchewan and  Hudson  Bay,  N.  W.   T.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J., 
Mich,  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley;  N.  E.  district  only;  cold  marshes  and 
bogs;  perhaps  N.  W. 

HERB.  :  Bailey  98,  Vermilion  lake;  Eoberts  123,  Duluth; 
Sheldon  2000a,  Keegan's  lake;  MacM.  107a,  Taylor's  Falls. 

ARISAEMA  MART.     Flora,  II,  459  (1831). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  965;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  430; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  III,  150  (Engler). 

Living  species:  50 ±  ;  mostly  temperate  and  subtropi- 
cal Asia;  1-2,  Abyssinia;  N.  America,  3-4;  Canada,  2;  E.  sts., 
2;  S.  sts.,  3;  only  in  Atl.  Region 

Fossil  species:     Araceae  (see  Schenck,  Palacophyt,  377). 

Arisaema  triphyllum  (LINN.)  TORR.     Fl.  N.  Y.  II  (1843). 
Arum  triphyllum  LINN.    Spec.  1365  (1758)  pro  parte. 
Arisaema  atrorubens  BLUME,    Rumphia  I,  97  (1835j. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  549;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  252:  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  440;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  134;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  72;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  97;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  227. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  N.  Superior 
region  to  Man.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
E.  Kansas  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  rich  woodland 
and  shaded  river-banks. 

HERB.:  Tay lor  432a,  Janes ville;  Bollard  58,  Chaska; 
Arthur  156,  Vermilion  lake;  Herrick  278,  Minneapolis;  Kas- 
.sube  221,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  523,  Vasa;  Herb.  Wickersheim 
.116,  Lake  Benton;  Herb.  Moyer  227,  228,  Montevideo. 

XI.     LEMNACEAE.     Duck-Weed  Family. 
Pistiaceae  LINDL.     Veg.  Kingd.  (1846)  in  part. 

Endlicher,  Gen  PL  232  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  1000 
11883);  Engler  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  III,  154  (1887). 

Genera:    2;  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 
Species:    24  ±  ;  over  one-half  in  tropics. 


LIST  OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  138 

LEMNA  LINN.     Gen.  798  (1737). 

Telmatophace  SCHLEID.    Linn.  XIII,  391  (1839). 
Spiroclela  SCHLEID.    1.  c.  (1839). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III.  1001;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  451; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  III.  163,  164  (Engler);  Schenck,  Palaeo- 
pfiyt.  378. 

Living  species:  7;  temperate  and  tropical  regions, 
Russia,  3;  Europe,  4;  N.  America,  6;  Canada,  3;  Rocky  mts.,  3; 
S.  Sts.,  3;  California,  5-6;  PL  King,  4;  E.  Sts.,  6. 

Fossil  species:  2;  Oligocene,  Spitzbergen  (Heer); 
Samland  (Conwentz). . 

Lemna  minor  LINN.     Spec.  970  (1753). 
Lenticula  minor  SCOP.    Fl.  Cam.  1142  (1772). 
Lemna  vulgaris  var.  B.  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  Ill,  464  (1789). 
Lemna  minima  HUMB.    Gen.  I,  372  (1815). 
L.  cyclostasa  ELL.    ex.  Schleid.  Linn.  XIII,  390  (1839). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  553;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.-254;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  97;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  190;Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  135;  Mac.,Fl.  Can. 
II.  75;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  360; Chap,,  Fl.  S.  St.  442;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl. 
Ross.  IV,  17;  Gris.,  Fl.  W.  I.;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  425;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  175; 
Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  122;  EngL,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II.  3,  164;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
336;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  228;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  1,430. 

Europe;  Asia;  Africa;  Australia;  S.  America. 

North  America:  Throughout;  continent  below  58°  N. 
lat. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  probably  westward; 
ponds  and  pools;  floating  on  the  surface. 

HERB.  :    Ballard  610,  Chaska;  Bollard  9,  Chaska. 

Lemna  per  pus  ilia  TORR.     N.  Y.  Fl.  II,  245  (1843). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  552;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  254. 

North  America:  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Mich.,  Wis.  and 
Minn. 

Minn  valley:  Forest  district;  floating  in  ponds  and 
pools. 

HERB.:     Sheldon  118,  Elysian. 

Lemna  trisulca  LINN.     Spec.  970  (1753). 
Lenticula  trisulca  SCOP.    Fl.  Cam.  1143  (1772). 
Lemna  cruciata  ROXB.    Fl.  Ind.  Ill,  566  (1832). 
L.  intermedia  RUTHE,    ex.  Schleid.  Linn.  XIII,  391  (1839). 
Staurogeton  trisukus  SCHUR.    En.  636  (1866). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  552;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  254;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  13o;  Coult..  Fl.  Colo.  360;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  74;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb. 
97;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  189;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  425;  Gris.,  Fl.  W.  L; 
Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  17;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  175;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  122;  Hmgl  ,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  3,  164;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  336;  Cov.,  FL 
Ark.  228;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  430. 

Europe;  Asia;  Australia;  South  America;  Africa. 


134  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

North  America:  Atl.  to  Pac,  in  Can.;  to  lat  58°  N.; 
S.  to  N.  J.  and  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  N.  Mex.,  Oregon  and 
Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  not  infrequent;  ponds  and 
pools,  floating  on  the  surface. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  61,  Chaska;  Sheldon  355,  Madison  Lake, 
Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Bollard  442,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor 
%18a,  Lake  Helena,  Waseca  Co. ;  Bollard  818,  Page  lake,  Carver 
Co. ;  Bollard  680,  Waconia. 

Lemna  polyrhiza  LINN.     Spec.  970  (1753). 
Lenticula  polyrhiza  LAM.    Fl.  Fr.  189  (1778). 
Lemna  orbicularis  KIT.    in  Schult.  Ostr.  Fl.  ed.  2,  64  (1814). 
L.  thermalis  BEAUV.    in  Nutt  Gen.  I,  19  (1818). 
L.  major  C.  A.  M.    Ind.  Cauc,  11  (1831). 
L.  orbiculata  ROXB.    Fl.  Ind.  Ill,  565  (1832). 
Speirodela polyrhiza  SCHLEID.    Linn.  XIII,  392  (1839). 
Lemna  bannatica  KUNTH,    Enum.  Ill,  7  (1841). 
Telmatophace  polyrhiza  GODR.    Fl.  Lorr.  Ill,  18  (1844). 
T.  orbicularis  SCHCTR.    Enum.  635  (1866). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  552;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  255;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  135;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  75;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  97;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
II.  190;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  360;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  443;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  425; 
Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Boss  IV,  18;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  175;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  122;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II.  3,  164;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  368;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  336;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  228;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  429. 

Europe— except  Greece;  Russia  and  Siberia;  Australia; 
Madeiras;  Central  America  and  West  Indies. 

North  America:     Same  distribution  as  last. 
Minn,    valley  :      Throughout;    abundant;    ponds  -  and 
pools;  floating  on  the  surface. 

HERB.  :    Bollard  441,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;   Bollard 
,  Waconia;  Bollard  60,  Chaska;  Sheldon  724,  Sleepy  Eye. 

'GRANTIA  GRIFF.     Notul.  Ill,  236  (1851)  not  Boiss. 

Wolffia  HORKEL,  ex.  Schleid.  Linn.  XIII,  389  (1839),  not  Wulffia 
Elem.  I,  35  (1790). 
Horkelia  REICH,    ex.  Baitl.  Ord.  Nat.  76  (1830),  not  Cham,  and 
Schlecht.  (1827). 

Bruniera  FRANCHET,    Billotia,  25  (1864). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1001;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  P/ia?i.451; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  III,  164  (Engler). 

Living  species:  12;  Europe;  E.  Indies;  tropical  Africa 
and  America  to  Canada  and  Chile.  N.  America,  2  sp. 

Grantia  brasiliensis  (WEDD). 

Wolffia  brasiliensis  WEDD.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ser.  3,  XII,  157  (1849). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  553;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  76. 
North  America:     With  G.  columbiana. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  135 

Minn,  valley  :  Forest  district;  probably  throughout; 
pools  and  ponds;  floating  on  the  surface. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  888,  Lake  Waconia ;  Bollard  62 
(partly),  Chaska,  Carver  Co. 

(jrantia  columbiana  (KARST). 

Wolffia  columbiana  KARST. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  553;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  255;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  135;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  76,  368. 

North  America:  Ont.,  Conn,  and  N.  J. ;  to  Minn.,  Mo. 
and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Waconia  to  Blue  Earth 
Co.;  ponds  and  pools;  floating  near  the  surface. 

HERB.  :    Bollard  62,  Chaska;  Oestlund  182,  Minnehaha. 

XII.  XYRIDACEAE.   Star- Eyed  Grass  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  123  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  841 
(1883);  Engler  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  IV,  18  (1887). 

Genera:  2;  tropics  and  N.  temperate  America;  large- 
ly tropical. 

Species :  48  ±  ;  principally  in  tropical  America. 

XYRI8  LINN.     Gen.  31  (1737). 

Schizmaxon  STEUD.    Bot.  Zeit.  391  (1856). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  842;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  433; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  IV,  20  (Engler);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt. 
366. 

Living  species:    40;  warmer  regions,  except  Europe; 

principally  N.  and  S.  America.     N.  America,  20  ±;  S.  Sts.,  18; 
E.  Sts.,  4;  Canada,  1. 

Fossil  species :  ?  Tertiary,  W.  N.  America  (Lesquereaux) . 

Xyris  flexuosa  MUHL.     Cat.  5  (1813). 

?  X.  jupicai  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  23  (1803)  nom.  dub. 
X.  bulbosa  KUNTH,    Enum.  IV,  11  (1843). 
X.  scabra  ENGELM.    Herb.  Columbia  Coll. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  537;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  247;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  149;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  54;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  500;  Kies,  Torr. 
Bull.  XIX,  37. 

North  America:  N.  S..  Ont.  (in  var.?),  Mass,  to  N.  J. 
and  Md.  to  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  the  N.  E.  district;  rare 
or  doubtful;  sandy  or  peaty  bogs. 

XIII.  ERIOCAULACEAE.      Pipewort  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  122  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill, 
1019  (1883);    Hieronymus  in  Engler  and  Prantl,    Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  IV,  21 

(1887). 


136  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Genera:  6;  warmer  regions  and  in  temperate  zones. 
Species :  340  ±  ;  60  per  cent,  in  Brazil. 

EBIOCAULON  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  II,  81  (1742). 

Randalia,  Sphaerochloa,  Symphachne  BEAUV.    Ann.  Sci. 
Nat.  1,  xiii,  47  (1828). 

Nasnaythia  HUDS.    Fl.  Angl.  ed.  2,  414  (1778). 
Leucocephala  ROXB.    Fl.  Ind.  Ill,  612  (1832). 
Electrosperma  F.  MULL.    Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  Viet.  I,  23  (1855). 
Lasiolepis  BOECKL.    Flora  90  (1873). 
Chaetodiscus  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  II,  261  (1855). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  1020;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  454; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  IV,  26  (Hieronymus). 

Living  species:  110;  Asia,  Africa,  Australia,  S.  Amer- 
ica, E.  N.  America,  Ireland  and  Hebrides.  N.  America,  4-5; 
S.  Sts.,  4;  Canada,  1;  E.  Sts.,  3. 

Fossil  species :   ?  Tertiary,  W.  N  America  (Lesquereaux) . 

Eriocaulon  septangulare  WITH.    Bot.  Arr.  184  (1776). 
Nasmythia  articulata  HUDS.    Fl.  Angl.  415  (1778). 
'Eriocaulon  decangulare  HULL,    Brit.  Fl.  29  (1799). 
E.  pellucidum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  166  (1803). 
E.  articulatum  MORONG,    Torr.  Bull.  XVIII,  353  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  567;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  260;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  149;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  92;  Eicht.,  PI.  Eur.  176;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt. 
Brit.  421;  Engl.  Hieron.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  4,  27. 
Ireland,  Skye  and  the  Hebrides. 

North  America:  Newl,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Lake  Superior 
and  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  J. ;  W.  to  Ind.,  Mich,  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  edge;  rare;  borders 
of  ponds  and  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Bailey  536,  Burntside  lake. 

XIV.  COMMELINACEAE.  Spiderwort  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  124  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill, 
844  (1883);  Schonland  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  IV,  60  (1887). 

Genera:  25;  tropics,  and  a  few  in  temperate  regions, 
except  of  Asia  and  Europe. 

Species:  325;  90  per  cent. +,  in  tropics. 

TRADESCANTIA  LINN.     Gen.  277  (1737). 
Ephemerum  MOENCH,    Meth.  237  (1794). 
Knowlesia  HASSK.    Commel.  Ind.  5  (1870). 
Descautaria  SCHLECHT.    Linn.  XXVI,  140  (1852). 
Heterachthia  KUNZE,    Bot.  Zeit.  1  (1850). 
Pyrrheima  HASSK.    Flora  366  (1869). 
Manclonia  HASSK.    Flora  260  (1871). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  137 

Disg-rega  HASSK.    Commel.  Ind.  6  (1870), 
Skofitzia  HASSK.    Oest.  Bot.  Zeitschr.  147  (1872). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III.  853;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Ptian.  435; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  IV,  68  (Schonland);  Schenck,  Palaeo- 
phyt.  367. 

Living  species:    32;  tropical  and  temperate  America. 

N.  America,  5;  S.  Sts.,  4;  E.  Sts.,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  1. 

Fossil  species:    ? Commelinacites,  amber  (Conweniz). 

Tradescantia  virginica  LINN.     Spec.  288  (1753). 
T.  cristata  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  119  (1788). 
T.  ohioensis  RAF.    N.  Fl.  86  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  539;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  248;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  107;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  498;  Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.  149;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
355;  Engl.  Schonland,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  4,  68;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  359;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  274;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  226. 

Mexico  to  Central  America  ? 

North  America:  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  Dak.  and  Wyoming; 
S.  to  Fla.  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  meadows  and  edges  of 
woods. 

HERB  :  Sheldon  747,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  176,  Janes- 
ville;  Taglor  578,  Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  783,  Glenwood;  Bal- 
lard  368,  Helena,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  58,  Chaska;  Herrick  319, 
Minneapolis;  Herrick  320,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  250,  Minne- 
apolis; Holzinger  294.  Winona  Co. ;  Oesilund  209,  Minneapolis; 
Sandberg  597,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1711,  Minneapolis; 
Hammond  50,  Lake  City;  Wickersheim  130,  Idlewild. 

XV.      PONTEDERIACEAE.        Pickerel-Weed 
Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  137  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  836 
(1883);  Schonland  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  IV,  70  (1887). 
Genera:  6;  warmer  regions,  except  Europe. 
Species:   23;  principally  tropical. 

PONTEDERIA  LINN.     Gen.  291  (1737). 

Unisema  RAF.    Journ.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  261  (1819). 
Reussia  ENDL.    Gen.  139  (1840). 

Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2.  IV,  73,  74  (Schonland);  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  433;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  837. 

Living  species:   3-4;  N.  America,  1;  S.  America,  3. 

Pontederia  cordata  LINN.     Spec.  288  (1753). 
P.  mueronata  RAF.    Med.  Rep.  XI,  352  (1808). 
P.  angustifolia  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  233  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6 ed.  536;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  246;  Mac.» 
Fl.  Can.  II,  53;  Qpham,  Fl.  Minn.  149;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  496;  Engl.  Schonl., 
Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  4,  73;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  226. 


138  METASPERMAE   OP   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  L.  Huron  and  Sas- 
katchewan; S.  to  N.  J.  and  Pla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  N.  district;  forest  lakes;  local 
and  infrequent. 

HETER  ANTHER  A  Ruiz  and  PAV.     Prodr,  9,  t,  2  (1794). 
Schollera  SCHREB.    Gen.  PL  II,  785  (1791)  not  Both  (1788). 
Leptanthus  MICHX.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I.  24  (1803). 
Buchosia  VELLOZ.    Fl.  Flum.  33  (1827). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  III,  838;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  433; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  IV,  74  (Schonland);  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen. 
II,  719. 

Living  species:  9;  tropical  Africa;  N.  and  S.  America. 
N.  America,  3-4;  California,  1;  S.  Sts.,  1;  Canada,  1 ;  E.  Sts.,  3. 

Heter  anther  a  dubia  (JACQ.). 

Commelina  dubia  JACQ.    Icon.  (1768). 

Schollera  graminifolia  WILLD.    Nov.  Act.  Soc.  Berl.  HI,  438  (1801). 
Leptanthus  gramineus  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  25  (1803). 
Heteranthera  graminea  VAHL,    Enum.  II,  45  ( 1806). 
Schollera  graminea  BATCTR.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  54  (1822). 
S.  dubia  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  II,  719  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  536;  Britt.,  Fl,  N.  J.  247;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  54;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn,  149;  Chap.  Fl.  S.  St.  497;  Engl.  Schonl.,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  II,  4,  74;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  187;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  359;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  226. 

Cuba. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  Ott.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and 
N.  Car. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  E.  Kan. ,  Ark.  and  Tex. ;  also,  Oregon 
and  California. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  mud  beside  lakes  or 
streams,  or  completely  aquatic. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  718,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1430,  Lake 
Benton;  Sheldon  813,  Sigel  township,  Brown  Co. ;  Sheldon  1135, 
Springfield;  Sheldon  1508,  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  987,  Glenwood; 
MacMillan  19,  Morton;  Herrick  318,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  208, 
Minnehaha;  Sandberg  596,  Belle  Creek. 

XVI.    JUNCACEAE.     Rush  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  130  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  861  (1883); 
Buchenau  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  1  (1887). 

Genera:    7;  2,  cosmopolitan;  5,  southern  hemisphere. 
Species:    190  ± ;  5-6,  extinct. 

JUNCUS  LINN.     Gen.  295  (1737)  p.  p. 

Tenagaia  REICH.    Ic  Fl.  Germ.  IX.  22  (1847). 
Cephaloxys  DESVX.    Journ.  Bot.  I,  324  (1808). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  139 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  867;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  436;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  5  (Buchenau);  Schenck,  Palaeopliyt.  363. 

Living  species:  176  (Buch.  Mon.);  cosmopolitan. 
Europe,  45;  Russia,  35;  Russian  Europe,  30;  North  America, 
60;  Canada,  37-43;  E.  Sts.,  27-30;  California,  28-32;  Rocky  mts., 
4-5;  PL  King.,  9;  PI.  Wheel.,  14;  S.  Sts.,  16-20. 

Fossil  species,  3-4,  Tertiary;  Greenland  and  Spitz - 
bergen  (Heer). 

Juncus  tenuis  WILLD.     Spec.  II,  214  (1799). 

J.  gradlis  SM.    Comp.  Fl.  Brit.  55  (1800). 

/.  bicornis  MICHX.     Fl.  35T.  Am.  I,  191  (1803). 

J.  parviflorus  Pom.    Enc.  Meth.  Suppl.  Ill,  160  (1813). 

J.  macer  S.  F.  GRAY,    Nat.  AIT.  Brit.  PI.  II,  164  (1821). 

/.  aristatus  LINK,    Enum.  2948  (1822). 

/.  gesneri  SM.    Engl.  Fl.  II,  167  (1824). 

J.  chloroticus  SCHULTES,    E.  and  S.  Syst.  VII,  240  (1829). 

/.  smithii  KUNTH,    Enum.  Ill,  349  (1841). 

/.  lucidus  HOCHST.    Fl.  Az.  24(1848). 

J.  germanorum  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  II,  305  (1855). 

/.  vacillons  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  II,  305  (1855). 

/.  compressus  X  effusus  O.  KUXTZE,  Tasch.  Fl.  Leip.  5.5  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  542;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  250;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  59;  Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.  148;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  493;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
11,207;  Buch.,  Mon.  June.  193;  Coult.  Fl.  Colo.  358;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  107; 
Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  107;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  177;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  416;  Nym., 
Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Buss.  136;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  493;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  273;  Cov.  Fl.  Ark.  227. 

Central  Europe;  Tristan  d'Acunha  and  New  Zealand 
(intro.  ?). 

North  America:  N.  S.,  to  Hudson  Bay,  Saskatche- 
wan, Bear  lake  and  Vancouver;  S.  to  Oregon,  S.  Calif,  and 
N.  Mex.;  E.  to  N.  Eng.,  Fla.  and  W.  Indies. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  low  marshy  or 
damp  places. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  878,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  144$,  Pipe- 
stone;  Ballard432,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  1366,  Lake 
Benton;  Taylor  635,  Minnesota  lake;  Herrick  317,  Minneapolis; 
Bailey  125,  Vermilion  lake;  Oestlund205,  Ramsey  Co.;  Bailey  486, 
Agate  bay;  Sandberg,  594,  Red  Wing;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  67, 
Brainerd. 

Juncus  vaseyi  ENGELM.    Rev.  N.  Amer.  June.  II,  448  (1866). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man  6  ed.  542;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  148;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  358;  Buch.,  Mon.  June.  201;  Engl.  Bach.,  Nat.   Pflanz.  II.  5,  5; 
Wats.,  King  Exp.  492:  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  58. 

North  America:     Lake  Nipigon  to  Saskatchewan  and 


140  METASPERMAE   OP   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Brandon,  Man.;  S.  to  Colo.;  E.  to  111.,  Minn.,  Mich,  and  in  N. 
Maine. 

Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  forest  district  and  S.  E. 
edge;  infrequent;  wet  meadows. 

Juncus    balticus    WILLD.      var.  litoralis   ENGELM.     Rev, 
Amer.  June.  II,  441  (1866). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  540;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  56;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  148;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  205;  Coult.,  FL  Colo.  357;  Buch.,  Mon. 
June.  215;  ?Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  415:  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  266?;  Roth.,  Wheel 
Exp.  272?;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  420  (spec.);  Rothr.,  Alask.  457?. 

S.  America,  Patagonia;  Pyrenees  mts.   (spec.). 

North  America:     N.  S.,  Q.,  to  L.  Huron  and  L.  Winni- 
peg; S.  to  Mass.,  Penn.,  Minn.,  Ohio,  and  Colo.? 

Minn,   valley:     Reported  from  forest  district;  infre- 
quent; marshes  and  swamps. 

HERB.  :     ?  Oestlund  204,  Ramsey  Co. 

Juncus  filiformis  LINN.     Spec.  326  (1753). 
/.  arclicus  LAP.    Abr.  193  (1813). 
/.  trichodes  STEUD.    Syn.  Glum.  II,  306  (1855). 
J.  transilvanicus  SCHUR.    Enum.  684  (1866). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  540;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  107;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  55;  Upham,  «F1.  Minn.  148;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  357;  Buch.,  Mon. 
June.  224;  Kicht.,  PL  Eur.  178;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  223;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit. 
415;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  136;  Engl.  Buchenau,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  5,  5;  Mac.r 
Fl.  Can.  II,  365;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  492;  Hart.  Fl.  Scand.  420. 
Europe  to  Apennines;  N.  Asia;  Patagonia. 
North  America:     Greenland  and  Newf.  to  Little  Slave 
lake,  Bear  lake  and  Brit.  Col.;  Selkirk  summits;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
Mich.,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  N.    E.    district;    rare;, 
marshes  and  swamps. 

HERB.:    Bailey  17,  Vermilion  lake;'.Ro&erte  135,  Knife 
river. 

Juncus  effusus  LINN.     Spec.  326  (1753). 

J.  conglomeratus  LINN.    Spec.  326  (1753)  pro  parte. 

J.  bogotensis  HBK.    N.  Gen.  Et.  Spec.  I,  235  (1815). 

J.  communis  var.-  effusus  E.  MEY.    Mon.  June.  20  (1819). 

J.  laevis  var.  effusus  WA.LLR.    Scried.  Crit.  I,  142(1822). 

J.  aemulans  LIEBM.     Mex.  Junc.>38  (1850). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  540;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  249;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  55;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  148;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  493;  Buch.,  Mon.  June. 
228;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  221;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  414;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  178; 
Nym.,Fl.  Eur. ;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  266;  Herd  ,F1.  Eur.  Russ.  136;  Engl.  Buch., 
Nat  Pflanz.  II,  5,  5;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  491;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  226;  Hart..  Fl. 
Scand.  I,  419-420. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  141 

Europe;  Asia;  Africa;  Australia;  Central  America. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Hudson  Bay  to  Vancouver; 
S.,  E.  of  Rocky  mts.,  to  Gulf  of  Mex.  and  Pla. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  edge;  marshy  or  swampy  ground; 
rare. 

HERB.:  Bailey  520,  Agate  Bay;  Sandberg  593,  Chi- 
sago  Co. 

Juncus  nodosus  LINN.  var.  genuinus  ENGELM.     Rev.  June. 
II,  471  (1868). 

/.  rostkovii  E.  MEY.    Syn.  June.  26  (1822). 
/.  nodosus  Auct. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  545;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  251;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  634— excl.  syn.;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  149;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  107; 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  208;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  358;  Buch.,  Mon.  June.  314,  316; 
?Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  235;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  494;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  227;  Webb., 
Appx.  Keb.  25. 

S.  Russia  ? 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Hudson  Bay,  Bear  lake 
to  Brit.  Col.  and  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  Oregon  and  Calif.;  S.  to 
Minn.,  Iowa,  N.  Ind.,  Neb:,  Ark.;  E.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  marshes,  swamps 
and  banks. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  887,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard 
896,  St.  Bonifacius;  Taylor  1085,  Glen  wood;  Sheldon  1158,  New 
Ulm;  Taylor  639,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  1397,  Verdi,  Lincoln 
Co.;  Sheldon  1458,  Pipestone;  Sandberg  595,  Red  Wing;  Oesi- 
lund  206,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Oesllund  207,  Ramsey  Co. ;  MacM.  and 
Sheld.  23,  Brainerd. 

Juncus  nodosus  LINN.  var.  megacephalus  TORR.    Fl.  N.  Y. 
II,  327  (1843). 

/.  megacephalus  WOOD,    Bot.  724  (1861). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  545;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  251;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  63;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  149;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  358;  Buch.,  Mon. 
June.  316;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  208;  Both.,  Wheel.  Exp.  273. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan,  Colo.,  Oregon, 
Nev.,  Arizona,  Calif,  and  Tex.;  E.  to  N.  Y.,  Ohio  and  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  principally  westward;  hab- 
itat with  the  type. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  I032a,  New  Ulm;  Sheldon  1071,  Spring- 
field; Sheldon  1462,  Pipestone. 

J  miens  can  ad  ens  is  J.  GAY,  var.  coarctatus  ENGELM.  Rev. 
June.  474  (1868). 

J.  paradoocus  AUCT.  AMER.  in  part. 

/.  acuminatus  AUCT.  AMER.  before  ENGELM.  not  Michx. 


142  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  546;  Buchenau,  Mon.  June  271; 
Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  63;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  251;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  358. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  E.  T.  and  Ont.  to  N.  Eng. 
and  N.  J. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Colo,  and  Mont. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  wet  meadows  and  banks. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  85,  Elysian;  Sheldon  205,  Madison  Lake; 
Bailey  276,  St.  Louis  river;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  68,  Brainerd;. 
Juni  27,  Little  Marais. 

Juncus  canadensis  J.  GAY  var.    longecaudatus  ENGELM. 
Rev.  June.  II,  474  (1868). 

J.  paradoxus  AUCT.  AMER. 

J.  polycephalus  var.  paradoxus  TORR.    Fl.  N.  Y.  II,  327  (1843). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  545;  ?Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  251;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  149;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  64;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  358;  Buch.,  Mon. 
June.  271;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  495;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  227. 
Central  Amer.  to  Venezuela  ? 

North  America:     N.  Br.,   Ont.  to  S.  Ste.  Marie  and 
Minn. ;  E.  to  Mass,  and  N.  J. ;  S.  to  S.  Car.  and  La. ;  W.  to  Ark. 
Minn,   valley:     Forest  district;    Ft.   Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  wet  places. 

HERB.:  Juni  17,  Little  Marais;  Bailey  276,  St.  Louis 
river;  Taylor  637,  Minnesota  lake. 

Juncus  acuminatus  MICHX,  var.  legitimus  ENGELM.    Rev. 
June.  II,  435  (1868). 

/.  acuminatus  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  192  (1803). 
/.  pallescens  E.  MEY.    Syn.  June.  31  ,1822). 
J.  paradoxus  E.  MEY.    Syn.  June.  30  (1822>. 
/.  fraternus  KUNTH,    Enum.  Ill,  340  (1841). 
/.  debilis  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  II,  480  (1856)  pro  parte. 
J.  pondii  WOOD,    Bot.  724  (1861). 

Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  544;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  250;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  148;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  62;  Buch.,  Mon.  June.  333;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  494;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  494;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  226. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.  to  Ont.  and  Minn. ;  S.  to  N.  J. 
and  Ga.;  W.  to  Kan.,  Nev.?  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  infrequent;  wet  places 
and  meadows. 

HERB.  :   Bollard  280,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. 

CYPERELLA  CRAM.     Tent.  Bot.  41  (1744). 
Juncastrum  HEIST.    Syst.  12  (1748). 
Ischaemon  SCHMIED.    Grsn.  Hist.  PL  13  (1759)  not  Linn. 
Lux  11  la  DC.     Fl.  Fr.  Ill,  158  (1805). 
Juncodes  ADANS.    Fam.  II,  47  (1763). 
JLeucophoba  EHRH.    Phyt  n.  73  (1793). 
Luciola  SM.    Eng.  Fl.  II,  177  (1824). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  143 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  436;   Durand,  2nd.  Gen.  Pfian.  436; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  7  (Buchenau):    O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen. 

II,  722. 

Living  species :    40  ± ;  temperate  regions  and  tropical 

mts.  Europe,  26;  Russia,  10;  Russian  Europe,  10;  Canada, 
8-10;  California,  5;  E.  Sts.,  5;  Rocky  mts.,  6;  S.  Sts.,  3;  PL 
King,  4;  U.  S..  10. 

Cyperella  campestris  (LINN.)  var.  multiflora  (EHRH.). 
Juncus  campestris  var.  G.  LINN.    Spec.  ed.  2,  469  (1762). 
Juncus  multiflorus  Emm.    Calam.  Exsicc   (1791). 
/.  intermedius  THUILL.    Fl.  Par.  Env.  178  (1799). 
J.  erectus  PERS.    Syn.  I,  386  (1805). 
J.  nemorosus  HOST.    Icon.  Gram.  97  (1805). 
Luzula  erecta  DESY.    Mem.  Luz.  156  (1808). 
L.  multiflora  LEJ.    Fl.  Env.  Spa,  169  (1811). 
L.  intermedia  var.  multiflora  SPENN.    Fl.  Frib.  177  (1825). 
L.  pallescens  HOPPE,    Sturm.  Deutsch.  Fl.  XVIII,  77  (1839). 
L.  campestris  AUCT.  AMER.  et  YET.  ORB. 

L.  campestris  vars.  pallescens  and  comosa  MAC.    Fl.  Can.  II,  67  (1888), 

L.  campestris  DC.  var.  multiflora  L.  CELAKOV.  Prodr.Bohm.85(1869). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  546;   Buchen.,  Mon.  June,  161; 

Britt,  Fl.  N.  J.  251;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn:  148;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  493;   Wats., 

Fi.  Calif.  II,  203;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  186;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  216;  Hook.,  Fl. 

Gt.  Brit.  420;    Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  267;  Herd.,  FL  Eur.  Russ.  136;   Engl. 

Buchen..  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  5,  7;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  355;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  227; 

Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  426;  Rothr.,  Alask.  456. 

Europe;  Asia;  N.  Africa;  N.  Zealand. 
North  America:   Greenland  to  Alaska;    S.  to  Plumas 
Co.,  Calif.     From  N.  Eng.  to  Fla    and  W.   to  Minn.,  Ark.  and 
Texas. 

Minn,  valley:   Forest  district;  rare;  dry  fields  and  hills. 
HERB.  :   Sandberg  592,  Chisago  Co. ;  Sheldon  1621,  Twin 
lake,  Hennepin  Co. 

XVII.     LILIACEAE.     Lily  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  133,  139,  152  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL 

III,  748  (1883);  Engler  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  10  (1887). 

Genera:    200;    cosmopolitan;    most  abundant  in  sub- 
tropical and  temperate  regions.     Extinct,  6-7. 

Species:    2500;  extinct,  100-150;  doubtful. 

TOFIELDIA  HUBS.     Fl.  Angl.  ed.  2,  157  (1778). 
Heriteria  SCHRANK,    Baler.  Fl.  I,  133  (1789;. 
Hebelia  GMEL.    Fl.  Bad.  II,  117  (1806  . 
Triantha  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  235  (1818). 

Isidrogalvia  R.  and  P.    Fl.  Per.  and  Chile,  III,  69  (1802). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  828;   Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  431; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  20  (Engler). 


144  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Living  species:  14;  N.  temperate  and  Arctic  regions, 
and  in  the  Andes.  Japan,  5;  N.  America,  3;  Canada,  1;  S.  Sts., 
3;  California,  2;  Himalayas,  1;  Andes,  1-2. 

Tofieldia  glutinosa  (Micnx.)  WILLD.     Spec.  IV  (1805). 
Narihecium  glutinosum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  1,  210  (1803). 
Melanthium  aspericaule  POIR.    ex  Steud.  Nom.  II,  690  (1813?). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  532;  Upharn,,  Fl.  Minn.  145;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  44;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  184;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  492;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  354;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  211;  Rothr.,  Alask.  456. 
Arctic  Russia,  Kamtk.  and  Siberia. 
North  America:     Anticosti,   N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man., 
Athabasca,  Hudson  Bay,  Bear  Lake  and  Alaska;  W.  to  Rocky 
mts. ;  S.  to  California  and  Oregon;  Wyoming;  S.   to   Minn., 
Mich.,  Ind.,  N.  Y.,   Maine  and  in  Alleghenies  to   Tenn.   and 
N.  Car. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  and  forest  districts;  moist  grounds 
and  shaded  banks. 

HERB.:  Taylor  733,  Glen  wood;  Herrick  305,  Minnea- 
polis ;  Herrick  306,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  572,  Goodhue  Co.; 
Herb.  Sheld.  1755,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Kassube  224,  Minneapolis. 

ZIGAJ)ENUS  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  213  (1803). 

Monadenus  and  Chitonia  SALISB.    Fragm.  51  (1822?). 

Anticlea  and  Amiantanthium  KUNTH,    Enum.  IV,  179,  191 
(1843). 

Amianthium  A.  GRAY,    Ann.  Lye.  1ST.  Y.  IV,  121  (1837). 

Chrosperma  RAF.    ex.  Engler.  l.  c.  (1887). 

Enclooles  SALISB.    Fragm.  (1822?). 

•Stenanthium  A.  GRAY,    Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  IV,  119  (1837). 

Schoenocaulon  A.  GRAY,    Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  IV,  127  (1837). 

Asagraya  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  t.  33  (1839). 

Sabadilla  BRANDT,    Hayne,  Arzneig.  XIII,  f.  27  (1836). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  835,  836;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  432; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  23,  24  (Engler). 

Living  species  :  20;  N.  America  and  Mexico,  17;  C. 
Amer.,  1;  Saghalin,  1;  Siberia,  1;  E.  Sts.,  11;  California,  3-4; 
S.  Sts.,  5-6;  Canada,  4-5;  Rocky  mts.,  5. 

Zigadenus  elegans  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  241  (1814). 

Z.  chlvro.nthus  RICH.    Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  177  (1840). 
Z.  glaucus  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  178  (1840). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  535;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  52;  Upham, 
Fl.Minn.  144;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  107;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  488;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
353;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  183;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  5,  24;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  271. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Anticosti,  to  N.  Eng.  and  N. 
J.;  W.  to  Oregon  and  Behring's  Straits,  62°  45'  N.  lat.;  S.  to 
Nev. ,  N.  Mex. ,  Arizona,  Neb. ,  111. ,  Minn,  and  Tex.  ? 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED  PRODUCING   PLANTS.  145 

Minn,  valley  :  Throughout;  common;  grassy  places, 
fields,  hillsides  and  meadows. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  744,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  553,  Waseca; 
Sheldon  1539,  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  472,  Janesville;  Ballard  166, 
Shakopee;  Sandberg  571,  Red  Wing;  Oestlund  198,  Hennepin 
Co.;  Herri ck  304,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  240,  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Sheld.  191S,  Ramsey  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer  237,  Camp  Release, 
Chippewa  Co. 

MELANTHIUM  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  II,  Appx.  (1742). 

Leimanthium  WILLD.    Gesell.  Nat.  Berl.  Mag.  II,  24  (1802). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  III.  834;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.   Pfian.  432; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  24  (Engler). 

Living  species:  3;  Atlantic  N.  America.  E.  Sts.,  3; 
Canada,  1;  S.  Sts.,  1. 

Melanthium  virginicum  LINN.     Spec.  339  (1753). 

Helonias  virginica  SIMS,    Bot.  Mag.  285  ( )? 

Leimanthium  virginicum  WILLD.    Mag.  Naturf.  II,  24  (1808). 
Zygadenus  virginicus  KUNTH,    Enum.  IV,  195(1843). 
Melanthium  hybridum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  212  (1814). 
Leimanthium  hybridum  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  177  (1840). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  533;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  51;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  245;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  488;  Engl.  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  5,  24:  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  226. 

North  America:     Ont.  ?  to  N.  Eng. ;  S.  to  N.  Car.  and 

Fla.?  W.  to  Minn.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district;  rare  or 
doubtful;  wet  meadows. 

YERATRUM  LINN.     Gen.  769  (1737). 

Acedilanthus  TRATJTV.    Midden.  Reise,  Fl,  Okh.  94  (1864?). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  III.  834 ;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  432; 
Engler  and  Prantl,   Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  24  (Engler). 

Living  species:  9;  forest  regions  of  N.  hemisphere. 
Russia,  4;  Europe,  2;  N.  America,  5;  California,  2;  E.  Sts.,  3; 
Canada,  1;  S.  Sts.,  3;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  PI.  King,  2;  PL  Wheel.,  2. 

Yeratrum  viricle  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  896  (1789). 
V.  album  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  249  (1803). 

Helonias  viridis  SIMS,    Bot.  Mag.  1096  ( 1? 

Veratrum  eschscholtzii  GRAY,    in  Rothr.  Alask.  456  (1867). 
V.  album  var.  eschscholtzii  DAWSON,    Bound  Eep.  374  (1875). 
?  V.  album  var.  viridis  REGEL,    Fl.  Ussur.  153  (1862). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  534;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  245;  Mac.,  Fl. 
€an.  II,  51;  Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.,  144;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  489;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
II,  182;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  115?;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  344;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
11,5,24. 
-10 


146  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Valley  of  the  Lena  river  in  Siberia? 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  Brit.  Col., 
Vancouver  and  Sitka,  Alaska;  S.  to  Oregon;  E.  to  Mo.,  Ga.  and 
Atlantic  coast. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  edge;  rare;  swamps 
and  marshes. 

UVULARIA  LINN.     Gen.  263  (1737). 

Oakesia  S.  WATS.    Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XIV,  269  (1879),  not  Tuck. 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  830;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phdn.  431; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  Y,  27  (En^ler). 

Living  species:  4;  Atlantic  N.  America. 

Uvular ia  grandiflora  SM.     Exot.  Fl.  99  (1804). 
?  U.  lanceolata  WILM>.    Spec.  II,  94  (1799). 

U.  perfoliata  var.  major  MICHX.    Fl.  I,  199  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  528;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  145;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  45;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  487;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  5,  27;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  225. 

North  America:     Q.,  Ont.  to  Owen  Sound  and  Lake 

Huron;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.  and  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and 

Ark. 

Minn,  valley:     Throughout;  woods  and  shaded  banks 

of  lakes  and  streams. 

HERB.:  Ballard  78,  Chaska;  Oestlund  199,  Ramsey 
Co.;  Kassube  241,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  308,  Minneapolis; 
Bailey  233,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  575,  Goodhue  Co.;  Ham- 
mond 42,  Lake  City;  Herb.  Moyer  238,  Montevideo. 

Uvularia  perfoliata  LINN.     Spec.  304  (1753). 

17.  perfoliata  var.  minor  MICHX.    Fl.  Am.  I,  199  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  527;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  244;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  44;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  487. 

North  America:  Ont?  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Dak.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  woods  and  shaded  banks 
of  lakes  and  streams;  abundant. 

HERB.:  Taylor  136,  Janesville;  Sheldon  144,  Madison 
Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Herrick  307,  Minneapolis ;  Sandberg  573, 
Red  Wing;  Sandberg  574,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1893,  Min- 
neapolis; Herb.  Wicker  sheim  123,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. 

Uvularia  sessilifolia  LINN.     Spec.  305  (1753). 

Oakesia  sessilifolia  S.  WATSON,    Proc.- Am.  Acad.  XIV,  269(1879). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  528;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  244;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  45;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  145;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  107;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  487;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  225. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  147 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and 
Pla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  principally  in  forest  dis- 
trict; woods  and  shaded  banks  of  lakes  and  streams. 

HERB.  :  Sandberg  576,  Black  Oak,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Sand- 
berg  577,  Goodhue  Co.;  Holsinger  282,  "western  Minnesota";: 
Kassube  242,  Ramsey  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1706,  Minneapolis; 
1896,  Ramsey  Co. 

ALLIUM  LINN.     Gen.  294  (1737). 

Hexonychia,  Calliprena,  Kaphione,  Xylorliiza,  Berenice, 
Porrum,  Cepa,  Phylloclolon,  Camarilla,  Schoenissa,  Butomissa, 
Hylogeton,  Molyza,  Canidia,  Julus,  Saturnia,  Briseis  SALISB* 

Fragra.  Gen.  88-94  (1822?). 

Schoenoprasum  HBK.    Nov.  Gen.  et  Spec.  I,  277  (1815). 

Codonoprasum  EEICHB.    Fl.  Germ.  Exc.  114  (1830). 

Ophioscorodon  WALER.    Sched.  Grit.  129  (1822). 

Moenchia  MEDIC.    Act.  Palat.  VI,  343  ( ). 

Moly  MOENCH,    Meth.  286  (1794). 

Saturnia  MA.RATTI,    Diss.  Eoinul.  18,  t.  2  (1772). 

Nectaroscordum  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  t.  1912  (1836). 

Trigonea  PARLAT.    Occhio,  161  (1839). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  III,  802;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  427; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  55  (Engler). 

Living  species:  250;  S.  and  Mid.  Europe;  extra- trop- 
ical Asia;  N.  Africa;  N.  America  to  Mexico.  Europe,  80;  Rus- 
sia, 73;  European  Russia,  40;  N.  America,  30-35;  California, 
25;  Canada,  10;  S.  Sts.,  7-8;  Rocky  mts.,  14;  E.  Sts.,  7;  PL 
King,  8;  PL  Wheel.,  6;  S.  America,  3-4;  centers  in  Himalaya 
region. 

Allium  canadense  KALM,     Linn.  Spec.  1195  (1762). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  522;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  241;  Uphamr 
Fl.  Minn.  147;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  36;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  108;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
348;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  482;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  487:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  225. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.,  Ont.  to  Minn.;  S.  to  N.  J. 
and  Fla.;  W.  to  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  wet  fields  and 
along  bases  of  hills. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  518,  Mud  lake,  Waseca  Co. ;  Taylor  621, 
Minnesota  lake;  Ballard  106,  Carver;  Ballard  355,  Helena, 
Scott  Co.;  Sandberg  591,  Vasa;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  66,  Brainerd; 
Herb.  Sheld.  1916,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  242,  Montevideo. 

Allinm  stellatum  NUTT.     Gen.  I,  214  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  522;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  147;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  36;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  348;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  108;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  486. 


148  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  and  Brit.  Col.  to  Wy 
oming,  Neb.,  Dak.,  Minn.,  W.  Ills,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Prairie  district  and  far  N.  E. ;  N.  edge; 
high  bluffs  and  headlands. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1202,  New  Ulm;  Sheldon  1518a,  Lake 
Benton;  Sheldon  952,  Redwood  Falls;  Sheldon  1472,  Pipestone, 
Sheldon  971,  Sleepy  Eye;  Gedge  16,  Tracy,  Lyon  Co.;  Oestlund 
203,  Minneapolis. 

Allium  cernuum  ROTH,     Cat.  Fasc.  II,  2  (1SOO). 
?  A.  tricorne  Pom.    Suppl.  Enc.  Meth.  I,  270  (1810). 

A.  stellatum  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  184  (1840)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  522;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  147;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  35:  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  482;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo*  347;  Both.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  269;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  486. 

North  America:  Lake  of  the  Woods  and  Souris  river 
to  Brit.  Col.,  Vancouver  and  Nootka;  S.  to  Oregon  and  N.  Mex. ; 
E.  to  S.  Car.  and  Alleghenies. 

Minn,  valley:  Prairie  district  and  N.  W.  and  N.  E.  dis- 
tricts; rather  rare;  plains  and  sunny  banks. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  876,  Glenwood;  Holzmger  293,  Winona; 
Kassiibe  249,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  590,  Goodhue  Co. 

Allium  schoenoprasum  LINN.     Spec.  301  (1753). 
Cepa  schoenoprasum  MOENCH,    Meth.  244  (1794). 
Allium folioswn  CLAK.    Bed.  Lil.  24  (1802 1. 
A.  acutum  SPRENG.    Pug.  I,  28  O813). 
A.  tenuifolium  POHL.    Tent.  Fl.  Bohm.  II,  10  (1815). 
A.  palustre  POURR.    in  Lag.  PI.  Matr.  13  (1816). 
A.  sibiricum  R.  and  S.    Syst.  VII,  1027  (1829). 
A.  sibiricum  schoenoprasioides  FR.    in  Kunth,  Enum  IV,  685  (1841). 
A.  schoenoprasum  var.  alpinum  KOCH,    Syn.  ed.  2,  833  (1845). 
A.  punctulatum  SCHLECHT.    Linn.  XIX,  401  (1847). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  522;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  35;  Up- 
ham, Fl.  Minn.  147;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  347;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  166;  Richt., 
PI.  Eur.  202;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;   Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  406:   Herd.,  FL  Eur. 
Russ.  132;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  5,  56;   Wats.,  King  Exp.  485;  Hart., 
Scand.  Fl.  I,  407;  Rothr.,  Alask.  456. 

All  Europe  and  Siberia  to  Himalayas  and  Japan. 
North  America:  Labrador  to  Bear  lake  and  the  Yukon 
atlat.  63°  N.;  S.  to  Brit.   Col.,   Oregon  and  Wyoming;   E.  to 
Dak.,  Minn.,  Gt.  Lakes,  N.  Br.  and  N.  S. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  edge;  rare;  shores  of 
forest  lakes  and  river  banks. 

Allium  tricoccum  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  I,  428  (1789). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  521;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  241;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  482;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  147;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  II,  34;  ?  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  485. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  149 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  of  Lake  Superior;  S.  to  W. 
N.  Eng. ,  N.  J.  and  mts.  of  N.  Car. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  not  infrequent;  woods  and 
banks  of  streams  and  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  622,  Minnesota  lake;  Bollard  291,  Jor- 
dan, Scott  Co.;  Taylor  127,  Janesville;  Sheldon  289,  Madison 
Lake,Biue  Earth  Co. ;  Sheldon  698,  Waseca;  Sheldon  1007,  Sleepy 
Eye;  Herrick  316,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  292,  Winona  Co.; 
Sandberg  589,  Vasa. 

LILIUM  LINN.     Gen.  258  (1737). 

Martagon  SALTSB.    Gen.  PL  Fragm.  56  (1822?).  ' 
Notholirion  Boiss.    Fl.  Or.  V,  190  (1867). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  III,  816;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  430; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  60  (Engler). 

Living  species:  45;  temperate  regions,  N.  hemisphere. 
Russia,  10;  Europe,  7;  N.  America,  14;  Atl.  region,  5;  Pac. 
region,  9;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  S.  Sts.,  5-6;  Canada,  4.  E. 
Asia,  25  ±. 

Lilinm  canadense  LINN.     Spec.  303  (1753). 

L.  pardalinum  var.  bourgwi  BAKER,    Linn.  Journ.  XIV,  242  (1875). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  529;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  242;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  146;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  108;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  38;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
484;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  5,  61;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  346. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Ft.  Francis 
on  Rainy  Lake  river;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Neb.,  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  principally  forest  district; 
moist  fields,  bogs  and  marshy  meadows. 

HERB.  :  Ballard  410,  New  Prague,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor 
261,  Janesville;  Taylor  718,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  401,  Madi- 
ison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Oestlund  202,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Kassube 
248,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  315,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  587,  Can- 
non Falls;  Sheldon  450,  Duck  lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Liliuni  superbum  LINN.     Spec.  ed.  2,  435  (1762). 
L.  carolinianum  MICHX.     Fl.  I,  197  (1803). 
L.  canadense  var.  superbum  ELWES,    Mon.  Lil.  21  (1878). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  529;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  242;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  484;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  146; Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  5,  61;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  225;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  39. 

North  America:  W.  Ont.  and  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.  and 
Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:      Forest  district;  Ft.    Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  low  grounds  and  meadows. 
HERB.  :    Holzinger  288,  Winona. 


150  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Lilium  philadelphicum  LINN.     Spec.  ed.  2,  435  (1762). 

L.  urtibellatum  PURSH,    Fl.  Arn.  229  (1814). 

Wats.  aDd  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  529;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J  242;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  146;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  38;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  484;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
351;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  5,  61;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  269;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark 
225. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  L.  Huron,  Saskatchewan, 
prairie  region  and  Rockies  and  Columbia  valley,  Brit.  Col.; 

5.  to  Colo,  in  Rocky  mts.;  E.  to  Minn.,  Ark.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  J. 
and  N.  Car. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  fields,  prairies; 
forest  openings  and  hillsides;  principally  forest  district. 

HERB.:  Taylor  554,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  640,  Wa- 
seca;  Sheldon  697,  Waseca;  Bollard  263,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Bal- 
lard  460,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Sandberg  585,  Chisago  Co.; 
Kassube-247,  Minneapolis;  Roberts  134,  Split  Rock;  Leonard  47, 
Spring  Valley;  Bailey  386,  Mud  lake;  Sandberg  586,  Cannon 
Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1695,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  127, 
Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  241,  Minnesota  valley. 

ERYTHRON1UM  LINN.  '   Gen.  262  (1737). 

Benth.  and  Hook  ,  Gen.  PI.  III.  819;  Durand,  Ind  Gen.  Plian.  430; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  63  (Engleri. 

Living  species:  7;  1,  Europe,  Russian  Asia  and  Japan; 

6,  N.   America;  Canada,    4-5;  S.  Sts.,    2;  California,  3-4  (1  en- 
dem. );  Rocky  mts.,  1. 

Erythronium  albidum  NUTT.     Gen.  I,  223  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  528;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  243;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  41;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  146;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  107;  Cov.  Fl.  Ark.  225. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Neb.  and  Kan. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  infrequent;  low  woods, 
shaded  banks  and  hillsides. 

HERB.:  Sandberg  588,  Vasa;  Manning  9,  Lake  City; 
Holzinger  290,  Winona  Co.;  Herb.  Wickersheim  128,  Lake  Ben- 
ton;  -?##,Mankato. 

Erythronium  americanum  SM. 

E.  dens-canis  var.  g.  LINN.    Spec.  ed.  2,  437  (1762). 
E.  lanceolatum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  230  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  528;  Britt., Fl.  N.  J.  242;  Mac.,Fl. 
Can.  II,  41;  Upham.Fl.  Minn.  146;  Chap.,Fl.  S.  St.  484;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
11,5,63;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  225. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Owen  Sound  and 
Georgian  Bay;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo. 
and  Ark. 


LIST   OP   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  151 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  St.  Paul  to  Blue  Earth 
Co. ;  thickets,  copses  and  rich  woodland. 

HERB.  :  Holzinger  289,  Winona  Co. ;  Holzinger  291, 
Winona. 

CAMASSIA  LINDL.     Bot.  Reg.  t.  1486  ( ). 

Cyanotris  RAF.    Am.  Mo.  Mag.  (1819). 
Sitococlium  SALISB.    Gen.  PI.  Fragm.  27  (1822?). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  111,815;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  429; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  66  (Engler). 

Living  species:  3;N.  America;  Canada,  3?  Calif.,  1;  E. 
Sts.,  1;  S.  Sts.,  1;  PL  Wheel.,  1;  PI.  King,  1. 

Camassia  fraseri  (NUTT.)  TORR.     Pac.  Rep.  IV,  147  (1856). 
Phalangiumesculentum'N'UTT.    Fras.  Cat.  (1813). 
P.  fraseri  NUTT.? 

Scilla  esculenta  KER     Bot.  Reg.  t.  1574  (1833). 
S.  fraseri  GRAY.    Man.  ed.  5,  553  (1868). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  523;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  37;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  147;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  66;  Cov.,  FL,  Ark.  225. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  W.  Penn.  to  Ga. ;  W.  to 
Minn. ,  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  district;  local 
and  rare;  wet  prairies,  bases  of  hills  and  banks  of  streams. 

CL1NTONIA  RAF.     Journ.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  102  (1819). 

Xeniatrum  SALISB.    Gen.  PI.  Fragm.  58  (1822?). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  III,  832;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  432; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  Y,  79  (Engler). 

Living  species:  6;  Pac.  America,  2:  Atl.  Amer.,  2; 
Japan  and  E.  Siberia,  1;  C.  and  E.  Himalayas,  1. 

Clintonia  borealis  (AiT.)  RAF.     Atl.  Journ.  120  (1832). 
Dracaena  borealis  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  I,  5  (1789). 
Smilacina  borealis  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  232  (1814). 
Convallaria  umbellata  TORR.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  355  (1824). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  527;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  244; 
Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  145;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  47;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  482;  Engl., 
Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  5,  27. 

North  America:  Labrador,  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q., 
Ont.  to  L.  Winnipeg  and  the  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  N. 
Car.;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Oregon?. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  N.  W,  districts;  infrequent; 
cold  woods  and  tamarack  swamps. 

HERB.  :  Lugger  1,  Vermilion  lake;  Roberts  132,  North 
shore;  Herrick  309,  St.  Louis  river;  Arthur  46,  Vermilion  lake; 
Bailey  120,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  578,  Agate  bay. 


152  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

UNIFOLIUM  ADANS.     Fam.  II  (1763). 

Tovaria  NECK.    Elem.  Ill,  190  (1790)  not  Adans. 

Smilaciiia  DESF.    Ann.  Mus.  Par.  IX,  51  (1798). 

Sigillaria  RAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  261  (1819). 

Polygonastrum  MOENCH,    Meth.  637  (1794). 

Asteranthemum,    Jocaste,    Medora   KUNTH,       Enura.   V, 
148-155  (1850). 

Neolexis  SALISB.    Gen.  PI.  Fragm.  64  (1822?). 

Majanthemum  WIGG.    Prim.  Hoist.  15  (1780). 

Sciophylla  WIBEL,    Prim.  Werth.  147  (1799). 

Bifolium  GAERTN.    Wett.  Fl.  I,  209  (1799). 

StyraHdra  RAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  102  (1819). 

Maia  SALISB.    Gen.  PI.  Fragm.  64  (1822?). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  770:  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  422; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  79  (Engler);  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II, 
717,  718;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  361. 

Living  species:  21;  N.  temperate  regions,  2;  Hima- 
layas, 5;  E.  Siberia,  1;  Japan,  1;  W.  N.  America,  1  (end.); 
Mexico  and  Gautemala,  7;  Canada,  6;  California,  4;  Rocky 
mts.,  3;  E.  Sts.,  4;  N.  America,  8-10;  Europe,  1. 

Fossil  species:  ? Cretaceous,  Greenland  (Heer)\  Ter- 
tiary, Greenland  (Heer). 

Unifolium  bifolium  (LiNN.) 

Convallaria  bifolia  LINN.    Spec.  316  (1753). 

C.  quadrifida  LAM.    Fl.  Fr.  Ill,  269  (1778). 

Majanthemum  convallaria  WIGG.    Prim.  Fl.  Hoist.  15  (1780). 

Evallaria  bifolia  NECK.    Elem.  Ill,  196  (1791). 

Convallaria  tetrapetala  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II,  461  (1792). 

Majanthemum  cordifolium  MOENCH,    Meth.  638  (1794). 

Smilacina  bifolia  DESF.    Ann.  Mus.  IX,  54  (1807). 

Majanthemum  canadense  DESF.    Ann.  Mus.  IX.  52  (1807). 

Smilacina  canadense  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  233  (1814). 

Styrandra  bifolia  RAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  102  (1819). 

Smilacina  bifolia  var.  canadense  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  5,  530?  (1868). 

Unifolium  canadense  GREENE,    Torr.  Bull.  XV,  287  (1888). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  526;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  241;  Mac.T 
Fl.  Can.  II,  32;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  145;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  481;   Wats.,  Fl. 
Calif.  II,  162;  Richt.,  PL  Eur.  231;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  5,  80;  Rothr., 
Alask.  456. 

Whole  N.  temperate  zone. 

North  America:  Labrador  and  Newf.  to  Hudson  Bay, 
Bear  lake  and  Rockies;  S.  through  Can.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and 
N.  Car.  W.  to  Minn. ,  Dak.  and  Iowa.  Alaska. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  principally  in  forest  dis- 
trict and  along  streams ;  damp  woods  and  banks ;  tamarack 
swamps. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  870,  Waconia;  Ballard  418,  New  Pra- 
gue, Scott  Co.;  Ballard  68,  Chaska;  Taylor  948,  Glen  wood; 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  158 

Holzinger,  285,  Winona  Co. ;  Sandberg  582,  Tower;  Oestlund  200, 
Ramsey  Co. ;  Her  rick  312,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  246,  Vermilion 
lake;  Kassnbe  245,  Minneapolis;  Hammond  46,  Lake  City;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1730,  Minneapolis;  1710,  Ramsey  Co. 

Unifolium   trifolinm    (LINN.)  GREENE,      Torr.   Bull.   XV, 

287  (1888). 

Conv allaria  trifolia  LINN.    Spec.  316  (1753). 
Smilacina  trifolia  DESF.    Ann.  Mus.  IX,  52  (1807). 
Majanthemum  trifolium  LINK,     Enum.  I,  343  (1821). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  526;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  241;  Mac  , 
Fl.  Can.  II,  32;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  145;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  5,  79. 
E.  Siberia. 

North  America:  Labrador,  Newf.  to  Man.,  Bear  lake 
and  Rocky  mts. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng. ,  N.  J.  and  Penn. ;  W.  to  Mich. , 
Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  W.  district;  bogs 
and  damp  woods  or  darkly  shaded  banks. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  218,  Lake  Washington,  Blue  Earth  Co. ; 
Roberts  133,  North  shore;  Herrick  311,  St.  Louis  river;  Juni 
16,  Put-in-Bay;  Bailey  289,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  581,  Chis- 
ago  lake;  Herb.  Sheld.  1786,  Minneapolis;  Hammond  47,  Lake 
City. 

Unifolium  stellatum    (LINN.)   GREENE,      Torr.  Bull.  XV, 

287  (1888). 

Convallaria  stellata  LINN.    Spec.  316  (1753). 
Smilacina  stellata  DKSF.    Ann.  Mus.  IX,  52  (1807). 
Majanthemum  stellatum  LINK,    Enum.  I,  343  (1821). 
Asteranthemum  vulgare  KUNTH,    Enum.  V,  152  (1850). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  526;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  241;  Webb  , 
Fl.  Neb.  108;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  145;   Macv  FL  Can.  II,  30;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  350;   Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,   161;    Richt.,  PL  Eur.  231;    Engl.,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  II,  5,  79;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  270;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  315;  Cov.,  FL 
Ark.  224;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  569. 

Introduced  in  Norway. 

North  America:  Labrador  to  Hudson  Bay,  Saskatche- 
wan, Assiniboia,  Rocky  mts.  and  Oregon;  S.  in  Sierras  to  Car- 
son, Nev. ;  in  Rockies  to  N.  Mex. ;  E.  through  Ark.  and  Neb.  to 
Tenn.,  N.  J.  and  Atl.  coast. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  frequent;  banks,  woods 
and  moist  copses. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  230,  Lake  Washington,  Blue  Earth  Co, ; 
Sheldon  135,  Madison  Lake;  Sheldon  882,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon 
12a,  Elysian;  Bollard  417,  New  Prague,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  166, 
Janesville;  Taylor  212,  Janesville;  Sandberg  580,  Goodhue  Co.; 
Herrick  310,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  284,  Winona  Co.;  Kassube 


154  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY 

244,  Minneapolis;  Hammond  44,  Lake  City;  Herb.  Sheld.  1895, 
Hennepin  Co. ;  Herb.  Wickersheim  125,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ; 
Herb.  Moyer  239,  Chippewa  valley. 

Unifolium  racemosnm  (LINN.)  BRITT.     Torr.  Bull.  (1888). 
Convallaria  racemosa  LINN.    Spec.  315  (1753). 
Smilacina  racemosa  DESF.    ADD.  Mus.  IX,  52  (1807). 
Smilacina  ciliata  PUBSH,    Fl.  Am.  232  (1814). 
Majanthemum  racemosum  LINK,     Enum.  I.  343  (1821). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  525:  Britt.,Fl.  N.  J.  240;  Mac.,Fl. 
Can.  II,  31;  Upham,Fl.  Minn.  145;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 481;  Engl.,  Nat.Pflanz. 
II,  5,  79;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  345;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  224. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.  and 
Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  S.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn., 
E.  Kan.  and  Ark.  S.  to  northern  Mexico  ? 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  and  probably  through- 
out; moist  woods  and  banks  of  streams  and  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  904,  Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  77,  Chaska; 
Sheldon  136,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Taylor  ^£,Elysian; 
Taylor  135,  Janesville;  Holzinger  283,  Winona  Co.;  Kassube 
243,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  579,  Cannon  Falls;  Hammond  48, 
Lake  City;  Herb,  tiheld.  1892,  Minneapolis;  Herb  Wickersheim 
124,  Mankato. 

POLYGONATUM  ADANS.     Fam.  II,  54  (1763). 
Evallaria  NECK.    Elem,  III,  189  (1790). 
Axillaria  RAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  261  (1819). 
Campydorum  SALISB.    Gen.  PI.  Fragm.  64  (1822?). 
Periballanthus  FRANCH.  ET  SAV.    ex  Dur.  1.  c.  (1888). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  768;    Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  421; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  80  (Engler);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt. 
362. 

Living  species :   23;  temperate  N.  hemisphere.  Europe, 

6;  Russia,  7;  Russian  Europe,  4;  N.  America,  2-3;  E.  Sts.,  2; 
Canada,  2;  S.  Sts.,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  1. 

Polygonatum  coin  unit  at  um  (SCHULT.)  DIETR.    Ott.  Gartenz. 

222  (1835). 

Convallaria  canaliculata  WILLD.    Spec.  IV  (1805). 
? Polygonatum  canaliculatum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  235  (1814). 
Convallaria  commutata  SCHULT.    Syst.  VII,  1671  (1830). 
P.  giganteum  DIETR.    Ott.  Gartenz.  322  (1835). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  525;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  240;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  146;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  108;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  28;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
350;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  346;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  224. 

North  America:  W.  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Va. ;  W.  to  Mont.,  Ark.  and  N.  Mex. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  155 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  woods  and  shady 
banks  of  lakes  and  streams. 

HERB.:  Taylor  118a,  Janesville;  Bollard  67,  Chaska; 
Sheldon  41,  Elysian;  Taylor  34,  Elysian;  Oestlund  201,  Hennepin 
Co. ;  Holzinger  287,  Winona  Co. ;  Herrick  314,  Minneapolis;  Sand- 
berg  584,  Cannon  Falls;  Hammond  4-5,  Lake  City;  Herb.  Wicker- 
sheim  126,  Lake  Benton. 

Polygonatum  biflorum  (WALT,)  ELL  Sk.  (1823). 
Convallaria  Uflora  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  122  (1788). 
C.  multiflora  MICHX.     Fl.  I,  202  (1803). 

Polygonatum  angustifolium,  ?  canaliculatum,  pubescens,  ?hirtum,  lati- 
folium  and  multiflorum  PURSH,     Fl.  I,  234-235  (1814). 

Convallaria  parviftora  Pom.     Suppl.  Enc.  Meth.  IV,  29  (1816). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  525;   Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  240;   Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  28;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  481;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  146;  Engl.,  Nat. 
Pflanz,  II,  5,  81;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  224;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  26.  ^ 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Owen  Sound, 
Georgian  Bay  and  S.  Man,;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Neb.,  E.  Kan.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  frequent;  woods  and  shady 
banks  of  lakes  and  streams. 

HERB.:  Taylor  262,  Janesville;  Sheldon  116,  Madison 
Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Bollard  69,  Chaska;  Holzinger  286,  Winona 
Co.;  Herrick  313,  Minneapolis;  Kassube246,  Minneapolis;  Sand- 
berg  583,  Cannon  Falls;  Hammond,  43,  Lake  City^  Herb.  Moyer 
240,  Carlton  lake,  near  Montevideo. 

MEDEOLA  LINN.     Gen.    305  (1737). 
Gyromia  NUTT     Gen.  I,  238  (1818). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  833;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Plian.  432; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  83  (Engler). 

Living  species:  1;  Atlantic  N.  America. 

Medeola  virginiana  LINN.     Spec.  839  (1753). 
M.  virginica  LINN.    Spec,  ed   2  (1762). 
Gyromia  virginica  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  238  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  530;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  244;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  144;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  II,  48;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  479:  Engl.,Nat.  Pflanz 
II,  5,  83;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  225. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Owen  Sound 
and  Georgian  Bay;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Mid.  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Ind.  and  Ark. 

Minn  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district;  rare;  rich 
woodland  and  banks  of  streams. 


156  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

TRILLIUM  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  V,  412  (1754). 

Delostylis  RAF.    Journ.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  102  (1819). 
Trillidium  KUNTH,    Enum.  V,  120  (1850). 
Esdra  SALT  SB.    Gen.  PI.  Fragm.  60  (1822?). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  833;   Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  432; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  84  (Engler). 

Living  species:  15;  N.  America  and  from  Japan  to 
the  Himalayas.  N.  America,  14;  Canada,  5-6;  S.  Sts.,  8-10;  E. 
Sts.,  7;  California,  4-5. 

Trillium  nivale  RIDD.     Syn.  W.  Fl.  93  (1835). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  531;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  144. 

North  America:  W.  Penn.  to  Ky.,  Ohio,  Iowa  and 
Minnesota. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district;  local  and  rare;  rich 
woods  and  shaded  banks. 

4  HERB.  :    Leiberg  73,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Trillium  cernuum  LINN.     Spec.  339  (1753). 

T.  pendulum  MUHL.    Willd.  Hort.  Berol.  I,  35  (1816). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  531;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  245;  Uphani, 
Fl.  Minn.  144;  Mac  ,  Fl.  Can.  II,  50;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  478. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Georgian  Bay; 
S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  frequent;  woods  and  along 
streams. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  202,  Lake  Washington,  Blue  Earth 
Co.;  Taylor  918,  Glen  wood;  Kassube  239,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg 
570,  Taylor's  Palls;  Leonard  46,  Bloomington;  Herb.  Wickersheim 
122,  Lake  Benton;  Herb.  Moyer  236,  Montevideo. 

Trillium  grandiflorum  (Micnx.)  SALISB.     Parad.  Lond.  Ir 
(1806). 

T.  rhomboideus  var.  grandiflorum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  216  (1803). 
T.  camtschaticum  PURSH.    Fl.  Am.  I,  246  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  530;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  144;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  50;    Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  478;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  5,  84. 

Ont.  to  Owen  Sound;  E.  to  Vt.;  S.  to  N.  Car.;  W.  to 
Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn  valley:  Forest  district  and  probably  N.  W.;  rich 
woodland  and  shaded  river  banks. 

HERB.  :  Hammond  3,  Lake  City;  Holzinger  281,  Winona; 
Sandberg  569,  Vasa. 

Trillium  erectum  LINN.    Spec.  340  (1753). 
T.  album  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  245  (1814). 
T.  pendulum  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  II,  328  (1811). 
T.  erectum  var.  dedinatum  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  5.  523  (1868). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  157 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  530;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  245;  Uphani, 
Fl.  Minn.  144;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  478;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  48;  Engl.,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  II,  5,  84. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man.;  S.  to  N.  J.  and 
N.  Car. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  rich  woodland  and 
shaded  riverbanks. 

HERB.:  Taylor  120,  Janesville;  Ballard  202,  Jordan, 
Scott  Co.;  Sandberg  566,  Chisago  lake;  var.  album  (Pursh) 
= Sandberg  567,  Red  Wing;  Sandbery  568,  Red  Wing;  var. 
declinatum  Gray=Holzinger  280,  Winona;  Nerrick  302,  Minne- 
apolis; Arthur  103,  Vermilion  lake;  Herrick303,  St.  Louis  river; 
Bailey  231,  Vermilion  lake. 

Trillium  recurvatum  BECK,     Bot.  (1833). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  530;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  144. 

North  America:  Ohio  and  Ind.  to  111.  Minn.,  Mo. 
and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  Rice  Co.;  doubtful  or 
rare. 

Trillium  sessile  LINN.     Spec.  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  530;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn  144;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  477;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  225. 

North  America:     Penn.  to  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 
Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  N.  E.   district;  rare  or 
doubtful;  damp  woods  and  shaded  banks. 

SMILAX  LINN.     Gen.  751  (1737). 

Kemexia  RAF.    Mcd.  Fl.  II,  264  (1830). 
Coprosmanthus  KUNTH,    Enum.  V,  263  (1850). 
Parillax  RAF.    Med.  Fl.  1.  c.  (1830). 
Pleiosmilax  SEEM.    Jour.  Bot.  193  (1868). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III.  763;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  420; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  88  (Engler);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt. 
362,  363. 

Living  species :    200  ± ;   especially  in  the  tropics,  but 

extending  to  temperate  N.  America,  E.  Asia  and  the  Mediter- 
ranean region.  Europe,  3;  Russia,  2;  N.  America,  14;  E.  Sts., 
12;  California,  1;  Canada,  3;  S.  Sts.,  10;  Rocky  mts.,  1. 

Fossil  species:  A  large  number  described,  but  many 
doubtful.  Tertiary — Eocene  and  Miocene.  Greenland  (Heer); 
S.  France  (Saporta)-,  W.  America  ( Lesquereaux) ;  Baltic  region, 
amber  (Conwentz). 

Smilax  hispid  a  MUHL.     Cat.  97  (1813). 
?  S.  rotundifolia  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  779  (1805). 
S.  grandifolioL  BUCKL.    in  Herb.  Boiss. 


158  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  521;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  239:  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  108;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  27;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  143. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Conn.,  N.  J.  and  Va.;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Neb.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  thickets  and  edges  of 
woods;  rather  rare. 

HERB.:     Sandberg  564,  Cannon  Falls. 

Smilax  rotundifolia  LINN.     Spec.  1460  (1753). 
S.  caduca  LINN.    Herb.  Kalm. 

S.  quadrangularis  MUHL.     Willd.  Spec.  IV,  775  (1805). 
/S.  ciliata  STEUD.    Hort.  Frank. 
S.  aspem  DC.      Organ.  II,  262  (1827). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.Ged.  520;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  239;  Chap.,FL 
S.  St.  477;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  143;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  26;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
355;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  5,  89;  Cov.  Fl.  Ark.  224. 
Central  America;  W.  Indies. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Ga. ;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Colo.,  Mo.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  probably  through- 
out; woods  along  streams. 

HERB.:  Ballard  87n,  Chaska;  Sheldon  39,  Elysian; 
Taylor  200,  Janesville;  Taylor 487,  Janes ville;  Taylor  45,  Elysian; 
Taylor  664,  Cobb  river,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sandberg  563,  Cannon 
Falls. 

Smilax  echirrata  WATS.     Gray's  Man.  ed.  6,  520  (1890). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  520. 

North  America:  Md.  to  S.  Car.;  W.  to  Mich.,  Minn., 
Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  E.  district:  moist,  wooded  banks 
and  damp  thickets, 

HERB.  :     Taylor  709,  Minnesota  lake. 

Smilax  herbacea  LINN.     Spec.  1030  (1753). 
?  S.  pulverulenta  MICHX.    Fl.  II,  238  (1803). 
?8.  peduncularis  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  IV,  786  (1805). 
Coprosmanthus  herbaceus  KUNTH,    Enum.  V,  264  (1850). 
Smilax  herbacea  var.  pulveruknta  GRAY,    Man.  5ed.  (1868). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  520;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  239;  Webb.y 
Fl.Neb.  108;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  143;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can,  II,  27;  Engl.,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  II,  5,  88;  Cov.  Fl.  Ark.  224;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  26. 
Japan. 

North  America:  N.  Br.  to  Winnipeg,  Red,  Saskatch- 
ewan and  Assiniboine  valleys;  S.  to^T.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Neb.,  Mo.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  meadows  and 
river  banks. 


LIST   OP   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  159 

HERB.:  Taylor  945,  Glen  wood;  Sheldon  311,  Madison 
Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Taylor  819,  Glenwood;  Taylor  199, 
Janesville;  Taylor  710,  Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  30,  Elysian; 
Sheldon  700,  Waseca;  Kassube  238,  Minneapolis;  Juni  15,  Min- 
neapolis; Sandberg  565,  Red  Wing;  and  in  var.  puverulenta 
(Michx.);  Sheldon  212\,  Lake  Washington,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Sheldon  382,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1891, 
Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  120.  Mankato;  Herb.  Wicker- 
sheim  121,  Idle  wild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  235 ,  var.  puveru- 
lenta (Michx.),  Montevideo. 

XVIII.  AMARYLLIDACEAE.   Amaryllis  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  147  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook., Gen.  PI.  Ill,  711 
(1883);  Pax,  in  JEngler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  97  (1887). 
Genera:  70;  temperate  and  warmer  regions. 
Species:     700;  principally  subtropical. 

HYPOXIS  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  VI,  417  (1764) 

Janthe,  Spiloxene  SALISB.    Gen.  PI.  Fragm.  44  (1822?). 
Niobea  WILLD.    Rel.  Schult.  Syst.  VII,  762  (1830). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  717;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  415; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  121  (Pax). 

Living  species:  50;  tropical  regions;  Australia;  N. 
America;  S.  Africa  and  Mascerene  Isls.  N.  America,  2 ; 
Rocky  mts.,  1;E.  Sts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  2. 

Hypoxis  erecta  LINN.     Spec.  ed.  2,  439  (1762). 

H.  carolinensis  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  188  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  517;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  238;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  142;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II.  26;  Webb.,  Fl.Neb.  108;  Chap.,Fl.  S.  St. 
468;  Cov.  Fl.  Ark.  223. 

North  America:  Prairie  region  of  Can.  from  Assini- 
boia  to  Ont.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
E.  Kan.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  meadows  and  hillsides. 
HERB.:  Taylor  347,  Janesville;  Bollard  277,  Jordan, 
Scott  Co. ;  Herrick  300,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  235,  Minneapolis; 
Sandberg  560,  Cannon  Falls;  Hammond  40,  Ilake  City;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1841,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  119,  Idlewildr 
Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  232,  Black  Oak  lake,  Chippewa  Co. 

XIX.     DIOSCOREACEAE.     Yam  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI  157  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  741 
(1883);  Pax,  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  131  (1887). 
Genera:  9  living;  2  extinct.     Warmer  regions. 
Species:  175 ±;  5-6  extinct. 


160  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

DIOSCOREA  LINN.     Gen.  754  (1737). 

Borderea  MIEGEV.    Bull.  Soe.  Fr.  XIII,  374  (1867). 
.Epipetrum  PHILIPPI,    Linn.  XXXIII,  253  (1859). 
Helmia  KTJNTH,    Enum.  V,  414  (1850). 
Hamatris  SALISB.    Gen.  PI.  Fragm.  11  (1822?). 
Botryosychios  HOCHST.    Flora  (1844). 
Merione  and  Polyaome  SALIBB.    1.  c.  (1822?). 
Sismondea  DELPON.    Mem.  Tur.  2,  XIV,  394  (1854). 
Strophis  and  Elephantodon  SALISB.    1.  c.  12  (1822?). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  743;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  420; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pftanz.  2,  V,  132  (Pax);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  365. 
Living  species:    150;   warmer  regions   of  the   earth. 
Principally  N.  and  S.  America  and  S.  Africa.     U.  S.,  1. 

Fossil  species.  Cretaceous,  Kansas  (Lesquereaux),  a 
doubtful  species.  Tertiary,  S.  France,  Bonn,  1-2  (Saporta, 

Weber). 

« 

Dioscorea  villosa  LINN.     Spec.  1033  (1753). 
D.  quinataWALT.    Fl.  Car.  246  (1788). 
D.  paniculata  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  239  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  517;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  238;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  143;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  474;  Mac.,Fl.  Can.  II,  26;   Engl.  Pax,  Nat. 
Pflanz,  II,  5,  134;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  224. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Kan.,  Ark.  and  Tex 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Mankato: 
infrequent;  thickets  and  edges  of  woods. 

XX,    IRIDACEAE.     Iris  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  164  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  681 
(1883);  Pax  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pftanz.  2,  V,  137  (1887). 

Genera:   57  living;  1  fossil. 

Species:  800;  Mediterranean  and  African  region,  and 
all  warmer  and  temperate  regions.  Center  in  Cape  of  Good- 
hope  region  for  Old  World,  and  in  Central  America  for  New 
World. 

IRIS  LINN.     Gen.  29  (1737). 

Neubeckia  ALEF.    Bot.  Zeit.  290,  297  (1863). 

Chamoletta  A  DANS.    Fam.  II,  60  (1763). 

Xyridion  and  loniris  KLATT.    Bot.  Zeit.  497,  513  (1872). 

Onocyclus  SIEMSS.    Bot.  Zeit.  706  (1846). 

Evansia,  Diaphane,  Thelysia  SALISB.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  I, 
303-305  (1812). 

Costia  WILLK.    Bot.  Zeit.  131  (1860). 

Coresanthe  ALEF.    Bot.  Zeit.  298  (1863). 

Hermodactyloii,  Xiphlon,  Gynaiidriris  PARLAT.  N.  Gen. 
et  Spec.  Monoc.  34  (1839?). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  161 

Juno  TRATT.    R.  and  S.  Syst.  I,  471,  474  (1817). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  686;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  412; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  145  (Pax^;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  364. 
Living  species:  100;  temperate  and  warmer  N.  hemis- 
phere; Russia,  38;  Europe,  41;  Russian  Europe,  14;  N.  Amer- 
ica, 20;  California,  6;  S.  Sts.,  7;  Rocky  mts.,  2;  E.  Sts.,  6;  Can- 
ada, 6-7;  PL  King,  1;  PL  Wheel.,  1. 

Fossil  species:  Tertiary,  Oeningen  (Heer)',  Greenland, 
Spitzbergen,  Grinnell-Land — Iridium  (Heer). 

Iris  versicolor  LINN.     Spec.  39  (1753). 
?  I.  hexagona  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  66  (1788). 
I.  virginica  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  29  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  513;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  237;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  23:  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  143;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.St.  472;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
223;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  26. 

North  America:  Newf,  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.;  S.  to 
N.  J.,  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  marshes  and 
swamps ;  wet  meadows  and  edges  of  streams. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  57,  Chaska;  Sheldon  367,  Madison  Lake, 
Blue  Earth  Co.;  Taylor  299,  Janesville;  Sheldon  12,  Elysian; 
Kassube  236,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  197,  Hennepin  Co.;  Holz- 
inger  279,  Winona  Co.;  Bailey  220,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg 
561,  Goodhue  Co.;  Hammond  41,  Lake  City;  Herb.  Moyer  233, 
Montevideo. 

SI81RINCHIUM  LINN.     Gen.  689  (1737). 
Souza  VELLOZ.    Fl.  Flum.  273  (1827). 
Syorhynchium  HOFFM.    ex  Durand,  1.  c.  (1888). 
Bermudiana  ADANS.    Fam.  II,  60  (1763). 
Echthronema,  Glumosia,  Eriphilema  HERB.    Bot.  Reg. 
Hydastylus  SALISB.    Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  I,  310  (1812). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  698;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  413; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  V,  150  (Paxj; 

Living  species:  50;  America,  especially  tropics;  ex- 
tending to  Canada  and  Magellan.  N.  America,  6-8;  California, 
3-4;  Canada,  4;  E.  Sts.,  3;  S.  Sts.,  2-3. 

Sisyrinchium  mucronatum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  33  (1803). 

S.  angustifolium  AUCT.    (in  part.) 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  515;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  238;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  108;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  474;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  345;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II, 
25;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  143;  Both.,  Wheel.  Exp.  266;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  223. 
North  America:   Ranges  with  S.  arigusiifolium  Mill. 
Minn,  valley:    N.  E.  and  N.  districts;  infrequent;  hab- 
itat like  that  of  S.  angusiifolium  Mill. 
-11 


162  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.:  Bailey  493,  Agate  bay;  Bailey  435,  Basswood 
lake. 

Sisyrinchium  anguslifolium  MILL.     Diet.  (1768). 
?  8.  gramineum  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  I,  403  (1783). 
8.  anceps  CAV.    Diss.  VI,  345U790). 
8.  lermudiana  MICHX.    PI,  N.  Am.  II,  33  (1803)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  515;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  238;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  143;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  25:  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  474;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
345;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  259;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  396;   Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led., 
Fl.  Ross.  IV,  92;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  342;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  223;  Rothr.,  Alask. 
456. 

Introduced?  in  Ireland  and  N.  Germany. 

North  America:  Throughout,  except  Pac.  coast  region. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  prairies,  fields 
and  grassy  slopes. 

HERB.-  Taylor  175,  Janesville;  Taylor  545,  Janes ville; 
Leonard  45,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  301,  Minneapolis;  Kassube 
237,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  238,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  562, 
Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1840,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  234, 
Montevideo. 

XXI.    ORCHIDACEAE.    Orchis  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  185  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  460 
(1883);  Pfltzer  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  VI,  52  (1888). 

Genera:  350-400;  cosmopolitan;  principally  tropical; 
very  few  subpolar;  abundant  in  mt.  districts,  especially  in  the 
Himalayas. 

Species:  10,000;  5000  (Benth.  and  Hook.);  a  great 
number  are  epiphytic. 

CYPRIPEDILUM  LINN.     Gen.  687  (1737)  em.  Pfitz.  (1888). 
Criosanthes  RAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX.  102  (1819). 
Arietinum  BECK,    Bot.  352  (1833). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  634:  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  404; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  VI,  82  (Pfltzer). 

Living  species:  20-25;  temperate  N.  hemisphere  to 
Japan,  N.  India  and  Mexico;  also  Peru?  N.  America,  10-15; 
Canada,  8;  S.  Sts.,  4;  California,  2-3;  E.  Sts.,  6;  Rocky  mts.,  2. 

€ypripedilum  acaule  AIT.     Horfc.  Kew.  Ill,  161  (1789). 

C.  humile  SALISB.    Linn.  Trans.  I,  78  (1791). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  511;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  236:  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
II,  22;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  142;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  464;  Engl.  Pfltzer,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  II,  6,  83.  ' 

North  America:  Newf.  to  Ft.  Franklin  and  through- 
out E.  Can.;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W.  to  N.  Ind.,  Mich,  and 
Minn. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  163 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  N.  W.  districts;  tamarack 
swamps  and  swampy  forest. 

HERB:  Taylor  1103,  Glenwood;  Gedge  15,  Detroit  lake; 
Sheldon  1620,  Lake  Calhoun;  Sandberg  559,  Center  City;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1641,  Hennepin  Co. 

Cypripedilum  spectabile  Sw.     Act.  Holm.  (1800)? 
C.  calceolus  var.  y  LINN.    Spec.  1346  (1762). 
C.  hirsutum  MILL.    Diet.  ed.  8  (1768). 
C.  reqinae  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  222  (1788). 
C.  album  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  303  (1789). 
C.  canadense  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  161,  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  511;  Britt ,  Fl.  N.  J.  236;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  142:  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  464;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  21;  Engl.  Pfitzer, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  6,  83. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  to  Georgian 
Bay;  S.  to  Maine,  W.  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  mts.  of  N.  Car.;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  probably  sparingly 
throughout;  woods  and  bogs;  tamarack  swamps. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  616,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co. ;  Herrick  298, 
Minneapolis;  Kassube  234,  Minneapolis;  Ballard  1004,  Zum- 
brota;  Herrick  299,  Minneapolis;  Uestlund  195,  Ramsey  Co.; 
Oestlund  196,  Ramsey  Co.;  Holzinger  277,  278,  Winona  Co.; 
Sandberg  558,  Cannon  Falls;  Hammond  38,  Lake  City. 

Cypripedilum  pubescens  WILLD.     Hort.  Berol.  I,  13  (1816). 

C.  calceolus  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  221  (1788). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  511;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  142;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  236;  Webb..  Fl.  Neb.  109;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  344;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
464;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  21;  Engl.  Pfltzer,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  6,  81. 

North  America:    N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Georgian 
Bay  and  Lake  Winnepegoosis;  Saskatchewan  to  the  Rockies; 
S.  to  N.  J.,  Va.,  and  W.  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  Neb.,  Colo,  and  Ark. 
Minn,  valley:    Forest  district;  woods  and  swamps,  per- 
haps westward. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  114,  Janesville;  Sandberg  556,  Goodhue 
Co.;  Kassube 233,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  557,  Red  Wing;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1694,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  118,  Mankato. 

Cypripedilum   parviflorum   SALISB.      Linn.    Trans.    I,    77 

(1791). 

C.  calceolus  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  161  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  511;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  236;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  20;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  464;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  344;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
142;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  364;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  223. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Anticosti,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man. 
and  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Wyoming, 
Kan.,  Ark.;  Brit.  Col.  at  3000  ft.  alt. 


164  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  to  Kasota;  N.  E.  and  N. 
districts;  bogs  and  damp  woodland. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  16,  Chaska;  Kassube  232,  Minneapolis; 
Holzinger  275,  Winona  Co.;  Bollard  1003,  Zumbrota;  Holzinger 
276,  Winona  Co. ;  Hammond  39,  Lake  City;  Herb.  Sheld.  1642, 
Lake  Calhoun,  Hennepin  Co.;  1676,  Minneapolis;  1901,  Ramsey 
Co. 

Cypripedilum  eandidum  MUHL.  Willd.  Spec.  IV,  142  (1805). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  510;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  236;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  109;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  142. 

North  America:  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Penn.  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
Mo.,  Ky. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  W.  to  Pomme  des 
Terre  valley;  local  or  infrequent;  bogs  and  wet  woods. 

HERB.:  Leiberg  72,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Kassube  231,  Min- 
neapolis; Sandberg  555,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1902,  Ram- 
sey Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  231,  Sparta  township,  Chippewa  Co. 

Cypripedilum  arietenum  R.  BR.     Hort.  Kew.  V,  222  (1813). 
Cryosanthes  borealis  RAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  102  (1819). 
Arietinum  americanum  BECK,    Bot.  352  (1833). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  510;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  142;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  20;  Engl.  Pfltzer,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  6,  83. 

North  America:  Q. ,  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  Maine, 
N.  N.  Y.,  Mich,  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  W.  district  and  N.  edge;  infrequent 
or  local;  swamps  and  wet  forests. 

HERB.:     Taylor  1122,  Glenwood;  Gedge  14,  Riverton. 

ORCHIS  LINN.     Gen.  681  (1737)  p.  p. 

Traunsteinera  EEICHB.    Fl.  Sax.  87  (1842). 
Strateuiua  SALISB.    Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  I,  290  (1812). 
Barlia  PARLAT.    Fl.  It.  Ill,  445  (1862?). 
Loroglossum  L.  C.  RICH.    Mem.  Mus.  Par.  IV,  47  (1808). 
Himantoglossum  SPRENG.    Syst.  Ill,  675  (1826). 
Comperia  C.  KOCH,    Linn.  XXII,  287  (1848). 
Anacamptis  L.  C.  RICH.    Mem.  Mus.  Par.  IV,  47  (1808). 
Aceras  R.  BR.    Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  V,  191  (1813). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  620,  621;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  402; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  VI,  88,  89,  90  (Pfltzer);  Schenck,  Palceo- 
phyt.  388. 

Living  species:     75-80;  Europe;    temperate  Asia;   N. 

Africa;  Canaries;  N.  America.  Europe,  75;  N.  America,  3; 
Canaries,  2;  Russia,  25;  Russian  Europe,  25;  Atl.  N.  America: 
Canada,  3;  E.  Sts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  1. 

Fossils:  2  genera  of  Orchidaceae  are  described  by 
Massalongo  from  Eocene  of  Mt.  Bolca. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER    SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  165 

Orchis  spectabilis  LINN.     Spec.  943  (1753). 
O.  humilis  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  155  (1803). 
Habenaria  spectabilis  SPRENG.    Sy'st.  II,  689  (1825). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  506;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  223;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  12;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  458;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  109;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  139;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  222. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and 
Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  and  N.  W.  districts;  damp  woods 
and  shaded  banks. 

HERB.:  Taylor  217,  Janesville;  Sheldon  567,  Waseca; 
Taylor  1166,  Glen  wood;  Leiberg  66,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Leiberg  67, 
Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1681,  Prospect  Park,  Hennepin 
Co. 

HABEN1RIA  WILLD.     Spec.  IV,  44  (1805). 
Sieberia  SPRENG.    Anleit  K.  Gew.  II,  282  (1802). 
Gymnacleoia  R.  BR.    Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  V,  191  (1813). 
Nigritella  L.  C.  RICH.    Ann.  Mus.  Par.  IV,  48  (1808). 
Tinea  BIVON.    Giorn.  Sci.  Sic.  149  (1833). 
Neotinea  EEICH.  f.    Poll.  Orch.  Oomm.  149  (1864). 
Leucorchis  E.  MEY.    Preuss.  Gatt,  50  (1839;. 
Bicchia  PARLAT.    Fl.  It.  Ill,  396  (1862?) 
Perularia  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  t.  1701  (1835). 
Deroemeria  REICH,  f.    Poll.  Orch.  Comin.  29  (1864). 
Peristylis  BLUME,    Bij.  404  (1826). 
Gennaria  PARLAT.    Fl.  It.  Ill,  404  (1862?). 
Beiithamia  A.  RICH.    Orch.  Fr.  Bourb.  43  (1828). 
Cybele  FALC.    Lindl.  Veg.  Kingd.  183c  (1846). 
Coeloglossum  HART.    Scand.  Fl.'ed.  IV,  283  (1842?). 
Lindblomia  FRIES,    Lindl.  Bot.  Not.  131  (1843). 
Chaeradoplectron  SCHAUER,    PL  Mey.  436  (1835). 
Platanthera  L.  C.  RICH.    Ann.  Mus.  Par.  IV,  48  (1808). 
Lysias  SALISB.    Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  I,  288  (1812). 
Mecosa  BLUME,    Bij.  403  (1826). 
Centrochilus  SCHAUER,    PI.  Mey.  435  (1835X 
Mitostigma  BLUME,    Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  II,  189  (1856). 
Ponerorchis  REICH,  f.    Linn.  XXV,  227  (1851). 
Dissorhyncium  SCHAUER,    PI.  Meyen.  434  (1835). 
Bilabrella  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  1701  (1835). 
Ate  LINDL.    Gen.  and  Spec.  Orch.  326  (1839). 
Barlaea  REICH,  f.     Linn.  XLI,  54  (1867). 

Macrocentrum  PHTLLIPI,    Sert.  Mendoc.  II,  42  ( ). 

Synmeria  GRAH.  Cat.  PI.  Bomb.  Add.  (1839). 
Montolivaea  REICH,  f.  Ot.  Hamb.  107  (1879). 
Roeperocharis  REICH,  f.  1.  c.  104  (1879). 

Benth.   and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  625;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  403; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  VI,  91,  seq.  (Pfltzer). 


166  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Living  species:  450-500;  temperate  and  warmer  re- 
gions; especially  tropical  Asia  and  America.  Europe,  24; 
North  America,  35-40;  Canada,  23;  E.  Sts.,  18-20;  S.  Sts.,  17; 
California,  10-12;  Rocky  mts.,  5;  PL  King.,  3;  PI.  Wheel.,  3. 

H  alien  aria  psycodes  (LINN.)  GRAY. 
Orchis  psy  codes  LINN.    Spec.  493  (1753). 
0.  fimbriata  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  297  (1789). 
O.  incisa  and  fissa  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  IV,  40  (1805). 
Hdbenaria  nmbriata  R.  BR.    Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  V,  193  (1813). 
Orel's  gmndiflora  BIGEL.    Fl.  Bost.  321  (1814). 
Habenaria  racemosa  RAF.    Ann.  Nat.  15  (1820). 
H.  incisa  and  fissa  TOBB.    Compend.  319  (1826). 
H.  grandiflora  TORB.    Compend.  319  (1823). 
Platanltiera  fimbriata  LINDL.    Orch.  293  (1839). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  509;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  235;  Uphamr 
Fl.  Minn.  140;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  19;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  460;  Mac.,  Can.  Fl. 
II,  363;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  222. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  Anticosti  to  Lake 
Huron,  Georgian  Bay,  Kaministiquia  river  and  S.  W.  Man.;  S. 
to  N.  J.,  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Ind.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  forest  and  N.  districts;  cool 
bogs  or  tamarack  swamps  and  sphagnum  marshes. 

HERB.:  Bailey  429,  Fall  lake;  Oestlund  192,  Minne- 
haha;  Roberts  128,  Knife  river;  llolzinger  273,  Winona  Co. 

Habenaria  lacera  (Micnx.)  R.  BR.     Hort.  Kew.  ed.  II,  V, 
193  (1813). 

Orchis  lacera  Micnx.    Fl.  N".  Am.  II,  156  (1803). 
O.  psycodes  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  IV,  39  (1805). 
Habenaria  psycodes  TOBR.    Compend.  317  (1826). 
Platanthera  psycodes  LINDL.    Orch.  294  (1839). 
P.  lacera  GRAY,    Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  Ill,  228  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  509;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  235;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  140;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  19;  Chap.,  Fl.S.  St.  460;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  222. 
North  America:     N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J. 
and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  S.  E.  districts;  rare  or  local; 
bogs  and  damp  woodland. 

HERB.  :    Sandberg  544,  Cannon  Falls. 

Habenaria  leucophaea   (NUTT.)   GRAY,     Man.    ed.    V,    502 

(1867). 

Orchis  leucophaea  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (II),  V,  161  (1837). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  509;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  109;  Upharn, 
Fl.  Minn.  140;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  19;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  222. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  B.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  W.  N.  Y., 
Ky.  and  Mo. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  167 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  W. ;  abundant; 
moist  fields  and  meadow  land. 

HERB.:  Herrick  292,  Alexandria,  Douglas  Co.;  Lei- 
berg  69,  Nicollet  Co. 

Habenaria  hookeriana   TORR.      Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  Ill,  229 
(1836). 

U.  orbiculata  GOLDIE,    Edin.  Phil.  Jour.  VI,  331  (1822). 
Platanthera  hookeriana  LINDL.    Orch.  286  (1839). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  508;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  234;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  140;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  17. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  L.  Huron 
and  L.  Superior  region;  S.  to  N.  J.,  Minn.,  Iowa  and  Wise. 

Minn,  valley:     Forest  district  and  principally  N.,  N.  E. 
and  N.  W. ;  local;  damp  woods  and  tamarack  swamps. 
HERB.  :     Bailey  194,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  543,  Red  Wing. 

Habenaria    dilatata    (PURSH)    HOOK.      Fl.    Exot.  oil,    95 

(1823-27). 

Orchis  dilatata  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  588  (1814\ 

Platanthera  hyperborea  var.  dilatata  LINDL.    in  Beck.  Bot.  347  (1833). 
P.  dilatata  LINDL.    Orch.  287  (1846). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  507;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  140;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II.  15;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  342;  Kicht.,  PL  Eur.  2S1;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross. 
IV,  71;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  340;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  7,17,265;  Rothr., 
Alask.  456. 

Iceland  and  N.  E.  Asia;  circumpolar. 
North  America:     Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Can.;  N.  to  Hudson 
Bay  and  Yukon  region;  S.  to  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  Mich,  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  N.  W.  districts;  tamarack 
swamps. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1112,  Glenwood;  Herrick  291,  Minne- 
apolis; Bailey  324,  St.  Louis  river;  Bailey  290,  St.  Louis  river. 

Habenaria  hyperborea  (LiNN.)  R.  BR.     Hort.  Kew.  V,  193 

(1813). 

Orchis  hyperborea  LINN.    Mant.  1, 121  (1767). 
O.  koenigii  RETZ.    Fl.  Scand.  1087  (1779). 
Gymnadenia  hyperborea  LINK,  Handb.  I,  242  (1829). 
Platanthera  hyperborea  and  koenigii,  a,    LiNDL.Orch.  286-287  (1846). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  507;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  234;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  140;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.,  342;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can  II,  14;  Wats.,Fl.,  Calif. 
II,  134;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  281;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  340;  Both.  Wheel  Exp.  265. 
Iceland. 

North  America:  Greenland  and  Newf.  to  Ft.  Franklin 
and  Alaska;  S.  throughout  Can.  and  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J., 
S.  111.,  Iowa,  Minn,  and  Dak.;  in  mts.  to  S.  Colo, 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  also  N.  and  N.  W. 
regions;  abundant;  damp  woodland  and  swamps. 


168  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  1106,  Glenwood;  Taylor  1107,  Glen- 
wood;  Sheldon  1155,  New  Ulm ;  Roberts  127,  North  shore; 
Kassube  227,  Minneapolis;  Arthur  18,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey 
43,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  384,  Mud  lake. 

Habenaria  bracteata  (WILLD.)  R.  BR.    Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  V, 
192  (1813). 

Orchis  bracteata  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  34  (1805). 
Satyrium  bracteatum  PERS.  .  Syn.  II,  507  (1807). 
Peristylis  bracteatus  LTNDL.    Orch.  298  (1846). 
Platanthera  bracteata  TORR.    Fl.  N.  Y.  II,  279  (1843). 
Habenaria  viridis  var.  bracteata  REICH.    DC.  Prodr.  XIII,  130  (1851). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  507;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  234;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  139;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  460;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  14;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross. 
IV,  71;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  26;  Rothr.,  Alask  456. 
Kamtschatka  to  the  Caucasus  mts. 
North  America:     N.  Br.,    Q.,    Ont.    to   Man.,    Rocky 
mts.,  Vancouver,  Alaska;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  mts.  of  N. 
Car. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  Ind.  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  probably  through- 
out; damp  woods  and  tamarack  swamps. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  434,  Buffalo  lake,  Waseca  Co. ;  Sheldon 
562,  Waseca;  Taylor  215,  Janesville;  Kassube  226,  Ramsey  Co. ; 
Sandberg  542t  Red  Wing;  Roberts  126,  Carlton's  peak;  Leiberg 
68,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Habenaria  flava  (LINN.)  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  V,  499  (1867). 
Orchis  flava  LINN.    Spec.  942  (1753). 
O.  virescens  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  37  (1805). 
Habenaria  herbiola  R.  BR.    Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  V,  193  (1813). 
Orchis  fuscescens  and  herbiola  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  587  (1814). 
O.  bidentata  ELL.  Sk.  II,  448  (1824). 
Habenaria  virescens  SPRENG.    Syst.  Ill,  688  (1826). 
H.  fuscescens  TORR.    Compend.  318  (1826.). 
Platanthera  herbiola  LINDL.    Orch.  287  (1846). 
P.  flava  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  I,  471  (1848). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  507;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  459;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  139;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  13;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  222. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Thunder  bay  and  Kaministi- 
quia  river;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district  and  N.  edge;  rare  or  local; 
damp  woods  or  swamps. 

HERB.:  Oestlund  191,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  5^1, 
Vasa. 

Habenaria  tridentata  (WILLD.)  HOOK.     Fl.   Bor.  Am.  II, 

(1840). 

Orchis  tridentata  WILLD.    Spec.  IV.  41  (1»05). 
?O.  clavellata  MICHX.    Fl.  II,  155  (1803). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  169 

Platanthera  tipuloides  LINDL.    Orch.  285  (1846). 
Gymnadenia  tridentata  LINDL.    Orch.  227  (1846). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  506;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  234;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  133;  Mac.,  Fl.Can.  II,  13;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  223. 

North  America:  Newf.  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  L.  Huron 
and  L.  Superior;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Ind.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  infrequent;  damp  woods 
and  near  springs. 

HERB.  :     Bailey  lOa,  White  Bear  lake. 

POGONIA  Juss.     Gen.  65  (1789). 

Nervilia  GAUD.    Freyc.  Bot.  Voy.  422  (1826). 

Corclylia  BLUME,    Bij.  416  (1826). 

Bophostemon  BLUME,    Fl.  Jav.  6  (1828). 

Aplostellis  THOU.    Orch.  He.  Afr.  t.  24  (1806). 

Haplostellis  ENDL.    Gen.  219  (1838). 

Cleistes  L.  C.  RICH.     Mem.  Mus.  Par.  IV,  31  (1818). 

Triphora  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  192  (1818). 

Codonorchis  LINDL.    Gen,  et.  Spec.  Orch.  410  (1840). 

Isotria  and  Odonectis  RAF.    Desf.  Jour.  Bot.  I,  220,  221  (1808). 

Didymoplexis  GRIFF.    Gale.  Journ.  IV,  383  (1844'. 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,   615;    Durand,  Ind.   Gen.  Phan.  401; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,VI,  106. 

Living  species:     43;  cosmopolitan.     N.  America,  6;  E.  Sts., 
5;  Canada,  3;  S.  Sts.,  4. 

Pogonia  ophioglossoides  (LiNN.)  KER.     Bot.  Reg.  148(1816). 

Arethusa  ophioglossoides  LINN.    Spec.  951  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  505;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  141;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  11;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.233;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  457;  Engl.  Pfltzer, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  6,  106. 
Japan? 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.;  S.  to 
N.  Eng.,  N.  J,  and  Fla.;  W,  to  N.  Ind.  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  N.  W.  districts;  local,  bogs 
and  tamarack  swamps. 

HERB.:  Oestlund  193,  Ramsey  Co.;  Herrick  294,  Minne- 
apolis; Kassube  229,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  549,  Chisago  Co.; 
Sandberg,  550,  Chisago  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1756,  Ramsey  Co. 

ARETHUSA  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  V,  905  (1754). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  614;    Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  401; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  VI,  107  (Pfltzer). 

Living  species:   2;  Japan,  1;  Atl.  N.  Amer.,  1. 

Arethusa  bulbosa  LINN.     Spec.  950  (1753). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  504;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  232;  Upham, 


170  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY 

Fl.  Minn.  141;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  10;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  458;  Engl.  Pfitzer, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  6,  107. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.;  S.  to 
N.  J.  and  mts.  of  N.  Car. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Ind. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  rare;  bogs  and  tamarack 
swamps. 

HERB.  :  Sandberg  548,  Chisago  Co. 

GYROSTACHYS  PE«S.     Syn.  II,  511  (1807). 

Splranthes  L.  C.  RICH.    Mem.  Mus.  Par.  IV,  50  (1818). 

Aristotelea  Louu.    Cochinch.  522  (1790)  not  UHer. 

Ibidium  SALISB.    Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  I,  291  (1812). 

Cyclopogon  PRESL,    Rel.  Haenk.  I,  93  (1830). 

Sauroglossum  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  t.  1618  (1835). 

Synassa  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  t.  1618  (1835). 

Sarcoglottis  PRESL,    Rel.  Haenk.  I,  95  (183G). 

Stenorrhyncus  L.  C.  RICH.    Mem.  Mus.  Par.  IV,  59  (1818). 
Benin,  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  III,  596;  Duraud,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  399; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  VI,  113  (Pfltzer). 

Living  species:  75-80;  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 
Russia,  4;  Europe,  3;  Atl.  N.  America,  13  (endemic);  California, 
2;  S.  Sts.,  7;  Canada,  4;  E.  Sts.,  6. 

Gyrostachys  gracilis  (BTGEL.)  OK.    Rev.  Gen  II,  664  (1891). 

Spiranthes  gracilis  BIGEL.    Fl.  Bost.  322  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  503;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J  232;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  141;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  8;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  462;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
222. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.  and  Saskatch- 
ewan; N.  to  Ft.  Franklin  on  Mackenzie;  S.  ,to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J. 
and  Fl. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district,  N.  edge  and  N.  W. ;  woods 
and  hillsides  in  shaded  places. 

HERB.:  Bailey  15,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  181,  Vermil- 
ion lake. 

Gyrostachys  cernua  (LINN.)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  II,  664  (1891). 
Ophrys  cernua  LINN.    Spec.  946  (1753). 
Neottia  cernua  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  75  (1805). 
Spiranthes  cernua  RICH.  Mem.  Mus.  IV,  59  (1817). 
Neottia  tortilis  BARTON,    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  35  (1822). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  502;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  8;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  231;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  140;   Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  462;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
222;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  26. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Georgian  Bay;  S. 
to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.  and  Miss.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Mo.  and 
Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  bogs  and  low,  wet 
meadows. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  171 

HERB.  :  Bailey  354,  Mud  river;  Bailey  559,  Vermilion 
lake;  Bailey  444,  Long  lake;  Sandberg  547,  "Minnesota." 

Gyrostachys  romanzowiana  (CHAM.) 

Neottia  gemmipara  SM.    Engl.  Fl.  IV,  36  (1828). 
Spirantfies  romanzoiviana  CHAM.     Linn.  Ill,  27  (1828). 
8.  gemmipara  LINDL.    Syn.  Br.  Fl.  257  (1829). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  502;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  109;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  140;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  343;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  135;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  8;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  IV,  84;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  285;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt. 
Brit.  387;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  341;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  17, 
265;  Rothr.,  Alask.  456. 

Ireland,  Unalascha,  Kamtschatka. 

North  America:  Newf.  to  Vancouver;  N.  to  Alaska 
and  Arctic  circle;  S.  in  Sierras  to  Calif.;  in  Rockies  to  Colo.; 
E.  to  W.  Neb.,  Dak,  Minn.,  Mich.,  N.  Eng.  and  Penn. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  W.  district;  bogs 
and  marshes. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  1110,  Glenwood;  Bollard  894,  St.  Boni- 
facius;  Ballard  867,  Waconia;  Bollard  714,  Benton,  Carver  Co. ; 
Bollard  824,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Ballard  794,  Goose  lake, 
Carver  Co.;  Herrick  293,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  228,  Minne- 
apolis; Sandberg  546,  Red  Wing. 

PERAMIUM  SALISB.     Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  I,  301  (1812). 
Goodyera  R.  BR.    Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  V,  197  (1813). 
Gonogona  LINK,    Handb  Bot.  I,  248  (1829). 
Tussaca  RAF.    Journ.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  261  (1819). 
Epipactis  HALL.    Enum.  Helv.  I,  277  (1742)  not  Crantz. 
Orcliiodes  TREAV.    Act.  Caes.  Car.  Ill,  409  (1736). 
Cionisaccus  BREDA,    Orch.  Kuhl.-Hass.  1  (1827). 
Corclylestylis  FALC.    Hook.  Jour.  Bot.  IV,  74  (1841). 
Leucostachys  HOFFMANNS,    Preisv.  Orch.  (1842). 
Georchis  LINDL.    Gen.  et  Spec.  Orch.  495  (1840). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  602;   Durand,  2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  400; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  VI,  117  (Pfltzer);  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen. 
II,  674. 

Living  species:    25;  N.  temperate  regions  to  tropical 

Asia,  N.  Caledonia  and  the  Mascarene  Isls.  Europe  and  Si- 
beria, 1;  N.  America,  3;  E.  Sts.,  2;  California,  1;  Canada,  3; 
S.  Sts.,  3;  Rocky  mts.,  1. 

Peramium  pubescens  (WILLD.)  SALISB.     Trans.  Hort.  Soc. 
261  (1812). 

tiatyrium  repens  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  157  (1803)  in  part. 
Neottia  pubescens  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  76  (1805). 
Goodyera  pubescens  R.  BR.    Hoit.  Kew.  V,  193  (1813). 
Orchiodes pubescens   OK.     Rev.  Gen.  II,  675  (1891). 


172  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  503;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  232;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  9;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  140;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  463. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  L.  Superior 
region  and  Man. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N  J.  and  Pla. ;  W.  to  Mich, 
and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  edge;  rare;  shaded  rich  banks  of 
streams  and  deep  woods. 

HERB.:  Juni  14,  Put-In-Bav;  Sandberg  545,  Cannon 
Falls. 

Peramium  repens  (LINN.)  SALISB.     Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  261 
(1812). 

Satyrium  repens  LINN.    Spec.  945  (1753). 
Serapias  repens  CHAIX.    Vill.  Dauph.  II,  53  (1787). 
Satyrium  hirsutum  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II,  484  (1792). 
Neottia  repens  Sw.    Act.  Holm.  226  (1800). 
Goodyera  repens  E.  BR.    Hort.  Kew  V.  198  (1813). 
Tiissacia  repens  RAF.    Journ.  Phys.  IV,  270  (1814). 
Orchiodes  repens  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  II,  674  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  503;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  9;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  463;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  140;  Nym.,  Fl.Eur.;  Eicht.,  PL  Eur.  286; 
Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  386;  Led.,  Fl.  Eoss.  IV,  86;  Herd  ,  Fl.  Eur.  Euss.  128; 
Engl.  Pfltzer,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  6,  117;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  393. 

N.  and  mid.  Europe  to  Alps  and  Dalmatia;  Siberia, 
Caucasus  and  Himalayas. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  Sas- 
katchewan, N.  W.  T. ,  Ft.  Franklin  on  Mackenzie  and  Pac. ;  S. 
to  Minn.,  Mich.  N.  Eng.  and  in  Alleghenies  to  mts.  of  N.  Car. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  rare  and  local;  shaded 
banks  and  woods. 

HERB.:  Roberts  129,  Cascade  river;  Bailey  373,  Mud 
lake;  Roberts  130,  Grand  Marais;  Holway  29,  Vermilion  lake; 
Bailey  177,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  300,  St.  Louis  river. 

ACHROANTHES  RAF.     Med.  Rep.  V,  350  (1808). 
?  Malaxis  Sw.    Prodr.  8,  119  (1788). 
Microstylis  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  196  (1818). 
Pedilea  LINDL.    Orch.  Sel.  27  (1826). 
Crepidium  BLUME.    Bij.  387  (1826). 
Pterochilus  HOOK,  and  ARN.    Bot.  Beech.  71  (1841). 
Dienia  LINDL.    Gen.  et  Spec.  Orch.  22  (1840). 
Cheiropterocephalus  KODRIG.    ex  Pfltz.  1.  c.  (1888). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  494;   Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  386; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  VI,  130  (Pfltzer);  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Geri. 
II,  672. 

Living  species:  70;  temperate  N.  hemisphere;  trop- 
ical Asia  and  America.  Russia,  5;  Europe,  1;  N.  America,  2-3; 
Canada,  2;  E.  Sts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  2;  PL  Wheel.,  1. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  173 

Achroanthes  unifolia   (Micnx.)  RAF.     Med.  Rep.  V,  350 

(1808). 

Malaxis  unifolia  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  157  (1803). 
M.  ophioglossoides  WILLD.    Spec.  IY,  90  (1805). 
Microstylis  ophioglossoides  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  196  (1818). 
M.  unifolia  B.  S.  P.    Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  498;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  229;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  2;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  141;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  453;  Herd.,  FL 
Eur.  Russ.  126. 

Russia  ? 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  L. 
Winnipeg  and  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.; 
W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  E.  district;  rare  and  local;  damp 
woods  or  banks  of  streams. 

LEPTORCHIS  THOU.     N.  Bull.  Soc.  Phil.  314  (1809). 

Cestichis  THOU.    Afr.  Isls.  (1818). 

Liparis  L.  C.  RICH.    Mem.  Mus.  Par.  IV,  52  (1818). 

Sturmia  REICH.    Consp.  69  (1828). 

Alipsa  HOFFMANSG.    Linn.  XVI,  bb.  22S  (1842). 

Empusa  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  825  (1836?). 

Empusaria  REICH.    Consp.  69  (1828). 

Ephippianthus  REICH.    F.  Schmidt.  Reise  Am.  Bot.  180  ( ). 

Platystylis  BLUME,    Bij.  389  (1826). 

Gastroglottis  BLUME,    Bij.  397  (1826). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  495;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  386; 
O.  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  II,  669;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  VI,  128, 
130  (Pfltzer). 

Living  species:  100;  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 
Few  in  N.  temperate  zone.  Canada,  1;  E.  Sts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  1. 
N.  America,  1-2;  Europe,  1;  Russian  Europe,  1. 

Leptorchis  loeselii  (LiNN. ). 

Orchis  loeselii  LINN.    Spec.  946  (1753). 
?  Ophrys  latifolia  LINN.    Fl.  Suec.  ed.  II,  316  (1755), 

O.  paludosa  Fl.  Dan.  877  (1782). 

O.  trigona  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II,  488  (1792). 

Cymbidium  loeselii  Sw.    Nov.  Act.  Ups.  76  (1799). 

Malaxis  loeselii  Sw.    Holm.  Act.  Bot.  235  (1800). 

M.  correana  BART.    Prodr.  Phil.  86  (1815). 

Liparis  loeselii  RICH.    Mem.  Mus.  IV,  60  (1817). 

Malaxis  longifolia  BART.    Fl.  Phil.  II,  142  (1824). 

Liparis  correana  SPRENG.    Syst.  II,  740  (1825). 

Sturmia  loeselii  REICHB.    PI.  Grit.  IV,  39  (1826). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  499;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  230;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  3;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  141;  Richt.,  PI.  Eur.  286;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross. 
IV,  52;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  384;  Herd.^Fl.  Eur.  Russ. 
126;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  397. 


174  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Middle  and  N.  Europe  to  Asia.    S.  to  Italy  and  Turkey. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Saskatch- 
ewan; S.  to  N.  J.  and  Md. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  S.  Ills. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  N.  edge  and  N  W.  dis- 
trict; tamarack  swamps. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  1145,  Glenwood;  Bollard  621,  Chaska; 
Herrick  297,  Minneapolis. 

Leptorchis  liliifolia  (LiNN.)  OK.     Kev.  Gen.  II,  671  (1891). 
Ophrys  liliifolia  LINN.    Spec.  946  (1753). 
Cymbidium  liliifolium  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  (1788). 
Malaxis  liliifolia  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  92  (1805'. 
Liparis  liliifolia  RICH.    Orch.  Eur.  38  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  499;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  230;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  141;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  454. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn, 
and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  S.  E.  districts;  rare  and  local; 
moist  forests  and  swampy  places. 

HERB.  :    Sandberg  553,  Vasa;   Holzinger  274,  Stockton. 

COEALLORHIZA  R  BR.     Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  V,  209  (1813). 

Coralliorrhiza  PFITZ.    Nat.  Pflanz.  1.  c.  (1888). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  497;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  386; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  VI,  131  (Pfltzer). 

Living  species:  12;  temperate  N.  regions.  Russia,  3; 
Europe,  1;  N.  America,  7-8;  California,  5;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  E. 
Sts.,  4;  Canada,  5;  S.  Sts.,  3;  PL  King,  1;  PL  Wheel.,  1. 

Corallorhiza  multiflora  NUTT.     Journ   Acad.  Phil.  Ill,  7 
(1823). 

C.  innata  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  194  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  500;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  230;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  5;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  341;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  142;  Wats.,  Fl. 
Calif.  II,  131;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  26. 

North  America:  Newf.  to  Selkirks  and  Vancouver;  S. 
to  Wahsatch,  Colo,  river  and  San  Diego;  E.  to  Minn.,  Iowa, 
Neb.,  Mo.,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:   N.  districts;  rare;  drier  or  damp  woods 
HERB.  :    Arthur  48,  Vermilion  lake. 

Corallorhiza  coral  lor  hi/a  (LiNN.). 

Ophrys  Corallorhiza  LINN.    Spec.  945  (1753). 
Epipactis  Corallorhiza  CR.    Stirp.  Austr.  464  (1769). 
Cymbidium  neottia  SCOP.    Fl.  Cam.  2  ed.  II,  207  (1772). 
Helkborine  Corallorhiza  SCHM.    Fl.  Bohm.  79  (1794). 
Cymbidium  Corallorhiza  Sw.    Act.  Holm.  738  (1800). 
Corallorhiza  innata  R.  BR.     Hort.  Kew.  V,  209  (1813). 


LIST   OF    HIGHER  SEED  PRODUCING  PLANTS.  175 

Cymbidium  nemoralis  Sw.    Veg.  Scand.  32  (1814). 
Corallorhiza  halleri  KICH.     Mem.  Mus.  IV,  61  (1817). 
C.  verna  NUTT.    Jour.  Acad.  Phil.  135  (1823). 
C.  intacta  CHAM,  and  SCHLECHT.    Linn.  Ill,  35  (1828). 
C.  dentata  HOST.    Fl.  Austr.  II,  547  (1831). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  500;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  230;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  4;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  142;  Chap.,  FL  S.  St.  454;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  341;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  132;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross,  IV,  49;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt. 
Brit.  385;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  113;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  126; 
Engl.  Pfltzer,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  6,  131;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  397;  Webb., 
Appx.  Neb.  26;  Rothr.,  Alask,  456. 

Arctic,  N.  and  mid.  Europe ;  all  Siberia  to  Kam- 
tschatka. 

North  America:  Canada  throughout;  S.  to  Washing- 
ton and  Colo. ;  E.  to  N.  Eng.  and  mts.  of  Ga. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  districts;  rare;  swamps  and  deep 
woods. 

HERB.  :  Roberts  131,  Hoodoo  Pt. ;  Bailey  89,  Vermilion 
lake;  Bailey  247,  Vermilion  lake. 

CATHEA  SALISB.     Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  I,  300  (1812). 
Calopogon  R.  Bu.    Hoit.  Kew.  ed.  2,  V.  204  (1813). 
Liinodorum  LINN.    (1740)  ex  Kuntze  1.  c.,  not  Ludw. 
Helleborioe  MARTYN,    Hist.  PI.  t.  50  (1736). 

Benth.  and  Hook..  Gen.  PL  III.  615;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II,  665; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  401;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  VI,  150 
(Pfltzer). 

Living  species:  4;  N.  America.  S.  Sts.,  4;  Canada, 
1;  E.  Sts.,  1. 

Cathea  tuberosa  (LINN.)  SALISB.     Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  I,  1.  c. 
(1812). 

Limodorum  tuberosum  LINN.    Spec.  950  (1753). 
Cymbidium  pulchellum  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  105  (1805). 
Calopogon  pulchellum  R.  BR.    Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  V,  204  (1813). 
Calopogon  tuberosus  B.  S.  P.    Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 
Helleborine  tuberosus  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  II,  665  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  505;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  10;  Uphan, 
Fl.  Minn.  141;  Chap.',  Fl.  S.  St.  456;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  232;   Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
222. 

North  America:    Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.;  S.  to 

N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  far  N.  W. ;  not  rare; 
peat  bogs  and  tamarack  swamps. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1111,  Glenwood;  Kassube  230,  Rocky 
lake;  Oestlund  194,  Ramsey  Co.;  Herrick  295,  Minneapolis; 
Herrick  296,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  551,  Chisago  Co. ;  Sandberg 
552,  Red  Wing. 


176  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

APLECTRUM  NUTT.     Gen.  II,  197  (1818). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  497;   Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  386; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  2,  VI,  156  (Pfltzer). 
Living  species:    1;  N.  America. 

Aplectrum  spicatum  (WALT.)  B.  S.  P.     Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 
Arethusa  spicata  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  222  (1788). 
OymUdium  hiemale  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  IV,  107  (1805). 
Aplectrum  hiemak  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  197  (1818). 
Corallorhiza  hiemalis  BART.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  52  (1822). 
Wats,  and  Coult..  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  500;  Britt.,  Fl.  N    J.  230;   Mac.,. 
Fl.  Can.  II,  4;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  142;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  455;  Wats.,  Fl. 
Calif.  II,  133;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  342;  Engl.  Pfltzer,  Nat.  Pflanz.  II,  6,  156; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  222. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan  and  Oregon;  S. 
to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  local  and  rare;  peat 
bogs  and  tamarack  swamps. 

HERB.:    Leiberg  70,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Leiberg  71,  Blue 

Earth  Co. ;  Sandberg  554,  Washington  Co. 

» 

DICOTYLEDONES. 

ARCHICHLAMYDEAE. 

XXII.    JUGLANDACEAE.    Walnut  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  1125  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III, 
397  (1880);  Engler  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3, 1,  19  (1887). 

Genera:  6;  temperate  regions  of  N.  hemisphere;  with- 
in the  tropics  in  Central  America  and  the  Himalayan  region. 
Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  distribution  to  the  Polar  regions. 

Species:  33,  living;  30  ±,  fossil  in  Upper  Cretaceous, 
Tertiary  and  Quaternary  beds. 

JUGL4NS  LINN.     Gen.  727  (1737)  p.  p. 

Wallia  ALEF.    Bonplandia,  335  (1861). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  398:  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  379; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  24  (Engler):  Schenck,  Palaeophyt. 
445. 

Living  species:   7-8;  temperate  N.  hemisphere  and  in 

Jamaica.  Europe  and  mid.  Asia,  1;  E.  Asia  and  Japan,  2; 
Russian  Europe,  1;  N.  America,  4-5;  E.  Sts.,  S.  Sts.,  Canada, 
2;  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.,  1;  California.  1. 

Fossil  species :  10  ±  ;  Lower  Cretaceous — Juglandiphyl- 
lum,  Potomac  region  (Fontaine) ;  Upper  Cretaceous,  Nebraska, 
Greenland  (Heer,  Lesquereaux)',  Tertiary,  Alaska,  Vancouver, 
Iceland,  Spitzbergen  (Heer),  France  (Saporta)',  Pliocene,  Japan 
(Nathorst)',  France  (Saporta). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  177 

Juglans  nigra  LINN.     Spec.  997  (1753). 

/.  nigra  oblonga  MARSH,    Arbust.  Amer.  67  (1785). 
Wallia  nigra  ALBF.    Bonplandia,  334  (1861). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  467;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  219;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  434;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  110;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  419;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
125;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  219;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  24. 
Bolivia. 

North  America:  N.  of  L.  Erie  to  W.  Mass,  and  Toron- 
to; S.  to  Conn.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  S.  Minn.,  E.  Neb.,  Kan. 
and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Redwood  and  Brown 
Cos.;  rich  woods;  absent  far  N.  E. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  134,  Janesville;  Sheldon  807,  Sigel  town- 
ship. Brown  Co. ;  Ballcird  552,  Spring  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Sheldon 
623,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co. 

Juglans  cinerea  LINN.     Spec.  1415  (1753). 
J.  oUonga  MILL.     Diet.  (1768). 
/.  cathartica  MICHX.    Arb.  I,  166  (1810). 
Carya  cathartica  BART.    Comp.  Fl.  Phil.  II,  178  (1824). 
Wallia  cinerea  ALEF.    Bonplandia  334  (1861). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  467;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  219;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  110;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  435;Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.  125;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
419:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  219;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  25. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Georgian  bay,  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.  to  mts.  of  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  E.  Kan. 
and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  throughout;  dry  or  damp 
woods. 

HERB  :  Sheldon  379,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ; 
Sheldon  789,  Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  53n,  Chaska;  Taylor  88,  Ely- 
sian;  Taylor  668,  Cobb  river,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Holzinger  214. 
WinonaCo.;  Holzinger  215,  Winona  bluffs;  Herb.  Sheld.  1864, 
Minneapolis. 

SCORIA  RAF.     Med.  Rep.  (1808). 
Hicoria  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  (1817). 
Carya  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  220  (1818). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  III.  398;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Pkan.  379; 
O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II,  637;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  25  (Eng- 
ler);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  447. 

Living  species:  10;  N.  America.  S.  Sts.,  9;  E.  Sts.,  7; 
Canada,  4;  Mex.,  1. 

Fossil    species:    10-15;   Tertiary,    Greenland   (Heer); 
Spitzbergen  (Unger,  Heer);  Italy  (Brongniart);  Prance,    Hun- 
gary, Bohemia,  Cantal  (Saporta,    Unger,    Goppert,  Heer);  Wyo- 
ming and  Colo.  (Lesquereaux). 
-12 


178  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Scoria  minima  (MARSH.). 

Juglans  alba-minima  MARSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  68  (1785). 
J.  angustifolia  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  IV,  504  (1797). 
J.  amara  MICHX.    Sylv.  I,  177  (1810). 
Hicoria  amara  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  109  (1817). 
Carya  amara  NUTT.    Gen.  II.  222  (1818 1. 
Hicoria  minima  BRITT.    Torr.  Bull.  XV,  (1888). 
Wats,  and  Goult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  125. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  throughout;  damp 
woods  and  banks  of  streams. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  312,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ; 
Bollard  88,  Chaska;  Sheldon  814,  Sigel  township,  Brown  Co.; 
Herrick  274,  Minnetonka;  Leiberg  59,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Holzinger 
252,  Winona  Co. 

Scoria  ovata  (MILL.). 

Juglans  ovata  MILL.     Diet.  (1768). 
?J.  squamosa  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  IV,  504(1797). 
J.  compressa  GAERTN.    Fruct.  II,  50  (1791). 
/.  alba  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  193  (1803). 
Carya  microcarpa  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  221  (1818). 
C.  alba  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  221  (1818). 
Hicoria  ovata  BRITT.    Torr.  Bull.  XV,  (1888). 

Wats,  and  Goult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  468;  Mac.  Fl.  Can.  I,  433:  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  110;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  418;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  219;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
Ill,  1,  25;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  125. 

North  America:  N.  of  Lake  Erie  and  to  St.  Clair 
river;  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  to  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb,,  Kan.  and  N. 

Mex. 

Minn,   valley:     Reported  from   the   S.   E.    edge;  rich 

woodland. 
XXIII.     MYRICACEAE.    Sweet-Gale    Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  270  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  400 
(1880);  Engler,  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  26  (1887). 

Genera:   1;   temperate    and    warmer    regions    except 
Australia.     Tertiary  distribution  principally  European  and  N. 
American  to  Greenland;  and  Asia  to  Saghalin. 
Species:  35 ±;  fossil  sp.  very  numerous. 

MYRICA  LINN.     Gen.  744  (1737). 

Nageia  GAEKTN.    Fruct.  I,  191  (1788  -. 
Morella  LOTJR.    Cochinch,  548  (1790). 
Comptonia  BANKS,    Gaertn.  Fruct.  II,  58  t.  90(1791). 
Faya  WEBB.    Phyt.  Can.  IV,  272  (1847). 
Gale  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  XI,  258  (1842). 

Baillon,  Hist.  Pi.  VI,  259;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PLIII.  400;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  380;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3.  I.  27  (Engler); 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  452. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  179 

Living  species:  30-35;  temperate  and  warmer  regions, 
except  Australia.  Only  2  species  in  Europe.  N.  America,  6; 
Canada,  4;  California,  2;  Tex.-Mex.,  1;  S.  Sts.,  3;  E.  Sts.,  3. 

Fossil  species:  A  large  number  in  the  Tertiary  of 
Europe,  Saghalin,  Greenland;  Cretaceous  in  N.  America. 

Myrica  asplenifoiia  (LINN.)  BAILL.     Hist,  PL  VI,  242  (1877). 
Liquidambar  asplenifolium  LINN.    Spec.  1418  (1753). 
Comptonia  asplenifoiia  BANKS,    Gaert.  Fruct.  II,  58  (1791). 
Liquidambar  peregrinum  REICH,    ex  Steud.  Nora.  II,  54  (1840). 
Myrica  comptonia  C.  DC.    Prodr.  XVI,  2,  151  (1864). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  470;  Britt.,  Fl,  N.  J.  220;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn,  127;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1,435;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  427;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
Ill,  1,  28. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.  and 
Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn, 
and  Ind. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  region  S.  of  L.  Minne- 
tonka  and  along  N.  edge;  rare  or  doubtful;  dry  wooded  hills. 

XXIV.    SALICACEAE     Willow   Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  290  ( 1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  411  (1880); 
Pax,  in  Engler  and  PrantL  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  29  (1887). 

Genera:  2;  N.  temperate  zone  and  a  few  in  tropical 
regions;  according  to  Pax  four  distributional  centers;  (1) 
Behring  straits  district;  (2)  central  Europe;  (3)  Himalayas, 
(4)  Pacific  N.  America. 

Species:  178;  50-60  fossil,  extending  in  the  middle 
Tertiary  from  N.  polar  to  N.  temperate  regions. 

POPULUS  LINN.     Gen.  755  (1737). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  412;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Plian.  381; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  35  (Pax);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  464. 

Living  species:  18;  Europe,  Asia  (Mid.,  Mount,  and 
N.);  N.  America  and  Mexico.  N.  America,  10-11;  Russian 
Europe,  9;  Canada,  6-7;  E.  Sts.,  5;  California,  3-4;  S.  Sts.,  4; 
Rocky  mts.,  4;  PI  King,  4;  PI.  Wheel.,  4. 

Fossil  species:  Lower  Cretaceous,  Potomac  region,  3 
sp.  (Fontaine) —  Populophyllum;  Upper  Cretaceous,  Greenland 
(Heer);  N.  America  (Lesquereaux);  Tertiary — Greenland,  Sag- 
halin, Spitzbergen,  Alaska,  California,  Wyoming,  Minn., 
Europe.  30-40  described,  but  scarcely  so  many  distinct. 

Populus  monilifera  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  406  (1789). 
P.  angulata  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  407  (1789). 
P.  laevigata  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  406  (1789). 


180  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

P.  angulosa  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  243  (1803). 
P.  canadensis  MICHX.  f.    Hist.  Arb.  Ill,  302  (1819). 
P.  macrophylla  LODD.    Cab.  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  487;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  227;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  457;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  131;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  110;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  431;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  339;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  118;  Wats.,  King.  Exp. 
327;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  242;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  221;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
Ill,  1,  35. 

Introduced  into  Russia. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan  and  Assin- 
iboia  and  Rockies;  S.  to  W.  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Pla.;  W.  to 
Colo. ,  Kan. ,  Ind.  Terr,  and  Rocky  mts. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  woods,  shores  of  lakes  and 
banks  of  streams. 

HERB.:  Taylor  40,  Elysian;  Sheldon  1580,  Lake  Ben- 
ton;  Taylor  632,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  449,  Madison  Lake, 
Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Holzinger  261,  Winona  Co. ;  Oestlund  181,  Hen- 
nepin  Co.;  Sandberg  520,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Wickersheim  226, 
Lake  Park,  Becker  Co. 

Populus  balsamifera  LINN.     Spec.  1034  (1753). 
P.  tacamaliaca  MILL.     Diet.  (1768?. 
P.  balsamifera  lanceolata  MARSH.    Arbust.  108  (1785). 
P.  candicans  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  406  (1789). 
P.  viminea  BON.    Jard.  565  (1845). 

P.  balsamifera  var.  genmna  WESMAEL,    DC.  Prodr.  XVI,  2,  329 
(1868). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  487;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  227;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  11Q;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  131;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  339;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
I,  456;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  118;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  327;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  242;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  35;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  567,  568; 
Bothr.,  Alask.  454. 

Introduced  in  Russia  and  Scandinavia. 
North  America:     Saskatchewan  and  Man.   to  Alaska 
and  Mackenzie;  N.  in  Arctic  circle;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Mich., 
Minn. ,  Neb.  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  W.  edge  and  N.  E.  district;  sparingly 
represented;  borders  of  streams  and  swamps. 

HERB.  :  Bailey  162,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  52 J,  Can- 
non Falls;  Sandberg  522,  Agate  bay. 

Populus  grandidentata  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  243  (1803). 
P.  grandidentata  var.  pendula  TORR.    Comp.  VI.  N.  St.  375  (1824). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  486;  Britt.,  VI.  N.  J.  227;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  130;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  456:  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  431. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Car.;  W. 
to  N.  Minn,  and  Tenn. 


LIST   OP  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  181 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  N.  W.  districts  ;  dry  hills, 
banks  of  streams  and  woods. 

HERB.  :  Ozstlund  180,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Bailey  2a,  Hunt- 
er's island. 

Populus  tremuloides  MICHX.     PL  N.  Am.  II,  243  (1803). 
P.  trepida  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  803  (1805). 
P.  atheniensis  HORT.    ex  Koch,  Dendrol.  II,  486  (1873). 
P.  tremuliformis  EM.    Trees  of  Mass.  243  (18  i  8). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  486;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  227;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  456;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  110;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  130;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  339:  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  91;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  327;  Both.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  51,  242. 

North  America:  Newf.  and  Labrador  to  Hudson  Bay 
and  Alaska;  S.  to  Sacramento  valley  and  N.  Mex. ;  E.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  Ky.,  N.  J.  and  Penn. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  damp  woodland;  near  lakes 
and  along  streams. 

HERB.:  Bollard  227n,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  47 ', 
Elysian;  Taylor  481,  Janesville;  Bailey  158,  Vermilion  lake; 
Sandberg  519,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1770,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Moyer  225,  Montevideo. 

SALIX  LINN.     Gen.  742  (1737). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  411;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  381; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  36  (Pax);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  463. 

Living  species:  16U;  all  regions  except  Australia,  Ma- 
lay Archip.  and  Oceanica.  Russia,  70;  Europe,  60;  N.  Amer- 
ica, 70;  Canada,  60;  E.  Sts.,  20;  Rocky  mts.,  16;  California,  23;. 
S.  Sts.,  7;  PL  King,  7;  PL  Wheel.,  9;  Russian  Europe,  58. 

Fossil  species:  Potomac,  lower  Cretaceous,  3  sp.  (Fon- 
taine) Salicophyllum  — upper  Cretaceous,  N.  America,  Asia  and 
Europe;  Tertiary,  abundant;  Europe,  Greenland,  California; 
Diluvial,  abundant;  peat  bogs,  etc.  (Nathorst,  Warming,  Steen- 
sirup),  15-20  sp. 

Salix  myrtilloides  LINN.     Spec.  1446  (1753). 
S.  arbuscula  PALL.    Fl.  Buss.  II,  83  (1788). 
S.  elegans  BESS.    Enum.  77  (1822). 
8.  pedicellans  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  150  (1840). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  485;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  227;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  130;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  451;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Buss.  118;  Engl.  Pax, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  37;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  613;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  1,  369; 
Rothr.,  Alask.  454. 

Russia  and  Siberia. 

North  America:  N.  Br.  and  Atl.  coast  to  Coast  range; 


182  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. - 

N.  to  Ft.  Franklin  on  Mackenzie  and  Alaska;  Arctic  circle  in 
Labrador;  S.  to  N.  J.,  Iowa,  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest,  N.  W.  and  W.  districts;  absent 
S.  W. ;  peat  bogs  and  marshy  meadows  around  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  238,  Turtle  lake,  Le  Sueur  Co. ;  Sheld- 
on 325,  Smith's  Mills,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  /Sheldon  124,  Madison 
Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sheldon  527,  Waseca;  Bollard  445,  Prior's 
lake,  Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  1619,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  317,  Vermil- 
ion lake;  Leiberg  61,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Kassube  220,  Minneapolis; 
Sandberg  517,  Chisago  Co.;  Sandberg  518,  Chisago  lake;  Bailey 
137,  Vermilion  lake  (var.  pedicillaris  Carey). 

Salix  cordata  MUHL.     N.  Berl.  Schr.  IV,  236  (1801). 

S.  rigida  MUHL.     Willd.  Spec.  1Y,  667  (1805). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  484;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  ,T.  226;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  110  in  var.;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  446;  Coult,  Fl.  Colo.  335;  Wats.,  Fl. 
Calif.  II,  85;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  129;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  324. 

North  America:  N.  Br.  to  Vancouver  and  N.  W.  T. ;  S. 
to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Rockies  and  W.  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  probably  through- 
out; low  banks  and  marshes. 

HERB.  :    Sandberg  509,  Vasa;  Sandberg  510,  Red  Wing. 

Salix    cordata  MUHL.   var.    angustata    (PURSH)   ANDERS. 
Monog.  159  (1867). 

S.  angustata  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  613  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  484;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  226;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  447;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  129. 

North  America:  Ont  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J. ;  W.  to 
Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  edge;  infrequent;  low 
banks  and  marshes. 

Salix  Candida  WILLD.     Spec.  IV,  708  (1805). 
S.  incana  MICHX.    Fl  N.  Am.  II,  225  (1803). 
S,  tomentosa  SCHRAD.    in  Herb. 
S.  nivea  SM.    in  Herb. 

Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  484;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J .  225;  Mac.,  Fl 
Can.  I,  446;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  128;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  337. 

North  America:  Labrador,  Anticosti,  Q.,  Ont.  to 
Hudson  Bay,  Saskatchewan  and  N.  W.  T.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J., 
Iowa  and  Minn. ;  also,  to  Mont,  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  especially  N.  E.  district; 
banks  of  streams  and  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1613,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Kassube  217,  Min- 
neapolis; Bailey  392,  Mud  lake;  Bailey  360,  Mud  river;  Sand- 
berg 506,  Goodhue  Co. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  183 

Salix  petiolaris  SM.     Linn.  Trans.  VI,  122  (1802). 
S.  grisea  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  699  (1805). 

A  fuscata  and  rosniarinifolia  PURSH,    Fl  Am.  II,  612  (1814). 
8.  sericea  MUHL.    Berl.  Mag.  IV.  240  (1804). 

8.  pennsylvanica  SAL.    Wob.  t.  95  ( ). 

S.  grisea  var.  subglabrata  KOCH,    Comm.  21  (1828). 
8.  petiolaris  var.  gracilis  ANDERS.    Sal.  Monog.  109  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  483;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  225;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  453:  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  129. 

North  America:  N.  B.,  Ont.,  Man.  to  Brit.  Col.;  S.  to 
N.  J.  and  Va. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Mont. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  S.  E.  district;  banks  of 
streams  and  low  meadows. 

HERB.  :  Bailey  359,  Mud  river.  Sandberg  610,  Goodhue 
Co.;  var.  gracilis  Anders.,  Sheldon  1929,  Lake  Harriet;  Bailey 
143,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  361,  Mud  river. 

Salix  tristis  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  393  (1789). 
S.  longirostris  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  226  (1803). 
S.  muhknbergiana  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  692  (1805). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  483;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  225;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  129;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  455;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  430;  Webb.,  Appx. 
Neb.  27. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  mts.  of 
Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Neb.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  infrequent  or  local; 
river  or  lake  banks. 

HERB.  :     f  Holzinger  257,  Winona. 

Salix  hum  ills  MARSH.     Arbust.  Amer.  140  (1785). 
S.  conifera  WILLD.    Pursh,  Fl.  I,  612  (1814). 
S.  longirostris  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  226  (1803). 
S.  muhknbergiana  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  609  (1814). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  483;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  225;  Webb.? 
Fl.  Neb.  110;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  129;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  449;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
430;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  358;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  221. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.  Ont.,  to  Lake  Hu- 
ron region  and  Man. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng. ,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car. ;  W.  to 
Minn,  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  dry,  sandy  places  and 
barrens. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  372,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Sheldon  1615,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  507,  Red  Wing;  Bailey  221, 
Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  408,  Burntside  lake;  Bailey  ISO,  Ver- 
milion lake;  Bailey  286,  Vermilion  lake;  Kassube  218,  Minne. 
apolis. 


184  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Salix  discolor  MU'HL.     N.  Schrift.  Ges.  Nat.  Fr.  Berl.  IV, 
234  (1801). 

S.  prinoides  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  613  (1314). 
8.  sensitwa  BARR.    Sal.  Am.  8  (1840). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  482;  Britt.,Fl.  N.  J.  225;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  447;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  430;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  129;  Cov.  Fl.  Ark. 

North  America:  N.,  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.;  S. 
to  N.  Eng. ,  N.  J.  and  Car. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  river  banks,  lake  shores 
and  low  meadows. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1582,  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  724, 
Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  242,  Lake  Washington,  Le  Sueur  Co. ; 
Herrick  276,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  508,  Red  Wing. 

Salix  rostrata  RICH.     Appx.  Prankl.  3  (1823). 
S.  vagans  var.  rostrata  ANDERS.    Monog.  8  (1867). 
/S.  livida  var.  occidentalis  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  464  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  482;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  226:  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  130;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  453;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  337;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  240;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  27. 

North  America:  Canada  throughout  to  N.  Eng.,  N. 
J. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mont,  and  Idaho;  S.  to  Neb.. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  at  least  to  Pomme 
des  Terres  valley;  moist  and  shaded  places  or  drier  ground. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  521,  Mud  lake,  Waseca  Co. ;  Sandberg 
511,  Red  Wing;  Sandberg  512,  Cannon  Falls;  Holzinger  258, 
Winona;  Bailey  212,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  284,  Vermilion  lake; 
Bailey  334,  St.  Louis  river. 

Salix  longifolia  MUHL.     N.  Berl.  Schr.  IV,  238  (1801), 
?  S.  rubra  RICH.      Appx.  Frankl.  Narr.  37  (1823). 
S.  fiuviatilis  NUTT.    Sylv.  89  (1842  . 

8.  longifolia  var.  pedicillata  ANDERS.    Konigl.  Sven.  Acad.  Handl. 
VI,  55  (1858). 

Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  482;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  227;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  130;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can,  I,  450;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  110;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
335;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  84;  Herd  ,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  120?;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  240;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  324;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  221;  Eng].  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
Ill,  1,  36. 

Russia? 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  Athabasca  and  N. 
Brit.  Col.;  N.  to  Mackenzie  river  region;  S.  to  Oregon,  Calif., 
Texas;  E.  to  Md.  and  Maine. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  river  banks  and 
sandy  shores. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  438,  Buffalo  lake,  Waseca  Co.;  Sheldon 
639  Waseca;  Taylor  428,  Buffalo  lake,  Waseca  Co. ;  Sheldon 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  185 

Wilton,  Waseca  Co. ;  Sheldon  1350,  Verdi,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Sheldon 
725,  Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  285,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  641, 
Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  792,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  168,  Madison 
Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co,;  Sheldon  288,  Lake  Washington,  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  Sandberg  515,  Red  Wing;  Holzinger  259,  Winona; 
Leiberg  60,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sandberg  516,  Wyoming. 

Salix  lucida  MUHL.     Nov.  Act.  Soc.  Nat.  Scrut.  Berl.  IV, 
667  (1801). 

S.  pento,ndra  NUTT.    Sylv.  77  (1842). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  481;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  226;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  450;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  110;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  130;  Engl.  Pax, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  36. 

North  America:  Canada,  east  of  the  Rockies;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn.;  W.  to  Neb.  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  banks  of  streams  and 
shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.:  Taylor  156,  Janesville;  Sheldon  22,  Elysian; 
Ballard  216n,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Herrick  277,  Minneapolis; 
Kassube  219,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  358,  Mud  river;  Sandberg  513, 
Vasa;  Bailey  357,  Mud  river  (var.  serissima  Bail.). 

Salix  amygdaloides  ANDERS.     KSnigl.  Sven.  Acad.  Handl. 
VI,  21  (1858). 

?  S.  melanopsis  NUTT.    Sylv.  I,  78  (1842). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  481;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  110;  Mac., 
Fl  Can.  I,  444;  Upham,  FL  Mian.  130;  Coult.,  FL  Colo.  334;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  240. 

North  America:  Red  and  Saskatchewan  valleys  to 
Minn.,  Mo.  and  Tenn. ;  W.  to  Neb.  and  Oregon;  E.  to  C.  New 
York. 

Minn,  valley:    Forest  district;    perhaps  throughout; 

banks  of  streams  and  shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.:   Sheldon  1618,  Minneapolis;  Taylor 39,  Elysian. 

Salix  nigra  MARSH.     Arbust.  Amer.  293  (1785). 
S.  pentandra  WALT.     FL  Car.  243  (1788). 
8.  caroliniana  MICHX.    FL  N.  Am.  II,  226  (1803). 
S.  houstoniana  PURSH.    Fl.  Am.  614  (1814). 
S.  falcata  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  II,  614  (1814). 
S.  ligustrina  MIUHX.  f.    Sylv.  II,  212  (1819). 
S.  nigra  var.  falcata  GRAY,    Man.  417  (1858). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  480;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  226;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  451;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  110;  Chap.,  FL  S.  St.  430;  Upham,  FL 
Minn.  130;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  83;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  221;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  36. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  L.  Superior  reg- 
ion, Man.  and  N.  W.  T.;  S.,  W.  of  Sierra  Nevada  and  Rockies 


186  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

to  Gulf  of  Mexico;  E.  from  Neb.  and  Ark.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J. 
and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  probably  westward ; 
banks  of  streams  and  shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  477,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ; 
Sandberg  514,  Cannon  Falls. 

XXV.     BETULACEAE.     Birch  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI  272  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  403 
{1880)— Trib.  I,  II,  Cupuliferae;  Lindl.,  Veg.  King.  251  (1846)— Corylaceae; 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VI,  217  (1877)— Castaneaceae  in  part;  Prantl,  Engler  and 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  39  (1887). 

Genera:  6;  N.  extropical  regions;  a  few  to  Bengal  and 
the  Argentine  Republic;  from  Himalayan  and  Cordilleran  dis- 
tribution centers.  Circumpolar  in  Tertiary. 

Species:    70 ±,  living;  100  +,  fossil. 

CARPINUS  LINN.     Gen.  729  (1737)  p.  p.  em.  Scop.  (1760). 

Distegoearpus  SIEB.  and  Zucc.     Fam.  Nat.  Jap.  II,  102  (1837). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VI,  255  (part)-,  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  405; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  380:  Engler  and  Prantl,   Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  42; 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  421. 

Living  species:  12;  Middle  and  S.  Europe;  C.  and  E. 
Asia;  Atl.  N.  America  to  Mexico.  Europe,  2;  Russia,  2;  Japan, 
4-5;  N.  America,  1. 

Fossil  species:  25;  Tertiary  of  Greenland,  Oregon, 
Alaska,  Spitzbergen,  Saghalin,  Japan  (Unger,  Heer,  Gopperi, 
etc.).  Quaternary,  Japan  and  Canada  ? 

Carpinus  caroliniana  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  236  (1788). 

C.  betulus  virginiana  MARSH.    Arbust.  25  (1785). 
C.  americana  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  IV,  708  (1797). 
C.  virginiana  MICHX.  f.    Sylv.  Ill,  56  (1813). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  474;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  221;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  439;  Chap.,  Fl  So.  St.  425;  Uphani,  Fl.  Minn.  127;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  220;  Engl  ,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  43. 

North  America:  N.  S.  ?,  Q.,  Georgian  Bay;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  Kan.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  and  N.W.  districts;  along  streams 
and  around  lakes. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  337,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Oestlund  179,  Minnehaha;  Sandberg  502,  Vasa;  Herb.  Wicker  s- 
heim  115,  Lake  Park,  Becker  Co. 

OSTRYA  SCOP.     Fl.  Cam.  414  (1760). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VI,  255  (sub  Carpinus)',  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL 
III,  406;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  381;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3, 
I,  43  (Prantl);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  418. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  187 

Living  species:  2;  S.  Europe  and  the  Orient,  1;  Japan, 
N.  America  and  Mexico,  1. 

Fossil  species:  6  Tertiary,  Greenland,  Aix,  Switz- 
erland, Japan  (Saporta,  Heer,  Naihorsi)\  O.  osirya  (Linn.)  in 
Tertiary  of  Japan. 

Ostrya  ostrya  (LiNN.). 

Carpinus  ostrya  LINN.    Spec.  998  (1753)  in  part. 
C.  virginiana  MILL.    Diet.  (1768). 
C.  .triflora  MOENCH,    Meth.  394(1794). 
C.  ostrya  var.  americana  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  202  (1803). 
Ostrya  virginica  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  469  (1805). 
O.  virginiana  KOCH,    Dendr.  II,  2,  8  (1873). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  474;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  430;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  222;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  109;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  426;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
127:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  220;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  43. 
Japan. 

North  America:  Cape  Breton,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  N.  Su- 
perior region  to  Man. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to 
Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Wyom. ,  Kan. ,  Ark. ,  and  S.  to  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  principally  forest  district ; 
rich  woods  and  along  streams. 

HERB.:  Ballard  293n,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  884, 
Glenwood;  Ballard  396,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Holzinger  255,  Wi- 
nona  Bluffs;  Oesilund  178,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Sandberg  501,  Cannon 
Falls;  Bailey  232,  Vermilion  lake;  Herb.  Sheld.  1740,  Minne- 
apolis; Herb.  Moyer  224,  Carl  ton  lake,  Chippewa  Co. 

CORYLUS  LINN.     Gen.  730  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist  Pi.  VI,  255;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  406;  Durand, 
2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  381;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  43;  Schenck, 
Palaeophyt.  422. 

Living  species:  7;  Middle  and  S.  Europe,  the  Orient, 
Central  and  E.  Asia  and  N.  Amer.  Europe,  3;  Russia,  1; 
Russian  Europe,  1;  N.  America,  2;  Atl.  states,  2;  Pac.  states, 
1;  Asia,  4. 

Fossil   species:     13;    Tertiary,    N.   Greenland,   Spitz 
bergen,  Shetland,  Africa,  Japan,  Amurland,  Himalayas,  China, 
Saghalin,  Grinnell-Land,  Alaska,  Wyoming,  Nebraska  (Heer, 
Lesquereaux,  Nathorst,  Unger,  etc.);  Quaternary — interglacial, 
Hanover. 

Corylus  rostrata  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  364  (1789). 
?  C.  avellana  LED.    Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  588  (1851)  in  part. 

C.  rostrata  var.  mandschurica  REGEL,    Yeg.  Amur.  489  (1858). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  474;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  222;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  439;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  425;   Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  127;  Coult.,  Fl. 


188  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Colo.  333;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  101;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  355  in  var.:  Engl. 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  43. 

N.  Asia;  sp.  very  closely  related  or  identical. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Saskatch- 
ewan, Brit.  Col.  and  Vancouver;  S.  to  Washington  and  Colo. ; 
E.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Ga. 

Minn,  valley:  FarN.  W.  district;  local  and  rare;  thick- 
ets and  river  banks. 

HERB.:  Bailey  229,  Vermilion  lake;  Roberts  122, 
French  river. 

Corylus  americana  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  236  (1788). 

C.  humilis  WILLD.    Berl.  Baumz.  108  (1796). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  474;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  222;  Mac.. 
Fl.  Can.  I,  440;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  109:  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  127;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  425;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  220. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Man.,  Selkirks,  Assiniboia 
and  Cypress  Hills;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  W.  Fla.;  W.  to 
Dak. ,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  not  infrequent;  thickets 
and  edges  of  woods. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  378,  Janesville;  Sheldon  507,  Waseca; 
Taylor  335,  Janesville;  Sheldon  324,  Smith's  Mills,  Blue  Earth 
Co. ;  Sheldon  467,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Bollard  228, 
Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Oestlund  176,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Sandberg  500, 
Goodhue  Co. ;  Oestlund  177,  Minneapolis. 

BETULA  LINN.     Gen.  715  (1735)  em.  Gaert.  (1791). 
Betulaster  SPACH,    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2,  XV,  198  (1841). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VI,  254;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  III;  404;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  380;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3. 1,  43  (Prantl); 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  409. 

Living  species:  35;  boreal  and  temperate  regions  of 
N.  hemisphere;  Europe;  Asia;  N.  America.  25  (B.  and  H.); 
Europe,  12;  Russia,  11;  N.  America,  11;  Canada,  9-10;  S.  Sts., 
3;  E.  Sts.,  7;  Rocky  mts.,  2;  PI.  King,  4;  PI.  Wheel.,  2;  Cali- 
fornia, 2. 

Fossil  species:  40;  doubtfully  in  the  Cretaceous; 
abundant  in  Tertiary  of  polar  regions  and  in  Europe. 

Betula  pumila  LINN.     Mant.  I,  124  (1767). 

B.  grayi  REGEL,    Bull.  Soc.  Mosc.  XVIII,  406  (1866). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  472;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  221;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  437;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  128;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill, 
1,45. 

North  America:   Newf.,  Labr.,  Anticosti,  N.  S.,  N.  Br., 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  189 

Q.,  Ont.  to  foot-hills  of  Rockies;  S.  to  Conn,  and  N.  J. ;  W.  to 
Ind.,  Ills,  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.,  N.  W.  and  N.  districts;  marshy 
meadows  and  bogs. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  737,  Glenwood;  Bollard  145n,  Chaska; 
Ballard  423,  New  Prague,  Scott  Co. ;  Sandberg  504,  Chisago  Co. ; 
Sandberg  505,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1796,  Minneapolis. 

Betula  nigra  LINN.     Spec.  982  (1753). 

B.  lanulosa  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  181  (1803). 
B.  rubra  MICHX.    Arb.  II,  142(1812). 
B.  angulata  LODD.     Cat.  (1836). 

Wats.  andCoult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  472;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  221;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  110;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  128;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  428;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
220:  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  45. 

North  America:  Mass,  to  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Neb.,  E.  Kan.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:    Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co.;  local 
and  infrequent;  river  banks  and  lake  shores. 
HERB.  :    Holzinger  256,  Winona  Co. 

Betula  papyrifera  MARSH.     Arbust.  Amer.  19  (1785). 
B.  papyracea  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  337  (1789). 
B.  grandis  SCHRAD.    Ind.  Sem.  Gott.  2  (1833). 
B.  canadensis  LOUD.    Cab.  (1836). 
B.  latifoha  TAUSCH,    Flora  XXI,  751  (1838). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  472;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  436;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  128;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  323;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  45; 
Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  26. 

North  America:  Throughout  Canada  ("widest  range 
of  any  Canadian  tree" — Macoun.)  to  Arctic  ocean;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  Penn.,  N.  Ills,  and  Minn.,  Dak.  and  N.  Neb. 

Minn,  valley :  Forest  district  to  Renville  Co. ;  rare  and 
local  S.  W. ;  but  abundant  N.  E.  districts.  Woodland  along 
streams. 

HERB.  :  Ballard  290n,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Herrick  275, 
Minneapolis;  Sandberg  503,  Red  Wing. 

ALNUS  GAERTN.     Fruct.  II,  54,  t.  90  (1791). 

Alnaster  SPACH,    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2,  XV.  200(1841). 
Alnobetula  SCHUR.    Transsylv.  614  (1866). 
Semidopsis  ZUMAG.    Fl.  Ped.  I,  249  (1849). 
Clethropsis  SPACH,    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2,  XV,  201  (1841). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VI,  254;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  404;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  380;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3, 1,  45  (Prantl); 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  414. 

Living  species:  14;  Europe;  Mid.  and  N.  Asia;  N.  and 
S.  America,  extropical;  S.  Africa.  Europe,  6;  Russia,  4;  Rus- 


190  METASPERMAE    OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

sian  Europe,  3;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  E.  Sts.,  4;  S.  Sts.,  2;  Canada, 
4-5;  California,  4;  PL  King,  3;  PL  Wheel.,  2;  N.  America, 
excl.  Mexico,  8. 

Fossil  species:  30;  Cretaceous;  Alnus  and  Alnites, 
Alnophyllum,  Nebraska  and  Colo.  (Lesquereaux)',  Tertiary,  N. 
America  (Lesqx.)',  Tertiary,  polar  regions  (Heer)-,  Europe, 
(Saporta,  Unger)-,  Quaternary"  and  recent,  Forest -bed  of 
Cromer,  etc. 

Alnus  incana  (LINN.)  WILLD.     Spec.  IV,  333  (1805). 
Betulaincana  LINN.  f.    Suppl.  417  (1781). 
Alnus  glauca  MICHX.    Hist.  Arb.  II,  322  (1812). 
A.  crispa  PURSH,     Fl  Am.  623  (1814)  partly. 
A.  intermedia  SCHRAD.    Herb.  Hort.  Gott. 

A.  incana  var.  vulgaris  SPACH,    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2,  XV,  206  (1841). 
A.  incana  var.  glauca  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  I,  423  (1848). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed,  473;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  221;  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  II,  81;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  332;    Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  109;  Upham,  FL 
Minn.  128;  Miyabe,  FL  Kur.  259,  in  var.;  Herd.,  FL  Eur.  Buss.  120;  Wats., 
King  Exp.  322;  Koth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  239;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3, 1,  46; 
Hart.,  Scand.  FL  I,  378;  Rothr.,  Alask.  454. 

Northern  Europe  and  Asia  to  Yezo  and  Saghalin. 
North  America:    Newf.  throughout  Can.  to  the  Rocky 
mts.;  S  to  Mass,  and  N.  J.;   W.  to  E.   Neb.,   Minn.,   Dak.   and 
Colo. ;  Oregon  to  Saskatchewan  and  S.  in  mts.  to  Nevada  and 
Mexico;  N.  to  Alaska. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.,  and  probably  N.  W.  districts; 
along  streams  and  around  marshes. 

XXVI.    FAGACEAE.    Oak  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  274  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  403 
(1880)— TribusIII,  Cupuliferae;  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VI,  227  (1877),  Castanea- 
ceae  in  part;  Prantl,  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3, 1,  47  (18»7). 

Genera:  4;  3  distributional  centers  according  to  Prantl, 
(1)  N.  extratropical  regions  (Fagus,  Castanea  §  Eucastanea, 
Quercus);  (2)  tropical  Asia  (Quercus  §  Pasania,  Castanea  § 
Castanopsis):  (3)  Antartic  S.  America,  New  Zealand,  S.  Aus- 
tralia (Nothofagus). 

Species:  350±,  living;  200-225;  fossil,  Cretaceous,  Ter- 
tiary and  Recent. 

(Juercus  LINN.     Gen.  726  (1737). 

Cyclobalanus,    Cyclobalanopsis,    Pasania  OERST.     Liebm. 
Chfcnes.  Amer.  Trop.  19,  20  (1837?). 

Synaedrys  LINDL.    Introd.  ed.  2,  441  (1835). 
Lithocarpus  BLUME,    Fl.  Jav.  Cupul.  34,  t.  20  (1832?). 


LIST   OF    HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  191 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VI,  256;  Benth.and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  III.  407;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  381;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  1,55  (Prantl); 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  433. 

Living  species:  300 i;  300  (B.  and  H.);  temperate  and 
tropical  regions;  especially  Europe,  tropical  and  West  Asia; 
N.  America;  absent  from  S.  America,  S.  Africa,  Australia  and 
Oceanica.  Europe,  25;  Russia,  10;  tropical  Asia,  150±;  North 
America  and  Mexico,  100 ±;  U.  S.  50±;E.  Sts.,  19;  S.  Sts., 
21;  Canada,  12-13;  California  and  Pac.  U.  S.,  25;  PI.  Wheel., 
10;  (see  W.  Am.  Oaks,  Kellogg,  Greene  and  McDonald). 

Fossil  species:  200 ±  described;  Lower  Cretaceous, 
Quercophyllum,  2  sp.  Potomac  beds  (Fontaine)-,  Upper  Creta- 
ceous, Colo.,  Neb.,  Kan  ,  Wyoming  (Lesquereaux,  Ward,  New- 
berry,  Heer);  Tertiary,  N.  America,  Australia,  Sumatra,  Java, 
Japan,  Greenland,  Alaska,  Spitzbergen,  France,  Italy  ( Saporta, 
Heer,  Ettinghausen,  Br.ongniart,  Goppert,  Unger,  Nathorst;  Les- 
quereaux, etc. )  Pliocene  and  Quaternary,  Ohio,  Italy,  Japan 
(Neivberry,  Goppert,  Saporta,  Nathorst);  Amber,  Baltic  region 
(Conwentz). 

(Juercus  velutina  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  II,  721  (1789). 
Q.  discolor  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  358  (1789). 
Q.  tinctoria  BARTR.    Trav.  2  ed.  37  (179J). 
Q.  tinctoria  var.  angulosa  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  198  (1803) 
Q.  tinctoria  var.  sinuosa  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  198  (1803). 
Q.  coccinea  var.  tinctoria  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  454  (1868). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  477;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  244;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  443;  Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.  126;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  422;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
221;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  57. 

North  America:  S.  Maine,  W.  Ont.  to  Minn.;  S.  to  N. 
J.,  Ga.,  Tex.;  W.  to  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  throughout;  woods  and 
hillsides. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  475,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ; 
Taylor  332,  Janesville;  Bollard  329n,  Belle  Piaine;  Sandberg 
499,  Red  Wing;  Holzinger  254,  Winona  Co. 

(Juercus  rubra  LINN.     Spec.  996  (1753). 
Q.  ambigua  MICHX.    Am.  Arb.  II,  120  (1810). 
Q.  coccinea  var.  ?  rubra  SPACH,    Veg.  II,  165  (1834). 
Q.  rubra  var.  runcinata  A.  DC.    Prodr.  XVI,  2,  60  (1864). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  477;  Britt., Fl.  N.  J.  224;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  109;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  127;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  422;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
I,  442;  II,  356;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  221;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  56. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  height  of  land  W.  of  L. 
Superior,  at  L.  Namakeen;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Neb,.  Kan.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 


192  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY 

Minn,  valley:     S.  E.  districts;  rare  or  doubtful;  river 
banks  and  low  woods. 

Quercus  muhlenbergii  ENGELM.     Trans.   Acad.  St.  Louis, 
III,  591  (1877). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  478;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  222;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  109;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  126;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  220. 

North  America:  Mass,  to  Del.  and  ]^.  J. ;  S.  to  N. 
Alab.;  W.  to  Minn.,  E.  Neb.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  the  S.  E.  district;  doubt- 
ful; no  Minn,  specimens  seen. 

(Juercus  macrocarpa  MICHX.     Hist.  Chenes.  2,  3  (1801). 
Q.  olivaeformis  MICHX.  f.    Hist.  Arb.  II,  32  (1810). 
Q.  obtusiloba  var.  depressa  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  215  (1818). 
Q.  alba  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  158  (1840)  in  part. 
Q.  stellata  var.  depressa  A.  DC.    Prodr.  XVI,  2,  23  (1864). 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.  and  Assini- 
boia;  S.  to  Mass,  and  Penn. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kan. 
and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  hillsides,  knolls  .and 
banks  of  lakes  and  streams. 

HERB.  :  Ballard  408,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  470, 
Janesville;  Taylor,  692  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  474,  Madison 
Lake;  Oestlund  175,  Hennepin  Co.;  Sandberg  498,  Red  Wing; 
Bailey  63,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  534,  Mud  lake;  Herb.  Wick- 
ersheim  114,  115,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer  223 
Montevideo. 

(Juercus  alba  LINN.     Spec.  996  (1753). 
?  Q.  sinuata  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  235  (1788). 
Q.  alba  var.  pinnatifida  MICHX.    Hist.  Chfcnes.  IV,  5  (1801). 
Q.  alba  var.  repanda  MICHX.    Hist.  Chines.  IV,  5  (1801). 
Q.  microcarpa    A.  DC.    Prodr.  XVI,  2,  22  (1864) 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  475;  Britt.,  Fl.  1ST.  J.  222;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  109;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  126;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  423;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
440;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  321;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  220;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
Ill,  1,  57. 

North  America:     Q.,  Ont.,  Maine  to  N.  J.  and  Pla. ;  W. 
to  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kan.?  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:     S.  E.  district;  wooded  hills  and  banks. 
HERB.  :  ? 'Ballard  485,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Holzinger 
253,  Winona  Bluffs. 

XXVII.     ULMACEAE.     Elm  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  275  (1840)  —  Ulmaceae  and  Celtideae;  Benth.  and 
Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  343  (1880)— Trib.  I,  II,  Urticaceae;  Engler  in  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz  3,  I,  59  (1887). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED   PRODUCING  PLANTS.  193 

Genera:  13;  tropical  and  extratropical. 
Species:  125 ±  ;  50-60  fossil;  Eocene  to  Recent. 

ULMU8  LINN.     Gen.  194  (1737). 

Chaetoptelea  LIEBM.    Vid.  MM.  Kiob.  (1850). 
Microptelea  SPACH,    Am.  Sci.  Nat.  2,  XV,  358  (1841). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VI,  184;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  III,  351;  Durand, 
2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  373;    Engler   and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3, 1,  62;  Schenck, 
Palaeophyt,  470. 

Living  species:  16;  temperate  N.  hemisphere;  mts. 
in  tropical  Asia.  Europe,  3;  Russia,  8;  Russian  Europe,  7; 
S.  Sts.,  5;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  E.  Sts.,  4;  Canada,  3;  PL  Wheel.,  1; 
N.  America,  6-7. 

Fossil  species:  Ulmiphyllum,  Lower  Cretaceous  (Fon- 
taine}— Potomac  river  beds,  3  sp.  Ulmus,  30-45  sp.  described; 
Eocene,  rare;  Oligocene  abundant — Grinnell-Land,  Greenland, 
Saghalin,  Japan,  Switzerland,  Alaska,  Colorado  (Lesquereaux, 
Saporta,  Heer,  Unger,  Watelet,  etc. ). 

Ulmus  racemosa  THOMAS,     Am.  Jour.  Sci.  Ser.  1,  XIX,  170 
(1831). 

U.  americana  PLANCH.    DC.  Prodr.  XVII,  155  (1873)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  462;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  216;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  428;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  124. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  S.  W.  Vt.  and  N.  J.;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Ky.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Chippewa  valley; 
infrequent  or  rare;  woods  and  along  streams. 

HERB.  :    Moyer  220\  Cedar  lake,  near  Montevideo. 

Ulmus  americana  LINN.     Spec.  226  (1753). 

U.  mollifolia  MARSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  156  (1785). 

U.  americana  var.  pendula  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  I,  320  (1789). 

U.  pendula  WILLD.    Berl.  Baumz.  519  (1796). 

U.  alba  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  115  (1817). 

U.  americana  var.  scabra  SPACH,    Ann.  Sci.  Nat    2  ser.  XV,  364 
(1841). 

U.  americana  var.  bartramii  WALP.    Ann.  Ill,  424  (1846?). 

U.  Jtoridana  CHAP.    Fl.  S.  St.  416  (1860). 

U.  americana  var.  aspera  CHAP.    Fl.  S.  St.  416  (1860). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  462;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  216;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  Ill;  Upham.  Fl.  Minn.  124;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I.  428;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  329; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  218;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  62. 

North  America:  Cape  Breton,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont, 
L.  Winnipeg  to  52°  N.  lat.  on  Saskatchewan  and  L.  Was  wan  - 
apy,  N.  W.  T.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.  and  W.  to  Kan., 
Neb.,  Dak.,  Ark.  and  head  waters  of  Missouri  river. 

-13 


194  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  rich  woods  and 
around  lakes. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1579,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  380, 
Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Oestlund  171,  Hennepin  Co. ; 
Sandberg  493,  Goodhue  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1908,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Moyer  219,  Chippewa  river,  near  Montevideo. 

Ulmus  fiilva  MICHX.     PL  N.  Am.  I,  172  (1803). 
U.  americana  LINN.    Herb.  Banks. 
17.  pubescens  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  Ill  (1788). 
U.  americana  var.  rwbra  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  I,  319  (1789). 
U.  crispa  WILLD.    Enum.  295  (1809). 
U.  rubra  MICHX.  f.    Sylv.  Ill,  138  U819). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  462;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  21f»;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  427;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  Ill;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  416;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
124;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  357:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  218;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill, 
1,62. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.,  to  Georgian  bay;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.  and  W.  Fla.;  W.  to  Dak.,  Neb  ,  Kan.,  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  W.  at  least  to 
Pomme  des  Terres  valley;  along  streams  and  in  rich  woods. 

HERB.:  Taylor  423,  Janesville;  Sheldon  286,  Madison 
Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Holzinger  209,  Winona.  Co.;  Bailey 237, 
Vermilion  lake;  Holzinger  210,  Winona  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer  218, 
Montevideo. 

CELTI8  LINN.     Gen.  844  (1737). 

Soleiiostigma  ENDL.    Prodr.  Norf.  41  (1833). 
Mertensia  H.  B.  K.    Nov.  Gen.  et.  Spec.  II,  30  (1817). 
Momisia  DUM.    An.  Fam.  17  (1829). 

Baillon,  Hist.  Pi.  VI,  186;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  354;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  373;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  63;  Schenck, 
Palaeophyt.  474. 

Living  species:  50;  temperate  regions,  especially 
N.  and  in  the  tropics.  Europe,  2;  Russian  Europe,  1;  Tex.  4-5; 
Rocky  mts.,  1;  E.  Sts.,  1;  Canada,  1;  S.  Sts.,  1;  N.  America,  5-6. 
Fossil  species:  12-15  described;  Oligocene,  Miocene, 
Atlantic  America,  Colorado,  Japan,  Germany  (Lesquereaux, 
Saporta,  Goppert). 

Celtis  occidental  LINN.     Spec.  ed.  2,  1478  (1762). 

C.  oUiqua  MOENCH,     Meth.  344(1794). 
C.  crassifolia  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  IV,  138  (1797). 
C.  pumila  PURSH,    Fl.  200  (1814). 
?  C.  canina  RAF.    Am.  Mo.  Mag.  (1808?). 

C.  mississippiensis  Bosc.    Diet.  Ag.  n.  ed.  X,  41  ( ). 

C.  alba  DC.    Prodr.  XVII,  177  (1873). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED  PRODUCING  PLANTS.  195 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  463;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  216;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  Ill;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  124;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  330;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
429;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.St.  417;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  321;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  218;  Engl., 
Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  64. 

In  trod,  in  Europe. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  L.  of  Woods;  S.  to  N.  J.  and 
Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Ark.,  Colo. 

Minn,  valley :  Throughout ;  woodland  and  along 
streams  or  around  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  298,  Janesville;  Sheldon  1230,  Iberia, 
Brown  Co. ;  Sheldon  1416,  Lake  Benton;  Bollard  388,  Jordan, 
Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  465,  Madison  Lake;  Sheldon  903,  Sleepy- 
Eye. 

XXVIII.     MORACEAE,    Mulberry  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  277,  286  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  III, 
343  (1880);— Trib.  IV,  V,  VI,  Urticaceae;  Engler  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  3, 1,  66  (1888). 

Genera:  55  living,  2-3  fossil;  temperate  and  tropical 
regions;  largely  developed  in  tropical  America. 

Species:  900 ±;  66  per  cent,  in  the  tropical  genus 
Ficus;  fossil  species  of  Ficus  from  Greenland  to  S.  hemisphere, 
Cretaceous  to  Tertiary  and  Recent;  numerous. 

MORUS  LINN.    Gen.  711  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VI,  190;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  364;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  375;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  72  (Engler); 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  476. 

Living  species:  10 ±;  temperate  N.  hemisphere  and 
tropical  mts.  N.  America,  5-6;  Russian  Europe,  1;  Russia,  2; 
S.  Sts.,  2;  Canada,  and  E.  Sts.,  1;  Arizona,  1. 

Fossil  species:  1  sp.  in  Pliocene  of  Cantal  (Saporta). 

.Morus  rubra  LINN.     Spec.  986  (1753). 

M.  canadensis  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  IV,  380  (1797). 
M.  scabra  WILLD.    Enum.  967  (1809). 
M.  rubra  var.  canadensis  LOUD.    Arb.  Ill,  1360  (1838). 
M.  missouriensis  AUDIB.    Jard.  Ton.  (1853). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  464;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.217;  Mac.y 
Fl.  Can.  I,  430;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  Ill;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  415;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  124;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  219;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  73. 

North  America:  Around  L.  Erie  in  Can.;  W.  N.  Eng. 
and  N.  J.  to  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kan.  and  to 
Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  district;  rare  or 
local;  woods  and  along  streams. 


196  METASPERMAE   OP   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HUMULUS  LINN.     Gen.  750  (1737). 

Lupulus  GAERTN.    Fruct.  I.  358  (1788). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VI,  216;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  III,  356;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  374;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  96  (Engler). 
•Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  476. 

Living  species:  2;  N.  temperate  regions.  1,  cosmo- 
politan; 1,  China  and  Japan. 

Fossil  species:     2-3;  Pliocene,  France  (Saporta). 

Huinuliis  lupulus  LINN.     Spec.  1457  (1753). 
Cannabis  lupulus  SCOP.    Fl.  Cam.  II,  263  (1772). 
Lupulus  communis  GAERTN.    Fruct.  75(1788). 
Humulus  americanus  NUTT.    Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  V,  181  (1840). 
Wats,  arid  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  464;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  216;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  Ill;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  429;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  125;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  414;  Coult,  Fl.  Colo.  331;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Hook.,  FL  Gt.  Brit.  363; 
Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  118;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  321;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  239; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  219;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  97;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  345. 
North  America:    N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  53°  N.  lat., 
Brit.  Col. ;  S.  to  N.  Mex.  in  mts. ;   E.  across  cont.  to  N.  Eng. 
and  Ga.     Introd.  in  Atl.  states  ? 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  climbing  on  underbrush  or 
trees;  banks  of  streams  and  edges  of  woods. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1039,  Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  302n,  Jor- 
dan, Scott  Co. ;  Kassube  216,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  496,  Red 
Wing;  Sandberg  497,  Red  Wing. 

XXIX.    URTICACEAE.    Nettle  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  282  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  343 
<1880)— Tribus  VII,  Urticeae;  Engler  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I} 
98  (1888). 

Genera:    41  living;     5  fossil;   tropics    and  sparingly 

without;  to  Auckland  Island  and  to  4500  m.  in  Himalayas  and 
Andes. 

Species:  500 ±  ;  33  per  cent.  New  World;  33  per  cent. 
Asia;  14  per  cent.  Africa;  14  per  cent.  Oceanica;  3-4  per 
cent.  Europe  (Engler).  Fossil  species,  12-15,  Cretaceous  and 
'Tertiary. 

URTICA  L.INN.     Gen.  710  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  517;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  381;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  377;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3, 1,  104  (Eng- 
ler); Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  483. 

Living  species:  30 ±;  temperate  regions.  .Europe,  6; 
Hussia,  5;  Russian  Europe,  2;  N.  America,  10  ±;  Canada,  3; 
E.  Sts.,  2;  PL  King,  1;  PI.  Wheel,  4;  California,  4. 

Fossil  species:    Miocene  of  Steirmack  (Ettinghausen). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED  PRODUCING   PLANTS.  197 

Urtica  gracilis  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  I,  341  (1789). 
.  U.  dioica  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  112  (1803). 
U.  procera  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  113  (1814). 
17.  dioica  var.  procera  WEDD.    DC.  Prodr.  XVI,  1,  52  (1869). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  465;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  217;  Coult.  r 
Fl.  Colo.  330;  Mac..  Fl.  Can.  I,  430;   Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  Ill;  Upham,  Fl, 
Minn.  124;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  412;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  321;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp. 
238;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  219;  Bothr.,  Alask.  454? 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Saskatchewan  and  Rockies; 
N.  to  Ft.  Franklin  on  Mackenzie;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Ga.;  W. 
to  Colo.,  Neb.  and  Ark 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  banks  of  streams, 
edges  of  fields  and  moist  banks. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  841,  Glenwood;  Taylor  186,  Janesville; 
Taylor  304,  Janesville;  Bollard  361,  Helena,  Scott  Co.;  Sheldon 
362a,  Elysian;  Sheldon  834,  Sleepy  Eye;  Kassube  214,  Minne- 
apolis; Herrick  270,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  172,  Minneapolis; 
Bailey  267,  Vermilion  lake;  Herb.  Sheld.  1700,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Moyer  221,  Montevideo. 

LAPORTEA     GAUDICH.     Freyc.  Voy.  Bot.  498  (1826). 
Disocarpus  LIEBM.    K.  Dan.  Vid.  Sel.  Schr.  5,  II,  308  (1851). 
Dendrocnide  MIQ.    PI.  Jungh.  I,  29  (1851). 
Sclepsion  RAF.    MSS.  ex  Baillon,  1.  c.  (1872). 
Urticastrum  MOEHR.    Hort.  Priv.  (1736). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  Ill,  519;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II,  634;  Benth.  and 
Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III.  383;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  377;  Engler  and  Prantl, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  106  (Engler). 

Living  species:  25;  tropical  regions  and  a  few  in  extra- 
tropical  N.  America;  S.  Sts.,  1;  E.  Sts.,  1;  Canada,  1;  Rocky 
mts.,  1;  U.  S.,  1-2. 

Laportea  canadensis  (LiNN.)  GAUDICH.     Uran.  498  (1826). 
Urtica  canadensis  LINN.    Spec.  1397  (1753). 
U.  divaricata  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  113  (1814). 
Sclepsion  divaricatum  RAF.    MSS. 
Urtica  whitlow  MUHL.    Cat.  (1818). 
Fkurya  canadensis  B.  and  H.    Fl.  Nig.  517  (1849). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  465;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  218:  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  331;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  431;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  Ill;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
413;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  124;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  219;   Engl.,  Nat    Pflanz.  Ill, 
1,  106. 

North  America:    N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Sault  Ste. 

Marie;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Kan.,  Neb.  and  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  damp  and  rich 
woodland  and  shaded  river  banks. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  40,  Elysian;  Shvldon  460,  Madison 
Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Sheldon  854,  Sleepy  Eye;  Ballard70&> 


198  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Waconia;  Taylor  593a,  Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  305,  Janes ville; 
Ballard  292,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  811 ,  Glenwood;  Herrick 
$71,  Minneapolis;  Kossube215,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  494,Vasa; 
Herb.  Moyer  222,  Chippewa  river  bottoms,  near  Montevideo. 

ADICEA  RAF.     An.  Nat.  129  (1815). 
Pilea  LINDL.    Collect  t.  4  (1821). 
Dubreueilia  GAUDICH.    Freyc.  Voy.  Bot.  495  (1826). 
Adike  EAF.    N.  Fl.  63  (1836). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI  III,  524;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  384;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  377;  O.  Kuntze,  Bev.  Gen.  II,  621;  Engler  and 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  108  (Engler). 

Living  species:  100+;  160  (B.  andH.);  175  (Durand); 
tropical  regions,  especially  American;  wanting  in  Australia. 
N.  America,  temperate  regions,  2;  Canada  and  E.  Sts.,  1. 

Adicea  pumila  (LiNN.)  RAF.    An.  Nat.  179  (1815). 
Urtica  pumila  LINN.    Spec.  1395  (1753). 
17,  fasciculata  Pom.    Eric.  Meth.  IV,  640(1797). 
Dubrueilia  pumila  GAUDICH.     Uran.  295  (1826). 
Adike  pumila  EAF.    N.  Fl.  63  (1836). 
Pika  pumila  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  1,  437  (1848). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  466;  Britt.,  Fl.  N,  J.  218:  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  431;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  Ill;  Uphain,  Fl.  Minn.  125;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
413;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  108. 

North  America:  N.  B.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Georgian  Bay;  S. 
to  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Neb.  and  Kan. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N  W.  district;  moist 
woods  and  shaded  banks. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1129,  Glenwood;  Herrick  272,  Minne- 
tonka;  Holzinger  211,  Winona;  Sandberg  495,  Goodhue  Co.; 
Sheldon  1625,  Taylor's  Falls. 

RAMIUM  RUMPF.     V.  214  (1747). 

Boehmeria  JACQ.    Stirp.  Amer.  246,  t.  157  (17—). 
Caturus  LINN.    Suppl.  (1767)  p.  p.  ex  Kuntze  1.  c.  (1891). 
Splitgerbera  MIQ.    Comm.  Phyt.  133  (1838-40). 
Duretia  GAUDICH.    Freyc.  Voy.  Bot,  500,  adn.  (1826). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  526;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  387;  Du- 
rand, Ind.  Gen.  378;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II,  631;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  3,  I,  111  (Engler). 

Living  species:  45 ±;  mostly  tropical — in  N.  America 
and  E.  Asia,  extra-tropical;  to  Canada  and  Japan.  N.  Amer- 
ica, 1  sp.  in  Atlantic  region. 

Ramium  cylindricum  (LiNN.)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  II,  632  (1891). 
Urtica  cylindrica  LINN.    Spec.  1396  (1753). 
Boehmeria  cylindrica  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  340  (1805). 
B.  lateriflora  MUHL.    Cat.  (1813). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  199 

Urtica  capitata  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  113  (1814). 
Duretia  cylindrical,  GATJDICH.    Uran.  499  (1826). 
Boehmeria  cyUndrica  var.  B.  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II  (1840). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  466;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  218;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  432;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  414;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  125;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
219;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  111. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.,  Ont.  to  Minn.;  S.  to  N.  J. 
and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Dak.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  W.  district;  infre- 
quent or  rare;  moist  woods  and  shaded  river  banks. 

PARIETARIA  LINN.     Gen.  771  (1737). 

Freiria  and  Thaumuria  GAUDICH.    Freyc.  Voy.  Bot,  502  (1826). 
Gesnouinia  GAUDICH.    Freyc.  Voy.  Bot.  502  (1826). 
Helxine  EEQ.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  1,  V,  384  (1824). 
Soleirolia  GAUDICH.    1.  c.  (1826). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  Ill,  534;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  392,  393; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  378;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  115, 
116  (Engler). 

Living  species:  9;  temperate  regions;  scarce  in  trop- 
ics; N.  America,  2;  1,  Atl.  region;  1,  Pac.  region. 

Parietaria  pensylvanica  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  IV,  955  (1805). 

P.  debilis  var.  pensylvanica  WEDD.     Monog.  516  (1856). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  466;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  418;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  432;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  125;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  Ill;  Wats.,  Fl. 
Calif,  II,  65;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  413;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  331. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  W.  T.,  N.  Brit.  Col.  and 
Rocky  mts. ;  S.  to  Colo,  and  N.  E.  Nev.;  E.  across  cont.  to  E. 
Mass.,  Vt.  and  Ga. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  local;  banks  and  edges  of 
woods;  not  infrequent. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  413,  Buffalo  lake,  Waseca  Co. ;  Sheldon 
792,  Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  407,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Holzinger  212, 
Winona  Co. ;  Holzinger  213,  Winona  Co. ;  Herrick  273,  Minne- 
apolis; Oestlund  173,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  174,  Hennepin  Co. 

XXX.  SANTALACEAE.    Sandal-wood  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  324,  1378  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL 
III,  217  (1880)  excl.  Tribus  IV,  Grubbieae;  Hieronymus  in  Engler  and 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  202  (1889). 

Genera:  26  living;  1  fossil;  tropical  and  temperate 
regions;  distributional  centers  (1)  S.  Africa;  (2)  Malay  Arch- 
ipelago; (3)  S.  America  and  Australia;  (4)  N.  temperate  region  ; 
(Hieronymus) . 

Species:    250±  living;  12-15  fossil;  Tertiary. 


200  METASPEKMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

COMANDRA  NUTT.     Gen.  I,  157  (1818). 

Hamiltonia  SPRENG.    Syst.  I,  831  (1825)  p.  p. 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  224;   Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  358; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  221  (Hieronymus). 

Living  species:  4;  Europe,  1;  N.  America,  3;  Canada, 
3;  E.  Sts.,  3;  S.  Sts.  1;  Rocky  mts.,  2;  PI.  King,  1;  PI. 
Wheel.,  2. 

Comandra  livida  RICH.     Appx.  Frankl.  Journ.  9  (1823). 

Hamiltonia  sarmentosa  SPRENG.    Syst.  I,  831  (1825). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  451;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  423;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  122. 

North  America:  Newf.  and  Labrador,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.r 
L.  Nipigon,  L.  Winnipeg  to  Rocky  mts.,  Brit.  Col.,  69°  N.  lat. 
and  Arctic  circle;  S.  to  N.  Vt.,  Wise,  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  edge;  doubtful;  dry 
hillsides  or  banks. 

Comandra  umbellata  (LINN.)  NUTT.     Gen.  I,  157  (1818). 
Thesium  umbellatum  LINN.     Spec.  302  (1753). 
T.  corymbulosum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  112  (1803). 
Hamiltonia  umbellata  SPRENG.    Syst.  I,  831  (1825). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  450;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  214;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  133;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  423;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  396;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
324;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  319;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  254;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  217. 

North  America:  Cape  Breton,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Owen  Sound, 
L.  Huron,  Saskatchewan  (N.  of  51°  lat.)  and  Rockies;  S.  to 
Washington  and  Calif ornian  Sierras;  E.  across  cont.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Ga. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  perhaps  throughout; 
dry  ground  or  edges  of  meadows. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1168,  New  Ulm;  Holzinger  202,  Wi- 
nona,  Co.;  Kassube  212,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  487,  Goodhue 
Co.;  Holzinger  203,  Stockton;  Herb.  Sheld.  1861,  Ramsey  Co. ; 
1718,  Minneapolis. 

Comandra  pallida  A.  DC.     Prodr.  XIV,  636  (1856). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  450;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  133;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  423;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  324;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  319;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  254  in  var. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  and  N.  W.  T.  to  Brit. 
Col.  and  Oregon;  S.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  N.  Mex.,  and  W.  to 
Rocky  mts. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  W.  N.  W.  edge;  doubtful 
or  rare;  dry  shaded  hills. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  201 

XXXI.  ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.  Birthwort 
Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  344  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  121 
(1880);  Solereder  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  264  (1889). 

Genera:  5;  warmer  and  tropical  regions;  principally 
S.  America,  and  absent  from  Australia.  Doubtful  remains  in 
Cretaceous  and  Tertiary. 

Species:  200;  90  per  cent,  in  genus  Aristolochia  of  the 
tropical  and  subtropical  regions. 

ASARUM  LINN.     Gen.  385  (1737). 

Heterotropa  MORR.  and  DECNE.    A  nn.  Sci.  Nat.  II,  2,  314  (1834). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  21;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  122;  Durand, 
IncL  Gen.  Phan.  345;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  271  (Solereder); 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  707. 

Living  species :  13;  temperate  regions,  N.  hemisphere; 
Europe,  1;  Himalayas,  1;  Japan,  7;  North  America,  4;  E.  Sts., 
3;  Canada,  2;  S.  Sts.,  3;  California,  3. 

Fossil  species:    Cretaceous  of  Nebraska  and  Europe? 

Asarum  canadense  LINN.     Spec.  ed.  2,  633  (1762). 
A.  carolinianum  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  143(1788). 
A.  latifolium  SALISB.    Prodr.  344  (1796). 
A.  villosum  MUHL.    Cat.  (1813). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  445;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  212;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  418;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  116;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  371;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  216; 
Engl.  Solered.  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  271. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  49°  N.  lat.  in 
Man.  and  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  N.  Car.  and  W. 
to  Minn,  and  Dak. 

Minn  valley:  Throughout;  shaded  river  banks  and 
moist  woodland. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  146,  Madison  Lake;  Bollard  52n, 
Chaska;  Holzinger  193,  Winona  Co.;  Kassiibe  206,  Minneapolis; 
Arthur  159,  Vermilion  lake;  Leonard  42,  Minneapolis;  Winchell 
19,  Minneapo]is;  Sandberg  475,  Goodhue  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1875, 
Ramsey  Co. ;  Herb.  Wickersheim  110,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. 

AEISTOLOCHIA  LINN.     Gen.  639  (1737). 
Glossula  RAF.    ex.  Baillon.  1.  c.  (1888). 
Pistolochia  RAF.    ex.  Baillon,  1.  c.  (1888). 
'?  Endodeca  RA.F.    ex.  Baillon,  1.  c.  (1888). 

Howarclia  and  Einomenia  KLOTZSCH,    Monatb.  Berl.  607  (1859). 
Siphisia  RAF.    Med.  Fl.  I,  62  (1828). 
Hocquartia  BUM.    Comm.  Bot.  30  (1822). 
Hoiostylis  DUCHARTRE.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  4.  II,  33  (1855). 
Guaco  LIEBM.    Forh.  Scand.  Nat.  203  (1844). 


202  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  22;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  Pi.  III.  123;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  345;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  272  (Solereder): 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  704-709. 

Living  species:  180 ± ;  tropical  and  temperate  regions. 
Europe,  13;  Russia,  2;  S.  Sts.,  4;  E.  Sts.,  3;  Calif.,  1.  The 
section  which  is  represented  in  Asia  and  N.  America  contains 
14  sps. 

Fossil  species:  15-20;  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary,  Ne- 
braska (Heer)\  Greenland  (Heer);  Europe  (Saporta);  Aristo- 
lochiaephyllum  in  Lower  Cretaceous,  Potomac  group  (Fon- 
taine) 1  sp. 

Aristolochia  sipho  L'HER.     Stirp.  Nov.   Pasc.  I,  13  (1784). 
A.  macrophylla  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  I,  252  (1783). 
Siphisia  glabra  RAF.    Med.  Fl.  I.  65  (1828). 
S.  sipho  KLOTZSCH,    Monatsber.  602  (1859). 

Wats,  and  Coulfc.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  445;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  372;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  116;  Engl.  Solered.  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  272. 

North  America:     Penn.  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 
Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  N.  E.  district  and  S.  E. 
edge;  rare  or  local;  rich  woods  and  moist  river  banks. 

XXXII.     POLYGONACEAE.     Buckwheat 
Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI  304  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  89 
(1880);  Dammer  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  a,  1  (1891). 

Genera:  30;  cosmopolitan;  arborescent  forms  princi- 
pally in  tropical  America;  herbaceous  in  temperate  regions; 
shrubby  in  E.  Mediterranean  and  Inland- sea  region  of  Asia, 
(Bentham  and  Hooker).  Center  of  distr.  N.  temperate  zone 
(Dammer). 

Species:  650-700  living;  12-15  fossil. 

RUMEX  LINN.     Gen.  300  (1737). 

Lapatlimu  MOENCH,    Meth.  355  (1794). 
Acetosa  NECK.    Elem.  II,  214  (1790). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  100;  Durand,  2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  342; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  a,  17  (Dammer). 

Living  species:  150  described;  100 ±  reduced;  cosmo- 
politan, but  largely  predominant  in  N.  hemisphere.  Europe, 
36;  Russia,  32;  Russian  Europe,  20;  S.  Sts.,  9;  Rocky  nits.*,  5; 
California,  12-13;  Canada,  8;  E.  Sts.,  7;  PI.  King,  8?;  PL 
Wheel.,  3;  N.  America,  17-20. 

Eumex  verticillatus  LINN.     Spec.  334  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  438;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  120;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  416;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  385;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  216;  Trelease,  Rev. 
Rum.  85. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  203 

North  America:  N.  S.?,  Q.,  Ont.,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.  and 
Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  swamps  and  wet  wood- 
land or  meadow. 

HERB.:  Holzinger  201,  Winona  Co.?;  Oestlund  164, 
Minneapolis. 

Rumex  altissimus  WOOD,     Proc.  Am.  Acad.  177  (3853). 

E.  britannica  MEISSN.    DC.  Prodr.  XIV,  47  (1852). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  438;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  211;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  120;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  Ill;  Trelease,  Rev.  Rum.  86. 

North  America:  N.  Y.  to  N.  J. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb. 
and  Kan. ;  Dak.  to  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  habitat  like  that  of 
E.  britannicus  Linn. 

HERB.:  Taylor  180,  Janesville;  Sheldon  1067,  Spring- 
field; Bollard  27,  Chaska. 

Rumex  britannicus  LINN.  Spec.  334  (1753). 
R.  xanthorhizos  HOFFM.  Nachtr.  239,  ex.  Shultes. 
It.  orbiculatus  GRAY,  Man.  5  ed.  (1868). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  438;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  211;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  415,  II,  354;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  120;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  314;  Webb., 
Appx.  Neb.  27:  Engl.  Dammer,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  a,  18;  Trelease,  Rev. 
Rum.  87. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Kaministiquia 
river,  Owen  Sound  and  64°  N.  lat.  in  N.  W.  T.;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.  and  Del. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Dak,  and  Kan. ;  S.  in  Rockies  to 
Nev. ;  Alaska  to  Mexico, 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  and  N.  W.  district;  W.  to  Chip- 
pewa  valley  or  beyond;  moist  grounds  and  meadows. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1162a,  Glenwood;  Taylor  992,  Glen- 
wood;  Bollard  327,  Belle  Plaine;  Roberts  120,  Stewart  river; 
Bailey  328,  St.  Louis  river;  Kassube  210,  Minneapolis. 

Rumex  salicifolius  WEINMANN,     Flora  IV,  28  (1821). 

E.  verticillatus  RICH.    Appx.  11  (1823). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  438;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1,  416;  Webb., 
FL  Neb.  112;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  120;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  317;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
II,  8;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  504;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  98;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  314; 
Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  231 :  Rothr.,  Alask.  453;  Trelease,  Rev.  Rum.  87;  Greene, 
Fl.  Fran.  139. 

Arctic  Siberia. 

North  America:  Newf.  N.  Br.,  Q.  to  L.  Nipigon, 
Man.,  L.  Winnipeg,  Souris  Plain,  Great  Bear  lake,  Mackenzie 
river  and  Alaska;  W.  to  Rocky  mts. ;  S.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  Neb., 
Iowa,  Gt.  Lake  region  and  N.  Eng. 


204  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  prairie  district,  saline  or 
alkaline  marshes. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1569,  Lake  Benton;  Bollard  286,  Jor- 
dan, Scott  Co. ;  Herrick  261,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  1,  Vermilion 
lake;  Herrick  262,  Minneapolis;  Hammond  36,  Lake  City;  Herb. 
Moyer  216,  Montevideo. 

Rumex  persicarioides  LINN.    Spec.  335  (1753). 

H.  anthoxanthum  MURR.    Prodr.  Gott.  52  (1770). 
E.  aureus  WITH.    A rr.  356  (1776). 
R.  maritimus  Auct.  Amer. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  439;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  211;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  112;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  417;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  121;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  386;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  318;  Wats.  Fl.  Calif.  II,  9;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit. 
348;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  110;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  314; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  216;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  500;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  338;  Tre- 
lease,  Rev.  Rum.  93;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  139. 

Europe:  Scand.  and  Brit,  to  Servia  and  Mid.  Russ. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Ont.,  Man.,  Saskatchewan  to 
Hudson  Bay  and  Rocky  mts. ;  S.,  E.  of  Sierras,  to  N.  Mex., 
and  E.  to  Atl.  coast  and  N.  Car. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  marshy  or  alkaline  and 
saline  localities. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1252,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  758,  Sleepy 
Eye;  Bollard  654,  Chaska;  Bollard  500,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.; 
Taylor  653,  Minnesota  lake;  Oestlund  165,  Minneapolis;  Kos- 
sube,  211,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  263,  Minneapolis;  Leiberg  52, 
Blue  Earth  Co. 

POLYGONUM  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  V.  445  (1754). 
Tephis  ADANS.    Fam.  II,  276  (1763). 
Lagunea  LOUR.    Fl.  Cochinch.  220  (1790). 
Tovara  ADANS.    Fam.  II,  276  (1763). 
Antenoron  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  28  (1817). 
Ampelygonum  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  (1838). 
Echinocaulos  HASSK.    Flora  (1842). 
ChylocaJyx  HASSK.    MSS. 

Thysanella  A.  GRAY,    Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  V,  232  (1847). 
Bilderdykia  DUMORT,    Flor.  Belg.  18  (1827). 
Pleuropterus  TURCZ.    Bull.  Imp.  Soc.  Mosc.  587  (1848). 
Beuth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  342;  Schenck, 
Palaeophyt.  490-491;  Engl.-Damm.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  a,  25. 

Living  species:  150;  cosmopolitan;  N.  rather  than  S. 
Europe,  31;  Russia,  31;  Russian  Europe,  22;  S.  Sts.,  18;  Rocky 
mts.,  16;  Canada,  29-31;  California,  25;  E.  Sts.,  21;  PI.  King, 
11-12;  PI.  Wheel.,  11;  N.  America  and  Mexico,  50±. 

Fossil  species:     Tertiary,    Spitzbergen   (Heer)',   Oen- 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  205 

ingen  (Heer);  Amber  (Baltic  Sea — Conwentz.);  Quaternary   or 
Pliocene,  Japan  (Nathorst) ;  6  or  7  sp.     See  also  Saporta. 

Polygomim  acre  HBK.     N.  Gen.  et.  Spec.  II,  179  (1817). 
P.  tiydropiperoides  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  270  (1814). 
P.  hydropiper  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  238  (1803). 
P.  punctatum  ELL.    Sk.  I,  455  (1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  442;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  209;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  411;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  112;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  119;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  389;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  215;  Engl.-Damm.,  Nat.  Pfl.  3,  I  a,  38;  Greene,  Fl. 
Fran.  136. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  Dak.  and 
Neb.;  S.  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  wet  places,  around  lakes 
and  pools. 

HERB.:  Bailey  370,  Mud  river;  Holzinger  197,  Wi- 
nona  Co. 

Polygonum  hydropiper  LINN.     Spec.  517  (1753). 
P.  glandulosum  POIR.    Enc.  Meth.  VI,  149  (1804). 
P.  mite  ELL.    Sk.  I  (1821). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  441;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  209:  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  411;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  112;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  119;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  320;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  523;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Buss. 
112;  Chap.,  Suppl.  S.  St.  645;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  232;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I, 
333;  Engl.-Damm.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  a,  28. 

All  Europe;  Arctic  Russia  to  Caucasus,  Siberia  and 
Dahuria. 

North  America:  Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Can.;  S.  to  Minn., 
Neb.  and  Mo.;  introd.  E.  of  Mississippi  valley;  S.  to  N.  Ga. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout:  wet  ground;  shores  of 
lakes  and  streams. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1477,  Pipestone  City;  Taylor  1153, 
Glenwood;  Bollard  604,  Prior  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Bailor d  661, 
Waconia;  Taylor  828,  Glenwood;  Bailor  d  722,  Benton,  Carver 
Co. ;  Bollard  849,  Patterson  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Roberts  114,  Dul- 
uth;  Roberts  115,  Stewart  river;  Sandberg  481,  Red  Wing. 

Polygonum   hydropiperoides    MICHX.      Fl.  N.   Am.  I,  239 

(1803). 

P.  mite  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  270  (1814). 
P.  persoonii  ENGELM.    in  Herb.  Ledebour. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  441;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  209;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  411;  Chap.  Fl.  S.  St.  389;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  119;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
216;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  27;  Engl.-Damm.,  Nat.  Pfl.  3,  I  a,  28. 
S.  America  and  Australia. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Ont.,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.  and 
Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Mo.  and  Ark. 


206  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  wet  places,  edges  of  pools 
and  lakes,  in  the  water. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  881,  Sleepy  Eye;  Herrick  257,  Minne- 
apolis; H errick  258,  Minneapolis;  Uestlund  159,  Hennepin  Co. ; 
Oestlund  160,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1674,  Minneapolis. 

Polygronum   hartwrightii  GRAY,     Proc.  Am.  Acad.  VIII, 
294  (1870). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  441;  Britt.,  PL  N.  J.  209;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  112;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  410;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  14;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  119;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  320;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  136. 

North  America:  Anticosti,  Ont.  to  Hudson  Bay  and 
Owen  Sound;  S.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  Neb., 
Utah,  California  and  Pac.  coast. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  moist  banks  and  shores 
and  around  pools. 

HERB.:  Taylor  224,  Janesville;  Sheldon  648,  Waseca; 
Sheldon  988,  Sleepy  Eye;  Oestlund  161,  Hennepin  Co.;  Bailey 
417,  Long  lake. 

Polygonum  emersum  (Mionx.)  BRITT.    Cat.  N.  J.  209  (1890). 
P.  bistorta  WALT.    Fl.  Oar.  131  (1788)  not  Linn. 
P.  amphibium  var.  terrestre  WILLD.    Spec.  II  (1799). 
P.  amphibium  emersum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  240  (1803). 
P.  coccinneum  terrestre  MUHL.    Cat.  40  (1813). 
P.  amphibium  var.  (?)  muhlenbergii  MEISN.    Mon.  Polyg.  (1856). 
P.  muhlenbergii  S.  WATS.    Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Sci.  XIV  (1879). 
P.  terrestre  B.  S.  P.    Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  441;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  209;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  119;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  410;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  13;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  320;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  11,353;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  232;  Webb.,  Appx. 
Neb.  27;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  137. 

North  America:  Prairie  regions  of  Can.  to  Saskatch- 
ewan and  Brit.  Col. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  Fla.  and'Miss. ;  W.  to  Wash- 
ington, Oregon,  Calif,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  wet  places;  sandy  beaches 
and  shores  of  streams. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1192,  New  Ulm;  Sheldon  1396,  Lake 
Benton;  Taylor  1073,  Glenwood;  Leiberg  56,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Herrick  259,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  366,  Mud  river;  Sandberg 
482,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Moyer  214,  215,  Chippewa  river,  near 
Montevideo. 

Polygonum  amphibium  LINN.     Spec.  361  (1753). 
P.  purpureum  GILIB.    Exerc.  Phyt.  II,  433  (1792). 
P.  amphibium  var.  aquaticum  WILLD.    Spec.  II,  (1799). 
P.  coccinneum  MUHL     Cat.  40  (1813). 
Persicaria  amphibia  S.  F.  GRAY,    Arr.  II,  268(1821). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  207 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  440;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  209;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  410;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  119;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  112;  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  II,  13;  Coult,.  Fl.  Colo.  320;  Miyabe.,  Fl.  Kur.  257;  Led., 
Fl.  Boss.  111,520;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  100;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt. 
Brit.  344;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  112;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  316;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  232;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  215;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  332;  Imgl.  Damm.,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  3, 1  a.  28;  Greene.  Fl.  Fran.  137. 

Most  Europe  to  Siberia,  Dahuria,  China,  Japan,  Kurile 
Isls.  and  Saghalin;  W.  Himalayas;  S.  Africa. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  Brit.  Col.  and  Pac.  S.,  E. 
of  Sierras,  to  Mexico  and  E.  to  Atlantic. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  far  N.  W. ;  aquatic; 
floating  in  quiet  waters. 

HERB.  :    Leonard  43,  Crystal  lake. 

Polygomim  pensylvanicum  LINN.     Spec.  361  (1753). 

P.  scabrum  MOENCH,    Suppl.  267  (1802). 
?P.  bicorne  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  29  (1817), 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  440;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  208;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  119;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  112;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  319;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
388;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  13;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  409. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Minn., 
Dak.,  Neb.,  Colo,  and  Sonora,  Calif.;  E.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J.; 
S.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  moist  soil,  river  banks, 
barren  shores  of  lakes  and  sloughs. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1047,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  889,  Glen- 
wood;  Ballard  613,  Chaska;  Bollard  622,  Chaska;  Ballard  848, 
Patterson  lake,  Carver  Co.;  Ballard  803,  Goose  lake,  Carver 
Co.;  Ballard  660,  Waconia;  Ballard  879,  Waconia;  Ballard  742, 
Waconia;  Ballard* 504,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Oestlund  156, 
Minneapolis;  Sandberg  480,  Cannon  Falls;  Huntington  13,  Rock 
Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1675,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  111, 
Lake  Park,  Becker  Co. 

Polygonum  incarnatum  ELL.     Sk.  I,  456  (1821). 

P.  nodosum  var.  incarnatum  GRA^Y,    Man,  3  ed.  372  (1852). 
P.  lapathifolium  var.  incarnatum  WATS,  and  COULT.    Gray's  Man. 
6  ed.  440  (1890). 

Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  409;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  119;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  209; 
Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  112;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  388;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  319;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  II,  353;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  521;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.,  in  var.',  Hook.,  Fl. 
Gt.  Brit,  in  var.  344;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  216;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  27. 

All  Europe;  N.  Russia  to  Ural  Siberia— in  vars. 
North  America:     N.  S.,   N.  Br.,    Ont.,  L.  Nipigon  tg 
Vancouver;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  S.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb., 
Ark.,  Mo. 


208  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  wet  places;  meadows, 
banks  of  streams  and  shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  15,  Elysian;  Bollard  784,  Swan  lake, 
Carver  Co.;  Oestlund  157,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  158,  Hennepin 
Co.;  Winchell  20,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  213,  Montevideo. 

Polygonum  tenue  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  238  (1803). 
P.  linifolium  MUHL.    Cat.  40  (1813). 
P.  filiforme  BART.    Comp.  Fl.  Phil.  I,  186  (1818). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  440;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  210;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  408;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  120;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  112;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
390;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  319;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  12;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  315: 
Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  331;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  216. 

North  America:  Ont,  Saskatchewan,  Souris  plain, 
Brit.  Col.  and  Pac.  coast;  S.  in  Sierras  to  Calif.,  Neb.  and 
Arizona;  E.  across  cont.  to  N.  Eng.,  and  N.  Car. 

Minn  valley:  Reported  from  W.  edge  and  S.  W.  dis 
trict;  infrequent;  knolls  and  barren  bluffs. 

Polygonum  ramosissimum  MICHX.  Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  237  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  440;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  210;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  408:  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  112;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  12;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  120;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  319;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  315. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  L.  Winnipeg,  Rocky  mts. 
and  valley  of  the  Columbia;  S.  to  lower  Sierra  Nevada;  E.  across 
Cont.  to  Neb.,  Minn.,  Mo.,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  Prairie  district,  throughout;  dry  or 
sandy  waste  places. 

HERB.:  Taglor  1147,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1499,  Lake 
Benton;  Oestlund  162,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  199,  Winona  Co.; 
Sandberg  483,  Red  Wing;  Holzinger  200,  Wiflona. 

Polygonum  erectum  LINN.    Spec.  361  (1753). 

P.  aviculare  var.  erectum  GRA.Y,    Man.  4  ed.  417  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  440;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  210;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  407;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn;  120;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  112;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  318;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  390;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  11;  Led.,   Fl.  Ross. 
Ill,  532;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  231;  Cov.  Fl.  Ark.  215 
All  Russia. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Rocky  mts.;  S.  and  W.  to 
Oregon,  Nev.  and  Calif.  ;E.  through  Colo,  and  Neb.  toN.  Eng., 
N.  J.  and  Ga. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  doubtless  through- 
out; shaded  banks  or  woodland  districts. 

HERB.  :    Sheldon  1729,  Minneapolis. 


LIST,  OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  209 

Polygonum  aviculare  LINN.     Spec    362  (1753). 
P.  centinodium  LAM.    Fl.  Fr.  Ill,  237  (1793). 
P.  geniculatum  Pom.    Enc.  Meth.  VI,  147  (1804). 
P.  provinciate  KOCH,    Linn.  XXII,  204  (1848). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  439;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  210;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  119;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  407;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  112;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
318;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  390;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  11;  Miyabe.,  Fl. 
Kur.  257;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  531;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Trautv.  Fl.  Sib.  101; 
Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  346;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  112;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp. 
5,  230,  373;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  315;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  215;  Hart,  Fl.  Scand.  I, 
333;  Engl.  Damru.  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  a,  29;  Rothr.,  Alask.  453;  Greene,  Fl. 
Fran.  133. 

All  Europe;  all  Russia  and  Siberia  to  Japan  and  Kurile 
Isls. 

North  America:  Greenland  to  Alaska  and  S.  to  Calif, 
and  Ga  ;  indigenous  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  door  yards,  roadsides, 
fields  and  banks. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1558,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1011, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  524,  Cleary's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Sandberg 
482,  Red  Wing;  Roberts  116,  Grand  Marais;  Kassube  208, 
Minneapolis;  Holzinger  198,  Winona  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1670, 
Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  112,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. 

Polygonum  yirginianum  LINN.     Spec.  360  (1753). 
P.  muticum  MOENCH,    Suppl.  266  (1802). 
Persicaria  virginiana  GAERTN.    Fruct.  II,  180  (1791). 
?  Antenoron  racemosum  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  28  (1817). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  442;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  209;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  112;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  413;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  119;  Chap.,  Fl.  S, 
St.  390;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  216;  Engl.-Damm.,  Nat.  Pfl.  3,  I  a,  28. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Ont. ;  S.  to  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Neb. ,  Ark.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district;  thickets  and  moist 
woodland. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  288,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Polygonum  articulatum  LINN.     Spec.  361  (1753). 

Polygonella  articalata  MEIS^.    Gen.  II.  228  (1843). 
Wats,  and  Coult..  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  443;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  210;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  119;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  409;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  215. 

North  America:  Sault  Ste.  Marie  and  N.  Superior 
region  to  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  Maine,  N.  J.  and  Minn,;  S.  to 
Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  district;  infre- 
quent or  local;  dry  and  sandy  soil. 
-14 


210  METASPERMAE   OP   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Polygonum  scandens  LINN.     Spec.  363  (1753). 

P.  dumetorum  var.  scandens  GRAY,  Man.  5  ed.  418  (1868). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  443;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  210;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  413;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  112;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  391;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  120;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  15;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  321;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross. 
Ill,  528;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  112; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  215. 

Europe,  Asia  and  India — with  P.  dumetorum  Linn. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.;  N.  Superior 
region  to  N.  W.  T. ;  S.  to  Washington  and  Montana  to  Colo. ; 
E.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.  and  Miss. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  moist  thickets  and  edges 
of  woods  or  along  shaded  banks. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1163,  Glen  wood;  Sheldon  1563,  Lake 
Benton;  Sheldon  427,  Ash  lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Ballard  506, 
Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Ballard  630,  Chaska;  Leiberg  57,  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  Bailey  51,  Vermilion  lake;  Herb.  Sheld.  1793,  Min- 
neapolis. 

Polygonum  cilinode  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  241  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  442;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  210;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  413;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  391;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  120. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Hudson  Bay 
and  Peace  river  valley  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  N.  Car.,  and  W.  to 
Mich,  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district  and  N.  edge;  rare  or  local; 
rocky  hills  and  banks. 

HERB.:  Boberts  118,  Grand  Marais;  Roberts  119,  Dul- 
uth;  Sandberg  484,  Vermilion  lake. 

Polygonum  arifolium  LINN.     Spec.  362  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  442:  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  210;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  413;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  390;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  120;  Engl.-Damm., 
Nat.  Pflanz.  3, 1  a,  28. 

Asia? 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont,;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.  and  S.  Car. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Blue  Earth  Co.;  rare; 
low,  wet  woodland. 

HERB.  :    Boden  2,  Chisago  Co.    ' 

Pol)  goimin  sagittatum  LINN.     Spec.  363  (1753). 

P.  sagittatum  var.  boreale  MEISN.    Mon.  Polyg.  65  (1826). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  442;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  210;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  120:  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  413;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  112;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
390;   Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  529;    Cov.,   Fl.  Ark.  216;    Engl.-Damm.,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  3,  I  a,  28. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  211 

Asia;  Siberia — Baikal  and  Transbaikal. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Sas- 
katchewan and  Minn.;  S.  to  Fla.,  Ark.,  Kan.,  Neb.  and  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Cottonwood  valley;  in- 
frequent W. ;  abundant  E. ;  low  places  and  thickets. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  209,  Lake  Washington,  Blue  Earth  Co. ; 
Ballard  657,  Waconia;  Sheldon  209a,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth 
Co. ;  Ballard  498,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Ballard  538,  Cleary's 
lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Ballard  723,  Benton,  Carver  Co. ;  Roberts  117, 
Stewart  river;  Kassube  209,  Minneapolis;  Her  rick  260,  Minne- 
apolis; Lestlund  163,  Minneapolis. 

XXXIII.      CHENOPODIACEAE.      Goosefoot 
Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  292  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  43 
(1880);  Moquin-Tandon,  DC.  Prcdr.  xiii,  II,  41(1849)—  Salsolaceae;  Volkens 
in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  a,  36  (1892). 

Genera:  80;  cosmopolitan;  many  of  them  composed  of 
halophytes  or  xerophytes;  few  in  tropics  or  polar  regions. 

Species:   550  ±;  many  widely  distributed. 

CHENOPODIUM  LINN.     Gen.  191  (1737). 

Oligandra  LESS.    Linn. -IX,  199  (1835). 

Lipandra  MOQ.    Chen.  En.  19  (1840). 

Gandriloa  STEUD.    Norn.  ed.  2  (1841). 

Oligaiithera  ENDL.    Gen.  Suppl.  I,  1377  (1843). 

Ambrina  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  V,  295  (1836). 

Botrydium  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  V,  298  (1836). 

Teloxys  MOQ.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2,  I,  129  (1834). 

Blitum  LINN.    Gen.  14  (1737). 

Morocarpus  MOENCH,    Meth.  342  (1794). 

Oxybasis  KAR.  and  KIR.    Bull.  Imp.  Soc.  Mosc.  738  (1841). 

Agathophyton  MOQ.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2, 1,  191  (1834). 

Orthosporum  NEES,    Gen.  Germ.  Monochl.  n  58  (1835). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IX,  166;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  51;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  336;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  491. 

Living  species:  50;  cosmopolitan;  Europe,  13;  Rus- 
sia, 15;  Russian  Europe,  12;  California,  11-13;  E.  Sts.,  5;  Can- 
ada, 5;  Rocky  mts.,  8;  S.  Sts.,  2;  PL  King,  4;  PL  Wheel.,  6; 
interior  regions,  8-9. 

Chenopodium  rubrum  LINN.     Spec.  219  (1753). 
Blitum  niaritimum  NUTT.    Gen.  Add.  (1818). 
B.  rubrum  REICHB.    Fl.  Germ.  Exc.  582  (1832). 
B.  polymorphum  C.  A.  MEY.    Fl.  Alt.  I,  13  (1829). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  432;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  400;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  207;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  117  and  Suppl.  Minn.  86;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 


212  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

308;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  283;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  48;   Hook.,  PL  Gt.  Brit 
338. 

Europe. 

North  America:  Newf.  to  Assiniboia  and  Brit.  Col. ;  S. 
to  N.  J.  and  W.  to  Minn.,  Colo,  and  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  and  W.  district;  low  or  dry  ground; 
saline  localities. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1361,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1057, 
Sleepy  Eye  lake. 

Chenopodium  boscianum  MOQ.     Chen.  Enum.  21  (1840). 

C.  album  Bosc.    in  Herb.  Ventenat. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  431;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  206;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  117;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  376;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  215;  Webb.,  Appx. 
Neb.  28. 

North  America:  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  S.  Car.;  W..  to 
Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Ark.  and  Tex 

Minn,  valley:   Blue  Earth  Co.  and  Lincoln  Co.;  prairie 
district  S.  and  S.  W. ;  sandy  or  gravelly  places. 
HERB.  :    Sheldon  1555,  Lake  Benton. 

Chenopodium  capitatutn  (LiNN.)  B.  and  H.  Gen.  1.  c.  (1880). 
Blitum  capitatum  LTNN.    Spec.  6  (1753). 
Morocarpus  capitatus  MOENCH.    Meth.  342  (1794). 
Blitum  virgatum  var.  capitatum  Coss.     Germ,  and  Wedd.  PI.  Par. 
108  (1845). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  432;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  207;  Wats.r 
Fl.  Calif.  II,  48;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  400;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  117;  Coult.,  FL 
Colo.  308;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur. 

Central  Europe;  Siberia. 

North  America:  Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Can.;  N.  to  Slave  lake 
and  Alaska;  S.  to  Washington,  Utah,|New  Mex.,  Minn.,  Neb. 
and  Tex. ;  introd.  in  E.  U.  S. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  edge;  infrequent; 
dry  or  waste  places. 

HERB.  :  Holzinger  195,  Winona  Co. ;  Roberts  110,  Min- 
nesota Point;  Roberts  111,  Duluth. 

CORISPERMUM  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  V,  12  (1754). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  175;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  57;  Du- 
rand,  Ind  Gen.  Phan.  337. 

Living  species:  5-6  (Baillon);  8-10  (Durand) ;  De- 
scribed, 15;  S.  Europe,  C.  and  W.  Asia  to  China;  N.  America. 
Russian  Europe,  6;  N.  America,  1. 

Corispermum  hyssopifolium  LINN.     Spec.  6  (1753). 
C.  squarrosum  VAHL,    Enum.  I,  16  (1804). 
C.  patens  FISCH.    in  R.  and  S.  Syst.  I,  579  (1820). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  213 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed,  434;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.»II,  57; 
Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  117;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  113;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  311;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  403;  II,  352;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  326;  Herd.,  Fl. 
Eur.  Ross.  108;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  293;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  238;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  215;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross  III,  759;  Rothr.,  Alask.  455. 

S.  Europe  to  Caucasus,  N.  W.  India,  Manchuria  and 
China. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  Gt.  Lake  region  to  Red, 
Saskatchewan  and  Athabasca  valleys;  Gt.  Slave  lake,  N.  W.  T., 
Alaska  to  Pt.  Barrow;  S.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.,  Colo.;  Rockies 
from  Brit.  Col.  to  Sierras  and  Mexico;  E.  to  Ills. 

Minn,  valley:    N.  E.  and  N.  W.  districts;  local  and  in 
frequent;  sandy  beaches  of  lakes  and  along  streams. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1187,  Glenwood;  Eoberts  113,  Minne- 
sota Point. 

SALSOLA  LINN.     Gen.  193  (1737). 

Caroxylon  THUNB.    PL  Nov.  Gen.  II,  37  (1782). 
Halothamims  JAUB.  and  SPACH,    111.  Or.  t.  136  (1844). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  71;  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IX,  186;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  338. 

Living  species:  40 ±;  temperate  and  subtropical  reg- 
ions. N.  America,  1,  Atl.  states. 

Salsola  kali  LINN.     Spec.  222  (1753). 
S.  caroliniana  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  (1788). 
8.  Carolina  MICHX.    Fl.  Am.  I,  174  (1803). 
S.  kali  var.  caroliniana  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  199  (1818*. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  435;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  405;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  208;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  113;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Buss,  110;  Nym.,  Fl. 
Eur.;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  343. 

Cosmopolitan  species. 

North  America:  N.  S.  and  N.  Br.  to  N.  Eng.  and  Va. ; 
W.  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  and  N.  W.  districts;  saline  or  alka- 
line places;  commonly  confounded  with  Corispermum. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1196,  New  Ulm;  Taylor  1180,  Glen- 
wood. 


XXXIV.   AMARANTACEAE.   Amaranth  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  300  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill 
20  (1880). 

Genera:    50;  temperate  and  warmer  regions. 
Species:    500;  many  cosmopolitan. 

ACNIDE  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  V,  987  (1754). 
Montelia  A.  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  2,  369  (1852). 


214  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  200  (sub  Amarantus);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen. 
PI  III,  29;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  334. 

Living  species:  4-5;  N.  America  to  Trinidad.  S.  Sts., 
4;  E.  Sts.,  3;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  Canada,  2. 

Acnide  tamariscina  (NUTT.)  WOOD,     Bot.  289  (1874). 

Amarantus  tamariscinus  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  V,  165  (1837). 
Acnida  tuberculata,  rusocarpa  and  cannabina  var.  concatenates  MoQ.- 
TAND.    DC.  Prodr.  xiii.  II,  277,  278  (1849?.      . 

Montelia  tamariscina  var.  concatenata  GRAY,     Man.  ed.  IV,  413 
(1858). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  429;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  118;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  397;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  114;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  305;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
214. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Ohio,  Alabama  and  La.;  W.  to 

Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  and  S.  E.  districts;  gravelly 
or  sandy  shores. 

HERB.:  Sandberg  478,  Red  Wing;  Holzinger  196,  Wi- 
nona. 

FROELICHIA  MOENCH,     Meth.  50  (1794). 
Oplotheca  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  78  (1818). 
Hoplotheca  SPRENG.    Syst.  Cur.  Post.  52  (1827). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  212;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  41;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  335. 

Living  species:  10;  America,  warmer  regions;  Minn, 
to  Brazil.  •  S.  Sts.,  1;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  E.  Sts.,  2;  PL  Wheel.,  1; 
N.  Amer.  excl.  Mex.,  4. 

Froelichia  floridana   (NUTT.)   MOQ.     DC.  Prodr.  XIII,  2, 
420  (1849). 

Oplotheca  floridana  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  78(1818). 
Gomphrema  floridana  SPRENG.    Syst.  I,  824  (1825). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  430;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  305;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  118;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  114;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  384;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  234;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  214. 

North  America:  S.  Minn,  to  Colo.,  Neb.,  Ark.,  Tex., 
Fla.,  Ga.,  Ills,  and  Wise. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district;  infre- 
quent; dry  places. 

HERB.  :    Sandberg  479,  Goodhue  Co. 

AMARANTHUS  LINN.     Gen.  716  (1737). 
Amt>logyne  RAF.    Fl.  Tell.  42  (1836). 
Koemeria  MOENCH,    Meth.  351  (1794). 
Sarratia  MOQ.-TAND.    DC.  Prodr.  xiii,  II,  255  (1849). 
Glomeraria  Cov.    Leccion,  319  (1802). 
Pyxidium  MOENCH,    Meth.  358  (1794). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  215 

Euxolus  RA-F.    Fl.  Tell.  42  (1836). 

Peiitreas  RAF.    1.  c.  (1836). 

Albersia  KUNTH,    Fl.  Berol.  ed.  2,  144  (1838). 

Mengrea  SCHAUER,    PI.  Meyen  405  (1842?). 

Scleropus  SCHRAD.    Ind.  Gott.  (1835). 

Baillon,  Sis*.  PI.  IX,  200,  part;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  28; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Pkan.  333. 

Living  species:  50 ±  ;  all  warmer  and  tropical  regions. 
Europe,  8;  Russia,  8;  Russian  Europe,  7;  North  America,  15; 
S.  Sts.,  4;  E.  Sts.,  3;  Rocky  mts.,  5;  California,  9;  PL  Wheel., 
6;  PI.  King,  3;  Canada,  5 — introduced. 

A  mar  an  thus  blitoides  S.    WATS.      Proc.   Am.    Acad.    XII, 

273  (1878). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  428;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  114;  Mac  , 
Fl.  Can.  I,  397;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  305;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  41;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  118;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  163. 

North  America:  Mex.  to  N.  Nev.,  Iowa  and  Minn.; 
naturalized  in  Ont.  and  on  Pac.  coast. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  districts  and  E.  to  Mankato;  road- 
sides and  waste  places. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1541,  Lake  Benton ;  Taylor  877 1 
Glenwood. 


XXXV.      PHYTOLACCACEAE.      Pokeweed 
Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  310  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  1,  858 
(1865);  III,  78  (1880);  Heimerl,  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  &,  1 
(1889). 

Genera:  23;  tropical  and  warmer  regions.  50  per 
cent,  tropical  American. 

Species:  85  ±  ;  principally  in  the  tropics. 

PHYTOLACCA  LINN.     Gen.  384  (1737). 

Phytolaca  and  Sarcoca  RAF.    Fl.  Tell.  627  (1836). 
Pircunia  MOQ.    DC.  Prodr.  xm,  II,  29  (1849). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IV,  50;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  84;  Durand, 

Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  340:  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  6,  10  (Heimerl). 

Living    species:    11;    widely   distributed,   but    absent 

from  Australia.     America,  6;  Old  World,   5;  U.  S.,   1;  Europe 

and  Russia,  1. 

Phytolacca  decandra  LINN.     Spec.  631  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  436;  Britt,  Fl.  N  J.  208;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  116:  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  375;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  114;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.; 
Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  405;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  215;  Engl.  Heimerl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill, 
1,  8-10. 


216  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

S.  Europe;  China? 

North  America:  Ont.  and  N.  Eng.  to  Minn. ;  S.  to  Fla. ; 
W.  to  Dak.  ?  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  infre- 
quent; low  grounds. 

HERB.  :     Taylor  552,  Janesville. 

XXXVI.    NYCTAGINACEAE.    Four-o'CIock 
Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  310(1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  1  (1880); 
Heimerl,  in  Engkr  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  6,  14  (1889). 

Genera:    15-16;  tropical  and  warmer  regions;  princi- 
pally America;  rare  in  Australia  and  almost  wanting  in  Africa. 
Species:     160  ±  ;  principally  in  tropical  America. 

MIEABILTS  LINN.     Gen.  139  (1737). 
Admirabilis  CLUS.    Hist.  II.  87  (1601). 
Nyctago  Juss.    Gen.  90  (1789). 
Jalapa  MOENCH,    Meth.  508  (1794). 
Quamoclidioa  CHOIS.    Prodr.  429  n.  2  (1849?). 
Acleisanthes  A.  GRAY,    Brief.  Char.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  (II)  XV, 

?  Nyctaginea  CHOIS.    Mem.  Gen.  XII  (1839). 
Pentacophrys  A.  GRAY,    Brief.  Char.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  (II)  XV, 

( ). 

Oxybaphus  L'HER.    ex  Vahl.  Enum.  II,  39  (1806). 
Allionia  LOEFFL.    It.  181  (1758). 
Calyxhymenia  ORTEG.    Dec.  5,  t.  1  (1800). 
Calymenia  PERS.    Syn.  I,  36(1805). 
Vitmannia  TURRA,    ex  Cav.    Ic.  Ill,  add.  (1794). 
Palavia  and  Bruguiera  CAV.  1.  c.  (1794). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IV,  18,  19;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  3,  4;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  331;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  b,  24,  25: 
(Heimerl);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  491. 

Living  species:  30;  mostly  W.  and  S.  W.  N".  America, 
Central  America  and  Chile;  14-15,  N.  America  and  Mexico.  E. 
Sts.,  Canada,  and  S.  Sts.,  3;  1  sp.  in  Himalayas. 

Fossil  species:  Doubtful;  1-2  Gen.  Nyctaginaceae  in 
Oligocene  and  Miocene  of  W.  N.  America  and  Bohemia. 

Mirabilis  angustifolius  (NUTT.), 

Calymenia  angustifolia  NUTT.    Fras.  Cat.  (1813). 
Allionia  linearis  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  729  ^18 14). 
Oxybaphus  angustifolius  SWEET,     Hort.  Brit.  567  (1827). 
Calyxhymenia  pilosa   ENGELM.  and  GRAY,    PI.  Lindh.  293  (1845). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  425;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  114;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  302;  Upham,  Fl,  Minn.  116;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  395;  Wats.,  King. 
Exp.  284,  475;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Ex.  226;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  214. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  217 

North  America:  Milk  river,  Cyprus  hills,  49°  N.  lat. 
to  Minn. ,  Neb.  and  Tex. ;  E.  to  Iowa,  W.  to  Cent.  Idaho. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  N,  W  districts  ;  probably 
almost  throughout;  dry  or  rocky  ridges. 

HERB.:  ?  Oestlund  155,  Minneapolis;  ? Herrick  256, 
Minneapolis. 

Mirabilis  hirsutus  (PURSH). 

Allionia  hirsuta  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  729  (1814). 
Calymenia  hirsuta  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  26  (1818). 
Oxybaphus  hirsutus  SAVEET,    Hort.  Brit.  567  (1827). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  425;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  395;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  114;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  116;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  302;  Wats.,  King. 
Exp.  475;  Both.,  Wheel.  Exp.  226. 

North  America:  N.  Saskatchewan  and  Assiniboia  to 
Colo.,  Neb.,  W.  Tex.,  Ark.  and  Wise. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant  in  prairie  dis- 
trict; rocky  or  dry  banks. 

HERB.:  Taylor  870,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1342,  Lake 
Benton;  Taylor  139,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1446,  Pipestone — dwarf 
forma  minima;  Bollard  376,  Jordan;  Herrick  257,  Minneapolis; 
Oestlund  254,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  477,  Red  Wing;  Herb. 
Moyer  212,  Montevideo. 

Mirabilis  nyctagineus  (Micnx.). 

Allionia  nyctaginea  MICHX.    Fl.  I,  100  (1803). 
Oxybaphus  nyctagineus  SWEET,    Hort.  Brit.  537  (1827). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  425;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  116;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  395;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  114;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  302;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  226;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  475;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  214. 

North  America:  Souris  river  and  Lake  of  Woods, 
Man.;  S.  to  Mont.,  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. ;  E.  to  Wise.,  Neb.,  Ark. 
and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  rocky  or  waste  hillsides 
and  shaded  banks. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  370,  Helena,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  592, 
Minnesota  lake;  Bollard  762,  Waconia;  Sheldon  1107,  Spring- 
field; Sheldon  366,  Madison  Lake;  Taylor  340,  Janesville;  Shel- 
don 1577,  Lake  Benton;  Oesilund  153,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger 
194,  Winona  Co.;  Herrick  256,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  972,  Men- 
dota;  Sandberg  476,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1 743,  Minne- 
apolis; Herb.  Moyer.  211,  Montevideo. 

XXXVII.      PORTULACACEAE.       Portulaca 
Family, 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  946  (1840r,  Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  I,  155  (1865); 
Pax,  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz  3,  I  b,  51  (1889). 


218  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Genera:  17;  Talinum  and  Portulaca  are  in  all  tropical 
and  subtropical  regions;  other  genera  less  widely  distributed; 
found  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

Species :  150±  ;  principally  in  temperate  regions 
approaching  the  tropics. 

TALINUM  ADANS.     Fam.  PI.  II,  245  (1763). 

Phemeranthus  RAF.    Speech.  I,  56  (1814). 
?  Eutmou  RAF.    Atl.  Journ.  V,  23  (1820?). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  68;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  157;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  31;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  6,  56;  Gray,  111. 
Gen.  I,  225. 

Living  species:  15+;  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1 ;  trop.  Af- 
rica, 3;  the  rest  in  tropical  and  warmer  America;  N.  America, 
8;  W.  Tex.,  4-5;  S.  Sts.,  1;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  E.  Sts.,  1;  PL  King, 
1;  PI.  Wheel.,  3-4. 

Talinum  teretifolium  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  365  (1814). 
Phemeranthus  teretifolius  RAF.    Speech.  I,  86  (1814). 
Talinum  ciliatum  WALP.    Rep.  II,  934  (1843). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  91;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  37;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  115;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  33:  Chap ,  FL  S.  St.  44;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  56;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  169;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  121. 

North  America:  Penn.  to  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Ind.,  Minn., 
Neb. ,  Colo,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  New  Ulm  to  Ortonville;  edges  of  gneiss, 
syenite  or  quartzite  rock;  especially  in  bed  of  the  Warren. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1446,  Pipestone  City;  Sheldon  1200, 
Redstone,  near  New  Ulm;  Herb.  Moyer  41,  Montevideo. 

CLAYTONIA  LINN.     Gen.  849  (1737). 

Li  in  ilia  LINN.    Act.  Ups.  130  (1746). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  68;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  158;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  31;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  6,  57  (Pax);  Gray, 
111.  Gen-  223;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  I,  56. 

Living  species:  20  ±;  Arctic  regions  in  N.  Hemis- 
phere; especially  W.  and  N.  in  America  and  E.  in  Siberia; 
possibly  1  sp.  in  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  Russia,  11;  N. 
America,  16-17;  Calif.,  13;  Canada,  15-16;  E.  Sts.,  2;  Rocky 
mts.,  5-6;  S.  Sts.,  2;  PI.  King,  5;  PI.  Wheel.,  5;  Central 
Calif.,  8. 

CJaytonia  virginica  LINN.     Spec.  204  (1753). 
C.  acutiflora  SWEET,    Hort.  Brit.  2  ed.  (1830). 
C.  grandiflora  SWEET,    Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  2  ser.  216  (1831-1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  91;  Britt.,  Fl    N.  J.  66;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  34;  Webb.,  Fl.  Eeb.  115;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  44;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  119;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  82;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  57;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  169;  Rothr.,  Alask.  446. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  219 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.,  Man.,  Saskatch- 
ewan to  Alaska;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Ohio, 
Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  damp  woodland  and  in  open  groves. 

HERB.  :  Sandberg  99,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Leiberg  13,  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  Leiberg  14,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1872,  St. 
Paul;  Herb.  Wickersheim  25,  Mankato. 

PORTITLACA  LINN.     Gen.  341  (1737). 
Meridiana  LTNN.  f.    Suppl.  248  (1781). 
Merida  NECK.    Elem.  1195  (1790). 
Lamia  VAND.    Roem.  Script.  116  (1796). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IX,  67;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  156;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  31;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3, 1  b,  59  (Pax);  Gray, 
111.  Gen.  I,  227. 

Living  species:  20  ±;  tropical  and  subtropical  regions, 
especially  N.  America  and  N.  Australia.  One  species  cos- 
mopolitan; one  other  widely  diffused.  16  sp.  (B.  and  H.);  Rus 
sia,  Russian  Europe  and  Europe,  1;  North  America,  10;  W. 
Tex.,  6;  Calif.,  3;  S.  Sts.,  3;  Rocky  nits.,  1;  E.  Sts.,  2;  PI. 
King,  1;  PL  Wheel.,  1-2. 

Portulaca  retusa  ENGELM.  and  GRAY,    PL  Lindh.  154  (1845). 
Wats,  and  Coult,,  Gray's  Man.,  6  ed.  90;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  37;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  74;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  33;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  31;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  121. 

North  America:  Colo,  river  to  Tex.;  N.  to  Ark.?  Kan., 
Iowa  and  Minn 

Minn,  valley:  West  and  on  higher  levels;  waste  ground 
along  streams. 

XXXVIII.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.   Pink  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  955  (1840);  St.  HiL,  Mem.  Plac.  Lib.  56  (1816)— 
Paronychieae;  R.  Br.,  Prodr.  413  (1810)— lllecebraceae ;  De  Candolle,  Fl. 
France,  3  ed.  IV,  766  (im)—Alsinaceae;  Bartling,  Ord.  Nat.  305  (1830)— 
Silenaceae  and  300,  Scleranthaceae ;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I.  141;  III, 
12  (1865-1880);  Pax,  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  6,  60  (1889). 

Genera:    70;  cosmopolitan  in  distribution. 
Species:    1250;  many  cosmopolitan;  principally  in  N. 
temperate  zone. 

SILENE  LINN.     Gen.  372  (1737). 

Heliosperma  REICH.    Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  VI,  277  (1842). 
Elisanthe  FENZL.    Endl.  Gen.  972  (1836-40). 
Carpophora  KLOTZSCH,    Reis.  Wald.  139  (1840?). 
Cucubalus  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  V,  172  (1838). 


220  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  109;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  147:  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  29;  Englei  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  &,  70  (Pax). 

Living  species:  300+;  480+ described;  250  (Durand); 
31+,  N.  America;  12-15,  S.  Africa;  the  rest  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean region  and  extra-tropical  Asia.  Russia,  70;  Europe, 
150+;  Russian  Europe,  37;  Calif.,  22;  Canada,  12-15;  E.  Sts., 
8;  S.  Sts.,  9;  W.  Tex.,  2;  PI.  King,  5;  PI.  Wheel.,  6;  Rocky 
mts.,  6. 

Silene  antirrhina  LINN.     Spec.  419  (1753). 

Saponaria  dioica  CHAM,  and  SCHL.  Linn.  I,  38  (1826). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  84;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  32;  Webb.. 
Fl.  Neb.  114;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  52;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  32;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J. 
61;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  63;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  67;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat 
Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  72;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  29;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  116;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  36,  432;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  168;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  106. 

North  America:  Ottawa  to  Vancouver;  S.  to  Calif., 
Colo.,  Tex.,  and  E.  to  Maine  and  Fla.;  Gt.  Basin. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region  and  wooded  banks;  es 
pecially  E.  and  S. ;  open  places  in  woods. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  713,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  476 1  Janes- 
ville;  Bollard  248,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Ballard  589,  Crystal  lake, 
Scott  Co.;  Kassube  42,  Mendota;  Holzinger  37,  Winona  Co.; 
Herrick  50,  Minneapolis ;  Sandberg  92,  Cannon  Falls. 

Silene  virginica  LINN.     Spec.  419  (1753)  in  part. 
S.  catesbaei  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  141  (1788). 
S.  coccinea  MOENCH,    Suppl.  306(1802). 
Melandryum  viryinicum  A.  BR.    Reg.  Flora  (1843). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  84;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  61;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  31;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  fct.  51;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  67;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
431;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  168;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  110. 

North  America:  S.  W.  Ont,  W.  N.  Y.  to  N.  J.;  S.  to 
Tenn. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Ark.  and  Nev. 

Minn,  valley:    Nicollet  Co.;  local  and  rare. 

Silene  alba  MUHL.     Cat.  (1813). 

Vucubalus  niveus  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  287  (1818). 
Silene  nivea  DC.    Prodr.  I,  377  (1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  84;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  31;  Wats., 
King  Exp.  431;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  108. 

North  America:   Penn.  to  Iowa  and  Minn. 
Minn,  valley:    S.  and  E.;  rare;  localities  like  S.  stel- 
lata  (Linn.). 

HERB.  :  Holzinger  36,  Winona  Co. ;  Sandberg  91,  Can- 
non Falls. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  221 

Silene  stellata  (LINN.)  AIT.  f.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  84  (1811). 

Cucubalus  stellatus  LINN.    Spec.  414  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  84;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  31.  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  115;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  60;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  51;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
67;  Wats,,  King  Exp.  432;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  168;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  109. 

North  America:  Can.  side  of  Niagara  river  to  R.  I., 
N.  J.  and  Va.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Ark.  and  Utah. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  banks  of  streams  and 
lakes  and  in  woodland. 

HERB.:  Bollard  698,  Waconia;  Bollard  565,  Prior's 
lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  792,  Goose  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard 
734,  Waconia;  Sheldon  561,  Waseca;  Sheldon  990,  Sleepy  Eye; 
Sheldon  1259,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Taylor  616,  Minnesota  lake;  Shel- 
don 1487,  Pipestone  city;  Holzinger  34,  Winona  Co.;  Herrick 
49,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  90,  Goodhue  Co.;  Holzinger  35, 
Winona  Co.;  Herb.  Wicker sheim,  23,  Lake  Benton. 

STELLULARIA    LINN.     Syst.   ed.   VI,  (1748)  ex.  Kuntze, 
Rev.  Gen.  I,  52  (1891). 

Stellaria  BENTH.  and  HOOK.    Gen.  PI,  I,  140  (1862). 

Krascheninikowia  TURCZ.    Flora  B.  b.,  9  (1834). 

Brachystemma  DON.    Prodr.  Nep.,  216  (1803J. 

Adenonema  BUNGE,    Suppl.  Alt.,  36  (1836). 

Spergulastrum  MICHX.    Fl.  Bor.-Amer.,  I,  295  (1803). 

Micropetalon  PERS.    Syn.  I,  500  (1805). 

Larbraea  ST.  HIL.    Mem.  Mus.  Par.,  II,  287  (1816). 

Leucostemma  BENTH.    Royle,  Him.,  81  (1839). 

Schizothecium  FENZL.    Endl.  Gen.,  969  (1836-40). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  113;  Benth.  and  Hook,  Gen.  PL  I,  149;  Durand, 
Ind.   Gen.  Phan.  30;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  6.  79  (Pax); 
Gray,  111.  Gen.  II,  37;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  I,  52. 

Living  species:  80+;  70  (B.  and  H.);  temperate  and 
colder  regions,  also  a  few  in  high  mountains  in  the  tropics; 
Russia,  37;  Europe,  16;  Russian  Europe,  15;  North  America, 
20;  Canada,  15;  Rocky  nits.,  7;  mid.  Calif.,  7:  S.  Sts.,  5;  E. 

Sts.,  7;  PI.  King,  6;  PL  Wheel.,  3. 

• 

Stellularia    crassifolia    (EHRH.  )    ASCHERSON,      Fl.    Prov. 
Brand.,  932  (1864). 

Stellaria  crassifolia  EHRH.    Beitr.,  Ill,  360  (1788). 
S.  borealis  var.  B.  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.,  I,  95  (1833). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  87;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  34;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  32;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  35;  Eegel,  Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  394;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  75,  497;  Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  I,  383;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  28;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  417;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  71;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  111;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  238;  Rothr.,  Alask.  444. 

N.. Europe;  N.  Asia;  Siberia, — Baikal  region;  Kamtk. 


222  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

North  America:  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  Man.  to 
Alaska;  Labrador;  N.  Br.  and  Anticosti;  S.  to  Minn ,  111.,  Ky. 
and  W.  to  Mont,  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district,  Ft.  Snelling  and  E.  edge; 
ditches  and  marshes;  rare. 

HERB.  :     ?  Sandberg  96,  Cannon  Falls. 

Stellnlaria  longipes  (GOLDIE). 

Stellaria  longipes  GOLDIE,    Edin.  Phil.  Journ.  VI,  185  (1822). 
US.  glauca  MEY.    PI.  Labr.  93  (18,30). 
S.  crassifolia  WATS.    King  Exp.  35  (1875). 
S.  longifolia  ROTH.    Wheel.  Exp.  35  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  87;  Coult.  Fl.  Colo.  31;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  32;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  68;  Regel,  Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  415; 
Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  75;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  386;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl. 
Russ.  Eur.  28;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  112;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  122;  Hart.,  Fl. 
Scand.  I,  237;  Rothr.,  Alask.  444. 

Altai  Siberia,  Kamtk.,  Dahuria,  Spitzberg.,  N.  Zem- 
bla,  Iceland. 

North  America:  Greenland  and  N.  S.  to  Pac.  and 
Arctic  ocean;  S.  to  Yosemite;  E.  to  Maine,  Minn,  and  Wise.; 
Alaska,  Labrador  and  Cape  Chudleigh  in  var. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  possibly  in  the  whole  forest 
district;  rare;  grassy  places. 

HERB.:  Bollard  3,  Chaska;  Sandberg  95,  Chisago  Co.; 
Kassube  44,  Minneapolis. 

Stt'Ilularia  longifolia  (MuHL.)  O.  KUNTZE,     Rev.  Gen.  PL 
I,  55  (1891). 

Stellaria  longifolia  MUHL.    Willd.  Enum.  479  (1809). 
Spergulastrum  gramineum  MICHX.    Fl.  Am.  I,  276  (1803). 
Micropetalon  gramineum  PERS.    Syn.  I,  509  (1805). 
Stellaria  graminea  BIGKL.    Fl.  Bost.  ed.  I,  110  (1814). 
Micropetalon  lonqifolium  EAT.  and  WRIGHT,    Man.  319  (1840). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  87;  Britt.,  Fl.  N    J.  63;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  32;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.    34;  Regel,  Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  406,  415;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  74;   Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  392;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  221;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  28;  Wats  ,  Bibl.  Ind.  1, 112;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  27;  Rothr.,  AlaSk. 
444. 

Siberia,  Manchuria,  Kamtschatka,  Saghalin  and  Ku- 
rile  Isls. ;  mid.  Russia-in-Europe. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Pac.  and  Alaska;  N.  to  lat. 
54°  and  64°;  S.  to  Oregon;  E.  to  Minn..  N.  J.  and  N.  Eng. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  banks  of  streams; 
meadows  and  grassy  places  in  forest  openings.  E.  and  N. 

HERB.:  Taylor  306,  Janesville;  Sheldon  130,  Madison 
Lake;  Sheldon  555,  Waseca;  Herrick  52,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  102, 


LIST   OP   HIGHER   SEED-PKODUCING   PLANTS.  223 

Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  94,  Tower;  Holzinger  38,  Goodhue 
Co.;  Holzinger  39,  Winona  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1720,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Moger  39,  Chippewa  river  near  Montevideo. 

CERASTIUM  LINN.     Gen.  376  (1737). 

Dichodon  BARTL.    Endl.  Gen.  970  (1836-40). 
Moenchia  EHRH.    Beitr.  II,  177  (1788). 
Pentaple  REICH.    Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  V,  37  (1842). 
Dufourea  GREN.    ex  Endl.  Gen.  967  (1836-40). 
Esmarckia  REICH.    Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  V,  227  (1842). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  148;  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  112.  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  30;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  b.  80-81  (Pax): 
Gray,  111.  Gen.  II,  39. 

Living  species:  60  ±;  100  described;  40  (B.  and  H.); 
45  (Durand);  Russia,  35;  Europe,  39;  Russian  Europe,  18; 
9-11,  North  America;  Canada,  9; 'mid.  Calif.,  4;  S.  Sis.,  4;  E. 
Sts.,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  PL  King,  3;  PL  Wheel.,  3;  W.  Tex.,  2. 

Cerastium  arvense  LINN.     Spec.  438  (1753). 

C.  pennsylvanicum  HORNEM.     Hort.  Hafn.  435  (1813). 
C.  elongatum  and  tenuifoUum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  321  (1814). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  88;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  62;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  33;  Coult.,  FL  Colo.   33;  Brew,   and   Wats.,   FL   Calif,   I,   67; 
Hook.,Fl.   Gt.  Brit.  60;  Chap.,   Fl.  S.  St.  50;  Regel,  FL  O.-Sib.   I,  444 
Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  77:  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  66;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  412; 
Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Eur.  Russ.  28;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  100;  Engl.  Pax, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  80;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  71;  Wats.,  King  Exp.   38; 
Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  121. 

Arctic  Europe;  N.  Africa;  Siberia;  W.  Asia;  Patagonia; 
Chile. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Vancouver;  N.  U.  S.  from 
Maine  to  Va.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Colo.,  Utah,  Nev.  and  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  but  rare;  less  common  E. 
than  W.;  dry  or  rocky  places. 

HERB.:  ? Sandberg  98,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Wicker- 
sheim  24,  Idlewild.  Lincoln  Co.;  Sheldon  1490,  Pipestone  city. 

Cerastium  arvense  LINN.  var.  bracteatum  (RAF.). 

C.  awense  PURSH.     FL  Am.  231  (1814). 

C.  villosum  MUHL.    Cat.  46  (1813  . 

C.  bracteatum  RAF.    Prec.  Decouv.  36  (1817). 

C.  pubescens  GOLDIE,    Edin.  Phil.  Journ.  IV,  328  (1821). 

C.  oblongifolium  TORR.     FL  U.  S.  460  (1824». 

(7.  pennsylvanicum  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  104  (1833). 

C.  arvense  var.  oblongifolium  BRITT.  and  HOLL. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  88;  Upham,  Fl,  Minn.  32;  Regel, 
Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  445;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  77;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  66; 
Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  28;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  1,  80:  Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  I,  101. 


224  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Species  in  N.  Eur.  and  N.  Asia  to  Himalayas  and 
China;  variety  perhaps  in  Amurland  and  Baikal  Siberia. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  N.  Y.  to  N.  J.,  Minn,  and 
Mo. 

Minn,  valley: '  S.  E.  districts;  rare;  rocky  or  sandy 
banks. 

HERB.:    Holzingei-  39,  Winona  Co. 

Cerastium  nutans  RAF.     Prec.  Decouv.  36  (1814). 
C.  longipedunculatum  MUHL.    Cat.  47  (1813). 
C.  glutinosum  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  291  (1818). 
C.tenellum  FENZL.    Ann.  Mus.  Wien  (1835). 

C.  oblongifolium  ANDERS.    Cat.  PI.  Nev.  118  ( ). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  88;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  33;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  114;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  50;  Brew,  and  Wats.  Fl.  Calif.  I,  66;  Britt.,  Fl. 
N.  J  63;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  32;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  77;  Both.,  Wheel.  Exp.  71. 
Wats.,  King  Exp.  38;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  168;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  100:  Hart.  Fl' 
Scand.  I,  2*9. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.  to  Man.,  Hudson 
Bay  and  Vancouver;  S.  to  Vt.,N.  J.,  Penn.  and  N.  Car.,  Tenn. 
and  Ark.;  W.  to  Colo.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  Utah,  Washington;  S.  in 
Rockies  to  Northern  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  banks 
of  streams  to  Chippewa  river;  moist  woods  and  meadows. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  182,  Eagle  lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Taylor  68,  Elysian;  Sandberg  97,  Vasa;  Kassube  45,  Minneapolis; 
Holzinger  38,  Winona  Co. ;  Leiberg  12,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Herb. 
Moyer  40,  Montevideo;  Herb.  Sheld.  1871,  Ramsey  Co. 

MOEHB1NGIA  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  II,  386  (1742). 

Englnr  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I  6,  84  (Pax);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IX, 
113;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  150;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  30;  Gray, 
111  Gen.  II,  35. 

Living  species:  20  ± ;  colder  regions  of  N.  hemisphere. 

Moehringia  lateriflora  (LiNN.)  FENZL.    Ann.  Mus.  Wien,  I, 

18,  38  (1835). 

Arenaria  lateriflora  LTNN.    Spec.  423  (1753). 

A.  buxifolia  Pom.    Enc.  Meth.  VI,  362  (1804). 

Stellaria  Mflora  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  317  (1814) 

Arenaria  pennsylvanica  MUHL.  Ind.  Fl.  Lancaster,  169  (1817). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  86;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  64;  Webb.,Fl. 
Neb.  114;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.36;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  32;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl. 
Calif.  I,  70;  Regel,  Fl.  Ost.-Sib.I,  376;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  35;  Mac.  Fl.  Can. 
I,  73,  497;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.221;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  I,  84;  Both., 
Wheel.  Exp.  72;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  96;  Hart..  Fl.  Scand.  I,  242;  Rothr., 
Alask.  444. 

Kamtschatka;  Dahuria;  Baikal  Sib.;  Kurile  Isls.  to 
Scandinavia. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  225 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Vancouver,  lat.  60°  N.  and 
Ft.  Selkirk,  Alaska;  S.  to  Oregon;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  X,  Penn.; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  E.  and  N.  E.  districts;  shores  of  lakes 
and  streams. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  392,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  512, 
Waseca;  Bollard  51,  Chaska;  Taylor  280,  Janes ville;  Herrick  51, 
Minneapolis;  Kassiibe  43,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  93,  Red  Wing; 
Herb.  Sheld.  1890,  Minneapolis;  1759,  St.  Paul. 

ANYCHIA  RICH.     Michx.  PL  Bor.-Am.  I,  112  (1803)  p.  p. 

Baillon,  #fe«  PL  IX,  122;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  111,16;  Bugler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  1 1>,  91  (Pax);  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  332 
Gray,  111.  Gen.  19. 

Living  species:  2;  E.  North  America  from  Canada  to 
Texas. 

Anychia  dichotoma    (MOENCH)  MICHX.     PL  N.  Am.  I,  113 

(1803). 

Queria  dichotoma  MOENCH,    Meth.  351  (1794J. 
Q.  canadensis  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  158  (1818). 
Paronychia  dichotoma  FENZL.    Walp.  Rep.  I,  262  (1842). 
Paronychia  canadensis  WOOD,    Bot.  262  (1861). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  426;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  201;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  33;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  46;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  81;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  114. 

North  America:  Ont.?  and  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.;  W.  to 
Minn,  and  Ark.? 

Minn,  valley:    Doubtfully  present. 

XXXIX.      NYMPHAEACEAE.      Water-Lily 
Family. 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  45  (1862);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  Ill,  77  (1872) 
excl.  Sarracena;  Caspary  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  1  (1888). 

Genera:  7  living;  3  fossil;  cosmopolitan;  in  fresh 
water  and  sometimes  in  mud. 

Species:  50  living;  10-15  fossil;  particularly  in  sub» 
tropical  S.  America. 

NELUMBO  ADANS.    Fam.  PL  II,  76  (1763). 
Nelumbium  Juss.    Gen.  PL  68  (1789). 
Cyamus  SM.    Exot.  Bot.  I,  59  (1804). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  Ill,  101;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  47;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  (Caspary)  3,  II,  5;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  10 
Gray,  111.  Gen.  97;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  509, 
-15 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Living  species:  2;  North  America:  to  W.  Indies  and  U, 
S.  of  Colombia,  1;  Japan,  warmer  regions  of  Australia  and 
Asia  to  Caspian  sea,  1. 

Fossil  species:  5-6;  Upper  Cretaceous,  Greenland 
(Heer)-,  S.  Europe  (Ettinghausen)  Oligocene  and  Neocene. 

Nelumbo  nelumbo  (LiNN.)  MACM.     Torr.  Bull.  XIX  (1891) 
Nymphaea  nelumbo  var.  B.  LINN.    Spec.  511  (1753). 
Nelumbium  luteum  WILLD.    Spec.  II,  1259  (1799). 
Nelumbo  lutea  PERS.    Syst.  (Ifc05). 
Cyamus  pentapetalus  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  393  (1814). 
Cyamus  lutea  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  25  (1M8). 
Nelumbium  codophyllum  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  22  (1817). 
Nelumbium  jamaicense  DC.    Syst.  II,  47  (1821). 

Wats,  arid  Coult..  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  55;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  43;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  117;  Chap.,Fl.  S.  St.  18;  Uphim,  Fl.  Minn.  22;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
31,  484;  Gris.,  Fl.  W.  I  ;  Engl.  Caspary,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  5;  Coult.  Fl. 
Tex.  11;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  164;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  36. 
U.  S.  of  Colombia;  Jamaica. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J.;  Fla.;  W. 
to  Mich.,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Tex.  on  the  Rio  Grande. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  at  Mendota  and  Halstead's 
bay,  Lake  Minne tonka;  local,  N.  E. 

HERB.:  Holzinger  12,  Fountain  City;  Sandberg  44, 
Red  Wing. 

BRASENIA  SCHREB.     Gen.  PL  372  (1774). 
Ixodia  SOLAND.    Mss.  ex  Endl.  Gen. 
Hydropeltis  L.  C.  RICH.    Ann.  Mus.  XVII,  230  (1811). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  102;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  46;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  (Caspary)  3,  II,  6;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  10; 
Gray,  III.  Gen.  95;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt  509  isub  Nymphaeites  ?). 

Living  species:  1.  In  all  regions  outside  of  Europe 
and  arctic  or  subarctic  zones.  Asia,  Africa,  Oceanica.  America. 
Fossil  species:  A  number  of  leaves  are  referred  to 
the  Nymphaeaceae  by  different  authors;  some  of  which  doubt- 
less bear  affinities  with  Brasenia.  See  Caspary,  Monog.  Nymph, 
and  Saporta,  Untersuchungen.  Dawson  (Can.  Geol.  Surv.) 
reports  Brasenia  from  the  Eocene  of  Canada.  It  doubtless 
dates  back  to  the  Cretaceous  or  Jurassic. 

Brasenia  peltata  (THUNB.)  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  389  (1814). 

Menyanthes  peltata  et  nymphoides  THUNB.     Nov.  Act.  Ups.  VII, 
142  (1746). 

Hydropeltis  purpurea  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  324  (1803). 
Brasenia  hydropeltis  MUHL.     Cat.  55  (1813). 
Limnanthemum  peltatum  GRISEB.    Gent.  348  (1839). 
Brasenia  purpurea  CASP.    Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  II,  256  (1850). 
Brasenia  nymphoides  BAILL.    Hist.  PI.  Ill,  82  (1872). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  227 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  55;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  43;  Upbam, 
Fl.  Minn.  21;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  19;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  16;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  483;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  164;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  36;  Engl.  Caspary, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  6. 

E.  India;  Japan;  one  station  in  tropical  W.  Africa; 
Australia;  Cuba. 

North  America:  Local  from  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont, 
Man.  to  Puget  Sound.  S.  to  Tex.  and  Fla.  Absent  in  lower 
Miss  valley  and  Rocky  mt.  region?;  S.  in  Calif.? 

Minn,  valley:  N.  localities;  principally  N.  E.  in  valley; 
local  in  lakes  and  ponds,  sometimes  abundant. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  704,  White  Bear;  Sheldon  492,  Jeffer- 
son lake,  Le  Sueur  Co. ;  Bollard  898,  Waconia  lake,  Carver  Co. ; 
Bollard  854,  Page  lake.  Carver  Co.;  Herrick  22 1  Minneapolis. 

LEUCONYMPHAEA  LUDW.     Del  PL  69  (1737). 
Castalia  SALISB.    Parad.  Lond.  14,  68  (1805). 
'Nymphaea   LINN.    Gen.  653  (1737)  Emend.    SM.    Prodr.   Gr.  I, 
361  (1808). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  Ill,  102;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  46;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  7  (Caspary);  Durand.  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  10; 
Gray,  111.  Gen.  I,  101;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  509;  O.  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  I,  12. 
Living  species:  32;  20  (B.  and  H.);  25  (Durand);  tem- 
perate regions  of  Northern  hemisphere;  Africa,  Australia, 
South  America,  and  a  few  in  tropical  waters.  1  sp.  almost 
cosmopolitan;  Russia,  5;  Europe,  3;  Russian  Europe,  3;  North 
America,  6;  Canada,  3;  E.  Sts..  2;  S.  Sts.,  2;  Tex.,  3;  Rocky 
mts.,  1. 

Fossil  species:  Upper  Cretaceous,  South  of  France, 
Tertiary  N.  Amer ,  France  and  Germany  (Heer,  Lesquerx.,  Sa- 
porta,  Ettinghausen)  6-10  sp. 

Leuconymphaea  reniformis  (DC.). 

Nymphaea  reniformis  DC.    Syst.  II,  55  (1821). 
N.  alba  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  13  (1818). 
N.  maculata  and  spiralis  RAF.    Med.  Bot.  II,  45  (1830). 
N.  tuberosa  PAINE,    Cat.  PI.  Oneida  184  (1864). 
Castalia  tuberosa  GREENE,    Torr.  Bull.  XV,  (1888). 
C.  reniformis  Cov.    Fl.  Ark.  164  (1891). 

Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  44;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  117;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  22;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  31;  Engl.  Caspary,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  9;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  j, 
39;  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  56. 

North  America:  Region  around  the  Great  Lakes.  Com- 
mon throughout  Minn.,  Wise.,  Mich.,  Ont.  and  Man.? 

Minn,  valley:  Abundant  throughout  in  lakes  and 
ponds,  especially  in  the  forest  region. 

HERB.:    Bollard  456,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;   Sheldon 


228  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

369,  Duck  lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Bollard  412,  Jodan,  Scott  Co. ; 
Bailey  138,  Vermilion  lake. 

Leuconymphaea  ordorata  (DRYAND.). 

Nymphaea  alba  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  155  (3788). 
N.  ordorata  DRYAND.    B.  B.  (1789). 
N.  odorata  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  II,  227  (1789). 
Castalia  pudica  SALISB.    Parad.  Lond.  14  (1806). 
C.  ordorata  WOODV.  and  WOOD,    Rees  Cycl.  VI,  1  (1819). 
C.  odorata  GREENE,    Torr.  Bull.  XV  (1888). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  55;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  619;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  31;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  19;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  22;  Engl.  Caspary,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  9;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  164;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  38. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.;  S.  to 
N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Pla.;  W.  to  Ohio,  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  Lake  Crystal,  Blue  Earth 
Co. ,  and  probably  sparingly  in  E.  and  S.  parts  of  forest  region. 
Lakes  and  ponds. 

HERB  :  ?Kassube  19,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  45,  Chis- 
ago  Co. 

NYMPHAEA  LUDW.     Defin.  PL  (1737). 

Nymphosanthus  RICH.    Anal.  Fr.  68  (1808— May). 
Nuphar  SM.    Prodr.  Fl.  Graec.  I,  361  (1808-09). 
Nenuphar  HAYNE,    MSS.  ex  Endl.  Gen.  (1840). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  102;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  46;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  9  (Caspary);  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  10; 
O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  I,  12;  Gray,  III  Gen.  I.  103;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt. 
509. 

Living  species:  7;  3-4  (B.  and  H.);  Northern  hemis- 
phere, in  arctic,  temperate  and  warmer  regions,  extra- tropical. 
Russia,  3;  Europe,  3;  North  America,  5;  Canada,  4;  Calif.,  2; 
E.  Sts.,  3;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  S.  Sts.,  2;  PI.  King,  1. 

Fossil  species:  Probably  several  remains  are  to  be 
placed  here.  Tertiary  and  Interglacial;  France,  England,  N. 
America.  See  Caspary,  Monog.,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ser.  4,  VI,  216. 

Nymphaea  ad  vena  SOLAN  DER,    v.  Bibl.  Banks. 
N.  lutea  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  154  (1788). 
N.  arifolia  SALISB.    Ann.  Bot.  II,  71  (1806). 
Nuphar  advena  AIT.  f.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  295  (1811). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  56;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  117;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  44;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  12;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  20;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
22;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  32;  ?Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  84;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  484;  Engl. 
Caspary,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  9;  Coult,  Fl.  Tex.  11;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  13; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  164;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  37. 
Eastern  Siberia  ? 
North  America:    Anticosti,  Labrador,  N.  S.,  N.'  Br., 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  229 

Q.,  Ont.  to  Brit.  Col;  N.  tolat..57°;  U.  S.,  except  Pac.  coast 
reg.  and  far  S.  W.— Yellowstone  Park  to  W.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  in  ponds,  lakes  and  sluggish 
streams;  often  semi-terrestrial  in  flats  and  sloughs. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  457,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon 
320,  Madison  Lake;  Taylor  81,  Elysian;  Taylor  315,  Janesville; 
Kassube  20,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  46,  Vasa. 

XL.      CERATOPHYLLACEAE.      Hornwort 

Family. 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  415  (1880);  Endiicher,  Gen.  PL  267 
(1840);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  Ill,  479  (1872.;  Engler  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  3,  II,  10  (1888). 

Genera:  1;  cosmopolitan;  except  in  arctic  and  ant- 
artic  regions. 

Species:    3;  in  standing  water,  lakes  and  ponds. 

CERATOPHYLLUM  LINN.     Gen  725  (1737). 
Hydroceratophyllum  YAILL.    Act.  Par.  (1719). 
Dichotophyllum  DILL.    Gen.  91  (1719). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  495;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  382;   Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  382;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  632. 

Living  species:  10  described;  3  reduced;  perhaps  only 
1;  cosmopolitan. 

Fossil  species:  C.  vulgaris  in  Forest  Bed  of  Cromer 
(Schenck)? 

Ceratophyllum  demersum  LINN.     Spec.  992  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man  6  ed.  488;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  228;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  398;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  459;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  328;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
II,  78;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  122;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  123;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;. 
Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  378;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Boss.  52;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  319;' 
,  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  221;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  384;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  27;  Greene, 
Fl.  Fran.  230.  • 

Europe  and  mid.  Russ.  to  Caucasus;  all  Siberia  to 
Japan. 

North  America:  Ont.,  Sault  Ste.  Marie  and  L.  Winni- 
pegoosis  to  Washington,  S.  Calif,  and  Nev. ;  E.  across  cont.  to 
N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  andFla. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district;  lakes  and 
ponds.  Aquatic. 

XLI.     RANUNCULACEAE.    Crowfoot  Family. 

.Endiicher,  Gen.  PL  843;  .Benth.   and    Hook.,   Gen.  PL  I,  1   (1862); 
Prantl,  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  IV,  43  (1888). 


230  METASPEKMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Genera:  25;  cosmopolitan;  principally  N.  hemis- 
phere. 

Species:     1,000±;  many  cosmopolitan. 

HYDRASTIS  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  VI,  704  (1764). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  I,  87;  Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  I,  7;   Engler  and 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  55;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.Ptian.2',  Gray,I#.  Gen.  47. 
Living  species:     2;  Northern  Japan,  1;  subarctic  and 
Atlantic  forest  region  of  N.  Amer.,  1. 

Hydrastis  canadensis  LINN.     Spec.  2  ed.  784  (1763). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  48;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  40;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  11;  Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.  20;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  27,  483;  Engl.  Prantl, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  55;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  163;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  14. 

North  America:  W.  Ont.  and  Niagara  river  to  N.  Y., 
N.  J.  and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Ohio,  Tenn.,  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  edge,  and  probably 
occurring  rarely  in  N.  forest  region. 

CALTHA  LINN.     Gen.  463  (1737). 

Thacla  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  VII,  295  (1839). 
Psychrophila  Gay,    Fl.  Chile  1,  47  (1845). 
Populago  TOURN.    Inst.  273  (1700). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  I,  23  (sub  Trollius}',  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I, 
6;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  56;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  2; 
Gray,  111  Gen.  I,  31. 

Living  species:  16 ±;  9  (B.  and  H.);  10  species  in 
northern,  extratropical  regions;  6-8  sp.  Andes  and  Antarctic 
America,  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  Russia,  4;  N.  America, 
4-9;  Canada,  4-6;  E.  Sts.  1;  Calif.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  1;  PI.  King,  1; 
PL  Wheel.,  1;  Russian  Europe,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  1-2. 

Caltha  palustris  LINN.     Spec.  784  (1753). 

C.  arctica  R.  BR.  Parr.  1st  Voy.  Appx.  265  (1824). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  44;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  38;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  20;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  11;  Traut^.,  Fl.  Sib.  12;  Regel,  FL 
O.-Sib.  I,  52;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  23;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  I,  17;  Led., 
Fl.  Ross.  I,  48;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Russ.  Eur.  10;  Engl.  Prantl, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  56;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  163;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  8;  Hart., 
Fl.  Scand.  I,  174'.  Rothr.,  Alask.  442. 

Europe;  N.  and  W.  Asia  and  Siberia  to  Himalayas  and 
China. 

North  America:  Canada  throughout  and  N.  U.  S.  to 
Md.,  Ohio,  Iowa,  Dak.  and  Mont. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  at  lower  levels;  swamps, 
sloughs,  wet  meadows,  openings  and  with  tamaracks. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  780,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sandberg  36,  Can- 
non Falls;  Leonard  3,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  17,  Minneapolis, 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  231 

Holzinger  9,  Winona  Co. ;  Hammond  2,  Lake  City;  Herb.  Sheld. 
1828,  Ramsey  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer  19,  Montevideo. 

ISOPYRUM  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  II,  533  (1742). 
Coptis  SALISB.     Linn.  Trans.  VIII,  305  (1807 1. 
Chrysa  RAF.    Desf.  Journ.  Bot.  II,  170  (1806). 
Enemion  RAF.    Jour.  Phys.  XCI,  70  (1820). 
Leptopyrnm  REICHB.    Fl.  Germ.  747  (1833). 
Chrysocoptis  NUTT.    Trans.  Acad.  Phil.  VII,  9  (1843). 
Pterophyllum  NUTT.    1.  c.  (1843). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  I.  85;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  I,  8;  Engler  and 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  58;  Durand,  Ind.  Plian.  2;  O.  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen. 
PL  3;  Gray,  111.  Gen.  35,  37. 

Living  species:  25;  arctic  and  N.  temperate  regions; 
E.  Asia,  Japan  and  Himalayas;  Atl.  and  Pac.  North  America; 
Russia,  6;  Europe,  2;  Japan,  8;  North  America,  7;  Calif,  and 
Oregon,  4;  Can.,  5;  E.  Sts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  3. 

Isopyrum    trifolium   (LiNN. )  BEUTT.     Torr.  Bull.   XVIII, 
265  (1891). 

Helkborus  trifolius  LINN.    Amoen.  II,  355  (1750). 
Coptis  trifolia  SALISB.    Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  VIII,  305  (1798'. 
Chrysa  borealis  RAF.    N.  Y.  Med.  Rep.  V,  350  (1808). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  45;  Britt,  Fl.  N.  J.  39;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  20;  Regel,  Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  61;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  23;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross, 
1,52;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  216;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
Ill,  2,  58;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  12;  Rothr.,  Alask.  442. 

Iceland;  Kamtk.  to  Mid.  Russ.,  Baikal  Sib.  and  Mid. 
Japan. 

North  America:  Greenland,  Labrador,  N.  S.,  Newf., 
N.  Br.  to  Rocky  mts;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Md.;  W.  to  Ohio, 
Iowa,  Minn,  and  Dak. ;  Alaska. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region  and  perhaps  in  some 
prairie  bogs;  principally  in  tamarack  swamps. 

HERB.:  Leiberg  5,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Sandberg  35, 
Tower;  Roberts  6,  Devil's  Neck  river;  Leonard  2,  Minneapolis; 
Bailey  312,  St.  Louis  river;  Herb.  Sheldon  1825,  Lake  Calhoun. 

Isopyrum  biternatum  (RAF.)  T.  and  G.     Fl.  I,  660  (1838). 
Enemion  biternatum  RAF.    Journ.  Phys.  II,  70  (1811?). 
Isopyrum  thalictroides  SHORT,    PI.  Kent.  I,  8  (1833). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  44;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  20;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  9;  Regel,  Fl  O.-Sib.  I,  62;  Mac.,  Bot.  Gaz.  XVI,  285;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  163;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  14. 
Kamtschkatka. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  Minn,  to  Ohio  and  Fla. ;  W. 
to  Iowa. 

Minn,    valley:     Forest  region;  Ft.    Snelling    to  New 


232  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Ulm  and  N.  in  valley;  damp  woods  and  banks. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  178,  Eagle  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Winchell  1,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  34,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld. 
1831,  Minneapolis. 

ACTAEA  LINN.     Gen.  427  (1737). 

Cimicifuga  LINN.    Am.  Acad.  VIII,  193  (1755). 
Botrophis  RAF.    Med.  Etep,  II,  hex.  V,  350  (1808). 
Macrotys  RAF.    1.  c.  (1808). 

Pityrosperma  SIEB.  and  Zucc.    Act.  Monac.  Ill,  734  (1843). 
Actinospora  TURCZ.    Mss.,  F.  and  M.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  IV, 
333(1835). 

Christoplioriana  TOURN.    lost.  299  (1700). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  I,  88;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  9;  Engler  and 
Prantl,  Nat.  PHanz.  3,  II,  59;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  2;  Gray,  111.  Gen. 
49,  51. 

Living  species;  50  described;  10  (B.  and  H.);  12  Du- 
rand); Russia,  7+;  Europe,  2;  Asia,  10;  North  America,  8; 
Canada,  4-5;  Calif.,  4;  S.  Sts.,  4;  Rocky  mts.,  2. 

Actaea  alba  (LINN.)  MILL.     Diet.  (1768). 
A.  spicata  var.  alba  LINN.    Spec.  504  (1753). 
A.  americana  var.  A  PURSH,    Fl.  Am  I,  366  (1814'. 
A.  brachypetala  var.  A  DC.    Syst.  I,  385  (1818), 
A.  pachypoda  ELL.    Sk.  II,  15  (1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  48;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  40;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  21;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  11;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  27;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I, 
2;  Greene,  Pittonia,  II,  107. 

North  America:  Anticosti,  N.  S..  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont, 
Man.  to  Coast  range  in  Brit.  Col.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  S. 
Car.;  W.  to  Ark.,  Mo.,  Minn,  and  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region  with  A.  rubra  (Ait.). 
Perhaps  rather  less  abundant. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  701,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  804,  Sigel 
township,  Brown  Co. ;  Bollard  405,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Herrick 
21,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  39,  Red  Wing;  Bailey  119,  Vermilion 
lake;  Sandburg  40,  Chisago  lake. 

Actaea  rubra  (AiT.)  WILLD.     Enum.  561  (1809). 

A.  spicata  var.  rubra  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  II,  221  (1789) 

A.  americana  var.  B  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  366  (1814). 

A.  brachypetala  var.  B  DO.    Syst.  I,  385(1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  48;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  11;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  115;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  21;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  40;  Regel,  Fl.  O.-Sib.  I, 
119;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  27;  Forbes  and  Ilpms.,  Fl.  Sin.  I,  21,  species  spicata', 
Engl.  Prantl,  IS  at.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,59?;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  1,71;  Nym  ,  Fl.  Eur.; 
Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  10;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  2;  Hart.,  Scand.  Fl.  (A. 
spicata  ,  I,  176. 

?  Temperate  and  Arctic  Europe;  Russ.  to  Caucasus  and 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED   PRODUCING   PLANTS.  233 

Baikal  Sib.  and  Mongolia;  China;  Dahuria.  It  is  not  clear  that 
these  references  belong  to  the  N.  American  plant  which  is  quite 
probably  distinct  and  endemic. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Rocky  mts.  and  lat. 
60°  N. ;  U.  S.;  from  Atl.  to  mts.  of  Colo,  and  S.  to  Ohio,  Iowa 
and  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region  throughout  and  wooded 
banks  W.  at  lower  levels;  damp  and  dark  groves. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  516,  Mud  lake,  Waseca  Co. :  Sheldon 
860,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  139,  Madison  Lake;  Sheldon  82,  Elysian; 
Ballard  56,  Chaska;  Taylor  263,  Janesville;  Sandberg  38,  Can- 
non Falls;  O  stlund  9,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  19,  Minneapolis; 
Bailey  291,  St.  Louis  river;  Kassubel7,  Minneapolis;  Herrick 
20,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1823,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer 
22,  Montevideo. 

AQUILEGIA  LINN.     Gen.  450  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  I,  84;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  8;  Engler  and 
Prantl,  Nat.  •  Pflanz.  3,  II,  59;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  2;  Gray,  111.  Gen. 

1,  39. 

Living  species:  50 H-  described;  possibly  only  6-8 
actually  distinct.  Temperate  northern  hemisphere.  Russia, 
9;  European  Russia,  1;  Europe,  8;  North  America,  8;  Calif.,  2; 
E.  Sts.,  2;  Canada,  5;  S.  Sts.,  1;  Rocky  mts.,  7;  PI.  Wheel.,  4; 
PL  King,  5 

Aquilegia  canadensis  LINN.    Spec.  533  (1753). 
A.  variegata  MOENCH,    Meth.  311  (1794). 
A.  elegans  SALISB.    Prod r.  374  (1796). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  46;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  10;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  116;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  20;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  9;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  39; 
Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  24;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  57;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill, 

2,  59;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  163;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind  I,  6. 

Russian  empire? 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont,  Man.,  Saskatchewan  to 
Rocky  mts.;  S.  E.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.  and  W.  in  Northern 
States  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Colo.;  S.  in  mts.  to  Arizona, 
N.  Mex,  and  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  but  principally  in  forest 
region;  dry,  wooded  or  sunny  banks. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  139,  Madison  Lake;  Taylor  799,  Glen- 
wood;  Ballard  71,  Chaska;  Taylor  71,  Elysian;  Sheldon  934, 
Redwood  Falls;  Taylor  143,  Janesville;  Kassube  15,  Minneapo- 
lis; Sandberg  37,  Red  Wing;  Leonard  41,  Washington  P.  O. ; 
Hammond  4,  Lake  City;  Herb.  Sheld.  1818,  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Moyer  20,  Carlton  lake,  Chippewa  Co. 


234  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

DELPHINIUM  LINN.    Gen.  449  (1737). 

Delphiniastrum  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  VII,  336  (1839). 

Phlediiieum  SPACH,    1.  c.  337  (1839). 

Staphysagria  SPACH,    1.  c.  347  (1839). 

Acouitella  SPACH,    1.  c.  358  (1839). 

Consolida  LINDL.    Jour.  Hort.  Soc.  VI,  55  (1851). 

Ceratosantlms  SCHUR.    Enum.  Transsylv.  30  (1866). 

Aconitum  LINN.    Gen.  682  (1737). 

Nirbisia  DON.    Gen.  Syst.  I,  63  (1831). 

Baillon,  Hist  PL  I,  85;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  9;  Engler  and 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  59,  60;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Plian.  2;  Gray,  III. 
Gen.  I,  41,43. 

Living  species:  180  ±;  58  (B.  and  H.);  90  (Durand); 
temperate  and  mountainous  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere ; 
Russia,  40±;  Europe  28 ±;  Russian  Europe,  16;  North  Amer- 
ica, 22-H;  and  Delphinium  (excl.  Aconitum)  5,  Canada;  Calif.,  9; 
E.  Sts.,  3;  Rocky  mts.,  5;  S.  Sts.,  3;  PI.  Wheel.,  4;  PL  King,  4. 

Delphinium  carolinianum  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  155  (1788). 
D.  azureum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I.  314  (1803). 
D.  virescens  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  14  (1818). 
D.  vimineum  DON.    Sweet,  Brit.  Fl.  I,  374  (1823). 
D.  simplex  GRAY,    PI.  Wright.  II,  8  (1852). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  46;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  116;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  11;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  10;  Uphara,  Fl.  Minn.  20;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  26; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  9;  Cov.,  PI.  Ark.  163;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  12. 

North  America:     Man.,  Wis.    and  Minn.;   S.  toFla. ? 
and  S.  and  W.  Tex. ;  W.  to  Neb.  sandhills,  Colo,  and  Wyoming. 
Minn,  valley:     Prairie  region  and  sparingly  in  forest 
openings;  rich  banks  in  sunny  localities,  especially  S. 

HERB.:  Oestlund  7  and  8,  Minneapolis;  Bollard  182, 
Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  633,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  731, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1404,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  535,  Waseca; 
Bollard  385,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor 771,  Glenwood;  Herrick 
18,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  16,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  10,  Winona 
Co.;  Hammond  3,  Lake  City;  Herb.  Sheld.  1783,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Moyer.  21,  Montevideo. 

Delphinium  tricorne  MICHX.     FL  N.  Am.  I,  314  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  46:  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  10;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  20;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  163;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  14;  Webb.,  Appx. 
Neb.  30. 

North  America:     Same  range  as  D.  exaltatum  Ait. 

Minn,  valley:  High,  dry  prairies  S.  and  far  S.  W.  in 
some  localities.  Rare. 

Delphinium  exaltatum  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  II,  244  (1789). 
D.  urceolatum  JACQ.    Icon.  Rar.  I,  101  (1781). 
D.  tridactylum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  314  (1803). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  235 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  46;  Webb  ,  Fl.  Neb.  116;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  20;  Chap.,  Kl.  S.  St.  10;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  13. 

North  America:  Penn.  to  Minn.;  S.  in  Appalachians 
to  N.  Car. ;  W.  to  Ark.  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  as  frequent  in  the  prairie 
regions.  Minn,  specimens  have  not  been  seen. 

ANEMONE  LINN.     Gen.  459  (1737). 

Syndesnioa  HOFFMQ-.    Flora,  Bl.  34  (1832). 

Anemoiiella  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  VII,  240  (1839). 

Barneoudia  GAY,    Fl.  Chile  I,  29  (1845). 

Homalocarpiis  SCHUR.    Enum.  Transsylv.  3  (186P-). 

Pulsatilla  TOURN.    Inst.  284  (1700). 

Hepatica  DILL.    Nov.  Gen.  Giess.  (1719 1. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  I,  86;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  4,  953;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz  3,  II,  61;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  1;  Gray,  III. 
Gen.  I,  17,  19,  21;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PL  I,  1. 

Living  species:  90+;  70  (B.  and  H.);  85  (Durand);  all 
extra- tropical  regions  and  mts.  in  warm  parts  of  the  earth. 
Russia,  30;  Europe,  20;  European  Russia,  14;  America,  37; 
North  America,  18;  Canada,  16;  E.  Sts.,  12;  S.  Sts.,  5;  Calif., 
4-5;  Rocky  mts.,  8;  W.  Tex.,  1;  PL  Wheel.,  4;  PL  King,  2-3. 

Anemone  thalictroides  LINN.     Spec.  542  (1753). 
?  Thalictrum  carolinianum  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  137  (1788). 
T.  anemonoides  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  322  (1803). 
Anemone  thalictroides  var.  uniflora.  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  387  (1814). 
A.  walteri  PURSH,    1.  c.  387  (1814). 
Syndesmon  thalictroides  HOFFMSGG,    Flora  XV  (1832). 
Anemonella  thalictroides  SPACH,    Hist.  Veg.  VII,  240  (1839). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  39;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  6;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  117:  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  34;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  18;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  I,  14, 
478,  II,  295;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  162;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  66;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  25;  Britt.,  N.  Amer.  Anem.  237. 

North  America:  S.  Ontario  and  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.  and 
Fla.;  W.  to  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Mo.,  Ark.  and  Miss. 

Minn,  valley:    Forest  region;  E.  and  N.  in  valley;  ex- 
tending to  Blue  Earth  Co.     Probably  in  N.  and  N.  W.  regions. 
HERB.:    Holzinger  3,  Winona  Co. ;   Sandberg  14,  Good- 
hue  Co.;    Herrick  o,  Minneapolis;    Holzinger  4,  Winona  Co.; 
Kassube  7,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1829,  Minneapolis. 

Anemone  hepatica  LINN.     Spec.  758  (1753). 

Hepatica  triloba  CHAIX,    Vill.  Dauph.  I.  336  Q786). 
H.  triloba  var.  americana  DC.    Syst.  I,  216  (1818). 
H.  americana  KEK.     Bot.  Reg.  t.  387  (1819). 
Anemone  americana  NICH.    Gard.  Diet.  1,  74  (1884). 
Hepatica  hepatica  BRITT.    Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  VI,  233  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  38;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  34;   Upham, 


236  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Fl.  Minn.  18;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  5;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  14,  478;  Forbes  and 
Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  11;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  22:  Nyni.,  Fl.  <Eur.:  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Euss.  8;  Cov..  Fl.  Ark.  162;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3.  II,  61;  Hart., 
Scand.  Fl.  I,  172;  Britt.,  N.  Amer.  Anem.  233;  Rothr.,  Alask.  442. 

N.  Russia  and  N.  Europe  to  Ural  Siberia,  China  and 
Saghalin. 

North  America:  Q.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and 
Ark.;  S.  to  N.  J.,  Va.  and  Fla.,  and  W.  to  Miss,  valley;  N.  W. 
to  Hudson  Strait  and  Sitka,  Alaska. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region;  N.  and  E.  portions  of 
valley;  doubtless  extending  to  New  Ulm. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  79,  Elysian;  Sandberg  12,  Red  Wing; 
Herb.  Sheld.  1830,  Ramsey  Co. 

Anemone  hepatica  LINN.  var.  acuta  (PURSH)  HITCHCOCK, 
Fl.  Ames  482  (1891). 

Hepatica  triloba  var.  acuta  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  391  (1814). 
H.  acutiloba  DC.    Prodr.  I,  22  (1824). 

Anemone  acutiloba  LAWSOX,    Tran.  N.  S.  Inst.  Ill,  30  (1870). 
A.  acuta  VAIL,    Mem.  Torr.  Club.  II,  42  (1890). 
Hepatica  acuta  BRITT.    Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  VI,  234  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  38;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  34;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  18;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  14;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  162;    Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I, 
3;  Britt.,  N.  Arner.  Anem.  234. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Ga.; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Ills.,  Mo.  and  Ark.  Range  more  western  and 
probably  more  northern  than  the  type. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region,  with  the  typical  form, 
but  rather  less  abundant. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  198,  Jordan,  Scott  Co  ;  Herrick  4, 
Minneapolis;  Kassube  6,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  13,  Vasa;  Holz- 
inger  2,  Winona  Co. 

Anemone  quinquefolia  LINN.     Spec.  541  (1753). 
A.  pedata  RAF.    Med.  Rep.  V,  361  (1808). 
A.  minima  DC.    Syst.  I,  206-U818). 
A.  nemorosa  Auct.  Amer.,  not  Linn. 

A.  nemorosa  and  var.  quinquefolia  A.  GRAY,  Man.  ed.  5,  38  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  38:  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  4;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  5;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  4;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  34;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  117;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  17;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  4;  Regel,  Fl.  Sib.  I, 
15;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  13;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  15;  Max.,  Fl.  Amur.  17;  Engl. 
Prantl,  Eat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  61  (part)',  Hart.,  Scand.  Fl.  I,  172  (part?). 

.Russia  and  Siberia  to  Kamtk.,  Amurland  and  Lapland? 
not  in  Europe.  China! 

North  America:  N.  Br.  to  Brit.  Col.-  and  Vancouver; 
N.  to  Alaska,  Hudson  Bay  and  beyond  Arctic  circle;  N.  U.  S. ; 
S.  in  Appalachians  to  Va.  and  Ga. ;  in  Sierras  and  Coast  range 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  237 

to  Calif. ;  Rocky  mts.   to  Colo. ;  outside  of  mts.  extending  to 
Neb.  and  Ohio. 

Minn,  valley:    Forest  region  and  wooded  banks;   E. 
N.    and   S.,    extending  westward  on  lower    levels,    but   less 
abundant. 

HERB.  :  Sandberg  11,  Red  Wing;  Kassube  5,  Minne 
apolis;  Herb.  Wicker 'sheim  7,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. 
Herb.  Sheld.  2S26,  Minneapolis. 

Anemone  dichotoma  LINN.  var.  canadensis  (LINN.). 
A.  canadensis  LINN.    Syst.  12,  III,  Appx.  231  (1768). 
A.  pennsylvanica  LINN.    Mant.  II,  247  (1771). 
A.  irregularis  LAM.     EQC  Meth.  I,  167  (1783). 
A.  aconitifolia  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  320  (1803). 
A.  laxmanni  STETJD.    Norn.  I,  96  (1840). 
A.  dichotoma  Auct.  Ainer.  plur.,  not  Linn. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  38;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo,  4;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  117;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  34;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  17;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Bor.- 
Sib.  9  (spec.);  Regel,  Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  17  (spec.i;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  17  (spec.):, 
Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  13,  478;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ'.  8  (spec  );  Wats.,  Bibl  Ind. 
I,  3;  Britt.,  N.  Amer.  Anem.  227. 

Eastern  Russia  and  Siberia  (the  species). 
North  America:   Anticosti  and  N.  Br.  to  mouth  of  Mac- 
kenzie and  Pac.  coast;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Mary- 
land; W.  to  Ohio,  Minn.,  Mont.,  Colo.,  Neb.  and  Kan. 

Minn  valley:  Principally  N.,  E.  and  S.,  but  extending 
westward  on  lower  levels;  woodland  and  meadow. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  536,  Cleary's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard 
322,  Belle  Plaine;  Leonard  1,  Washington  P.  O.;  Herrick  2,  Si. 
Louis  river;  Sandberg  10,  Vasa;  Herrick  3,  Minneapolis;  Kas- 
sube 4,  Minneapolis;  Taylor  781,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1316,  Lake 
Benton;  Sheldon  387,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Sheldon  271,  Madison 
Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Taylor  139,  Janesville;  Taylor  16,  Elys- 
ian;  Bollard  7,  Chaska,  Carver  Co. 

Anemone  virginiana  LINN.     Spec.  I,  540  (1753). 
A.  hirsuta  MOENCH,    Suppl.  105  (1802). 
Abelemis  petiolaris  RAF.     Herb.  Par. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  37;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  33;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  117;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  17;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  5;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
13,478;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  162;  Engl.-Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,11,  61;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  6;  Britt.,  N.  Amer.  Anem.  223. 

North  America:  N.  Br.  to  Rocky  mts.,  B.  C.,  Van- 
couver; N.  to  lat.  55°;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  Va.,  Ohio,  Iowa,  E.  Neb. 
and  Kan. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  forests,  forest- openings 
and  sunny  banks  of  streams  and  lakes. 


238  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.:  Arthur  163,  Vermilion  lake?;  Sandberg  7, 
Chisago  Co.?;  Sandberg  8,  Cannon  Falls?;  Hall  1,  Hennepin 
Co. !  There  seems  to  be  some  confusion  between  A.  virginiana 
and  A.  dichotoma  in  the  Minnesota  collections.  Sandberg  9, 
Red  Wing,  labelled  A.  pennsylvanica  var.  seems  to  be  a  de- 
formed A.  virginiana.  Taylor  424,  Janesville;  Hammond  6, 
Lake  City;  Herb.  Wickersheim  6,  Idlewild,  and  7,  Ash  lake, 
Lincoln  Co.;  Herb.  Sheldon  1802,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  5, 
Montevideo. 

Anemone  cylindrica  A.  GRAY,     Ann.    N.   Y.   Lye.  Ill,  221 

(1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  37;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  4;  Britt.,  Fl. 
N.  J.  33;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  116;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  17;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  13; 
Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  56;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  3;  Britt.,  N.  Amer.  Aneiii. 
223. 

North  America:     Q.,    Ott.  to  N.  Eng.;  W.  to  Rocky 

mts. ;  S.  to  Colo,  Arizona,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Mo.,  Iowa,  Wise.,  Ills. 
and  Ohio;  Brit.  Col. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  on  lower  levels;  in  dry 
or  sandy  woodland  and  on  banks  of  streams  or  lakes. 

HERB.:  Taylor  780,  Glenwood;  Bollard  187,  Jordan; 
Sheldon  742,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  363,  Madison  Lake;  Sheldon 
1112,  Springfield;  Bollard  568,  Prior  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Kassube 
5,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  1,  Winona;  Sandberg  5,  Goodhue  Co. ; 
Sandberg  6,  Vasa;  Herb.  Sheldon  1803,  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Moyer  4,  Montevideo. 

Anemone  multiflda  POIR.    Suppl.  I,  364  (1810). 
A.  commersoniana  DC.    ex  Deless.  Ic.  I,  4  (1820). 
A.  hudsoniana  RICH.    Frankl.  Journ.  ed.  2,Appx.  22  (1823); 
A.  globosa  NUTT.    ex  Pritz.  Linn.  XV,  673  (1841). 
A.  sanguined  PURSH,    ex  Pritz.  Linn.  1.  c.  672  (1841). 
A.  lanigera  GAY,  Fl.  Chile  I,  22  (1845). 

A.  nardssiflora  HOOK,  and  ARN.  Bot.  Beech.  121  (1841)  not  Linn. 
Wats,  and  Coult., Gray's  Man.  ed.  6,  37;  Coult.,  Fl.Colo.  4;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  117;  Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.  17;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  4;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  13,  478;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  61;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  55;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  5;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  4;  Britt.,  N.  Amer. 
Anem.  222. 

Chile  to  Magellan. 

North  America:  Across  continent  in  N.  lat.;  N.  of 
arctic  circle  in  E.  Can.;  N.  Br.;  Hudson  Bay;  Ft.  Selkirk,  62° 
45' N.,  Alaska;  Brit.  Col.;  S.  to  N.  W.  Nebr.;  N.  E.  Maine, 
Lake  Superior  region,  Minn.,  Dak.,  Saskatchewan,  Colo.,  mts. 
of  S.  Colo.  11,000  ft.  alt.,  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley:     Reported  near  Mendota  on  the  rocks 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  239 

at  junction  of  Minnesota  and  Mississippi.     Probably  only  far 
north  in  valley. 

Anemone  parviflora  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  319  (1803). 
A.  cuneifolia  Juss.    Ann.  Mus.  Ill,  248  (1804). 
A.  trilobata  PERS.    Syn.  II,  97  (1807). 
A.  borealis  RICH.    Frankl.  Journ.  ed.  2,  app.  22  (1823). 
A.  cuneata  SCHLECHT.    Linn.  V,  574  (1831). 
A.  tenella  BANKS,    ex  Pritz.  Linn.  XV,  632  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  37;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  4;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  17;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I.  12,  477;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  16;  Wats.,Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  5;  Britt.,  N.  Amer.  Anem.  221;  Rothr.,  Alask.  442. 
Eastern  Siberia. 

North  America:  Lake  Superior  and  Wise,  to  mts.  of 
Colo  ;  N.  to  Labrador,  Hudson  Bay,  Newf.,  Cape  Chudleigh, 
Alaska;  Isles  of  Berings  Strait. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  Minneapolis  and  Ft. 
Snelling.  Forest  region  in  N.  portions  of  the  valley.? 

Anemone  caroliniana  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  157  (1788). 
A.  tenella  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  II,  387  (1814). 
A.  hartiana  RAF.    Neogen.  2  (1825). 
A.  clecapetala  ATJCT.  AMER.    plur.  not  Ard. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  37;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  Sts.  4;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  4;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  116;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  17;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  8; 
Prantl,  in  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  61;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  5;  Cov,, 
Fl.  Ark.  162;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  3:  Britt.,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  VI,  219. 

North  America:  Ills.,  Minn.,  Neb.  to  Ga.,  Alab.,  La. 
and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Prairies  and  forest  openings  through- 
out; most  abundant  E.  and  S. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1602,  Pipestone  City;  Leiberg  1,  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  Sandberg  3,  Red  Wing;  Sandberg  4,  Cannon  Falls; 
Herb.  Moyer  3,  Montevideo. 

Anemone  hirsutissinia  ( PURSH). 

Ckmatis  hirsutissima  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  385  (1814). 

Anemone  ludoviciana  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  20(1818). 

A.  nuttalliana  DC.    Syst.  I,  193(1818). 

A.  nuttallii  NUTT.    Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  158  (1825). 

Pulsatilla  nuttalliana  SPRENG.    Syst.  II,  663  (1825). 

Anemone  patens  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.  Am.  I,  4  (1830)  not  Linn. 

Pulsatilla  patens  A.  GRAY,    111.  Gen.  I,  18  (1848)  not  Mill. 

A.  patens  var.  nuttalliana  A.  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  5,  36  (1867). 

A.  patens  var.  hirsutissima  HITCHCOCK,    PI.  Ames.  482  (1891). 

Pulsatilla  hirsutissima  BRITT.    Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  VI,  217  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  37;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  3;  Webb  ,  Fl. 
Neb.  117;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  17;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  12;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp. 
55;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  5;   ?Regel,  Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  21;  Britt.,  N.  Amer. 
Anem.  217;  Rothr.,  Alask.  442. 


240  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Siberia:  A.  wolf  gang  iana  (Bess.)  Trautv.  PI.  Sib. 
Bor.  9= our  plant? 

North  America:  Man.,  Mich.,  Ills,  to  Mo.;  W.  to  Colo., 
Mont.,  Saskatchewan,  Brit.  Col.,  Coast  range,  Mackenzie, 
Alaska,  beyond  Arctic  circle;  alt.  of  10,500  ft.  in  Colo. 

Minn,  valley;  Prairies  and  forest  openings  through- 
out; most  abundant  E.  and  N. 

HERB.  :  Oestlund  2,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Sandberg  2,  Good- 
hue  Co.;  Kassube  2,  Minneapolis;  Taylor  745,  Glen  wood;  Shel- 
don 1188,  New  Ulm;  Herb.  Wickersheim  5,  Idle  wild;  Herb. 
Univ.  Hammond  7,  Lake  City;  Hei  b.  Sheldon  1685,  Minneapolis; 
Sheldon  1827,  St.  Paul;  Herb.  Moyer  2,  Montevideo. 

CLEMATIS  LINN.     Gen.  460  (1737). 
Atragene  LINN.    Gen.  695  (1737). 
Navarelia  DC.    Syst.  Veg.  I,  187  (1818). 
Cheiropsis  DC.    1.  c.  (1818). 
OTeclatis  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  VII,  257  (1839). 
Viorna  PERS.    Syn.  I  (1805). 
Viticella  MOENCH,    Meth.  (1794). 
Flammula  DC.    1.  c.  (1818). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  I,  87;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  3:  Engler  and 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  62;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  1:  O.  Kuntze,  Rev. 
Gen.  PL  I,  2;'Schenck,  Paleophyt.  508;  Gray,  III.  Gen.  I,  13,  15. 

Species:  200+  described;  66  (Kuntze);  probably 
±175;  most  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Russia,  12; 
Europe,  8;  European  Russia,  5;  N.  America,  25;  W.  Tex.,  5; 
Calif.,  4;  S.  Sts.,  9;  E.  Sts.,  8;  R.  mts.,  5;  Can.,  4;  PL  Wheel., 
4-5;  PI.  King,  3. 

Fossil  species:  Pliocene  or  Quaternary  of  Japan 
(Nathorst)',  Tertiary  of  Europe  (Ettinghausen,  Heer,  A.  Br~). 

Clematis  virginiana  LINN.     Amoen.  4,  275  (1755). 

Clematis  cordata  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  384  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  35;  Chap.,  Fl.  So.  St.  4;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  117;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  33;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  17;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1, 11. 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  162;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind  I,  11. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  L.  Winni- 
peg; S.  in  E.  U.  S.  to  Fla.  and  La.;  W.  to  E.  Neb.,  Ark.  and  N. 
Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  Fort  Snelling;  Shakopee; 
New  Ulm;  Morton;  Glenwood;  Swedes  Forest;  Morris;  river 
banks,  with  underbrush. 

HERB.:  Taylor  839,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  939,  Redwood 
Falls;  Bollard  628,  Chaska;  Bollard  226,  Jordan;  Sheldon  730. 
Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  750,  Waconia;  Herrick  1,  Minneapolis; 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  241 

Roberts  1,  Sawtooth  range;  Oestlund  1,  Minneapolis;  Kassube 
1,  Minneapolis;  Eoberts  2,  Baptism  river;  Sandberg  J,  Red  Wing; 
Herb.  Moyer  1,  Montevideo. 

OX YGR APHIS  BUNGE,     Fl.  Atl.  Suppl.  46  (1836). 

Cyrtorrhynca  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  26  (1838). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  6;  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  I,  39:  Durand,  Ind. 
Gen.  Phan.  2;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  63. 

Living  species:     9-f ;  Central    and    Eastern  Asia  and 
N.  America.     Asia,  7;  North  America,  3?. 

Oxygraphis  cymbalaria  (PURSH)   PRANTL,     Engl.   Prantl, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  63  (1889). 

Ranunculus  cymbalaria  PUBSH,     Fl.  Am.  I,  392  (1814). 
E.  tridentatus  HBK.    Nov.  Gen.  et  Spec.  V.  42  (1821). 
E.  sarmentosus  ADANS.    Mem.  Mosc.  IX,  244  (1839). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  ed.  6,  41;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  116;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  36;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  7;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I.  7.;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  18;  Kegel,  Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  42;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  17;  Forbes  and 
Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  I,  14:  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  34;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  8;  Roth,  Wheel. 
Exp.  5,  56,  354;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  7;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  18. 

Europe;  Altai  and  Baikal  Siberia;  China;  S.  Asia. 
North  America:  N.  J.,  Gt.  lakes  and  S.  Ills.;  N. 
through  Can.;  Minn.,  Neb.  to  Colo,  and  Pac.  coast;  Rocky  mts. 
far  N.  and  S. ;  Rio  Grande  river;  in  sandhills  of  Nebraska  and 
frequenting  sandy  regions  along  the  coast,  elsewhere  more 
common  in  the  vicinity  of  saline  or  alkaline  marshes. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  but  principally  in  forest 
region;  sandy  banks,  lake  shores  and  saline  grounds. 

HERB:  Taylor  746,  Glen  wood;  Sheldon  442,  Buffalo 
Lake,  Waseca  Co.;  Sheldon  1186,  New  Ulm;  Taylor  227 a,  Janes- 
ville;  Sheldon  763,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  638,  Minnesota  Lake; 
Bollard  652,  Chaska;  Sheldon  1356,  Lake  Benton;  Bollard  36, 
Chaska;  Holzinger  8,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  18,  Milan, 
Chippewa  Co. 

RANUNCULUS  LINN.     Gen.  464  (1737). 

Batrachium  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  VII,  199  (1839). 
Pachyloma  SPACH,    1.  c.  194  (1839). 
Cypriaiithe  SPACH,    1.  c.  220  (1839). 
Ceratocephalus  MOENCH,    Meth.  218  (1794). 
Xipliocoma  and  Gampsoceras  STEV.    Bull.  Mosc.  (1852). 
Hecatonia  and  Krapfia  DC.    Syst.  Veg.  I,  227,  228  (1818). 
Casalea  and  Aphanostemma  ST.  HIL.    Fl.  Bras.  I,  8, 12  (1825). 
Ficaria  DILL.    Nov.  Gen.  Giess.  108  (1719). 

Baiilon,  Hist.  PI.  I,  86;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gsn.  PI.  I,  5,  953;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  64;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  2;  O.  Kuntze, 
Rev.  Gen.  PL  I,  3;  Gray,  111.  Gen.  I,  29;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  508. 
-16 


242  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Living  species:  250-1- ;  160  (B.  and  H.);  200  (Durand); 
cosmopolitan,  but  richest  in  northern,  extra- tropical  regions; 
Russia,  70;  Europe,  91;  European  Russia,  37;  North  America, 
60+;  Canada,  42-47;  Calif.,  20-24;  E.  Sts,  18;  Rocky  mts.,  22; 
S.  Sts.,  15;  W.  Tex.,  8;  PI.  Wheel.,  18;  PL  King,  20. 

Fossil  species:     1;  Tertiary  of  Europe  (Heer). 

Ranunculus  pensylvanieus  LINN.  f.     Suppl.  272  (1781). 
B.  canadensis  JACQ.    Misc.  11,  343  (1778). 
E.  trifolius  MOENCH,    Suppl.  70  (1802). 
E.  hispidus  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  395  (1814). 
E.  hirsutus  CURT.    Eat.  Man.  IV,  424  (1825)  ? 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  43;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  37;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  116;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  8;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  8;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  21;  Forbes 
and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  1, 14;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  163;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  22. 
China. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  Brit.  Col.  and 
Pac. ;  N.  in  arctic  circle;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Va. ; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Colo.  Mont.;  B.  Col.  to  Oregon. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region,  especially  E.  and  N.  in 
valley;  damp  woodland  and  openings. 

HERB.  :  Ballard  812,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard 
695,  Waconia;  Ballard  737,  Waconia;  Sheldon  1255,  Lake  Ben- 
ton;  Taylor  115,  Janesville;  Ballard  489,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.; 
Taylor  827,  Glenwood;  Ballard  532,  Cleary's  lake,  Scott  Co.; 
Taylor  981,  Glenwood;  Oesllund  5,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Herrick  13, 
Minneapolis;  Roberts  4,  Grand  Marais;  Roberts  5,  Duluth; 
Holzinger  7,  Winona  Co.;  Bailey  71,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg 
28,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Moyer.  12,  Montevideo. 

Ranunculus  repens  LINN.     Spec.  779  (1753). 
E.  prostratus  POIR.    Enc.  Meth.  VI,  113  (1804). 
E.  tomentosus  POIR.    Enc.  Meth.  VI,  127  (1804). 
E.  intermedius  EAT.    Man.  ed.  3,  424  (1822). 
E.  dintoni  BECK,    Bot.  9  (1833). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  43;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  37;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt. 
Brit.  9;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  21,  481;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  I,  16;Led.,Fl. 
Ross.  I,  44,  733;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.,  10;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex. 
8;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  9;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  22;  Hart,,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  163. 
Northern  Eur.  and  Africa;  Siberia  and  China. 
North  America:    Introduced  eastward,  but  probably 
indigenous  west  of  the  great  lakes;  Ont.  to  Brit.  Col.;  S.  to 
Tex.,  Arizona,  Minn.,  Iowa,  Ohio. 

Minn,  valley:  Plants  of  the  true  R.  repens  have  been 
found  at  Ft.  Snelling,  where  the  species  is  possibly  indigenous. 
Habitat  like  that  of  K  sepientrionalis  Poir.  This  is  undoubt- 
edly a  rare  plant  in  the  Minn,  valley. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  243 

HERB.  :  9  Herrick  15+  Minneapolis;  9 Sandberg  32,  Red 
Wing. 

Ranunculus  septentrionalis    Pom.      Enc.   Meth.   VI,    12B 

(1804). 

E.  hispidus  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  321  0803). 

E.  marilandicus  Pom.    Enc.  Meth.  VI,  126  (1804). 

E.  nitidus  MQHL.     Cat.  ed.  2,  56  (1818). 

E.  carolinianus  DC.    Syst.  1,  292  (1818). 

E.  scfikchtendahlii  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  21  (1833). 

E.  repens  LINN.  var.  hispidus  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  658  (1838). 

E.  repens  LINN.  var.  nitidus  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  658  (1838). 

E.  repens  Auct.  Amer.  in  part. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  ed.  6,  43;  Critt.,  Fl.  IS".  J.  37;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  8;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  8;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif .  8;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  19;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I.  21,  22;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Eoss.  I,  44; 
Griseb.,  Fl.  W.  I.;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  9;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  298;  Herd.,  Fl. 
Eur.  Ross.  10;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  9;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  163;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind, 
I,  23. 

Europe;  Mid.  Russ. ;  Siberia;  Kamtk. 

North  America:  Anticosti;  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Hudson 
Bay  and  Pac. ;  N.  to  lat.  67°;  across  the  cont.  southward;  Atl. 
to  Tex.  and  in  Rocky  mts.  to  lat.  52°.  It  is  not  clear  that  the 
foreign  plant  is  this  species.  The  long  confusion  with  R. 
repens  makes  the  accurate  separation  of  the  two  plants  a  task 
which  can  not  be  undertaken  without  abundant  material  from 
the  different  regions. 

Minn,  valley:  Most  of  what  has  passed  for  R.  repens 
Linn,  and  all  of  R.  repens  Linn.  var.  hispidus  (Michx.)  is  un- 
doubtedly this  species.  Moist  and  shady  places  or  wet  mead- 
ows; damp  woodland  and  near  springs. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  174,  Shakopee;  Sandberg  31,  White 
Rock;  Kassube  13,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  14,  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Moyer  13,  Montevideo;  14,  Montevideo;  15,  Montevideo;  16, 
Milan,  Chippewa  Co.;  Herb.  Sheldon  1774,  Ft.  Snelling. 

Ranunculus  fascicularis  MUHL.  Bigel.  Fl.  Bost.  137  (1814). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  43;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  37;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  19;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1,  18;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  9;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  9; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  162;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  1,  18. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  L.  Winnipeg;  E.  U.  S.  to  Va. ; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Ark.,  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Hills  and  banks  in  more  exposed  locali- 
ties; Ft.  Snelling  and  probably  westward  to  New  Ulm. 

HERB.  :  Sandberg  29,  Vasa;  Sandberg  30,  Cannon  Falls; 
Herb.  Sheld.  1678,  Minneapolis;  1822,  Minneapolis. 


244  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Ranunculus  recurvatus  Pom.     Enc.  Meth.  VI,  123  (1804). 
E.  lanuginosus  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  157  (1788). 
jR.  saniculaeformis  MUHL.     Oat.  56  (1813). 
E.  leptopetalus  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  83  (1817). 
E.  fascicularis  SPBENG.    Neu.  Eatd.  I,  228  (1820). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  43;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  37;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  116;  Chap  ,  Fl.  S.  St.  8;   Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  19;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
19,  480;  Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  I.  44;  Kothr.,  Wheel.  Exp.  58;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  163; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  22. 

Arctic  islands  off  the  coast  of  N.  E.  Siberia. 
North  America:    Labrador,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q  ,  Ont.  to 
L.  Winnipeg;  S.  along  Atl.  coast;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Mo.  and 
Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region;  E.  and  N.  in  valley; 
woods  and  shaded  banks. 

HERB.:  Bollard  147,  Chaska;  Sandberg  27,  Chisago 
Co. ;  Leiberg  3,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Kassube  12,  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1819,  Ramsey  Co. 

Ranunculus  sceleratus  LINN.     Spec.  776  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  42:  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  37:  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  116;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  19;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  8;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
7;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  9;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  19;  Forbes  and  Herns.,  Fl.  Sin. 
I,  16;  Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  I,  45;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.Eur.  Kuss.  10;  Engl. 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  65;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  426;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  57;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  8;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  163;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  23;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand!  I,  165. 

Northern  Eur. ;  N.  Asia  to  India  and  Bengal;  China; 
Siberia. 

North  America:  Maritime  provinces  of  Can.  to  Brit. 
Col.,  Peace  river  and  lat.  67°  N.;  S.  throughout  U.  S. 

Minn,  valley:  Banks  of  streams;  ditches;  wet  spring 
sides,  N.  E.  and  S.  in  valley,  extending  far  W.  on  lower  levels. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  701,  Waseca — dwarf  form;  Bollard  47, 
Chaska;  Bollard  474,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  183,  Ea- 
gle lake,  Blue  Earth  Co!;  Taylor  506,  Minnesota  lake;  Bollard 
324,  Belle  Plain;  Kassube  14,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  16,  Minne- 
apolis; Oestlund  6,  Hennepin  Co.;  Sandberg  33,  Vasa;  Herb. 
Moyer  17,  Montevideo. 

Ranunculus  abortiyus  LINN.     Spec.  551  (1753). 

E.  nitidus  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  159  (1788). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  ed.  6,  42;'Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  7;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  116;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  36;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  7;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  19; 
Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  18;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  162;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  15. 

North  America:  Man.  to  Brit.  Col.;  in  U.  S.,  Atl. 
coast  to  Rocky  mts. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  245 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region  and  wooded  banks;  open- 
ings and  moist  soil,  especially  E.  in  valley. 

HERB.:  Ballard  125,  Chaska;  Taylor  275,  Janesville; 
Sheldon  140,  Madison  Lake;  Sheldon  36,  Elysian;  Herrick  12, 
Minneapolis;  Holzinger  6,  Winona  Co.;  Kassube  11,  Minneapo- 
lis; Sandberg  26,  Red  Wing;  Roberts  3,  Black  Point;  Oesilund  4, 
Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1820,  Minneapolis. 

Ranunculus    abortivus    LINN.     var.    micranthus    (NUTT.) 
GRAY,     Man.  5  ed.  42  (1867). 

R.  micranthus  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  18  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  42;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  36;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  19;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  18,  480;  Cov.  Fl.  Ark.  162;  Wats.  Bibl.Ind. 
I,  15. 

North  America :     Eastern  Canadian  provinces  ?  N.  shore 

of  Lake  Superior  to  Brit.  Col. ;  Mass,  and  N.  J,  to  Minn. ,  Dak, 
and  Colo . 

Minn,  valley:  With  typical  form,  especially  W.  and 
S.  W. ;  apparently  less  abundant  than  the  type. 

HERB.  :    Moyer  11,  Montevideo. 

Ranunculus  ovalis  RAF.     Journ.  Bot.  268  (1814). 

R.  rhomboicleus  GOLDEE.    Edin.  Phil.  Journ.  VI,  329  (J822). 
E.  brevicaulis  HOOK.     Fl.  Bor.-Am.  1, 13  (1833). 

Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  42;  Coult,  Fl.  Colo.  7;  Webb.,  Fl. 

Neb.  116;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  19;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  17;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind  I,  23- 

North  America:     Q.  to  Man.  and  Brit.  Col. ;  N.  in  Rocky 

mts.  to  lat  52°;  S.  to  Mich.,  Ills,  Wise.,   Minn,   and  N.  and  W. 

Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Low  prairies  and  near  edges  of  sloughs; 
valley  throughout;  principally  N.  E.  and  S,. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  942r  Redwood  Falls;  Menzel  1,  Pipe 
stone  City;  Kassube  10,  Minneapolis;  Leiberg  2,  Blue  Earth 
Co.  ?;  Sandberg  24,  Red  Wing;  Sandberg  25,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1679,  Minneapolis;  1821,  Ft.  Snelling;  Herb.  Moyer  9, 
Montevideo;  10,  Montevideo. 

Ranunculus  pedatifidus  SM.     Rees  Cycl.  72  (1819). 
E.  affinis  R.  Bit.    Parr.  1st  Voy.  Appx.  265  (1823). 
E.  amoenus  LED.    Fl.  Alt.  I,  320  (1829). 
R.  auricomus  var.  affinis  LAWSON,    Ran.  Can.  (1876). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  42;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  8;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  19;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  18;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  37;  Nym.,   Fl.  Eur.; 
Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  10;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  in  var.  57;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
7;  Wats..  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  15. 

Europe;   Altai,  Baikal  and  Transbaik.  Siberia. 
North  America:     Greenland,   Melville  Isl.  to   Rocky 
mts.,  52°  N.  lat.,  Brit.  Col.  and  N.  W.  T. ;  S.  in  mts.  to  Colo,  and 


246  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Nevada;  E.  from  Montana  to  Minn.,  Iowa  and  Canada;  Hudson 
strait. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  and  S.  W.  in  valley;  damp  woodland 
and  near  springs.  Rather  rare . 

HERB.:  Sheldon  781,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  431,  Janes- 
ville;  Sheldon  1568,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1189,  New  Ulm. 

Ranunculus  reptans  LINN.    Spec.  549  (1753). 
E.  flliformis  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  320  (1803). 
E.  reptans  var.  flliformis  DC.    Syst.  1,  248  1 1818). 
E.  flammula  LINN.    var.  reptans  E.  MEYER,   PI.  Lab.  96  (1830). 
E.  flammula  var.  flliformis  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am  I,  11  (1833). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  42;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  36;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  6;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  6;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  18;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  17;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  297;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ. 
10;  Koth  ,  Wheel.  Exp.  56;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  7;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  18; 
Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  32;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  9;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  161. 
Scotland;  N.  Eur,;  Siberia. 

North  America:  Greenland  and  Nova  Scotia  to  Brit. 
Col.  and  Coast  range;  S.  in  Calif,  at  alt.  6,000  ft.;  local  in  Colo.; 
S.  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  New  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Ohio  and  Ills. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region,  especially  N.  and  S.  E.; 
gravelly  or  sandy  beaches  of  lakes  and  streams. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  214,  Lake  Ballentyne,  Blue  Earth 
Co.;  Sheldon  102,  Elysian;  Ballard  829,  Page  Lake,  Carver  Co.; 
Herrick  9,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  10,  Excelsior;  Bailey  1000, 
"White  Bear  lake;  Sandberg  22,  Chisago  Co.;  Sandberg  23,  Chi- 
sago  Co.;  Herrick  11,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  9,  Cedar  lake, 
Hennepin  Co. 

Ranunculus  ambigens  S.  WATS.     Ind.  N.  A.  Bot.  16  (1878). 
f  E.  lingua  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  391  (1814). 

E.  flammula  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  391  (1814)  not  DC. 
?  E.  robini  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  82  (1817). 

E.  alismaefolius  GRAY,    Man.  2d  ed.  8  (1852). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  41:  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  7;  Britt.,  Fl- 
N.  J.  63;  Brew,  and  Wats.  Fl.  Calif.  I,  6?;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  16,  480;  Wats., 
King  Exp.  7?;  Wats.  Bbl.  Ind.  I,  16. 
Europe? 

North  America:  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Brit.  Col., 
Vancouver;  S.  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  Tenn. ;  southward. 

Minn,  valley :  Reported  from  the  lake  region  of 
Alexandria  and  probably  N.  in  valley;  rare;  in  wet  mud. 

Ranunculus  lacustris  BECK  and  TRACY,     Eat.  Man.  ed.  3 

423  (1822). 

E.  multifldus  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  736  (1814)  not  Forsk. 
E.  multifldus  BIGEL.    Fl.  Bost.  ed.  2,  228  (1824)? 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  247 

E.  fluviotilis  BIGEL.    Fl.  Bost.  139  (1840)  not  Willd. 
E.  purshii  RICH.    Frankl.  Journ.  13  (1823). 
E.  limosus  NUTT.     T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  20  (1838). 
E.  radicans  C.  A.  M.  var.  multifidus  REGEL,      Fl.   Ost  Sib.  I,   45 
(1862). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  41;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  36;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  116;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  18;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  9;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1, 16; 
Eogl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  65;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  426; 
Wats.,  King  Exp.  8;  Roth,  Wheel.  Exp.  57,?  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  163;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  20;  Rothr.,  Alask.  442. 
Siberia. 

North  America:  Cape  Breton  Isles,  to  Pac. ;  N.  S.  to 
N.  W.  T.  and  Alaska;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Ohio,  Iowa, 
Mo. ,  Minn,  and  Colo. ;  Utah  and  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  in  ponds,  lakes  and  slug- 
gish streams. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  10,  Chaska;  Sheldon  437,  Buffalo  lake, 
Waseca  Co.;  Ballard  430,  Prior's  lake;  Sheldon  441,  Smith's 
Mills,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sheldon  257,  Turtle  lake,  Le  Sueur  Co. ; 
Taylor  731,  Glen  wood;  Sandberg  20,  Chisago  lake;  Kassube  8, 
Minneapolis;  Herrick  8,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  21,  Red  Wing; 
Arthur  95,  Vermilion  lake;  Herb.  Wickersheim  9,  Norwegian 
creek,  Lincoln  Co. 

Ranunculus  lacustris  BECK  and  TRACY,    var.  terrestris 

(GRAY). 

E.  multifidus  var.  terrestris  GRAY,  Man.  ed.  v.  41  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  41; Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  16,  II,  297. 

North  America:  N.  Ohio;  Ills.,  Minn.,  Man.  to  Sas- 
katchewan, Dak.,  N.  W.  T.  and  Brit.  Col. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  rooting  in  mud  near 
pools  or  ponds. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  10,  Waterville,  Le  Sueur  Co. ;  Bailey 
95a,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  441,  Fall  lake. 

Ranunculus    aquatilis    LINN.  var.  trichophyllus   (CHAIX.) 
GRAY,     Man.  5  ed.  40  (1867). 

E.  trichophyllus  CHAIX.    Vill.  Dauph.  1,  336  (1786). 

E.  fluviatilis  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  395  (1814.) 

E.  aquatilis  var.  capillaceus  DC.    Prodr.  I,  26  (1824). 

E.  hydrocharis  trichophyllus  HIERN.     Seem.  Journ.   Bot.   IX,  101 
(1871). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  40;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  6;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  116;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  35;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  7;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  18; 
Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  5;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  6;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
16;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  13;  Herd-.,  Fl.  Russ.  Eur.  8;  Engl.  Prantl, 
III,  2,  65;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  5;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  354;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  17;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  167. 


248  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Europe;  W.  Asia;  China;  Himalayas;  Australia;  almost 
cosmopolitan. 

North  America:  Greenland  to  Brit.  Col.  in  Can. ;  U. 
S.  across  the  continent;  mts.  of  Utah  to  6,000  ft.  alt. 

Minn,  valley:  Abundant  throughout  in  ponds,  lakes 
and  sluggish  streams. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  170,  Shakopee;  Sheldon  317,  Madison 
Lake;  Sheldon  1152,  New  Ulm;  Sheldon  1136,  Springfield;  Shel- 
don 722,  Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  277,  Jordan;  Holzinger  5,  Lake 
Winona;  Huntington  1,  Rock  Co.;  Sandberg  19,  Cannon  Falls; 
Herb.  Wickersheim  8,  Lake  Stay,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  8, 
Granite  Falls. 

Ranunculus  aquatilis  LINN.   var.  caespitosus  DC.     Prodr. 
I,  26  (1824). 

E.  hydrocharis  caespitosus  HIERN.  Seem.  Journ.  Bot.  IX,  65  (1871). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  41;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  17;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  16. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  111.,  Minn.,  Dak.  and  Sas- 
katchewan. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  and  S.  W.  districts;  pools  of  stagnant 
water  and  rooting  in  the  mud. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  818,  Cotton  wood  river,  near  Sleepy 
Eye;  Sheldon  1134,  Cottonwood  river,  Springfield;  Sheldon  317, 
Duck  lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sheldon  354,  Lake  Madison,  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  Sheldon  435,  Lake  Elysian,  Waseca  Co.;  Sheldon 
1452,  Pipestone. 

Ranunculus  circinnatus  SIBTH.     Fl.  Oxon.  (1794). 

E.  aquatilis  LINN.  var.  stagnatilis  DC.    Prodr.  I,  26  (1824). 
JR.  divaricatus  GRAY,    PI.  Wright,  II,  8  (1852). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  40;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  18;  Coult  , 
Fl.  Colo.  6;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  16;  II,  296;  Wats  ,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  17;  Wats., 
King  Exp.  6;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  6;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Hart,  Fl.  Scand.  I, 
168;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  30. 

W.  Europe  (local). 

North  America:  Man.  to  Rocky  mts.  and  Brit.  Col. ; 
S.  to  Vt. ,  Maine,  Iowa,  Dak. ,  Neb. ,  Colo. ,  Nev.  and  Oregon. 

Minn,  valley;  Reported  from  Mankatoand  Alexandria; 
probably  local  in  the  forest  lakes  of  the  valley. 
HERB.  :    Bailey  318t  Vermilion  lake. 

THALICTKILH  LINN.     Gen.  461  (1737). 

Physocarpum  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  VII,  237  (1839). 
Tripterium  SPACH,    1.  c.  (1839). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  I,  87;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  4;  Engler  and 


LIST  OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  249 

Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  66;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  1;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev. 
Gen.  PL  I,  4;  Gray,  111  Gen.  I,  23. 

Living  species:  76 ±;  50  (B.  and  H.);  70  (Durand); 
Europe;  Asia;  Africa;  N.  and  S.  America;  extra- tropical. 
Russia,  28;  Europe,  26;  European  Russia,  12;  North  America, 
14-16;  Canada,  9;  S.  Sts.,  6;  E.  Sts.,  4;  W.  Tex.;  3;  Rocky 
mts.,  5;  Calif.,  4;  PL  Wheel.,  2;  PL  King,  4. 

Thalictrum  purpurascens  LINN.     Spec.  546  (1753). 
T.  rugosum  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  2,  262  ?  ( 1811). 
T.  pubescens  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  388  (1814). 
T.  revolutum  DC.    Syst.  I,  173  (1818). 
T.  cornuti  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  38  (1838). 

'  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  39;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  35;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  117;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  18;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  14,  479;  II,  298;  Cov., 
Fl.  Ark.  162;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  7;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  26. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Anticosti,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.,  Md.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Mo.  and  Ark.,  W.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  in  forest  region  and  on 
wooded  banks,  with  T.  dioicum;  rather  more  abundant,  espec- 
ially westward.  This  species  has  been  mistaken  for  T.  poly- 
gamum. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1299,  Lake  Benton;  Bollard  373, 
Helena,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  162,  Chaska;  Taylor  331,  Janes- 
ville;  Sheldon  767,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  571,  Minnesota  lake; 
Taylor  843,  Glenwood;  Taylor  1721,  Janes ville;  Sheldon  968, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Herrick  6,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  18,  Cannon  Falls; 
Gedge  1,  Glyndon;  Herrick  7,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  460,  Agate 
Bay;  Arthur  68,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  448,  Mud  river;  Herb 
Sheld.  1735,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  7,  Montevideo. 

Thalictrum  dioicum  LINN.     Spec.  545  (1753). 

T.  laemgatum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  322  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  39;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  35;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  5;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  18;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  14,  479;  Engl.  Prantl, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  HI,  2,  66;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  25. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Anticosti  and  N.  S.  to  Pac. ; 
N.  to  lat.  67°;  S.  to  Minn.,  Ohio,  and  in  Appalachians  to  N. 
Car. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region,  in  dry  localities, 
throughout;  wooded  banks  and  openings. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  237,  Turtle  lake,  Le  Sueur  Co. ;  Shel- 
don 50,  Elysian;  Taylor  33,  Elysian;  Oestlund  3,  Ramsey  Co.; 
Sandberg  15,  Red  Wing;  Sandberg  16,  Vasa;  Sandberg  17,  Can- 
non Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1824,  Hennepin  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer  6, 
Montevideo. 


250  METASPERMAE  OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

XLII.    BERBERIDACEAE.     Barberry  Family, 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  852  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  40  (1862); 
Prantl,  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.Z,  II,  70  (1888). 

Genera:  8;  principally  extra -tropical  regions  of  N. 
hemisphere  and  centering  on  the  Pacific  coast  regions  of  the 
Old  and  New  worlds;  a  few  in  tropical  Asia  and  the  Andes 
district. 

Species:    135;  75  per  cent,  in  genus  Herberts. 

PODOPHYLLUM  LINN.     Gen.  426  (1737). 

Anapodophyllum  TOURN.    Inst.  239  (1700). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  75;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  45;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  10;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  74;  Gray,  111. 
Gen.  I,  87. 

Living  species:  5;  2  (Durand);  North  America  and 
Japan,  1;  Himalayas,  1;  S.  China  and  Formosa,  2-3. 

Podophyllum  peltatum  LINN.     Spec.  505  (1753). 
Anopodophyllum  peltatum  MOEN"CH,     Meth  277  (1794). 
P  odophyllum  callicarpum  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  14  (1817 j. 
P.  montanum  RAF.    Med.  Fl.  II.  59  (1830). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  54;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  42;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  115;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  18;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  21;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
30;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  74;  Cov  ,  Fl.  Ark,  164;  Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  I,  35. 

Japan. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.  and  Ont.  to  Fla.;  W.  to 
Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  E.  region  only;  rich  woodlands,  not 
common. 

HERB.  :    Sheldon  7,  Faribault;  Sandberg  43,  Pine  Island 

LEONTICE  LINN.     Gen.  268  (1737). 

Bongardia  C.  A.  M.    Verz.  Pfl.  Cauc.  (1831). 
Gymnospermium  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  VIII,  66  (1839). 
Caulophyllum  MICHX.    Fl.  Bor.  Am.  I,  204  (1803). 
Leontopetalum  TOURN.    Corr.  484  (1703). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  74;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  43;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  76;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  10;  Gray,  III 
Gen.  81. 

Living  species:     10-12;  5-6  (B.  and  H.);  10  (Durand) 
S.  Europe,  middle  Asia,  Manchuria,  Japan  and  North  America 

Leontice  thalictroiles  LINN.     Spec.  312  (1753). 

Caulophyllum  thalictroides  MECHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  205  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  53;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  42;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  17;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  21;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1,30,483;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  35;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  76;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  30. 


LIST   OP  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  251 

Japan  and  Manchuria. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J., 
Penn.  and  S.  Car.  W.  to  Ohio,  Minn. ,  Neb.  and  Man. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  in  deep  woodland,  espec- 
ially along  streams  and  near  lakes. 

HERB.  Sheldon  802,  Sigel  township,  Brown  Co. ;  Tay- 
lor S90,  Glen  wood;  Sheldon  142,  Madison  Lake;  Sheldon  54, 
Elysian;  Bollard  76,  Chaska;  Kassube  18,  Minneapolis ;<Leiberg 
6,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Holzinger  11,  Winona  Co. ;  Sandberg  42,  Red 
Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1714,  Minneapolis;  ^8£2,Ramsey  Co. ;  Herb. 
Wickersheim  10,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  24,  Carl- 
ton  lake,  Chippewa  Co. 

XLI1I.      MENISPERMACEAE.     Moon-Seed 
Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  825  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  30(1862); 
Prantl,  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  78  (1888). 

Genera:  56-58  living;  5-6  extinct;  tropics  and  spar- 
ingly without,  especially  in  the  S.  hemisphere;  in  the  Tertiary 
widely  distributed  over  the  N.  hemisphere. 

Species:    300  (Miers)\  80  (B.  and  H.);  perhaps  150  dis 
tinct;  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  forms  abundant  in  N.  America 
and  Tertiary  forms  in  Europe,  where  there  are  now  few  living 
representatives. 

MENISPERMUM  LINN.     Gen.  107  (1737). 

Trilophos  FISCH.     Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  (1835). 
fSelwynnia  F.  MULL.    Fragm.  IV,  153  (1861?). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  Ill,  33;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  37,  962;  Du- 
rand,  Ind  Gen.  Phan.  8;  Gray,  III,  Gen.  I,  73;  Schenck,  Paleophyt.  500. 

Living  species:  3.  Japan,  1;  Centr.  and  E.  Asia,  1; 
North  American  Atl.  forest  region,  1. 

Fossil  species:  Menisper  miles  (Lesquerx.)  about  10 
species  from  the  Dakota,  Cretaceous  (upper)  and  5-6,  Eocene* 
North  America. 

Menisperrtium  canadense  LINN.     Spec.  340  (1753). 
Cissampelos  smilacina  LINN.    Spec.  2  ed.  1473  (1762). 
M.  angulatum  MOENCH,    Meth.  277  (1794). 
M.  smilacinum  DC.    Syst.  I,  541  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  51;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  42;  Webb. 
Fl.  Neb.  115:  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  21;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  16;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
29;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  163:  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  32. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  and  Man.;  N.  U.  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J  and  N.  Car.?  W.  to  Dak.,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 


252  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  wooded  banks  of  lakes 
and  streams,  climbing  over  shrubbery. 

HERB.:  Taylor  980,  Glenwood;  Bollard  102,  Chaska; 
Sheldon 30,  Elysian;  Sheldon  636,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co.;  Taylor 
707,  Minnesota  lake;  Oestlund  10,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  41, 
Red  Wing;  Herb.  Moyer  23,  Montevideo. 

XLIV.    PAPAVERACEAE.     Poppy  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  854  (1840):  fenth,  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  49 
(1862);  DC.  Syst.  II,  67  (1821)— Fumariaceae;  Prantl  and  Klindig,  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  130  (1889). 

Genera:  28;  temperate  and  warmer  regions;  princi- 
pally in  N.  temperate  floral  region;  centers  of  distribution  (1) 
Central  and  E.  Asia;  (2)  Pacific  North  America;  (3)  Mediter- 
ranean region. 

Species:    250  ±  ;  35  per  cent,  in  genus  Neckeria. 

SANGUINARIA  LINN.     Gen.  425  (1737). 

Belharnosia  SARRAC.    ex  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  (1763). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  141;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  53;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,   139  (Prantl  and  Kiindig);  Durand,  Ind. 
Gen.  Phan.  11;  Gray,  III.  Gen.  115. 

Living  species:  1;  woodlands  of  Atlantic  North 
America. 

Fossil  species:  (Papaveraceae)  Schenck,  Palaeophyt. 
515,  Lignitic  in  Saxony;  doubtful. 

Sanguinaria  canadensis  LINN.     Spec.  505  (1753). 
S.  acaulis  MOENCH,    Meth.  227  (1794). 
S.  vernalis  SALTSB.    Prodr.  377  (1796). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  58;  Britt.,  PI.  N.  J.  45;  Chap.,  PL 

S.  St.  22;  Upharn,  PL  Minn.  23;  Mac.,  PL  Can.  I,  34;  Engl.  Prantl  and 

Kiindig,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  139;  Cov.,  PL  Ark.  164;  Wats.  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  43. 

North  America:     N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  to  Man.  and 

N.  Dak.,  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region  and  wooded  banks  to 
Montevideo  and  Glenwood;  rare  far  W. ;  open  woodland  and 
shady  banks. 

HERB.:  Bollard  86,  Chaska;  Taylor  129,  Janesville; 
Sheldon  26,  Elysian;  Herrick  24,  Minneapolis;  Arthur  157,  Ver- 
milion Lake;  Kassube  22,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  25,  Minneapo- 
lis; Sandberg  48,  Red  Wing;  Hammond  7,  Lake  City;  Herb. 
Wickersheim  11,  Mankato;  Herb.  Sh^ld.  1806,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Moyer  25,  Montevideo. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PKODUCING  PLANTS.  253 

CAPNORCHIS  LUDW.     Defin.  PL  98  (1737). 
Bikukulla  ADANS.    Fam.  PL  (1763). 
Diclytra  "BORKH."    ex  Beruh.  and  DC.  Syst.  (1818). 
Dactylicapnos  WALLICH,    Teut.  Fl.  Nepal,  51  (1824). 
Dicentra  BERNH.    Linn.  VIII,  467  (1833). 
Macrocapnos  ROYLE,    Lindl.  Intro,  ed.  II,  439  (1835). 
Eucapiios  SIEB.  and  Zucc.    Abh.  Ak.  Mun.  Ill,  721  (1842?). 
Perizomanthus  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  462  (1814). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  Ill,  143;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  55;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  143  (Prantl  and  Ktindig);  Durand,  Ind.  Gen. 
Phan.  12;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  I,  15;  Gray,  III.  Gen.  I,  119. 

Living  species:  15;  12  (B.  and  H.);  Central,  North 
and  East  Asia  and  North  America;  E.  Sts.  3;  S.  Sts.,  2;  Can- 
ada, 3;  Pac.  coast,  4-5. 

Capnorchis  cucullaria  (LiiNN.)  O.  KUNTZE,     Rev.  PL    Gen. 

1,  15  (1891). 

Fumaria  cucullaria  LINN.    Spec.  699  (1753). 

F.  pallida  SALISB.    Prodr.  377  (1796). 

Corydalis  cucullaria  PERS.    Syn.  II,  269  (1807). 

Cucullaria  bulbosa  RAF.    Med.  Rep.  V,  353  (1809). 

Dicentra  cucullaria  DC.    Syst.  I,  108  (1818). 

Diclytra  cucullaria  AUCT.  VAR.    After  DC.  Prodr. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  60;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  23;  Webb. 
Fl.  Neb.  118;  Chap..  Fl.  S.  St.  23;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  35;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I, 
97?;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  45;  Engl.  Prantl  and  Kiindig,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill, 

2,  143;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  164. 

Kamtschatka? 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Georgian 
Bay;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y,,  N.  J.,  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb. 
and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  especially  at  lower  levels; 
shady  banks  and  damp  woodland  openings. 

HERB.:  Taylor  98,  Glenwood;  Herrick  26,  Minneapo- 
lis; Kassube  23,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  13,  Winona  Co. ;  Sand- 
berg  49,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld  1866,  Ramsey  Co.;  Herb.  Wick- 
ersheim  12,  Lake  Benton;  Herb.  Moyer  26,  Carl  ton  Lake. 

Capnorchis  canadensis  (GOLDIE)  O.  KUNTZE,     Rev.  Gen.  PL 

I,  15  (1891). 

Corydalis  canadensis  GOLDIE,    Edin.  Phil.  Journ.  VI,  330  (1822). 

C.  formosa  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  462  (1814)  inpart. 
Diclytra  canadensis  DC.     Prodr.  I,  126  (1824). 

D.  eximia  BECK,    Bot.  23  (1833). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  60;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  118;  Britt., 
FL  1ST.  J.  46;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  23;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  35;  Engl.  Prantl  and 
Kiindig,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  143;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  45. 

North  America:     N.  S.,  Q.  and  Ont.  to  Man.;  S.  to  N. 


254  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

J. ,  Ohio  and  Neb.      Range  more  northward  than  that  of  C.  cu- 
cullaria. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  St.  Paul  and  Blue  Earth 
Co. ;  with  C.  cucullaria  (Linn. )  but  much  less  abundant. 

NECKEEIA  SCOP.-  Introd.  1436  (1777). 
Corydalis  DC.    Syst.  II,  113  (1821). 
Bulbocapnos  BERNH.    Linn.  VIII,  469  (1833). 
Phacocapnos  BERNH.    1.  c.  (1833). 
Cryptoceras  SCHOTT,    ex  Walp.  Ann.  IV,  190(1844-48). 
Sophorocapnos  TURCZ.    Bull.  Mosq.  I,  570  (1848). 
Cysticapnos  BOERH.    ex  DC.  Syst.  II,  112  (1821). 
Ceratocapuos  DUR.    Parlat.  Giorn.  Bot.  1,336. 
Capnodes  MOEHR.    Hort.  Priv.  22  (1736). 
?P  seudofumaria  LUDW.    Defln.  PL  (1737)  ex  Kuntze. 
feaillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  144;  Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  I,  55;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  144  (Prantl  and  Kundig);  Durand,  Ind.  Gen. 
Phan.  12;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  I,  13;  Gray,  111.  Gen.  1,  123. 

Living  species:  90  ± ;  70  (B.  and  H.);  mostly  in  Medi- 
terranean region  and  Central  and  N.  E.  Asia;  a  few  in  N.- 
America, Cape  of  Good  Hope  region  and  Himalayas. ;  N.  Amer- 
ica, 9-10;  Calif. -Oregon,  6;  E.  Sts.,  5-6;  Rocky  mts.,  4-5;  S, 
Sts.,  4;  Canada,  5-6;  PL  Wheel.,  1;  PI.  King,  1;  Russia,  35; 
Europe,  12;  Russian  Europe,  10;  (Durand:  100  sp.). 

Neckeria  aurea  (Micnx.)  PFEIPF.     Bot.  Zeit.  XV,  649  (1857). 
Fumaria  aurea  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  (1803). 
Corydalis  aurea  WILLD.    Enum.  740  (1809). 
C.  spedosa  MAXIM.    Fl.  Amur  39  (1859). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  61;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  118  in  var.; 

Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  14;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  23;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  23;  Regel,  Fl. 

O.-Sib.  I,  149;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  36;  Engl.  Prantl  and  Kundig,  Nat.  Pflanz. 

Ill,  2,  144;  Wats.  King.  Exp.  14;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  165;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  1,  44. 

Amurland. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont,  Man.,  N.  W.  T.  to  lat.  64°; 
S.  to  Vt.  andPenn.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Colo.,  Neb.,  Ark.;  in  mts.  to 
Ft.  Verde,  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  particularly  at  higher 
levels  and  N.  rather  than  S.,  although  found  on  S.  edge.  Dry 
places. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1603,  Ft  Snelling;  Taylor  897,  Glen- 
wood;  Foote  1,  Worthington;  Roberts  11,  Duluth;  Bailey  508, 
Agate  Bay;  Kassube  24,  Ramsey  Co.;  Sandberg  51,  Red  Wing; 
Sandberg  52,  Tower;  Sheldon,  1631,  Taylor's  Falls;  Herb.  Wick- 
ersheim  13,  Mankato;  Herb.  Sheld.  1865,  Ft  Snelling;  Herb.. 
Moyer  27,  Carlton  Lake. 


LIST   OP   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  255 

Neckeria  micrantha  (ENGELM.  ). 

Corydalis  aurea  var.  micrantha  ENGELM.     in  Gray,  Man.  5.  eel  62 
(1867). 

Corydalis  micrantha  (ENGELM.)  WATS,  and  COULT.    Gray's  Man.  6 
ed.  61  (1890). 

Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  23;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  118;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  165;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  44;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  14. 

North  America:     N.  Car.,  Neb.,  Mo.  and  Ark.  to  Iowa, 
Minn,  and  Uintah  mts. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  edge,  on  higher  levels;  dry  places 
and  rocks. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  794,  Cotton  wood  river,  Sleepy  Eye; 
Foote  2,  Worthington. 

Neckeria  flayula  (RAF.)  PFEIFF.    Bot.  Zeit.  XV.  649  (1857). 
Fumaria  flavula  RAF .    Desv.  Journ.  Bot.  I,  224  (1808). 
Corydalis  flavula  DC.    Prodr.  I,  129(1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult.x,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  60;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  23;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  46;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  37,  485;  Cov.,  El.  Ark.  165;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
1,44. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Penn.,  N.  J.,  Minn,  and 
Ark. ;  southward. 

Minn,  valley:     Ft.   Snelling  to  Blue  Earth  Co.   and 
probably  on  higher  levels  along  the  N.  side;  dry  banks. 
HERB.  :    Herrick  28,  Minneapolis. 

Neckeria  sempervirens   (LiNN.)   SCOP.     Intro.   Hist.   Nat. 
313  (1777). 

Fumaria  sempervirens  LINN.    Spec.  700  (1753). 
Capnodes  glauca  MOENCH,    Meth.  52  (1794). 
Corydalis  sempervirens    PERS.    Syn.  II,  269  (1807). 
C.  glauca  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  463  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  61;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  23;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  23;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  36;  Engl.  Prantl  and  Ktindig,  Nat,  Pflanz. 
Ill,  2,  144;  Regel.,  Fl.O.-Sib.  I,  147;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  45;  Rothr.,  Alask. 
442. 

Siberia  and  Kamtschatka. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Brit  Col.,  Rocky 
mts.,  Mackenzie  river  at  lat.  64°;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  N.  Car.; 
W.  to  Minn,  and  Man. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  and  N.  W.;  reported  from  Benton 
Co.  and  the  Alexandria  lake  district.  High  bluffs  and  rocky 
places. 

HERB.  :  Roberts  8,  Put-in-bay ;  Roberts  9,  Carlton's 
peak;  Herrick  27,  St.  Louis  river;  Roberts  10,  Duluth;  Bailey 
114,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  333,  St.  Louis  river;  Sandberg  50, 
Tower. 


256  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

XLV>    CRUCIFERAE.    Mustard  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  861  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  58  (1862); 
Prahtl,  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  145  (1890);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL 
III,  181  (1871). 

Genera:  160 — 200;  cosmopolitan;  centers  of  distribu- 
tion in  boreal  region  and  Mediterranean  region.  Fossil  forms 
poorly  understood;  principally  old  world  plants. 

Species:  2000  ±;  reduced  to  1200  (B.  and  H.);  most 
numerous  in  the  Orient. 

THELYPODIUM  ENDL.     Gen.  4915  (1336-40). 

Pachypodium  NUTT.    Torr.  and  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  96  f!838). 
Macropodium  HOOK.    Bot.  Beech.  74  (1841). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  243;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  81;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  155  (Prantl);  Durand,  2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  13. 

t  Living  species:  15 ±;  mostly  Calif,  and  Rocky  mts. 
North  America,  15;  Calif.,  10;  W.  Tex.,  5;  Rocky  mts.,  7;  PI. 
King,  9;  PL  Wheel.,  5;  E.  Sts.,  1;  Canada,  1;  S.  Sts.,  1. 

Thelypodium    pinnatifldum    (Micnx.)    S.  WATSON,     King 
Exp.  25  (1871). 

Hespens  (?)  pinnatifida  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  31  (1803). 
Cheiranthus  hesperioides  T.  and  G.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  72  (1838). 
lodanthus  hesperioides  T.  and  G.    Gen.  I,  134  (1849). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  72;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  25;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  25;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  165:  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  73. 

North  America:     Penn.  to  Ohio  and  Minn.;  S.  to  Tex. 
Minn,  valley:     Only  S.  E.   edge  of  valley  and  rare; 
stony  places. 

HERB.  :     Sandberg  64,  Red  Wing. 

LEPIDIUM  LINN.     Gen.  527  (1737). 

Physolepidium  SCHRENK.    Enum.  97  (1841-42). 
Manoploga  BUNGE,    PL  Preiss.  I,  259  (1836). 
Cardaria  DESVX.    Jour.  Bot.  Ill,  163  (1810). 
Lepia  DESVX.    Jour.  Bot.  Ill,  166  (1810). 
Cynocardamum  WEBB,    Phyt.  Can.  I,  96  (1836). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  284;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  87;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  160  (Prantl);  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  17; 
O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PL  I,  34;  Gray,  III.  Gen.  1,  167;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt. 
514. 

Living  species:  100 ±;  60-80  (B.  and  H.);  all  regions 
except  arctic  and  alpine.  Russia,  20;  Europe,  25;  European 
Russia,  9;  North  America,  17;  PI.  King,  9;  PL  Wheel.,  5;  W. 
Tex.,  4;  Canada,  3-7;  S.  Sts.,  1;  E.  Sts,,  2. 

Fossil  species:  1,  Upper  Miocene,  Europe  (Heer); 
doubtful. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  257 

Lepidium  virginicum  LINN.     Spec.  645  (1753). 
Clypeola  caroliniana  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  173  (1788). 
Thlaspi  mrginianum  Pom.    Enc.  Meth.  VII,  544  (1806). 
Dileptium  diffusum  and  praecox  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  85  (18 17). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  73;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  30;  Britt.,  Fl. 
N.  J.  52;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  118;  Upham,Fl.  Minn.  28;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  57; 
Gris.,  Fl.  W.  I.;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  161;  Cov.  Fl.  Ark.  166; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  65. 

Introduced  in  Europe. 

North  America:  United  States  throughout,  except 
Pac.  coast  and  N.  W. ;  intro.  in  N.  Eng.  and  Ontario. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  along  roadsides  and  rail- 
way embankments;  abundant. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  6J.,  Elysian;  Taylor  190,  Janesville; 
Oestlund  14,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Herrick  43,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger 
25,  Winona  Co.;  Kassube33,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wicker  sheim  11 , 
Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. 

Lepidium  intermedium  GRAY,     PL  Wright,  II,  15  (1852). 

L.  ruderale  RICH.    Frankl.  Journ.  16  (1823)  not  Linn. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  73;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  26;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  47;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  118;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  28;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  57,  491;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  20;  Wats.,  King.   Exp.  29;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  66;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  64;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  275. 

North  America:     N.  S.,  Ont.,  Man.,  B.  C.  to  Hudson 
Bay  and  lat.  52°;  S.  to  N.  Y.,  Mich.,   Minn.,  Neb.,  Tex.  and  in 
mts.  to  N.  Mexico;  W.  to  S.  California  and  N.  along  Pac.  coast, 
Minn,  valley:     N.  and  W.  portions;  probably  through- 
out; with  L.  virginicum  Linn.,  but  less  abundant. 

HERB.  :  Sandberg  71,  Cannon  Falls;  Bailey  132,  Ver- 
milion lake;  Bailey  524,  Agate  Bay;  Moyer  245,  Montevideo, 
Chippewa  Co. 

SISYMBRIUM  LINN.     Gen.  "547  (1737). 

Velarum,  Norta  and  Arabidopsis  SCHUR.    Enum.  Transsylv. 
(1866). 

Pachypodium  and  Descurainia  WEBB.    Phyt.  Can.  75  (1836). 

Cbamaeplium  and  Sisymbrella  (part)  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  VI, 
433  (1839). 

Hugueninia  REICH.    Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  II,  80  (1837-38). 

Tonguea  ENDL.    Gen.  4905  (1836-40). 

Leptocarpaea  DC.    Syst.  Veg.  II,  201  (1821). 

Stenophragma  CLARK,    ex  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  (1888). 

Drabopsis  G.  KOCH,    Linn.  XV,  253  (1840). 

Maresia  POMEL,    ex  Durand,  1.  c.  (1888). 

Alliaria  ADANS.    Fam.  PL  II,  418  (1763). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI  III,  239;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  77;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  169  (Prantl);  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  14; 
-17 


258  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  I,  30;  Gray,  III.  Gen.  I,  151. 

Living  species:  60+;  80  (B.  and  EL):  90  (Durand); 
temperate  regions  of  both  hemispheres;  tropical  (mts.)  Africa. 
Russia,  33;  Europe,  31;  European  Russia,  21;  N.  America,  11-14; 
Canada,  9-10;  Calif.,  6;  E.  Sts.,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  5;  S.  Sts.,  3;  PI. 
King,  3;  PL  Wheel.,  3;  W.  Tex.,  2. 

Sisymbrium  hartwegianum  POURN.     Sisymb.  66  (1865). 

S.  canescens  BENTH.    PI.  Hartw.  9  (1836). 
f  S.  canescens  var.  brevipes  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  92  (1838). 
S.  sophia  GRAY,    Proc.  Ac.  Phil.  57  (1863)  in  part. 
?S.  brachycarpum  HOOK,  and  ARN.    Bot.  Beech.  323  (1841). 

S.  incisum  var.  hartweqianum  WATS.    Bot.  Calif.  I,  41  (1873). 
?  S.  canescens  var.  brachycarpum  UPHAM,    Fl.  Minn.  26  (1883). 

8.  californicum  WATS.    King  Exp.  23  (1870)  part. 
Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  23;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  47;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  69;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  118  (in  part)',  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  271. 

North  America:  N.  W.  T.  and  Brit.  Colo,  to  Calif., 
Colo,  and  Tex. ;  E.  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  W.  and  W.  districts;  dry  banks  and 
sandy  shores  of  streams. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1406,  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  1044, 
Glenwood. 

Sisymbrium  multifldum  (PURSH). 

Erysimum  pinnatum  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  174  (1788). 
Cardamine(?)  multifida  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  440  (1814). 
Sisymbrium  canescens  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  68  (1818). 
Cardamine  menziesii  DC.    Syst.  II,  267  (1821). 
Sisymbrium  pinnatum  GREENE,    Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  II  (1887). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  72;  Coult..  Fl.  Colo.  23;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  40;  Upham,Fl.  Minn.  26;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  118;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  51;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  46;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  23;  Both.,  Wheel.  Exp. 
^4,  355;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  166;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  68;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  271. 

North  America:  Arctic  circle,  throughout  Canada;  S. 
in  mts.  to  Mexico;  W.  to  Calif.;  E.  to  Penn.,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  in  waste  places  and  along 
roadsides  or  on  sandy  banks. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  136,  Chaska;  Sheldon  1406,  Lake  Ben- 
ton;  Sheldon  307,  Madison  Lake;  Taylor  '1044,  Glen  wood;  Hoi- 
zinger  24,  Winona  Co.;  Herrick  41,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  31, 
Minneapolis;  Sandberg  67,  Red  Wing;  Huntington  2,  Rock  Co.; 
Herb.  Sheld.  1843,  Ft.  Snelling;  Herb.  Moyer  31,  Montevideo. 

BARBAREA  R.  BR.     Hort.  Kew.  IV,  109  (1812). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  232;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  I,  68;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  183  (Prantl);  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  12; 
Oray,  111  Gen.  1, 147. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  259 

Living  species:  14;  25  enum.  6  reduc.  (B.  and  H. ); 
temperate  and  boreal  region  of  N.  hemisphere;  also  Australia. 
Europe,  9-10;  Russia,  6;  North  America,  1-2. 

Barbarea  barbarea  (LiNN.)  var.  strict  a  (Andrz.). 
Barbarea  stricta  ANDRZ.    Bess.  PI.  Volhyn.  72  (1822). 
Barbarea  vulgaris  R.  BR.  var.  stricta  KEGEL,    Fl.  O.-Sib.  1, 155  (1862). 
B.  praecox  RICH.    Frankl.  Journ.  15(1823). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  70;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  23  in  part; 
Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  25;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  50;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
I,  40  in  part;  Regel,  Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  155;  Mac.,  Fl  Can.  I,  44:  Forbes  and 
HemsL,  Fl.  Sin.  I,  41  spec.;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  115;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Miyabe, 
Fl.  Kur.  217;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  14;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  26;  Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  I,  50;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  192;  Rothr.,  Alask.  442. 

Europe:  Scandinavia  to  Italy  and  mid.  Russ.;  Siberia; 
Kamtschatka;  China?  The  species  is  nearly  cosmopolitan, 
being  found  in  N.  hemisphere  throughout  and  in  Africa  and 
Australia.  It  is  by  no  means  certain  that  B.  stricta  Andrz.  is 
not  a  good  species. 

North  America:  L.  Superior  to  Oregon  and  Brit.  Col. ; 
S.  in  mts.  to  Colo,  and  N.  in  Man.  Eastern  forms  are  probably 
introduced  and  adventive  from  Europe. 

Minn,  valley:  Only  in  N.  E.  corner  and  rare;  wet 
grounds  and  roadsides. 

HERB.  :  Roberts  13,  Two  Harbors;  Holzinger  20,  Winona 
Co. ;  Lackor  1,  Hennepin  Co. 

NASTURTIUM  R.  BR.     Hort.  Kew.  IV,  109  (1812). 
L.eiolobium  REICH.    Consp.  184  (1828). 
Roripa  BESS,  (part)    ex  Gren.  and  Godr.  Fl.  Fr.  I,  125  (1848). 
Nasturtiopsis  Boiss.     Fl.  Or.  I,  237  (1842). 
Brachylobus  SCHUR.    Enum.  Transsylv.  39  (1866). 
Clantlestinaria  SPACH,    Suitr  Buff.  VI,  478  (1839). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  Ill,  232;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  68;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  184  (Prantl);  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  12; 
O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PL  I,  21;  Gray,  111.  Gen.  I,  131. 

Living  species:  50+;  20  (B.  and  H,);  25  (Durand); 
cosmopolitan.  Russia,  18;  Russian  Europe,  11;  Europe,  17; 
North  America,  13;  W.  Tex.,  5;  Canada,  8-9;  E.  Sts.,  5;  Rocky 
mts.,  5;  S.  Sts.,  8;  Calif.,  5;  PI.  King.,  5;  PL  Wheel.,  5-6. 

Nasturtium  hispidum  (DESV.)  DC.     Syst.  II,  201  (1821). 
Brachylobus  hispidus  DESV.    Journ.  Bot.  II,  183  (1809). 
Sisymbrium  hispidum  POIR.    Suppl.  XIII,  161  (1817). 
Nasturtium  palustre  var.  hispidum  F.  and  M.     Ind.  Sem.  Petr.  Ill, 
41  (1838). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.70;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  24;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.,  I,  42;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  119;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  24;  Regel, 


260  METASPEKMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  151  in  part?;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  38,  485;  Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  I,  113 
in  part?;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  16;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  61;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
1,66. 

Transbaikal  Siberia? 

North  America:  N.  W.  T.  and  Sierras  to  the  Atl.  and 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Principally  S.  W.  and  W. ;  with  N. 
palustre  (Leys.). 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1512,  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  652,  Min- 
nesota lake. 

Nasturtium  palustre  (LEYS.)  DC.     Syst.  II,  191  (1821). 
Slsymbriwn  palustre  LEYS.    Fl.  Hal.  (1761). 
Eadicula  palustris  MOENCH,    Meth.  263  (1794). 
Camelina  barbareaefolia  DC.    Syst.  II,  517  (1821). 
Eoripa  nasturtioides  SPACH,    Phan.  VI,  506  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  70;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  24;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  119;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  15,  16;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  24;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  42;  Chap..  Fl.  S.  St.  25;  Mac.,Fl.  Can.  I,  37,485;  II,  300; 
Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  I,  41;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  1, 112;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I, 
66;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  14;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill, 
2,  184;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  17;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  61;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  193; 
Rothr.,  Alask.  442;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  268. 

Europe;  N.  Africa;  N.  and  temp.  Asia. 
North  America:     Greenland  and  N.  S.  to  Alaska,  N.  W. 
T.  and  B.  C. ;  S.  to  gulf  and  in  Mexico;  E.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and 
N.  Car. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  wet  places  and  marshy 
meadows. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1398,  Lake  Benton;  Bollard  326,  Belle 
Plaine;  Bollard  266,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  671,  Waconia; 
Taylor  862,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1093,  Springfield;  Sheldon  760, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  230,  Janesville;  Taylor  341,  Janes ville; 
Taylor  164a,  Janesville;  Oestlund  12,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  29, 
Minneapolis;  Kassube  25,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  30,  St.  Louis 
river;  Halzinger  14,  Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  53,  Cannon  Falls; 
Herb.  Moyer  246,  Montevideo. 

Nasturtium  sinuatum  NUTT.     T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  73,  666  (1838). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  70;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  24;  Wats., 

Bibl.  Ind.  I,  67;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  61;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  43: 

Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  165;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  15;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  31;  Greene. 

Fl.  Fran.  267. 

North  America:  Sierra  Nevada  mts.  to  Mexico;  E.  to 
Mississippi  valley;  N.  to  Minn,  and  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:  Lower  levels,  especially  E.  and  N.  E. ; 
Ft.  Snelling  to  New  Ulm. 

HERB:     Bollard  37,  Chaska;  Bollard  653,  Chaska. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  261 

CARDAMINE  LINN.     Gen.  541  (1737). 
Dentaria  LINN.    Gen.  540  (1737), 
Pteroneuron  DC.    Prodr.  I,  154  (1824). 
Kardanoglyphos  SCHLECHT.    Linn.  XXVIII,  472  (1853). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  234;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  70;  Engler  and 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II.  184  (Prantl);  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Ptian.  13;  O. 
Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PL  I,  21;  Gray,  111.  Gen.  I,  135,  137. 

Living  species:  65;  boreal  regions  and  to  tropics  in 
N.  hemisphere;  also  Peru,  Argentine,  Brazil  (a  few  species). 
N.  America,  20;  E.  Sts.,  8;  Canada,  12-13;  S.  Sts.,  10;  Pac. 
coast,  10-12. 

Cardamine  parviflora  LINN.     §pec.  ed-  2,  914  (1762). 
C.  sylvatica  LINK.    DC.  Syst.  II,  260  (1821). 
C.  hirsuta  var.  sylvatica  GRAY,     Man.  5  ed.  67  (1868). 
C.  jtexuosa  BRITT.    Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  IX,  8(1889)  not  With. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  65;  Uphani,  Fl.  Minn.  24;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  49;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  41,  486;  II,  302;   Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl. 
Ross.  I,  127;  Eegel,  Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  171;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  14;  Hook.,  Fl. 
Gt.  Brit.  29;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  53. 

Northern  England  to  Shetland;  N.  Asia;  Eur.  exc.  far 
N.  E.  and  Greece,  Turkey  and  Italy, 

North  America:     Range  as  that  of  C.  hirsuta  Linn. 
Minn,  valley:     N.  E.  in  valley  .and  extending  probably 
to  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  drier  places  and  banks  of  streams;  rare. 
HERB.  :    Herrick  35,  L.  Minnetonka,  S.  shore. 

Cardamine  hirsuta  LINN.     Spec.  655  (1753). 

Cardamine  pennsylvanica  MUHL.     Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  486  (1800). 
?  Sisymbrium  nasturtium  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  174  (1788). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  65;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  19;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  26;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  49;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  24;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
41;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  43;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  127;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.; 
Gris.,  Fl.  W.  L;  Herd.,  Fl.Russ.  Eur.  10;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill, 
2,  185;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  166;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  28;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  53; 
Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  189;  Rothr.,  Alask.  443. 

Shetland;  Scotland;  England;  N.  Russ.  to  Caucasus;  1ST. 
Asia  and  China. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Arctic  ocean  and  Pac.  and 
Alaska;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.  to  Dak.,  Colo,  and  Mont.; 
Jamaica. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region  from  Ft.  Snelling  to 
Blue  Earth  Co. ;  E.  and  N. ;  marshy  meadows;  not  common. 

HERB.:     Sheldon  .747£,Pipestone;  Taylor  lOOOa,  Janes  - 
ville;   Sheldon  812,   Sigel   township,     Brown  Co.;   Taylor  279, 
Janesville;  Sheldon  294,  Madison  Lake;  Bollard  113,  Carver, 
Roberts  12,  Agate  bay;  Herrick  33,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  34,  St 
Louis   river;   Holzinger  16,  Winona  Co: ;  Kassube  27,  Mendota- 


262  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Bailey  405,  Burntside  lake;  Holzinger  17,  Winona  Co.;  Sand- 
berg  57,  Red  Wing;  Leiberg  8,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Herb.Moyer  247, 
Montevideo. 

These  plants  are  under  the  C.  pennsylvanica  of  Muhl. , 
which  differs  somewhat  from  European  C.  hirsuta  Linn. 

Cardamine  bulbosa  (SCHREB.)  B.S.P.     Cat.  PI.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Arabis  bulbosa  SCHREB.    Icon.  (1766). 
A.  rhomboidea  PERS.    Syn.  II,  204  (1807). 
Thlaspi  tuberosum  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  65  (1818). 
Cardamine  rhomboidea  DC.    Syst.  II,  246  (1821). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  65;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  49;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  25;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  40;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  24;  Cov.,  Fi.  Ark.  165; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  54. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Qnt.,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.;  W.  to 
Minn,  and  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  but  more  abundant  in  for- 
est region;  springs;  near  streams  and  in  marshy  meadows. 

HERB.:  Menzel  2,  Pipestone;  Bollard  29,  Chaska; 
Kassube  26,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  31,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  32, 
Minneapolis;  Sandberg  56,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1845, 
Minneapolis;  1725,  Ramsey  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer  28,  Montevideo. 

Cardamine    laciniata    (MUHL.)  WOOD,    Bot.   and    Fl.    38 
(1861). 

Dentaria  laciniata  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  479  (1800). 
D.  concatenata  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  30  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  64;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  26;  Uphara, 
Fl.  Minn.  24;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.49;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I.  39;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  166; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  56;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  31. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  to  Fla.;  W. 
to  Minn. ,  Dak. ,  Neb. ,  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Eastern  half;  Ft.  Snelling  bo  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  especially  forest  region;  banks  of  lakes  and  streams. 
HERB.  :  Sheldon  138,  Madison  Lake ;  Sheldon  173,  Eagle 
Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Powell  1,  St.  Paul;  Leiberg  7,.  Blue  Earth 
Co.;  Holzinger  15,  Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  54,  Red  Wing;  Sand- 
berg  55,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  14,  Mankato. 

Cardamine  diphylla  (Micnx.)  WOOD,     Bot.  and  Fl.  37  (1861). 

Dentaria  diphylla  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  30  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  64;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  49;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  26;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  24;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  39;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  56. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  L.  Supe- 
rior region;  S.  to  Maine,  N.  J.,  Kentucky  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue  Earth  Co.;  rich 
woodland  and  banks  of  streams;  rare  or  local. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED   PRODUCING  PLAJN  TS.  26S 

LESQUERELLA  S.  WATS.     Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XV,  249  (1888). 

Physaria  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  101  (1838)  not  Pers. 
Coulterina  O.  KUNTZE,    Rev.  Gen.  II  Nachtr.,  931  (1891). 
Vesicaria  AUCT.  AM. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  273;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I.  73;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  187;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  13. 

Living  species:  33;  Mexico;  W.  N.  America  to  Green- 
land and  Brazil;  especially  developed  in  plateaus  of  the  S.  W. 
W.  Tex.,  12;  E.  Sts.,  3;  Canada,  5;  S.  Sts.  1. 

Lesquerella  argentea  (PURSH). 

Myagrum  argentmm  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.x434  (1814). 
Vesicaria  globosa  DESVX.    Journ.  Bot.  Ill,  181  (1814). 
Alyssum  ludovicianum  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  63(1818). 
Vesicai-ia  ludoviciana  DC.    Syst.  II,  297  (1821). 
Physaria  argentea  MAcM.    MSS.  (1890). 
Lesquerella  ludoviciana  S.  WATS.    Gray's  Man.  6ed.  69  (1890). 
Coult..  Fl.  Colo.  25;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  119;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  27;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  54,  490;  II,  305;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  75. 

North  America:  Minn.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Wyoming;  S.  to 
Arizona?;  N.  to  N.  W.  T. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  and  N.  W.  portions;  rocky  banks 
and  high  bluffs;  rare. 

HERB.  :     Sandberg  70,  Red  Wing. 

DRABA  LINN.     Gen.  535  (1737). 

EropMla  DC.    Syst.  II,  356  (1821). 

Petrocallis  R.  BR.    Hort.  Kew.  IV,  93  (1812). 

Dollineria  SAUT.    Flora,  353  (1852). 

Holargidium  TURCZ.    Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  I,  156  (1842). 

Coleonema  MAXIM,    ex  Durand  (1888). 

Heteroclraba  GREENE,    ex  Prantl  (1890). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  Ill,  271;  Benth.  andl  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  74;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  190  (Prantl);  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  14; 
Gray,  111  Gen.  I,  159. 

Living  species:  150+ ;  70-80  (B.  and  H.);  mountain 
districts  in  almost  all  regions ;  arctic,  antarctic  and  sub 
arctic  regions;  principally  in  Northern  hemisphere.  Russia, 
47;  Russian  Europe,  19;  Europe,  35;  North  America,  24;  Can- 
ada, 18;  Rocky  mts  ,  12:  Calif.,  9;  E.  Sts.,  6;  S.  Sts.,  5;  PL 
King,  7-8;  PL  Wheel.,  7;  W.  Tex.,  2. 

Draba  nemorosa  LINN.     Spec.  643  (1753). 
D.  nemoralis  EHRH.    Beitr.  VII,  154  (1792). 

D.  nemorosa  vars.  lejocarpa  and  hebecarpa  LED.    Fl.  Boss.  I,  154. 
(1842). 

Wats,  and  Coult,,  Gray's  Man.,  6  ed.  68;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  17;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  2b?;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  27;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  23;  Eegel, 
Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  198;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  52;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  I,  41; 


264  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Led.,  Fl.  Boss.,  1.  c.;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  18;  Engl. 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  190;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  22;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I, 
60;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  205;  Rothr.,  Alask.  443. 

Europe:  Sweden  to  Pyrenees,  Hungary,  Mid.  Russ. 
and  Caucasus;  Siberia,  Amurland,  China,  Baikal  mts.  and 
Kamtschatka. 

North  America:  All  western  Can.  to  lat.  66°  N. ;  E.  to 
L.  Superior  and  Montreal;  S.  through  Yellowstone  river 
region  to  Colo. ;  E.  to  Minn,  and  Mich. 

Minn,  valley:  The  plants  of  this  region  do  not  seem 
to  be  different  from  the  typical  D.  nemorosa  Linn.  N.  edge  of 
valley  especially  in  Leaf  Hill  district;  dry  hillsides. 

HERB.:     Gedge  2,  Glyndon;  Herb.  Moyer  248 1  Monte 
video. 

Draba  caroliniana  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  174  (1788). 
?  Arabis  reptans  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  I,  222  (1783). 
Draba  hispidula  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  28  (1803). 
D.  umbellata  MUHL.    Cat.  62  (1813). 
Arabis  rotundifolia  RAF.    Am.  Mo.  Mag.  II,  23  (1830). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  68;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  119;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  50;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  29;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  27;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
52;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  23;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  166;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  59. 

North  America:  E.  Mass,  and  N.  J.  to  Ga. ;  W.  to 
Minn,  and  Neb. ;  S.  Ontario. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  except  far  N.  W. ;  at  higher 
levels;  sandy  and  dry  hillsides  or  banks. 

HERB.:  Kassube  32,  Minneapolis:  Herrick  42,  Minne- 
apolis; Sandberg  68,  Red  Wing;  Simmons  1,  Minneapolis;  Sand- 
berg  69,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Moyer  32,  Montevideo. 

Draba  micrantha  NUTT.     T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  109  (1838). 
D.  caroliniana  var.  micrantha  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  72  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  68;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  119:  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  27;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  18;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  166;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  59. 
North  America:     Minn.,  111.,  Iowa,   Neb.,   Kan.,  Mo., 
Ark.,  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:     S.  edge  and  infrequent;  dry  hillsides. 

Draba  verna  LINN.    Spec.  642  (1753). 

D.  verna  var.  americana  PERS.    Syn.  II,  190  (1807). 
Erophila  americana  and  vulgaris  DC.    Syst.  II,  356  (1821). 
Erophila  vulgaris  var.  americana  DARL.     Fl.  Cestr.  378  (1837). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  68;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  27;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  53;  Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  I,  155;  Herd.,  Fl.  Russ.  Eur.  10;  Engl.  Nat. 
Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  190;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  62;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  29;  Hart.,  Fl. 
Scand.  I,  205. 

Europe:     Mediterranean  region  and  Russia. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  265 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont,  N.  Eng.  and  Atl.  coast  to 
Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo.  The  absence  of  this  species  N.  W. 
in  Brit.  Amer.  is  perhaps  evidence  that  it  is  introduced  and 
not  endemic.  It  is  included  here  owing  to  a  doubt  whether 
this  argument  is  conclusive. 

Minn,  valley:  Ft.  Snelling;  roadsides  and  waste 
places;  only  N.  E. 

ARABIS  LINN.     Gen.  544  (1737). 

Turritis  LINN.    Gen.  819  (1^37).  x 

Steveiiia  AD.  and  FISCH.    Led.  Fl.  Ross.  I,  123  (1840). 
Arabidium  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  VI,  436  (1839). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  233;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  69;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  192  (Prantl);  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  13; 
Gray,  111.  Gen.  141,  143;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PL  I,  27. 

Living  species:  145  described;  10  5  ±  distinct;  65  (B. 
andH.);  79  (Durand);  principally  in  Europe  and  Asia;  boreal 
to  Mediterranean  provinces;  also  North  America  and  a  few  in 
South  America,  the  Orient  and  Australia.  Russia,  30;  Europe, 
35;  Russian  Europe,  13;  North  America,  21i  Canada,  19-20; 
Calif.,  10;  E.  Sts.,  9;  Rocky  mts.,  8;  S.  Sts.,  6;  W.  Tex.,  2;  PL 
King,  9;  PL  Wheel.,  3. 

Arabis  dentata  TORR.     T.  and  G.,  Fl.  I,  80  (1838). 

Sisymbrium  dentatum  TORR.    Short  and  Peter  PL  Kent.  3d  Suppl. 
338  (1834). 

Shortia  dentata  RAF.    Autik.  Bot.  17  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  67;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  24;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  27;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  47;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  31. 

North  America:  N.  Y.  to  Tenn, ;  W.  to  Mich.,  Minn, 
and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue  Earth  Co.;  woods 
and  shaded  banks;  rare. 

HERB.:  Sandberg  59,  Red  Wing;  Mayland  1,  Minne- 
apolis. 

Arabis  lyrata  LINN.     Spec.  665  (1753). 

Sisymbrium  arabidoides  HOOK.     Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  63  (1833). 
8.  humifusum  J.  VAHL,    Fl.  Dan.  XIII,  2297  (1840). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  67;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  48;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  27;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  24;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  20;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
41;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  217;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  49. 

Middle  and  N.  Japan  to  Kurile  Islands. 
North  America:     E.  Can.  to  B.  C.  and  lat.  68°  N.;  S. 
to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Mont.,  Colo.,  Minn,  and 

Neb. 

Minn,  valley:     Only  in  region  of  Ft.  Snelling  and  N 

E.  edge;  rocky  banks  and  dry  places. 


266  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

HERB.:  Sandberg  58,  Red  Wing;  Holzinger  18,  Winona 
Co. ;  Holzinger  19,  Winona  Co. 

Arabis  confinis  S.  WATSON,     Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XXII,  466 

(1887). 

A.  drummondii  GRAY,    Proc.  Am.  Acad.  VI,  187  (1863). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  67;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  25;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  119;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  20;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  43;  II,  303;    Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  62;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  17,  18;   Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  165;  Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  I,  47. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Pac.,  lat.  52°;  S. 
in  Rockies  to  S.  Colo. ;  E.  to  St.  Lawrence  river,  Conn.,  111.  and 
N.  Y. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  and  E.  portions;  forest  district;  dry 
and  stony  banks  and  fields. 

HERB.:  Her  rick  3$,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  63,  Cannon 
Palls;  Kassube  29,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1848,  Minneapo- 
lis; Herb.  Wickersheim  15,  Mankato. 

Arabis  glabra  (LINN.)  WEINM.     Cat.  Dorp.  18  (1810). 
Turritis  glabra  LINN.    Spec.  666  (1753). 
Arabis  perfoliata  LAM.    Enc.  Meth,  I,  219  (1783). 
Turritis  macrocarpa  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  78  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  66;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  49;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  25;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  19;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  27;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
I,  43;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I.  116;  Regel,  Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  160;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
17;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  61;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  165;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  49; 
Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  31;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  253. 

Arctic  Europe;  temp.  Asia  to  Himalayas. 
North  America:      Ont.,   Hudson  Bay  to  Slave    lake, 
Rockies  lat.  64°  N.  and  Brit.  Col. ;  S.  in  West  to  San  Diego, 
Cal. ;  E.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:     Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  rare 
or  infrequent;  N.  and  N.  E. ;  rocky  and  dry  places. 
HERB.  :    Juni  1,  Poplar  river. 

Arabis  cauadensis  LINN.     Spec.  655  (1753). 
Arabis  falcata  MTCHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I.  31  (1803). 
A.  mollis  RAF.    Am.  Mo.  Mag.  (1810?). 
Turritis  lyrata  EAF.    Am.  Mo.  Mag.  (1810?). 
Arabis  lyraefolia  DC.     Syst.  II,  244  (1821). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  66;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  48;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  119;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  28;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  25;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  44; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  165;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  47. 

North  America^  Ont.,  N.  Y.  and  N.  Eng. ;  S.  to  N.  J., 
Va.  and  Tenn. ;  W.  to  Neb.,  Minn.,  Dak.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  at  lower  levels  and  per- 
haps far  westward;  wooded  valleys  and  edges  of  thickets. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  267 

HERB.:  Sheldon  937,  Redwood  Falls;  Ballard  196,  Jor- 
dan, Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  611,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co. ;  Sandberg  62, 
Cannon  Falls;  Oesilund  13,  Hennepin  Co. 

Arabis  laeyigata  (MUHL.)  POIR.     Suppl.  I,  411  (1810). 

Turritis  Laevigata  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  543  (1802). 
?  Arabis  pendula  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  70  (1818). 

A.  heterophylla  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  81  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  66;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  28;  Britt.,  Fl. 
N.  J.  48;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  25;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  44;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  165; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  1,49. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  to  Minn.;  S. 
to  Tenn.  and  N.  Car. 

Minn,  valley:  E.  and  N.  region;  forest  district;  local 
or  infrequent. 

HERB.:  Taylor  141,  Janes ville ;  Sheldon  56$,  Elysian; 
Sandberg  61,  Taylor's  Falls. 

Arabis  hirsuta  (LiNN.)  SCOP.      Fl.  Cam.  ed.  II,  835  (1772). 
Turritis  hirsuta  LTNN.    Spec.  (1753). 
Turritis  hirsuta  MUHL.    Cat.  61  (1813). 
T.  ovata  PTJRSH.    Fl.  Am.  21,  38  (1814). 
T.  oblongata  KAF.    Am.  Mo.  Mag.  II,  44  (1810). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  66;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  48;  Webb..  Fl. 
Neb.  119; Chap.,  Fl.  S.St.  27;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  24;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit. 
27;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  16;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  32;  Kegel,  Fl.  O.- 
Sib.  I,  160;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  42;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  I,  42;  Led., 
Fl.  Ross.  I,  118;  Herd.,  Fl.  Buss.  Eur.  14;  Engl.  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill, 
2, 193;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  16  in  part;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  62?;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
165;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  48;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  190;  Rothr.,  Alask.  442. 

Europe:  Scandinavia  to  Italy,  Servia  and  Mid.  Russ. ; 
N.  Asia  to  Caucasus,  Baikal  mts.  and  Kamtschatka. 

North  America:  N.  Br.  to  Brit.  Col.,  Pac.  and 
Alaska;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Tenn.;  W.  to  Neb.,  Minn., 
Colo,  and  Ark. ;  Black  Hills. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  dry  banks  and  rocky 
places;  frequent. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  799,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  42,  Elysian; 
Sheldon  9,  Waterville;  Ballard  378,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor 
647,  Minnesota  lake;  Kassube  28,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  36, 
Minneapolis;  Sandberg  60,  Cannon  Falls;  Herrick  37,  Minneapo- 
lis; Leiberg  9,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheldon  1911,  Minneapo- 
lis; Herb.  Moyer  29,  Montevideo. 

Arabis  patens  SULLIV.     Am.  Journ.  Sci.  I,  42,  49  (1842). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  66;  Upham,  Suppl.  Fl.  Minn.  46; 
Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  27;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  49. 

Penn.  to  Ohio  and  Tenn. ;  local  in  Minn. 


268  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Nicollet  Co.  Glen  five  miles  above Man- 
kato.  Reported  as  local. 

ERYSIMUM  LINN.     Gen.  545  (1737). 

Braya  S.  and  H.    DC.  Syst.  II,  210  (1821). 
Platypetalum  R.  BR.    Appx.  Parr.  Voy.  266  (1823). 
Strophades  Boiss.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ser.  2.  XVII,  73  (1842). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI  III,  240;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  I,  79;  Engler 
andPrantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  193  (Prantl);  Durand,  Ind.  Phan.  Gen.  15; 
Gray,  111  Gen.  I,  149;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  I,  27. 

Living  species:  125  described;  80  clearly  defined; 
Southern  Europe,  Mediterranean  region  and  the  Orient;  also 
Central  Asia  and  North  America;  Himalayas  and  Mexico;  Rus- 
sia, 30;  Europe,  30;  Russian  Europe,  19;  North  America,  4-5; 
E.  Sts.,  3;  Calif.  1;  Rocky  mts.,  4;  W.  Tex.,  1;  S.  Sts.,  1;  Can- 
ada, 3;  PL  King,  2;  PI.  Wheel.,  5. 

Erysimum  inconspicuum  (S.  WATS.). 

Erysimum  parviflorum  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  95  (1838),  not  Pers. 
E.  lanceolatum  HOOK.    FL  Bor.-Am.  I,  64(1833)  not  R.  Br. 
E.  asperum  var.  inconspicuum  S.  WATSON,    King.  Exp.  24  (1871). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  71;  Coult.,   Fl.  Colo.  22;  Brew, 
and  Wats.  FL  Calif.  I,  39;  Upham,  FL  Minn.  25;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  I,  45,  487; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I.  63. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  to  Brit.  Col.  and  N. 
W.  T.;  Alaska  62°  45'  N.;  E.  to  Man.  and  Minn.;  S.  to  Kan. 

Minn,  valley:  Sparingly,  throughout;  along  railway 
tracks  and  sandy  banks. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  361,  Madison  Lake;  Upham  1,  Minne- 
apolis; Holzinger  23,  Winona;  Sandberg  66,  Red  Wing. 

Erysimum  asperum  (NUTT.  )  DC.    Syst.  II,  505  (1821). 
Cheiranthus  asper  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  69  (1818). 
Erysimum  lanceolatum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am  436  (1814)  not  H.  Br. 
?  E  grandiflorum  NUTT.    ex  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  269  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  ed.  6,  71;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  22;  Bre'w. 
and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  39;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  118  In  var.;  Upham,   Fl.  Minn. 
25;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  I,  45;  Coult.,  FL  Tex.  16;  Wats,,  King  Exp.  24;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  64;  Cov.,  FL  Ark.  166;   Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  62;  Webb.,  Appx. 
Neb.  30. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  and  prairie -region  of 
Can.  to  Calif.,  Colo.,  Arizona  and  Mexico;  E.  to  Tex.,  Ohio  and 
Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  and  S.  W.  portions,  only;  dry  sandy 
prairie  at  higher  levels. 

HERB.  :    Sheldon  1407,  Lake  Benton. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  269 

Erysimum  cheiranthoides  LINN.     Spec.  661  (1753). 

E.  parviflorum  PERS.    Syn.  II,  199  (1807). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  71;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  51;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  118;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.,  22;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  31;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
25;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  27;  Regel,  Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  206;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  45,  487; 
Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  189;  Herd.,  Fl.  Russ.  Eu*.  16;  Engl. 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  193;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  64;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
24;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  63;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl,  Sin.  I,  46;  Cov.,  FL 
Ark.  166;  Hart.,Fl.  Scand.  I,  186. 

N.  Europe;  N.  Asia;  N.  Africa. 

North  America:  Can.  throughout,  east  of  Rocky  mts. ; 
N.  to  lat.  67°  on  the  Mackenzie  river  and  in  Alaska;  S.  in  mts. 
to  Colo.;  E.  to  Minn  ,  Neb.,  Ark.,  Penn.,  N.  J.  and  Mass. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  marshy  meadows;  wooded 
banks  of  lakes  and  streams;  edges  of  thickets. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  110,  Shakopee;  Taylor  557,  Glenwood; 
Taylor  902,  Glenwood;  Taylor  1006,  Glenwood;  Bollard  284, 
Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  412,  Buffalo  lake,  Waseca  Co. ;  Shel- 
don 1092,  Springfield;  Sheldon  559,  Waseca;  Sheldon  1408,  Lake 
Benton;  BaHard  754,  Waconia;  Taylor  631,  Minnesota  lake; 
Sheldon  883,  Sleepy  Eye;  Herrick  39,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger 
21,  Winona  Co. ;  Kassube  30,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  40,  Minne- 
apolis; Sandberg  65,  Cannon  Falls;  Holzinger  22,  Winona  Co., 
Herb.  Sheld.  1912,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wicker sheim  16,  Idlewild, 
Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  30,  Montevideo. 

XLVI.    CAPPARIDACEAE.    Caper  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  889  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  103 
(1862):  Pax,  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  209  (1891);  Baillon,  Hist. 
PL  III,  145  (1872). 

Genera:  34;  (Baillon,  17)  and  1  fossil;  warmer  and 
tropical  regions;  frutescent  forms  strongly  American. 

Species:    350  ±  ;  a  few  fossil,  poorly  known. 

CLEOME  LINN.     Gen.  550  (1737). 

Diaothera  KLOTZSCH,    Pet.  Mosz.  Bot.  160  (1858?). 
Siliquaria  and  Roridula  FORSK.    Fl.  Aeg.  Arab.  35,  78  (1775). 
Roriela  B.  and  S.    Syst.  Ill,  13  (1818). 
Atalanta  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  73  (1818). 
Peritoma  DC.    Prodr.  I,  237  (1824). 
Buhsia  BUNGE,    Linn.  XXX,  752  (1859). 
Anomalostemon  KLOTZSCH,    1.  c.  (1858?). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  173;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I.  105;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  222  (Pax);  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  20;  Gray, 
III.  Gen.  I,  175;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  I,  38. 

Living  species:   70 ±  ;  tropical  and  subtropical  regions, 


270  MBTASPERMAE   OF  'THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

especially  in  S.  America,  where  they  are  also  subalpine  and  in 
Egypt  and  Arabia.  Europe,  2;  Japan,  0;  North  America,  6; 
Russia,  3;  Calif.,  3;  Canada,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  PL  King,  4;  S. 
Sts.,  1;  E.  Sts.,  1. 

Cleome  aerrulata  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  441  (1814). 

Peritoma  integrifolia  NUTT.    Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  VII,  14  (1842). 
Peritoma  serrulatum  DC.    Prodr.  I,  237  (1824). 
Cleome  integrifolia  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  122  (1838). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  75;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  119;  Coult., 
Fl.'Colo.  28;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  28;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  59;  Roth.,  Wheel 
Exp.  67;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  32;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  76. 

North  America:  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Kan.;  W.  to  Colo., 
Mont,  and  adjacent  Can. 

Minn,   valley:     Blue  Earth  Co.   and  doubtless  W.  to 
Dakota  line;  local;  sandy  and  waste  places. 
HERB.  :    Leiberg  11,  Mankato. 

JACKSONIA  RAF.     Med.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  V.  352  (1808). 
Polanisia  EAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  98  (1819). 
Corynandra  SCHRAD.    Ind.  Sem.  Gott.  (1846). 
Ranmanissa  ENGL.    Gen.  4988  b  (1836-40). 
Tetratelaia  SOND.     Fl.  Cap.  I,  58  (1859). 

Chilocalyx,  Decastemon  and  Symphyostemon  KLOTZSCH, 
Pet.  Mosz.  Bot.  154  (1858). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI  III,  173;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  106,  968; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  21;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  224 
(Pax);  Gray,  III.  Gen.  I,  181;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev,  Gen.  I,  38. 

Living  species:  30 ±;  14  (B.  and  H.);  15  (Durand); 
tropical  and  subtropical  regions;  1  sp.  in  both  hemispheres. 
North  America,  4;  Canada,  2;  W.  Tex.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  2;  E.  Sts., 
2;  King  PL,  1;  PL  Wheel.,  2. 

Jacksonia  dodecandra  (Micnx.). 

Cleome  dodecandra  MICHX.    Fl.  Am.  II,  32  (1803). 
Jacksonia  trifoliata  EAF.    Med.  Repos.  352  (1808). 
Polanisia  graveolens  RAF.    Journ.  Phys.  98  (1819). 
Cleome  viscosa  SPBENG.    Syst.  II,  125  (1825)  in  part. 
Polanisia  dodecandra  B.  S.  P.    Cat.  N.  Y.  6  (1888). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  75;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  53,  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  119;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  27;Upham,  Fl  Minn.  28;  Mac.,  Fl.  -Can.  I,  59, 
491;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  224;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  68;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  167;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  77. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.,  L.  Huron  to  N.  W.  T.;  S. 
to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Ark.,  Colo,  in  the  west  and  Conn., 
Vt.,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Chesapeake  bay;  region  S.  of  Gt.  lakes, 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  sandy  and  drift  covered 
places;  along  railway  embankments;  frequent. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  271 

HERB.  Sheldon  699,  Waseca;  Sheldon  490,  Madison 
Lake;  Taylor  645,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  1217,  New  Ulm; 
Sheldon  1268,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  803,  Sigel  township,  Brown 
Co.;  Taylor  840,  Glenword;  Bollard  683,  Waconia;  Bollard  766, 
Waconia;  Leonard  5,  Minneapolis;  Leiberg  10,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Holzinger  26,  Winona;  Oestlund  15,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  34, 
Minneapolis;  Sandberg  72, -Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Wickersheim 

18,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. 

\ 

XLVII.     SARRACENIACEAE.     Pitcher -Plant 
Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI  901  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  48(1862); 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  89  (1871) — under  Nymphaeaceae.  Wunschmann,  Enqler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II.  244  (1891). 

Genera:  3;  America;  Sarracenia  Linn,  in  Atl.  N. 
America;  Chrysamphora  Greene,  in  Pac.  N.  America;  Heliam- 
phora  Benth.,  in  mts.  of  British  Guiana. 

Species:    8;  75  per  cent,  in  Sarracenia. 

SARRACENIA  LINN.     Gen.  420  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  103;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Hist.  PI.  I,  48;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  11,251  (Wunschmann);  Durand,  Ind.  Phan.  10; 
Gray,  III.  Gen.  I,  107. 

Living  species:  6;  8  (Durand);  Atlantic,  and  forest 
region,  North  America;  S.  Sts.,  6;  E.  Sts.,  2;  Canada,  1-2. 

Sarracenia  purpurea  LINN.     Spec.  510  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  57;  Britt.  Fl.  K".  J.  44;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  20;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  22;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  33;  Engl.  Wunschm., 
Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  251;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  39. 

North  America:  Labrador  and  Newf.  to  N.  S.  and  W. 
to  Brit.  Col.;  N.  to  Bear  lake  and  Mackenzie;  S.  to  N.  Eng. 
and  Fla.  ?;  -W.  to  Ohio  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Only  in  N.  portions  of  valley  from  Ft. 
Snelling  to  Glenwood;  tamarack  swamps;  peat  bogs  and  wet 
places. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  1136,  Glenwood;  Bailey  288,  Vermilion 
lake;  Kassube  21,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  11,  Minneapolis;  Her- 
rick  23,  Minneapolis;  Roberts  7,  Duluth;  Sandberg  47,  Center 
City,  Chisago  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1682,  Minneapolis;  1753,  Ram- 
sey Go. 

XLVIII.    DROSERACEAE.      Sundew   Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  906  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  661  (1865): 


272  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI  IX,  225  (1888);  Dmde,  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3, 
II,  261  (1891). 

Genera:  6;  widely  distributed,  especially  in  Australia, 
Brazil,  Cape  of  Good  Hope  an.d  S— E.  N.  America. 

Species:     100  ±  ;  90  per  cent,  in  genus  Drosera. 

DBQSERA  LINN.    Gen.  253  (1737). 

Sondera  LEHM.    Pugill.  VIII,  44  (1844). 
Rossolis  TOURN.     Inst.  245  (1700). 
Borella  RUPP.    Fl.  Jen.  (1718). 
Esera  NECK.    Elem.  859  (1790). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  233;  Bentn.  and  Hook.,  Gen,  PI.  I,  662;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  120;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  270  (Drude); 
Gray,  111.  Gen.  I,  193. 

Living  species:  90 ±;  100  (B.  and  H.);  in  all  regions 
except  Pac.  isls.;  very  abundant  in  extra-tropical  Australia. 
Russia,  3;  Europe,  3-5;  N.  America,  8;  Canada,  4;  E.  Sts.,  4; 
S.  Sts.,  5;  Calif.,  2. 

Drosera    linearis    GOLDIE,      Edin.    Phil.    Journ.    VI,   325 

(1822). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  -178;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  30;  Mac. 
Fl.  Can.  I,  166;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  354. 

North  America:  Ont.,  Man.  to  Rockies;  around  L. 
Superior  in  Mich.,  Wis.  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Far  N.  E.  in  valley  and  perhaps  also  in 
N.  W. ;  bogs  and  mossy  logs  in  deep  woods. 

Drosera  intermedia  DREV.  and   HAYNE,     var.    americana 
(WiLLD.)  DC.     Prodr.  I,  318  (1824). 

Species:  [D.  intermedia  DREV.  and  HAYNE,  Abbild.  Deutsch  Gewach. 
1,18(1794-1801)  |. 

D.  foliosa  ELL.    Sk.  I,  376  (1821). 
D.  longifolia  LINN.    Spec.  282  (1753)  in  part. 
Variety:  D.  americana  WILLD.    Enum.  340(1809). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  178;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  37;  Britt.,  Fl. 
N.  J.  104;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  150;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  30;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  213;  Regel,  Fl.  O.-Sib  I,  258  in  part;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  166;  Led., 
Fl.  Ross.  I,  262;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Gns.,  Fl.  W.  L;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  22; 
Engl.  Drude,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  271:  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  354;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  529;  Hart ,  Fl.  Scan.  I,  227  (spec.). 

Species  in  N.  Eur. ;  W.  Asia;  Kamtk. ;  Brazil.  It  is  not 
the  D.  longifolia  of  Linn.,  which  is  a  more  comprehensive  species, 
including  also  D.  angtica  Iluds.  It  is,  however,  the  D.  longifolia 
of  Michx.  Fl.  I,  188(1803). 

North  America:  Same  range  as  that  of  D.  rotundifolia, 
except  that  it  extends  only  to  53°  N.  lat.  and  is  not  reported 
from  the  Pac.  coast. 


LIST  OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  273 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  far  N.  W.;  not  common; 
peat  bogs. 

HERB.  :     Herrick  48,  Minneapolis. 

Drosera  rotund ifolia  LINN.     Spec.  2S2  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  178;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  104;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  37;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  213;  Upham,  Fl,  Minn.  30; 
Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  150;  Eegel,  Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  257;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  165; 
Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  I,  261;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Buss.  22;  Engl. 
Drude,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  271;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  234;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand^ 
I,  227;  Rothr.,  Alask.  444. 

Arctic,  N.  and  C.  Europe;  N.  and  W.  Asia. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Labrador,  N,  S.  to  Man.  and 
Pac.;  N.  in  arctic  circle;  S.  in  mts.  to  Mendocino  Co.,  Calif.; 
along  1ST.  U.  S.  to  Indiana  and  N.  J. ;  S.  in  Appalachians  to 
Florida. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  peat  bogs. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  353,  marshes  S.  of  Lake  Madison,  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  Taylor  1102,  Glenwood;  Roberts  16,  Minnesota  Point; 
Herrick  46,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  18,  Ramsey  Co.;  Kassube  41, 
Rocky  lake,  Hennepin  Co. 

XLIX.    CRASSULACEAE.    Orpine  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  808  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  656  (1865); 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  305  (1872);  Schonland  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  3,  Ila,  23  (1890). 

Genera:    7-13;  cosmopolitan;  abundant  in  S.  Africa. 

Species:    375  ±. 

PENTHORUM  LINN.     Gen.  Corr.  957  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  Ill,  430;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  I,  661;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  119;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  Ila,  38  (Schonland). 
Living  species:     2;  1,- E.  North  America;  1,  China. 

Penthorum  sedoides  LINN.     Spec.  432  (1753), 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray '8  Man.  6  ed.  176;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  104;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  164;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  125;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  56;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  151;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  228;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  528:  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  181;  Engl.  Schonl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  2,  38;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  350. 

Manchuria;  Japan;  China. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and 
Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  at  lower  levels;  open  and 
wet  localities. 

-18 


274  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  813,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard 
444,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  611,  Chaska;  Sheldon  1371, 
Lake  Benton;  Bollard  694,  Waconia;  Sheldon  1197,  New  Ulm; 
Herrick  109,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  92,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger 
78,  Winona  Co. ;  Sandberg  201,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Moyer  84, 
Montevideo  (a  very  large-leaved  form). 

L.    SAXIFRAGACEAE.    Saxifrage  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  813  (1840);  823—Ribesiaceae;  1186,  Philadelpheae; 
Lindl.  VCR.  King,  752,  569,  573,  750,  451  (1846)  -Escalloniaceae,  Hydrangea- 
ceae,  Brexiaceae,  Grossulariaceae.  Francoaceae;  DC.  Prodr.  VII,  521  (1838-39); 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  629  (1865)— excl.  Trib.  V,  Cunonieae;  Bail- 
Ion,  Hist.  PL  III,  325  (1872)  in  part;  Engler  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  3,  II  a,  41  (1890). 

Genera:  60;  widely  distributed. 

Species:  450  ±;  mostly  "glacial  plants." 

SAXIFRAGA  LINN.     Gen.  368  (1737). 

Megasea,  Antiphylla,  Chondrosea,  Muscaria,  Lobaria, 
Spat  iilarhi.  Dermasea,  Aulaxis,  Robertsonia,  Miscopetalum, 
Leptasca,  Hirculus,  Ciliaria  HAW.  Enum.  Sax.  (1821). 

Ligularia  DUVAL,    PI.  Succ.  11  (1819). 

Kingstonia  GRAY,    Brit.  PI,  II,  531  (1821). 

Zahlbrucknera  REICH.    Fl.  Germ.  Excurs.  551  (1832). 

Oiptera  BOBKH.    ex  Baill.  Adans.  Y,  282  (1865). 

Hydatica  NECK.    Elem.  (1790). 

Oreosplenium  ZAHLBR.    ex  Baill.  Adans.  V,  282  (1865). 

Geryonia  SCHUR.    Transsylv.  Enum.  (1866). 

Bergenia  MOENCH,    Meth.  (1794). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  424;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  635,  636; 
Durand,  2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  116;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II  a,  52 
(Engler);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.Qll . 

Living  species:  200 ±;  nits,  and  arctic  regions  of  N. 
hemisphere;  a  few  widely  distributed  as  glacial  plants  (Engler). 
Also,  in  the  Andes  of  S.  America.  160  (B.  and  H.);  180  (Du- 
rand). Russia,  57;  Europe,  120  (in  the  Alps,  for  the  most  part); 
Russian  Europe,  20;  North  America,  45;  Canada,  35;  Rocky 
mts.,  18-20;  California,  10;  E.  Sts.,  11;  PL  King,  7;  PL  Wheel., 
11;  Alaska,  25  ±. 

Fossil  species:  S.  oppositifolia,  Quaternary,  England 
and  Denmark. 

Saxifraga  pennsylvanica  LINN.    Spec.  399  (1753). 
S.  semipubescens  SWEET,    Hort.  Suburb.  97  (1818). 
8.  palustris  LINK,    Enum.  I,  412  (1821). 
Micranthes  pennsylvanica  HAW.    Enum.  Sax.  45  (1821). 
Evaiezoa  pennsylvanica  RAF.    Fl.  Tell.  II,  71  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  170;  Britt.,  Fl.  N  J.  101;Upham. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED -PRODUCING  PLANTS.  275 

Fl.  Minn.  55:  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  523;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill;  2,  56;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  344. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Va. ;  W. 
to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district,  and  probably  in  whole 
forest  district;  tamarack  swamps  and  bogs. 

HERB.:  Bollard  2,  Chaska;  Kassube  90,  Minneapolis; 
Holzinger  76,  Winona  Co. ;  Bailey  329,  St.  Louis  river;  Sandberg 
196,  Goodhue  Co. 

TIAKELLA  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  V,  495  (1754). 

?  Blondea  NECK.    Elem.  786  (1790). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  Ill,  426;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  637;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  116:  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II  a,  61  (Engler). 
Living  species:  5  described;  4  reduced  (Engler);  Him- 
alayas and  Japan  1;  North  America,  3;  Canada,  3;  E.  Sts.,  1; 
Rocky  mts.,  1;  California,  1;  S.  Sts.,  1.  The  included  species 
(  T  laciniata  Hook. )  is  also  Canadian. 

Tiarella  cordifolia  LINN.     Spec.  405  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  171;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  101,  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  156;  Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.  56;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  154;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross. 
II,  229;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz  3,  II  a,  61;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  348. 

N.  W.  Asia  and  Baikal  Siberia. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.  and  Penn. ;  W.  to  Ind.  and  Minn. ,  and  S.  in  Appalachians 
to  Miss. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  Blue  Earth  Co.  and 
probably  sparingly  throughout  the  forest  district;  rare;  rocky 
places  in  woods. 

HEUCHERA  LINN.     Gen.  196  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  426;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  628;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  116:  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II  a,  62. 

Living  species:  24;  Atlantic  and  Pacific  N.  America 
and  mts.  of  Mexico.  Canada,  7-8;  Rocky  mts.,  10;  California, 
5;  E.  Sts.,  5;  S.  Sts.,  6;  PL  King,  4;  PL  Wheel.,  3;  W.  Tex.,  1. 

Heuchera  Mspida  PURSH,  Fl.  Am.  188  (1814). 
H.  richardsonii  B.  BR.  Frankl.  Journ.  766  (1823). 
H.  lucida  SCHLECHT.  Ind.Sem.  Hal.  (1848). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  172;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb,  125;  Mac., 
Fl.Can.  I,  158;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  55;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.,  94;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  152;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  Ila,  62;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  325;  Wheelock, 
Torr.  Bull.  XVII,  198. 

North  America:  Va.  and  N.  Car.  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
Kan.;  up  Missouri  river  to  Rocky  mts.,  Canada;  Saskatch. 


276  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

and  Man.  to  Peace  river  and  Hudson  Bay;  lat.  54°  N.  to  lat. 
64°  N. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common  on  exposed  hill- 
sides, rocky  ledges  and  high  bluffs  or  headlands.  • 

HERB.:  Taylor  859,  Glenwood;  Sheldon'1174,  New 
Ulm;  Sheldon  1485,  Pipestone  city;  Sheldon  785,  Sleepy  Eye; 
Ballard  100,  Shakopee;  Bollard  189,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Sand- 
berg  197,  Red  Wing;  Kassube  91,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  431, 
Basswood  lake;  Oestlund  56,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1878, 
Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  83,  Carlton  lake,  Chippewa  Co. 

Heuchera  americana  LINN.     Spec.  226  (1753). 
H.  scapigera  MOENCH,    Meth.  674  (1794). 
H.  cortusa  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  171  (1803). 
H.  viscida  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  187  (1814). 
H.  foliosa  RAF.    Herb.  Torr. 
H.  reniformis  RAF.    Herb.  Phil.  Acad.  Sci. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  172;  Mac  ,  Fl.  Can.  I,  158;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  101;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  55;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  152;  Cov.,tFl.  Ark. 
180;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II  a,  62;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  324;  Wheelock,  Torr. 
Bull.  XVII,  195. 

North  America:  S.  Ont.,  N.  Y.,  Conn.,  N.  J.  to  Va. 
and  N.  Car. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Mo. .  Ark.  and  Miss. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.'and  E.  edge;  rare; 
rocky  woodlands. 

HERB.:     Hammond  1,  Lake  City. 

MITELLA  LINN.     Gen.  ed  V,  496  (1754). 
Drummondia  DC.    Prodr.  IV,  49  (1830). 
Mitellopsis  MEISSN.    Gen.  136  (1843). 
?  Oreanthus  RAF.    Ser.  Bull.  Bot.  I,  216  (1830). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  III,  425;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  638;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  116;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  617;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  3.  II  a,  63. 

Living  species:  7;  North  America,  6;  Japan,  1;  Can- 
ada, 6;  Rocky  mts.,  2;  Calfornia,  3;  S.  Sts.,  1;  E.  Sts.  2;  PL 
King,  2. 

Fossil  species:    Amber,  Germany?    (Caspary). 

Mitella  nuda  LINN.     Spec.  406  (1753 . 
M.  reniformis  LAM.    111.  II,  395  (1793). 
M.  cordifolia  LAM.    111.  II,  395  (1793). 
M.  prostrata  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  270  (180H). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  171;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  157;  Up- 
ham, Fl.  Minn.  55;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  200;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II, 
228;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II  a,  63;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  328. 

W.  and  Baikal  Siberia;  N.  and  E.  Siberia  to  Amurland. 
North  America:     Labrador,   N.   S.,    N.    B.,    Newf.  to 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  277 

Brit.  Col.,  Arctic  sea  and  Alaska;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  Mich., 
Minn.,  Dak.  and  Man. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district  and  N.  edge;  mossy  logs 
and  deep  woods;  with  Drosera;  rare. 

HERB.:  Herrick  108,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  199, 
Tower;  Roberts  38,  Grand  Marais;  Bailey  388,  Mud  lake;  Bai- 
ley 88,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  200,  Tower. 

Mitella  diphylla  LINN.     Spec.  406  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  171;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  101;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  156;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  55;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  154;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross. 
11,228?;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  Ha,  63;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  328.;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  200. 

E.  Siberia?. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  to  N.  Car.; 
W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. ;  also  Calif,  and  Oregon. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  rich  woods  and  along 
streams. 

HERB.  :  Holzinger  77,  Winona  Co. ;  Leiberg  18,  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  Sandberg  198,  Vasa;  Hammond 20,  Lake  City;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1717,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1882,  Ramsey  Co.;  Herb. 
Wickersheim  50,  Mankato. 

CHRYSOSPLENIUM  LINN.     Gen.  356  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  Ill,  425;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  638;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  116;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II  a,  64  (Engler); 
Franchet,  Mon.  Chrys.  (1891). 

Living  species:  54  (Franchet); 40  (Engler);  15  (Benth. 
and  Hook.);  5,  Amurland,  2  of  these  in  Chile  and  Magellan;  3, 
N.  America;  3,  Europe;  the  rest  in  Himalayas,  China  and 
Manchuria;  Canada,  2;  Rocky  mts.  1;  S.  Sts.,  1;  E.  Sts.,  2. 

Chrysosplenium  americanum  SCHWEIN.     Hook.   Fl.   Bor.- 

Am.  I,  242  (1833). 

C.  oppositifolium  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  140  (1788)  not  Linn. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  172;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  101;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  158;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  154;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  64;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  324. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Saskatche- 
wan; S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  edge  and  from  far 
N.  W. ;  wet  places  and  bogs,  with  Parnassia;  rare. 

PARNASSIA  LINN.     Gen.  250  (1737). 

Pyrola  MOR.    ex  Adans.  Farn.  PI.  II,  449  (1763). 
Euiieadynamis  GESN.    ex  Adans.  1.  c.  (1763). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  Ill,  431;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  639;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  117;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Paanz.  3,  II  a,  66  (Engler). 


278  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Living  species:  19;  N.  extra-tropical  regions,  mts. 
12  (B.  and  H.);  14  (Durand);  Russia,  9;  Europe,  2;  Russian- 
Europe,  2;  North  America,  6;  Canada,  5;  Rocky  mts.,  3-4;  E. 
Sts.,  4;  PL  King,  2;  PL  Wheel.,  2;  California,  2. 

Parnassia  caroliniana  MICHX.     FL  N.  Am.  I,  184  (1803). 
P.  americana  and  ovata  MUHL.    Cat.  32  (1813). 
P.  palustris  PUBSH,    11.  Am.  208(1814). 

P.  rotundifolia,  grandiftora,  glauca,  repanda  RAF.     Aoit.  Bot.  41,  42 
(1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  173;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  159,  527; 
Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  102;  Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.  55;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  38;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  181;  Engl.,  Nat.Pflanz.  3,  II,  67;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  329. 

North  America:  Anticosti,  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  L.  Huron 
reg.  and  Man. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng. ,  N.  J.,  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Iowa 
and  Ark.  to  La. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  N.  W.  districts;  bogs  and  cold 
marshes;  probably  also  in  whole  forest  district. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1011,  Glenwood;  Bollard  619,  Shako- 
pee;  Oestlund  55,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  107,  Minneapolis;  Sand- 
berg  195,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1665.  Minneapolis. 

Parnassia  palustris  LINN.  Spec.  273  (1753). 
,  Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  173;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  159;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  95;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  143;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  29;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  55;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  I,  272;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  262;  Regel, 
Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  259;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  527;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur. 
234;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  56;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  76;  Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  I,  330;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  227. 

Siberia,  Corea,  Kuriles,  Russia  to  Caucasus  and  Car- 
pathian Mts?. 

North  America:  Labrador,  Newf.  and  Maritime  prov- 
inces to  Arctic  sea,  Brit.  Col.,  Pac.  and  Alaska;  S.  to  Mich.,  N. 
Minn.,  Mont,  and  Wyoming. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  W.  in  Chippewa  valley  and  proba- 
bly sparingly  in  N.  E.  district;  bogs  and  springsides. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  751,  Glenwood;  Taylor  1039,  Glenwood; 
MacM.  and  Sheld.  38,  Brainerd. 

HIKES  LINN.     Gen.  195  (1737). 

Grossularia  TOTJRN.    Inst.  639  (1700). 
Botryocarpium  RICH.    Elem.  II,  487  (1831). 
Chrysobotrya,  Cerophyllum  and  Coreosma    SPACH,     Suit. 
Buff.  VI,U48-180  (1839). 

Calobotrya  and  Kebis  SPACH,    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  IV,  21-26 
(1835). 

Kobsoiiia  BERL.    Mem.  Gen.  Ill,  1  (1823). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  Ill,  446;Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  654;  Durand, 


LIST   OP   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  279 

Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  119;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  622;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.'z,  II  a,  88  (EnglerJ. 

Living  species:  50;  N.  temperate  regions,  mts.  of 
Central  America  and  Andes  to  Magellan.  75,  (Durand);  Rus- 
sia, 20+ ;  Europe,  6;  Russian  Europe,  5;  North  America,  23, 
Canada,  17-18;  Rocky  mts.,  13-15;  E.  Sts.,  9;  California,  12-14; 
S.  Sts.,  5;  PL  King,  11;  PL  Wheel.,  7;  W.  Tex.,  2. 

Fossil  species:  Tertiary?;  R.  nigrum  in  Quaternary, 
marl  beds. 

Ribes  rubrnm   LINN.     var.  albinervium  (Micnx. ). 

E.  albinervium  MICHX.     Fl.  I,  110(1803). 

E.  rubrum  var  subglandulosum   MAXIM.      Bull.    Acad.    Petersb. 
XIX,  256(1878). 

E.  rubrum  AUCT.  AMER. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  176;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  54;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  If2;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  125;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit,  (spec.)  144; 
Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  (spec.)  57:  Led  ,  Fl.  Ross,  (spec.)  II,  199;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur. 
(spec.);  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  (spec.)  54;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  92 
(spec.);  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  336;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  252. 

Europe  and  N.  and  W.  Asia  to  Himalayas  (species). 
North  America:    Atl.  to  Pac.,  A/ctic  sea  and  Alaska, 
in  Canada;  S.  to  N.  Eng.  and  Va.;  W.  to  Ky.,  Iowa,  Minn,  and 
E.  Neb.  (variety). 

Minn,  valley:     N.  E.   district   and  N.   edge;  reported 
from  N.  W.  district;  cold  woods  and  neighborhood  of  springs. 
HERB.  :     Bailey  115,  Vermilion  lake;  Kassube  89,  Min 
neapolis;  Roberts  37,  Little  Marais;  Bailey  222,  Vermilion  lake; 
Bailey  454,  Mud  lake;  Herb.  Sheld.  1883,  Minneapolis. 

Ribes  floridum  L'HER.     Stirp.  I,  4  (1784). 
E.  nigrum  var.  B.  LINN.    Spec.  201  (1753). 
E.  nigrum  var.  pennsylvanicum  MARSH.    Arbust.  132  (1785). 
R.  campanulatum  MOENCH,    Meth.' 683  (1794). 
E.  recurvatum  MICHX.    FL  N.  Am.  1,  109  (1803). 
Coreosma  florida  SPACH,    Hist.  Veg.  VI,  157  (1834). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  176;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  103;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  163;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  54;  Webb.,   Fl.  Neb.  125;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  97;  Cov.,  FL  Ark.  181;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  II,  91;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  333. 

South  America — Andes  mts. ,  2400  m.  alt. ;  Quito. 
North  America:     N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.  and 
lat  54°  N.;  S.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  Iowa,   Minn.,   Neb.,  Ark.  and  Colo.; 
N.  Platte  river. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  common;  woods  and  edges 
of  sloughs. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1600,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  16,  Elys- 
ian;  Herrick  105,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund54,  Hennepin  Co.;  Hoi- 


280  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

zing er  75,  Winona  Co.;  Herrick  106,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  108 \ 
Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  77,  Vermilion  lake;  Kassube  88,  Minne- 
apolis; Sandberg  194,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1880,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Wickersheim  49,  Idlewild;  Herb.  Moyer  82,  Chippewa 
river  near  Montevideo. 

Rifoes  oxycanthoides  LINN.     Spec.  201  (1753). 

E.  hirtellum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  111  (1803). 
?  E.  triflorum  BIGEL.     Fl.  Bost.  2  ed.  90  (1824). 
E.  saxosum  HOOK.     Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  231  (1833). 
Grossularia  oxycanthoides  and  Mrtella  SPACH,    Hist.  Veg.  VI,  175> 
180(1834). 

E.  irriguum  GRAY,    PI.  Fendl.  53  (1849). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  175;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  102;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  161;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo,  96;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  1,206; 
Wats.,  King  Exp.  97;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  117;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
3,  II,  90;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  335;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  199. 

North  America:  N.  S'.,  N.  Br.,  Newf.  to  California;  N. 
to  Brit.  Col.  and  Hudson  Bay;  S.  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  Minn.,  Colo., 
Man. ;  Sierras  to  3000  m.  alt. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  E.,  N.  E.  and  N.  W. 
districts;  rare;  rocky  woods  or  barren  places. 

Ribes  gracile  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  111  (1803). 
E.  niveum  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  1692  (1830). 
E.  missouriensis  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  548  (1838). 

E.  rotundifolium  var. ENGELM.    PI.  Upp.  Miss.  193  (1861). 

E.  rotundifolium  UPHAM,    Fl.  Minn.  54  (1884). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  175;  Mac.  Fl.  Can.  161;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.St.  145;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  96;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  125;  Engl..  Nat.  Pflanz. 
3,  II,  90;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  333;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  33. 

North  America:  Ont?,  Mich,  to  Minn.,  Neb,,  Colo., 
Tenn. ,  Rocky  mts.  and  W.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  W.  to  Pomme  des 
Terre  valley;  rocky  woods  and  along  streams. 

HERB.  :  Ballard  668,  Waconia;  Sheldon  457,  Madison 
Lake;  Sheldon  806,  Sigel  township,  Brown  Co.;  Herrick  104, 
Minneapolis;  Kassube  87,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  193,  Red 
Wing;  Holzinger  74,  Winona;  Herb.  Moyer  81,  Chippewa  river, 
near  Montevideo. 

Eibes  cynobasti  LINN.     Spec.  202  (1753). 
E.  gracile  TORR.    Fl.  U.  S.  269  (1824). 
Grossularia  cynobasti  SPACH,    Hist.  Veg.  VI,  178  (1834). 
Eibes  oxycanthoides  var.  G.    T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  546  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  175;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  102;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  161,  527;  Uphani,  Fl.  Minn.  54;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  125;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  145;  Engl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  3,  91;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  332. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  281 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.;  S.  to  N. 
Eng. ,  N.  ,T.  and  N.  Car. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Ky. ,  Mo.  and  to 
San  Francisco  mts.  of  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  but  infrequent  far  W. ; 
woods  and  waste  places  along  streams. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  273,  Janesville;  Sheldon  461,  Madison 
Lake;  Sheldon  53,  Elysian;  Taylor  804,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  856, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  83,  Chaska;  Kassube  86,  Minneapolis; 
Sandberg  192,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1881,  Minneapolis. 

LI.     ROSACEAE.     Rose  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  1240  (1840);  Chrysobalaneae  Endl.  Gen.  PI.  1251; 
Amygdaleae,  Endl.  Gen.  PL  1250;  Pomaceae  Endl.  Gen.  PI.  1236  (1840);  Dru- 
paceae,  Sanguisorbaceae  Lindl.  Veg.  King.  559,  561  (1846);  Benth.  and 
Hook.  Gen.  PI  I,  600  (1865);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  I,  345  (1869);  Focke,  in  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  1  (1888). 

Genera:  70  ±  ;  90  (Pocke);  71  (B.  and  H.);  66  (Baillon); 
cosmopolitan. 

Species:  1200-1500;  two  great  distributional  regions: 
(1)  Pacific  coast  and  border  regions;  (2)  N.  temperate  zone. 
Fossil  species  known  from  the  Tertiary  and  Recent  and  even 
from  Upper  Cretaceous  of  N.  America,  sparingly. 

OPUL ASTER  MEDIC.     Beitr.  Pflanzenanat.  II,  109  (1799). 
Physocarpos  CAMBESS.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  I,  385  (1824). 
Neillia  DON,    Prodr.  Nep.  228  (1825). 
Adenileima  BL.    Bij.  1121  (1826). 
Epicostorus  RAF.    Atl.  Jour.  144  (1832), 
Physocarpa  RAF.    Fl.  Tell.  (1836). 
Stephanandra  SIEB.  ET  Zucc.     Abh.  Munch.  Akad.  Ill,   739 

( )• 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  I,  470,  471:  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  612;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  112;*  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  14 
(Focke);  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  Nachtr.  949;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  674. 

Living  species:  9,  in  three  distinct  sections  (Neillia, 
Physocarpos  and  Stephanandra)',  North  America;  N.  Asia  to 
Himalayas;  S.  China  and  Japan.  North  America,  2  sp.;  1, 
Rocky  mts.  and  Calif.;  1,  E.  Sts. 

Fossil  species:  0.  opulifolius  (Linn.)  in  Tertiary  of 
Siberia;  also,  Alaska?  Hungary?  (Heer,  Unger). 

Opulaster  opulifolius  (LiNN.)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  II,  949  (1891). 
Spiraea  opulifolia  LINN.    Spec.  489  (1753). 
8.  caroliniana  MARSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  146  (1785). 
Opulaster  bullatus  MED.    Pflanzenanat.  II,  309  (1799) 
Physocarpos  opulifolius  RAF.    N.  Fl.  Ill,  73,  74  (1836' 
Neillia  opulifolia  B.  and  H.    Gen.  PI.  I,  612  (1865). 


282  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  153;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  92;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  129;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  120;  Upham,  Fl.Minn.  48;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  1, 171;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  46;  Coult,  Fl.  Colo.  78;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  127;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  289;  Wats.,  KingExp.  80;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  110;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  179;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  14. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.  and  Saskatchewan; 
W.  to  Vancouver  in  var. ;  N.  England  to  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn., 
Kan.,  Colo.,  Neb,,  Ark.,  Calif,  to  Brit.  Col. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  especially  N.  E. ;  prob- 
ably also  far  N.  W. ;  rocky  banks  and  edges  of  sloughs. 

HERB.  :  Kassube  64,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  155,  Good- 
hue  Co.;  Oestlund  39,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  86,  Minneapolis; 
Sandberg  156,  Cannon  Falls. 

SPIRAEA  LINN.     Gen.  409  (1737). 

Petrophytum  NUTT.    ex  B.  and  W.  Fl.  Calif.  I,  170  (1880). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  I,  469;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  611;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Pfian.  112;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  14;  Schenck, 
Palaeophyt.  674. 

Living  species :  40  ± ;  temperate  Northern  hemisphere 
and  a  few  in  mts.  under  the  tropics.  Russia,  16;  Europe,  11; 
North  America,  4-5;  Mexico,  1;  E.  Sts.,  3;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  W. 
coast  region,  3;  Oregon  and  Canada,  3. 

Fossil   species:     Several  described.      Oeningen,    Tertiary  1 
sp.  (Heer)-,  Alaska,  2-3  (Heer);  Leoben  (Ettinghausen). 

Spiraea  tomentosa  LINN.     Spec.  489  (1753). 

S.  femiginea,  glomerata,  rosea  RAF.    N.  Fl.  Ill,  62,  63  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  153;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  93;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  48;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  120; Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  126;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  179; 
Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  15;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  322. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N. 
J.  and  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:     Ft.   Snelling  and  far  N.  E.  in  Dakota 
Co. ;  edges  of  sloughs  and  forest  marshes. 
HERB.  :     Sandberg  159,  Chisago  Co. 

Spiraea  salicifolia  LINN.     Spec.  489  (1753). 

8.  tomentosa  var.  atba  MARSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  147  (1785). 

S.  carpinifolia  WILLD.    Enum.  540  (1809). 

8.  amoena,  ciliata,  obovata  RAF.  N.  Fl.  Ill,  64-66  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult..  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  153;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  93;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  322;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  48;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  121;  Trautv., 
Fl.  Sib.  48;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  116;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  126;  Forbes  and 
Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  227;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  15;  Nym.,Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  46;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  15;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  292; 
Rothr.,  Alask.  445. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  283 

S.  and  Mid.  Russ.  to  Hungary;  all  Siberia  and  Man- 
churia;  China;  intro.  in  W.  Europe. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.  to  Rocky  mts.;  N.  on 
Mackenzie  to  Arctic  sea;  Alaska;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Ga.; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  wet  places,  edges  of 
prairie  sloughs  and  forest-meadows. 

HERB.  :  Ballard  508,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard 
721,  Benton,  Carver  Co.;  Ballard  877,  Waconia;  Taylor  866, 
Glenwood;  Sheldon  356,  Smith's  Mills,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Taylor 
719,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  920,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  615, 
Wilton,  Waseca  Co. ;  Herrick  87,  Minneapolis ;  Sandberg  157, 
Red  Wing;  Kassube  64,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  95,  Vermilion  lake; 
Herb.  Moyer  69,  Chippewa  Co. 

PIRUS  LINN.     Gen.  145  (1737). 

Sorbus  LINN.    Gen.  144  (1737). 

Malus  KUPP.    Fl.  Jen.  ed.  3,  141  (1745). 

Cydonia,  Malus,  Sorbus,  Pirus  TOURN.    Inst.  628,  seq.  (1700). 

Torminalis,  Lazarolus,  Aucuparia  and  Chamaemespilus 
MEDIC.    Phil.  Bot.  I,  134-138  (1789). 

Pirophorum,  Apiropkorum  NECK.    Elem.  II,  72  (1790). 

Mali iiia  MEDIC.    Gesch.  Bot.  81  (1793). 

Azarolus  BORKH.    Handb.  Forst.  Bot.  II,  1224  (1800). 

Aronia  PERS.    Syn.  II,  39  (1807)  excl.  Amelanchier. 

Aria  HOST.    Fl.  Austr.  II,  7  (1831). 

Cormus  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  II,  96  (1834). 

Torminaria  ROEM.    Syn.  Monog.  Ill,  101  (1847). 

Micromeles  DECNE.    Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  X,  168  (1861). 

Chloromeles  DECNE.    Fl.  Serr.  XXIII,  156  ( ). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  I,  475;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  I,  626:  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  114:  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  22  (Focke); 
Schenck,  Paleophyt.  671;  Sargent,  N.  Am.  SilvaLV,  67. 

Living  species:  50-60  or  less;  temperate  N.  hemi- 
sphere, mts.  of  tropical  India.  Russia,  20;  Himalayas,  22; 
Europe,  15;  Russian  Europe,  11;  N.  America,  7;  Canada,  6;  E. 
Sts.,  5;  S.  Sts.,  4;  Mid.  Calif.,  1;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  PI.  King,  1. 

Fossil  species:  Several;  Tertiary  of  Spitzbergen  and 
Greenland  (Heer. );  Japan  (Nathorst)',  Bilin  (Ettinghausen)', 
Cretaceous,  Kansas  (Newberry)-,  Europe  (Unger)-,  Tuscany 
(Gaud.)-,  Quaternary  travertines,  Kutschlin  (Ettinghausen  and 
Engler). 

Pirus  sambucifolia   CHAM,    and  SCHLECHT.      Linn.  II,   36 
(1827). 

Sorbus  aucuparia  var.  B.  MICHX.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  290  (1803). 
S.  aucuparia  SCHRANK,    PI.  Labr.  25  (1830?)  in  part. 


284  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Pyrus  americana  NEWBERRY,    Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  VI,  73  (1857). 
P.  aucuparia  MEYER,    PL  Labr.  81  (1830)  inpart. 
Sorbus  sambucifolia  ROEM.    Syn.  Monog.  Ill,  139  (1847). 
S.  sitchensis  ROEM.    Syn.  Monog.  Ill,  139*(1847). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  164;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1. 146;  Upham', 
Fl.  Minn.  53;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  189;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  89; 
Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  54?;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  99;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  92;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  292;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Miyabe,Fl.  Kur.  222;  Rothr.,  Alask.446; 
Sarg.,N.  Am.SilvalV,  81. 

Europe?,  N.  and  W.  Asia;  Manchuria  and  Siberia  to 
Saghalin,  Kurile  Isls.  and  Japan. 

North  America:  Greenland  and  maritime  provinces 
to  Man.,  Brit  Col.,  N.  W.  T.  and  Alaska;  S.  to  N.  Eng.;  W.  to 
L.  Superior  region  and  Minn. ;  S.  in  mts.  to  Mexico?  and 
Yosemite  valley. 

Minn,  valley;  Reported  from  vicinity  of  Ft.  Snelling; 
doubtful;  N.  E.  district;  edges  of  woods. 

HERB.  :    Bailey  18,  Vermilion  lake. 

Pirus  arbutifolia  (LiNN.)  LINN.  f.     Suppl.  256  (1781). 
Mespilus  arbutifolia  LINN.    Spec.  478  (1753)  p.  p. 
Crataegus  pyrifolia  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  I,  83  (1783). 
Aronia  pyrifolia  PERS.    Syn.  II,  39(1807). 
Crataegus  serrulata  POIR.    Suppl.  I,  292  (1810). 
Aronia  arbutifolia  ELL.    Sk.  I,  556  (1821). 
Pirus  floribunda  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  1006  (1830). 
Aronia  depressa  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  II,  88  (1834). 
Sorbus  arbutifolia  WENZIG,    Linn.  XXXVIII,  65  (1864). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  164;  Britt.,  Fl.N.  J.99;  Mac.,Fl. 
Can.  I,  144;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  Sts.  128;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  52;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  180; 
Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  25;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  291. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J. 
and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:     Reported  froni  E.  edge  of  valley  and 
from  vicinity  of  Ft.  Snelling;  thickets  and  edges  of  woods. 
HERB.:    Sandberg  189,  Chisago lake. 

Pirns  coronaria  LINN.     Spec.  480  (1753). 

Malus  coronaria  MILL.     Diet.  (1768). 

Crataegus  coronaria  SALISB.    Prodr.  357  (1796). 

Pyrus  coronaria  var.  iowensis  WOOD,    Cl.-Book.  Rev.  ed.  333  (1870). 

Malus  microcarpa  coronaria  CARRIERE,    Pom.  Microcarp.  133  f.  17 
(1884). 

Pyrus  iowensis  BAILEY.    Am.  Gard.  XII,  473  (1889). 

Sorbus  coronaria  MAcM. '  MSS.  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  164;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  128;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  53;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  127;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  145;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J. 
98:  Coult.  Fl.  Tex.  106;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  180;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III, 
24;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  292;  Sarg.,  N.  Am.  Silva  IV,  71. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PROUUCING  PLANTS.  285 

North  America:  Ontario  to  Lake  Huron;  N.  Y.  and 
Penn.  to  N.  Car.  and  C.  Alab. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Ark., 
Ind.  Terr.,  La.  and  W.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district  and  perhaps  through- 
out the  forest  region;  Leaf  hills?  woods  and  streams. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  322,  Smith's  Mills,  Blue  Earth  Co. ; 
Bollard  345,  Helena,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  659,  Waseca;  Sandberg 
188,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Wickersheim  48,  Mankato. 

AMEL1NCHIER  MEDIC.     Phil.  Bot.  I,  135,  155  (1789). 

Aronia  PERS.    Syn.  II,  39  (1807)  in  part. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  I,  477;  Benth.  and  HOOK:.,  Gen.  PI  I,  628;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  115;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  671;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  3,  III,  26  (Focke);  Sargent,  N.  Am.  Silva  IV,  125. 

Living  species:  6,  closely  related;  N.  temperate 
regions.  Russia,  1;  Europe,  1;  North  America,  3;  E.  Sts.,  2; 
Canada,  3;  S.  Sts.,  1-2;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  Calif.,  3;  PI.  King.,  1; 
PI.  Wheel.,  1;  also,  Mexico  1  other?  Japan,  1;  Orient,  1. 

Fossil  species:  Tertiary,  Florissant,  Colo.  (Lesquer- 
eaux,  Newberry};  Europe,  (Ettinghausen),  4-5. 

Amelanchier  alnifolia  NUTT.     Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  VII,  22 
(1835). 

Pirus  sanguinea  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  340  (1814). 

Aronia  alnifolia  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  306  (1818). 

Pirus  alnifolia  SPKENG.    Syst.  II,  509  (1825). 

Amelanchier  ovalis  var.  semiintegrifolia  HOOK.     Fl.  Bor.-Amer.  I, 
202  (1833). 

A.  florida  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  1589  (1835). 

A.  canadensis  var.  alnifolia  T.  and  G.     Fl.  I,  473  (1838). 

A.  canadensis  var.  pumila  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  474  (1838). 

A.  pumila  ROEM.    Syn.  Monog.  Ill,  145  (1847). 

A.  canadensis  var.  oblongifolia  BENTH.    PI.  Hartw.  309  (1846). 

A.  diversifolia  var.  alnifolia  TOKB.    Fr£m.  Rep.  89  (1858). 

A.  canadensis  ANDERSON,    Cat.  PL  Nev.  120  ( ). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  167;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  148,  522; 
Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  127;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  53;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  89;  Brew, 
and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  190;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  52;  Roth.,  Wheel,  Exp.  116; 
Wats.,  King  Exp.  92;  Sarg.,  N.  Am.  Silva  IV,  131. 

North  America:  N.  Mich.,  Minn.,  Neb.  to  Brit.  Col., 
Vancouver,  Charlotte  Isls.  and  Peace  river  reg. ;  S.  to  Calif. ; 
S.  in  mts.  to  Colo,  and  Arizona;  N.  to  Alaska  and  N.  lat.  62° 
45'. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  dislrict;  thickets  and  banks  of 
streams. 

Amelanchier  canadensis   (LiNN.)  MEDIC.     Gesch.  Bot.  79 
(1783). 

Mespilus  canadensis  LINN.    Spec.  478  (1753). 


286  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Pyrus  botryapium  LINN.  f.    Suppl.  255  (1781). 

Crataegus  racemosa  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  I,  84  (1783). 

Mespilus  nivea  MARSH.    Arbust.  Araer.  90  (1785). 

Amelanchier  canadensis  var.  prunifolia   CASTIGL.     Viag.  St.  Uni. 

II,  293  (1800>. 

Mespilus  amelanchier  UASTIGL.    Yiag.  St.  Uni.  II,  293  (1800). 
M.  canadensis  var.  cordata  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  291  (1803). 
Amelanchier  botryapium  BORKH.    Handb.  Forstb.  II,  1260  (1800). 
Aronia  botryapium  PERS.    Syn.  II,  39  (1807). 
Mespilus  arborea  MICHX.  f.    Arb.  Am.  Ill,  68  (1813). 
Aronia  arborea  BART.    Comp.  Fl.  Phil.  I,  228  (1818). 

Amelanchier  sanguinea  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  t.  1171  ( ). 

Aronia  cordata  RAF.    Med.  Fl.  II,  106  (1830). 

Amelanchier  ovalis  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  202  (1833). 

A.  canadensis  var.  botryapium  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  473  (1838). 

Pyrus  bartramiana  TAUSCH,    Flora  II,  715  (1838). 

P.  wangenheimiana  TAUSCH,    Flora  II,  715  (1838). 

Amelanchier  bartramiana  and  wangenheimiana  ROEM.    Syn.  Monog. 

III,  145,  146(1847). 

Wats,,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  166;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  14S;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  129;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  127;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  100;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
53;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  92:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  180;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
3,  III,  26;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  272;  Sarg.,  N.  Am.  Silva  IV,  127. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  L. 
Huron  reg.  and  L.  Superior  reg.;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to 
Minn. ,  Dak. ,  Neb. ,  Kan:,  Ark.  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  banks  of  streams  and 
shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1358,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  905, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  625,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co.;  Sheldon  945, 
Redwood  Falls;  Taylor  409,  Janes ville;  Holzinger  73,  Winona 
Co.;  Sandberg  190,  Red  Wing;  Herrick  102,  Minneapolis;  Kas- 
sube  84,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  2,  Vermilion  lake;  Herb.  Sheli 
1856,  Ramsey  Co. 

Amelanchier    canadensis    (LINN.)    MEDIC,      var.    obovalis 
(MiCHX.)  B.  S.  P.     Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Mespilus  canadensis  var.  obovalis  MICHX.    Fl.N.  Am.  I,  291  (1803). 

Pyrus  sanguinea  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  340  (1814)  in  part. 

P.  ovalis  BIGEL.    Fl.  Bost.  ed.  2,  195  (1824). 

Aronia  ovalis  TORR.     Fl.  U.  S.  479  (1824). 

Amelanchier  ovalis  DC.    Prodr.  II,  632  (1825). 

A.  intermedia  SPACH,    Hist.  Veg.  II,  85  (1834). 

A.  canadensis  var.  oblongifolia  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  473  (1838). 

A.  oblongifolia  ROEM.    Syn.  Monog.  147  (1847). 

A.  spicata  DECN.    Mem.  Fam.  Pom-.  135  (1875). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  167;  Britt.,  Fl.  1ST.  J.  100;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  149;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  53;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  180;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I, 
273;  Sarg.,  N.  Am.  Silva  IV,  128. 


LIST   OP  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  287 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man.,  Sas- 
katckewan,  Brit.  Col.  to  Rocky  mts.  and  N.  on  Mackenzie  river; 
S.  to  N.  J.,  Va.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  banks  of  streams  and 
shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.:  Taylor  602%,  Minnesota  lake;  Bollard  359, 
Helena,  Scott  Co. ;  Sandberg  191,  Cannon  Falls;  Sandberg  192, 
Cannon  Falls;  Kassube  85,  Minneapolis;  Roberts  36,  Devil's 
Track  river;  Herrick  103,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  407,  Burntside 
lake;  Herb.  Sheld.  1857,  Ft.  Snelling;  Herb.  Moyer  80,  Monte- 
video; Wickersheim  136,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer  249, 
Montevideo. 

CRATAEGUS  LINN.     Gen.  404  (1737). 

Mespilus  LINN.    Gen.  407  (1737). 

Oxyacantha  RUPP.    Fl.  Jen.  ed.  3,  136  (1745). 

Mespilopbora  NECK.    Elem.  724  (1790). 

HtilniU,   Anthomeles,   Phaenopyrum  EOEM.    Syn.  Monog. 
Ill,  101-103(1847). 

Phalacros  WENZIG,    Linn.  XXXVIII,  164  (1864). 

Timbalia  CLOS,    ex  Dur.  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  115  (1888). 

Sportella  RANGE,    ex  Dur.  1.  c.  (1888). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  I,  475;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  626;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  115;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.^Pflanz.  3,  III,  26;  Schenck, 
Palaeophyt.  671;  Sargent,  N.  Am.  Silva  IV,  83. 

Living  species:  75 ±  described;  30-40  distinct;  N. 
temperate  regions  to  Japan,  Himalayas,  Mexico  and  Ecuador. 
Russia,  14;  Europe,  14;  Russian  Europe,  9;  N.  America,  34-16; 
Canada,  8-9;  S.  Sts.,  11-12;  E.  Sts.,  10-11;  Rocky  mts.,  4-5; 
PI.  King,  2;  W.  Tex.,  4;  mid.  Calif.,  2;  Mexico,  3;  Orient,  6; 
China  and  Japan,  3;  Himalayas.  2. 

Fossil  species:  Upper  Cretaceous,  Greenland  (Heer), 
2  sp.;  Tertiary,  Greenland  (Heer),  4  sp, 

Crataegus  crus-galli  LINN.    Spec.  476  (1753). 

C.  lucida  MILL.    Diet.  (1768). 

Mespilus  crus-galli  MARSH.    Arb.  Am.  88  (1785). 

M.  lucida  EHRH.    Beitr.  IV,  17  (1788). 

Crataegus  laurifolia  MEDIC.    Gesch.  Bot.  84  (1793). 

Mespilus  cuneifolia  MOENCH,    Meth.  684  (1794). 

Crataegus  crus-galli  var.  spkndens  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  III,  202 
(1811). 

Mespilus  watsoniana  SPACH,    Hist.  Veg.  II,  57  (1834). 

Crataegus  watsoniana  ROEM.    Syn.  Monog.  Ill,  117  (1847). 

C.  carrierei  CARR.    Rev.  Hort.  108  (1883). 

C.  lavalki  HORT.  PAR. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  166;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  100;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  127;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  53;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1, 147;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex. 

W-  ••:/. 


288  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

107;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  180;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  26;  Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  I,  277;Sarg.,  N.  Am.Silva  IV,  91. 

North  America:  S.  Ont.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W. 
to  Minn.?,  Mo.,  Ark.  and  Colo,  river,  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  E.  and  S.  E.  districts; 
rare  or  doubtful;  thickets  and  banks  of  streams. 

HERB.:    Sandberg  187,  Red  Wing. 

Crataegus  coccinea  LINN.     Spec.  476  (1753). 
Mespilus  coccinea  MARSH.    Arb.  Am.  87  (1785). 
Crataegus  rotundifolia  MOENCH,    Baum.  Weiss.  29,  t.  1  (1785). 
Mespilus  rotundifolia  EHRII.    Beitr.  Ill,  20  (1788). 
M.  coccinea  var.  viridis  CASTIGL.    Viag.  St.  Uni.  II,  293  (1790). 
?  M.  maxima  Du  MONT  DE  COURS.    Bot.  Cult.  ed.  2,  V,  451  (1811). 
?  Crataegus  viridis  ELL.    Sk.  I,  551  (1821). 

Mespilus  odorata  WENDL.    Regensb.  Flora  700  (1823). 
?  M.  wendlandii  OPIZ.    Reg.  Fl.  590(1834). 
M.  flabellata  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  II,  63  (1834). 
Crataegus  coccinea  var.  oligandra  TORR.   and  GRAY,    Fl.  I,  465 
(1838). 

C.  coccinea  var.  viridis  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I  465  (1838). 
Halmia  flabellata  ROEM.    Syn.  Monog.  Ill,  136  (1847). 
Phaenopyrum  coccineum  and  wendlandii  ROEM.    1.  c.  156  (1847). 
Anthomeles  rotundifolia  ROEM.    1.  c.  140  (1847). 
Crataegus  glandulosa  var.  rotundifolia  REGEL,    Act.  Hort.  Petrop. 
I,  120  (1871). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  165;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  99;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  89,  in  part;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  127;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  52;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  1, 147,  522;  II,  320;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  180;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3, 
III,  26;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  276;  Sarg.,  N.  Am.  Silva  IV,  95. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to 
Man.  and  Rocky  mts. ;  S.  to  Mass. ,  N.  J. ,  Fla.  and  Miss. ;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Ark.  and  S.  W.  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  Higher  levels;  N.  edge  and  far  W.; 
rocky  banks  and  hillsides. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1497,  Lake  Benton;  Bailey  449,  Mud 
Lake;  Kassube  82,  Minneapolis. 

Crataegus  mollis  SCHEELE,     Linn.  XXI,  569  (1847). 
Mespilus  coccinea  SCHMIDT,    Oestr.  Baumz.  IV,  30  (1822). 
M.  pubescens  WENDLAND,    Flora  700  (1823). 
M.  coccinea  v&r.pubescens  TAUSCH,    Flora  II,  718  (1838). 
Crataegus  coccinea  var.  mollis  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I  465  (1838). 
C.  tomentosa  EMERS.    Trees  Mass.  435  (1846). 
Phaenopyrum  subvillosum  ROEM.    Syn.  Monog.  Ill,  154  (1847). 
Crataegus  subvillosa  TORR.    Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  IV,  86  (1856). 
C.  texana  BUCKL.    Proc.  Ac.  Phil.  454  (1861). 
C.  tomentosa  var.  mollis  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  5,  160(1868). 
Mespilus  tilaefolia  KOCH,     Dendr:  I,  151  (1872). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  165;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  53;  Mac., 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  289 

Fl.  Can.  I,  147;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  107;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  207;  Sarg.,  N. 
Am.  Silva  IV,  99. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  and  L.  Superior  region;  S. 
to  Mass.;  W.  to  Mich.,  Minn.,  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district;  habitat  that  of  C. 
coccinea. 

HERB.:  Taylor  703,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  1231, 
Iberia,  Brown  Co. ;  Sheldon  358,  Smith's  Mills,  Blue  Earth  Co. ; 
Taylor  426,  Janesville;  Taylor  432,  Lake  Elysian,  Waseca  Co .;. 
Sheldon  613,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co.;  Herb.  Wicker sheim  45,  Man- 
kato. 

Crataegus  tomentosa  LINN.     Spec.    476   (1753)   excl    syn~ 
Gronov. 

C.  leucophaeos  MOENCH,    Hort.  Weiss.  31  (1785). 

Mespilus  calpodendron  EHRH.    Beitr.  II,  67  (1788). 

Crataegus  pyrifolia  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  II,  168  (1789). 

Mespilus  tomentosa  CASTIGL.    Viag.  St.  Uni.II,  293  (1790). 

M.  latifolia  Pom.    Enc.  Meth.  IV,  444  (1797). 

Crataegus  latifolia  PERS.    Syn.  II,  37  (1807). 

Mespilus  pyrifolia  WILLD.    Enum.  523  (1809). 

M.  lobata  POIR.    Suppl.  IV,  71  (1816). 

Crataegus  lobata  Bosc.    DC.  Prodr.  II,  628  (1825). 

Halmia  tomentosa  and  vars.  pyrifolia,  leucophlaea  and  calpodendron 
ROEM.    Syn.  Monog.  Ill,  135-136  (1847). 

H.  lobata  ROEM.    Syn.  Monog.  Ill,  136  (1847). 

Crataegus  tomentosa  v&T.pyrifolia  GRAY.    Man.  ed.  5,  160  (1868). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  166;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  99;  Chap., 
Fl.S.  St.  127;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  127;  Upbam,  Fl.  Minn.  52;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
147,  522;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  280;  Sarg.,  N.  Am.  Silva  IV,  101. 

North  America:  Ont  and  W.  N.  Y.  to  Man.;  W.  to 
Mich.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  Mo.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  thickets  and 
wooded  banks  of  streams. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  517,  Waseca;  Sheldon  1005,  Sleepy 
Eye;  Kassube  83,  Minneapolis;  ffolzinger  72,  Rush  creek, 
Winona  Co.,  Bailey  57,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  186,  Red 
Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1765,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  79,  Monte- 
video; H- er b.  Wicker  sheim  46,  Idlewild;  47,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln 
Co. 

RUBUS  LINN.     Gen.  413  (1737). 

Dalibarcla  LINN.    Spec.  491  (1753). 
Cylactis  EAF.    Sill.  Journ.  377  (18 19'. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  I,  466;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  616;  Durand^ 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  113;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  28;  Schenck, 
Palaeophyt.  666. 
-19 


290  METASPEKMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Living  species:  1500  described,  180-205  distinct.  100 
(B.  and  H.).  Cosmopolitan,  especially  in  forests  of  N.  hemi- 
sphere. Russia,  20;  Europe,  56;  Russian  Europe,  10;  North 
America,  24-25;  Canada,  18-20;  E.  Sts.,  U;  S.  Sts.,  6;  Rocky 
mts.,  6;  PI.  King,  3;  PL  Wheel.,  4;  Mid.  Calif.,  5. 

Fossil  species:  Forest  bed  of  Cromer,  "Tuff en"  Den- 
mark. (E.  fruticosus  Linn,  and  R.  chamaemorus  Linn.). 

Rubus  repens  (LiNN.)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  I,  223  (1891). 
Dalibarda  repens  LINN.    Spec.  491  (1753). 
Eubus  dalibarda  LINN.    Spec.  2  ed.  708  (1762). 
Dalibarda  violaeoides  MICHX.    El.  N.  Am.  I,  299  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  156;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  57;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  1, 129,  514;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3:  III..  28;  Wats  ,  Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  315. 

North   America:     N.  S..  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  L.  Huron 

reg. ;  S.  to  Minn.,  Wise,  and  Mich. — N.  peninsular. 

Minn  valley:  Reported  from  the  N.  edge;  wooded 
hillsides  and  dark,  shaded  brooks;  rare. 

Eubus  hispidus  LINN.     Spec.  493  (1753). 
E.  obovalis  MICHX.    Fl.N.  Am.  I,  298  (1803). 
E.  obovatus  ELL.    Sk.  I,  570  (1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  155;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  94;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  52;  Chap.%  Fl.  S.  St.  125;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1,131;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  179; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  315. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.,  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  E.  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district  and  N.  edge;  rare;  woods 
and  thickets;  edges  of  streams. 

HERB.:  Bailey  182,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  183,  Cbi- 
sago  Co. 

Eubus  canadensis  LINN.     Spec.  494  (1753). 
E.  arcticus  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  149  (1788). 
E.  flagellaris  WILLD.    Enum.  594J1809). 
E.  procumbens  MUHL.    Cat.  52  (1813), 
E.  trivialis  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  347  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  155;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.J.  94;  Upham, 
Fl.Minn.  52;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  131;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  179;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I, 
314. 

North  America:   Newl,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.; 

S.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
-probably  to  Cotton  wood  valley;  hillsides  and  barren  places. 

HERB.:  Taylor  18,  Elysian;  Taylor  201,  Janesville; 
Sheldon  451,  Madison  Lake;  Bollard  234,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.; 
Kassube  80,  Minneapolis:  Holzinger  70,  Winona  Co.;  Sandberg 
182,  Vasa;  Herb.  Wickersheim  43,  Mankato. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  291 

Rubus  villosus  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  II,  210  (1789). 

E.  fruticosus  MARSH.    Arbust.  137  (1785). 
B.  argutus  LINK,    Enum.  II,  60  (1822). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  155;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  94,  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  128;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  125;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  52;  Mac.,  FL  Can. 
I,  131,  514;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  179;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.III,  3,31;  Wats., 
Eibl.  Ind.  I,  316. 

North  America:  Newf.  and  N.  S.  to  Man.;  N.  U.  S. 
to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  local  or  rare;  edges  of 
thickets  and  openings  in  forest. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  147,  Madison  Lake;  Bollard  446, 
Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  £1,  Chaska;  Sandberg  180, 
Goodhue  Co.;  Holzinger  68,  Dakota  Co.;  Kassube  79,  Minneap- 
olis; Oestlund  53,  Ramsey  Co.;  ?  Holzinger  69,  Rush  creek 
valley;  Sandberg  181,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1784,  Minne- 
apolis; Herb.  Wicker  sheim  4®,  Idle  wild,  Lincoln  Co. 

Rubus  occidentals  LINN.     Spec.  493  (1753). 

E.  idaeus  var.  americanus  TOBB.    Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  II,  106  (1835). 

Wats,  and  Coult..  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  155;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  128;  Upham, 

Fl.  Minn.  51;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  80;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  125;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  94; 

Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  130;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  3,  30;  Wats.,  Bibl. 

Ind.  I,  316. 

North  America:     N.   Br.,   Q.,  Ont.   to  N.  Eng.;  N.  J. 

and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Colo,  and  Oregon;  N.  in  Brit.  Col. 

Minn,    valley:     Forest  and  prairie   districts.      W.  to 

Pommedes  Terres  valley;  waste  grounds  and  barren  woodland. 

HERB.  :    Ballard  469,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Kassube 

78,  Minneapolis;    Oestlund  52,  Hennepin   Co.;    Sandberg  179, 

Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Moyer  77,  Montevideo. 

Rubus  strigosus  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  297  (1803). 
B.  idaeus  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  346  (1814). 

E.  idaeus  var.  strigosus  MAXIM.    Bull.  Acad.  Petersb.  XVII,  161 
(1875). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  155;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  128;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  93;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  51;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  79;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
130,  514;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  53?;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  117;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur. 
228;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  82,  420;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  Ill;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat. 
Pllanz.  Ill,  3,  30;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  318 

N.  and  W.  Europe?,  Siberia  to  Japan,  Saghalin  and 
Kurile  Isles;  N.  Africa?. 

North  America:  Labrador  to  Man.  and  Coast  range; 
S.  to  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Mo.,  Colo,  and  N. 
Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  particularly  in  the  forest 
region;  wooded  hillsides  and  banks  of  streams. 


292  METASPERMAE    OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

HERB.  :  Ballard  207,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. :  Sheldon  854, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  43,  Elysian;  Taylor  133,  Janesville;  Bai- 
ley  170,  Vermilion  lake;  Holzinger  67,  Winona  Co. ;  HerricklOl, 
Minneapolis;  Kassube  77,  Minneapolis;  Sondberg  178,  Cannon 
Palls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1852,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  40, 
Lake  Park,  Becker  Co. ;  41,  Idle  wild,  Lincoln  Co. 

H  ii bus  triflorus  RICH.     Frankl.  Journ.  2  ed.  19  (1825). 
R.  saxatilis  var.  canadensis  MTCHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  298  (1803). 
JR.  saxatilis  var.  americanus  PERS.    Syn.  II,  52  (1807). 
Cylactis  montana  RAF.    Ann.  Journ.  Sci.  1,  I,  377  (1820). 
Eubus  saxatilis  BIGEL.    Fl.  Bost.  2  ed.  201  (1824). 
E.  canadensis  TORR.    Fl.  U.  S.  488  (1824). 
R.  aegopodioides  SERINGE,    DC.  Prodr.  II,  565  (1825). 
R.  mucronatus  SERINGE,    DC.  Prodr.  II,  565  (1825). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  154;   Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  93;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  51;  Mac.,Fl.  Can.  I,  129;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  3,  29; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  1,  318. 

North  America:  Labrador  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Pac. 
in  Can. ;  S.  to  N.  J. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Iowa,  Dak.  and  Mont. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co.  and  New  Ulm;  wooded  banks  and  hillsMes. 

HERB.:  Kassube  76,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  66, 
Winona  Co. ;  Sandberg  177,  Goodhue  Co. 

FRAGARIA  LINN.    Gen.  414  (1737). 

Duchesnia  SMITH,    Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  X,  372  (1819). 
Baillon,Ifist  PI.  I,  465;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  633;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  113;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  HI,  33;  Schenck, 
Palaeophyt.  666. 

Living  species:  10;  north  temperate  regions  to  S. 
India  and  Mexico;  1  sp.  in  Chile.  6  sp.  (Durand);  3-4  (B.  and 
H.).  Russia,  4;  Europe,  4;  Russian  Europe,  4;  North  Amer- 
ica, 4;  Mid.  Calif.,  4;  E.  Sts.,  2;  Canada,  3;  S.  Sts.,  1;  Rocky 
mts.,  2;  PL  King,  1;  PL  Wheel.,  1. 

Fossil  species:  3-4;  Miocene,  Hungary  (Stur);  Spitz- 
bergen  and  Cape  Lyall  (Heer). 

Fragaria  vesca  LINN.    Spec.  494  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  158;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J  95;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  128;  Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.  51;  Coult,  Fl.  Colo.  83;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  I,  177;  Hook.,  Fl.Gt.  Brit.  123;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  135;  Led.,  Fl. 
Ross.  II,  63;  Nym.,  Fl.Eur.;  Herd  ,F1.  Eur.  Russ.  48;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran. 
70;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  85;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  3,  33;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  282;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  285. 

Arctic  Europe;  N.  and  W.  Asia  to  Himalayas, 

North  America:     Canada  throughout  to  lat.  56°  N.  on 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLAINTS.  293 

Peace  river  and  middle  elevations  in  Sierras;  throughout  N.  U. 
S.  to  Arizona  and  Virginia. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  forest  region  and  wooded 
banks  of  streams ;  less  abundant  than  F.  virginiana  var.  illi- 
noensis  (Prince). 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  853,  Sleepy  Eye;  Ballard  137,  Chaska; 
Kassube  75,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  51,  Hennepin  Co.;  Bailey  4-5, 
Vermilion  lake;  Hammond  53,  Lake  City;  Herb.  Sheld.  1858, 
Hennepin  Co. 

Fragaria  virginiana  MILL.  var.  illinoensis  (PRINCE)  GRAY, 
Man.  V,  158  (1867). 

F.  elatior  EAT.    Man.  249  (1818)  not  Ehrli. 

F.  illinoensis  and  iowensis  PRINCE,    Treat.  Gard.  Flush.  (1820). 
F.  grayana  VILM.    ex  Gay,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ser.  4,  VIII,  202  (1857). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  158;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  95;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  128;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  83;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  51;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  I,  177;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  135;  II,  319;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
Ill,  3,  33  (spec.);  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  283. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Brit.  Col.,  Coast  range  and 
64°  N.  lat.  in  mts.;  W.  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  Mont.,  Washington  and 
S.  E.  of  Rockies  to  Colo.,  Neb.,  Kan.  and  Arizona?. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common  in  rich  soil  and 
on  shaded  banks  of  streams. 

HERB.  :  Ballard  175,  Shakopee;  Taylor  165,  Janesville; 
Sheldon  37,  Elysian;  Ballard  144,  Chaska;  Bailey  36,  Vermilion 
lake;  Kassube  74,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  175,  Red  Wing;  Oest- 
lund 50,  Hennepin  Co.;  Sandberg  176,  Tower;  Herb.  Moyer  76, 
Montevideo ;  Herb.  Wicker sheim  39,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1859,  Minneapolis. 

POTENTILLA  LINN.     Gen.  415  (1737). 
Comarum  LINN.    Gen.  417  (1737). 
Tormentilla  LINN.    Gen.  416  (1737). 
Sibbaldia  LINN.    Syst.  VI,  310  (1748). 
Trichothalamus  LEHM.    Act.  Caes.  X,  585  (1834?). 
Lehmanuia  TRATT.    Eos.  Monog.  IV,  144  (1824). 
Bootia  BIGEL.    Fl.  Bost.  ed.  II,  351  (1824). 
Dryadanthe  ENDL.    Gen.  1242  (1840). 
Dactylophyllum  SPENN.    Fl.  Frib.  Ill,  1034  (1829). 
Uorkelia  CHAM,  and  SCHL.    Linn.  II.  26  (1828). 
Ivesia  TORR.    Bot.  U.  S.  Expl.  Exp.  II,  4  (1855). 
Quinquefolium    and    Pentaphylloides    TOURN.      Inst.    296 
(1700). 

Fragariastrum  SCHUR.    Enum.  Transsylv.  137  (1866). 
Chamaerhodos  BUNGE,    Led,  Fl.  Alt.  I,  429  (1829). 
Potaninia  MAX.    Mel.  Biol.  XI,  214  (1881). 


294  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Baillon,  Hist  PL  I,  466;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  620;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  113;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  34,  35,  36 
(Focke);  Schenck,  Palo,eophyt.  666. 

Living  species:  300 ±  described;  165  distinct.  Boreal 
and  temperate  regions  of  N.  hemisphere,  tropical  mts.  and  2 
sp.  in  S.  hemisphere.  Russia,  70;  Europe,  67;  Russian  Europe, 
43;  North  America,  52-56;  California,  35;  E.  Sts.,  14-15;  Can- 
ada, 30-33;  Rocky  mts.,  16-20;  PI.  King,  15;  PI.  Wheel.,  14; 
S.  Sts.,  3. 

Fossil  species:  Arctic  regions,  Tertiary  (Heer)  Dryas?. 

Potentilla  canadensis  LINN.     Spec.  498  (1753). 
P.  pumila  POIR.    Enc.  Meth.  V,  594  (1804). 
P.  sarmentosa  WILLD.    En  urn.  554  (1809). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  160;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  96;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  49;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  124;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  141,  518;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
179;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  294. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  L.  Huron;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.,  N.  Car.  and  Miss.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.  and 
Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  in  dry  or  sandy  soil; 
especially  in  forest  openings. 

HERB.:  Bollard  252,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  980, 
Glenwood;  Taylor  570,  Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  797,  Glenwood; 
Bollard  416,  New  Prague,  Scott  Co. ;  Oc  stlund  42,  Hennepin 
Co.;  Kassube  70,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  43,  Hennepin  Co.;  Her- 
rick  94,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  95,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  169 ; 
Cannon  Falls. 

Potentilla  canadensis  LINN.  var.  simplex  (Micnx.)  T.  and 
G.     PL  I,  443  (1838). 

P.  simplex  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  303  (1803). 
P.  caroliniana  Pom.    Enc.  Meth.  V,  595  (1804). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  160;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  96;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  128;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  49;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  124;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
141,  518;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  294. 

North  America:     With  type;  more  common  eastward. 
Minn,   valley:     Forest  district;  N.  E.  and  reported  to 
New  Ulm;  meadows  and  damp  places  along  streams. 

HERB  :  Sandberg  170,  Chisago  Co. ;  Manning  3,  Lake 
City. 

Potentilla   anserina  LINN.     Spec.  495  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  160;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  96;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  50;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  86;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  50;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt. 
Brit.  125;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  180;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  141;  Forbes 
and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  240;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross,  II,  44;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Miyabe, 
Fl.  Kur.  232;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  48;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  63;  Wats.,  King 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED  PRODUCING  PLANTS.  295 

Exp.  89;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  114;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  3,  34; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  293;  Hart,  Fl.  Scan.  I,  287;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  34; 
Rothr.,  Alask.  445. 

Arctic  Europe;  N.  Asia  to  Himalayas  and  China;  Aus- 
tralasia and  S.  America. 

North  America:  Greenland;  E.  Canada  to  Arctic 
ocean;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.;  California  to 
N.  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  districts;  N.  edge  and  high  levels, 
W.  and  S.  W. ;  river  banks  and  hillsides. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1492,  Pipestone  City;  Sheldon  1556, 
Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1360,  Verdi,  Lincoln  Co.;  Kassube  73, 
Minneapolis;  Oestlund46,  Minneapolis;  Herrick97,  Minneapolis; 
Oestlund  47,  Hennepin  Co.;  Sandberg  172,  Red  Wing;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1763,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickershiem,  Ash  Lake,  Lin- 
coln Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  75,  Montevideo. 

Potentilla  tridentata  SOLAND.     Ait.  Kew.  II,  216  (1789). 

P.  retusa  MUELL.    Fl.  Dan.  V,  799  (1782  >. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  160;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  97;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  51;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  124;  Mac.,Fl.  Can.  I.  141;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  301. 

North  America:     Labrador  and  Greenland;  Newf.,   N. 

S.,  N.  Br.,  L.  Huron  reg.,  L.  Superior  to  Rocky  mts.  and  64° 
N.  lat  in  N.  W.  T.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N,  J.  and  mts.  of  N.  Car. ;  W. 
around  Gt.  lakes  to  N.  Iowa,  Wise,  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Far  N.  W.  and  N.  edge;  only  in  forest 
district;  high  ground  and  exposed  places. 

HERB.  :  Eoberts  33,  Grand  Marais;  Roberts  34,  Duluth; 
Bailey  425,  Fall  lake;  Herrick  98,  Northern  Pacific  Junction; 
Sandberg  173,  N.  P.  Junction;  Bailey  513,  Agate  bay. 

Potentilla  fruticosa  LINN.     Spec.  494  (1753). 

P.  fmticosa  var.  americana  MARSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  109(1785). 
P.  jtoribunda  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  355  (1814). 
Dasyphora  Jl&ribunda  RAF.    Aut.  Bot.  167  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  160:   Britt.,  Fl.N.  J.  96;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  50;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 86;  Brew,  and  Wats. ,  Fl.  Calif.  1, 180;  Trautv., 
Fl.  Sib.  52;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  123;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.   I,  141;  Forbes  and 
Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  243;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  61;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur. 
230;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  46;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  63;    Wats.,  King  Exp. 
89;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  114;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  3,  34;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  296;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand  I,  287;  Rothr.,  Alask.  445. 

N.  Europe  to  Alps  and  Pyrenees;  N.  and  W.  Asia  to 
Himalayas;  China  and  Japan;  Kurile  isls. 

North  America:  Greenland,  Labrador  and  Newf.  to 
Man.  and  Arctic  circle;  S.  to  N.  J. ;  W.  to. Iowa,  Minn,  Colo., 
N.  Calif,  and  S,  in  mts.  to  C.  Arizona.  Alaska. 


296  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Higher  levels,  far  N.  W. ;  wet  grounds 
and  edges  of  sloughs. 

HERB.:  Bailey  495,  Agate  bay;  Eoberts  31,  Grand 
Marais;  Roberts  32,  Split  Rock. 

Potentilla  palustris  (LINN.)  SCOP.     PI.  Cam.  2  ed.  I,  359 
<1772). 

Comarum  palustre  LINN.    Spec.  502  (1753). 
Fragaria  palustris  CRANTE,    Stirp.  Austr.  73  (1769). 
Comarum  digitatum  and  angustifolium  RAF.    Fl.  Tell.  II,  55.  56 
{1838). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  160;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  51;  Brew, 
and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  180;  Hook.,  Fl.  Britt.  124;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  53; 
Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  97;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can  I,  140;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  61;  Nym.,  Fl. 
Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  48;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  63;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  Ill,  3,  34;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  299;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  286;  Rothr., 
Alask.  445. 

Arctic  Europe  to  Pyrenees;  Russia  to  Caucasus; 
N.  Asia. 

North  America:  Labrador  and  N.  S.  to  Hudson  Bay, 
Puget  sound  and  Alaska;  S.  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  111., 
Minn, ;  on  Pac.  coast  to  C.  California. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  bogs  and  edges  of  marshes; 
rather  common. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  1200,  Lake  Helena,  Waseca  Co. ;  Shel- 
don 710,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  123,  Madison  Lake;  Ballard  W, 
Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Ballard  415,  New  Prague,  Scott  Co. ; 
Sheldon  345,  Smith's  Mill,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sheldon  428,  Ash  lake, 
Blue  Earth  Co.;  Sheldon  522,  Waseca;  Ballard  356,  Helena,  Scott 
Co.;  Herrick  99,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  48,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Herrick 
100,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  49,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Bailey  142,  Vermil- 
ion lake;  Sandberg  174,  Chisago  Co. 

Potentilla  argentea  LINN.     Spec.  497  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  160;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  96;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  50;  Hook.,  Fl.  Brit.  126:  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  139;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross. 
II,  47;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  517;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  48; 
Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  3,  35;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  293;  Hart,  Fl. 
Scand.  I,  288. 

Europe;  N.  and  W.  Asia. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  J.;  W. 
to  Dak.  and  E.  Kan. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district  and  E.  edge;  infrequent; 
dry  fields  and  hillsides. 

HERB.:  Herrick  96,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  44,  Minne- 
apolis; Kassube  71,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1764,  Minneapolis. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  297 

Potentilla  hippiana  LEHM.     Nov.  Stirp.  Pug.  II,  7  (1830), 
P.  leucophylla  TORR.    Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  II,  197,  (1835). 
P.  pensylvanica  var.  hippiana  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  438  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  159;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  81;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  128;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  50;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  137;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  112;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  297. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  to  Rockies  and  Brit. 
Col.;  N.  to  50°  N.  iat.;  S.  to  Colo.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  N.  Mex.  and 
Arizona. 

Minn,  valley  :  Reported  from  Leaf  hill  district; 
doubtful;  plains  and  sunny  hillsides. 

Potentilla  pensylvanica  LINN.     Mant.  76  (1767). 

P.  Mpinnatifida  DOTJGL.    Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  188  (1833). 
P.  pensylvanica  var.  bipinnatifida  T.  and  G.    Fl.  1,438  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man  6  ed.  159:  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  128;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  50;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  81;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  243;  Led., 
Fl.  Ross.  II,  40;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;   Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  516;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Euss.  46;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  112;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  86,  87;  Engl.  Focke, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  3,  34;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  300;  Rothr.,  Alask.  445. 
Ural  and  Baikal  Siberia;  Caucasus  mts.  to  Japan. 
North  America:     Labrador  and  Anticosti  to  Q.,  Ont, 
Hudson  Bay,  Man. ,  Saskatchewan,   Rocky  mts.  and  N.  W.  T. ; 
S.  to  Maine  and  N.  H.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Colo.,  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  and  S.  W.  edge; 
doubtful;  meadows  and  edges  of  woods. 

Potentilla  pensylvanica  LINN.    var.  strigosa  PURSH,      Fl. 
Am.  356  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  159;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 50;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  81;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  128?;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  136,  517;  Wats.  Bibl. 
Ind.  I,  300. 

North  America:  Brit.  Col.  and  Rockies  to  Mont., 
Minn.,  Colo,  and  Neb?. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  infrequent;  more  abund- 
ant W.  than  E. ;  dry  or  rocky  knolls. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  442,  Pipestone;  Taylor  875,  Glenwood; 
MacM.  and  Sheld.  1,  Brainerd. 

Potentilla  supina  LINN.     Spec.  497  (1753). 

P.  paradoxa  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  I>  437  (1838). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  159;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  84;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  49;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  50;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  136:  Forbes  and  Hems., 
Fl.  Sin.  245;  Led.,  Fl.  Euss.  II,  35;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  516, 
Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Euss.  46;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  106;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
HI,  3,  34;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  301;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  34. 
Europe;  N.  Asia  and  China;  S.  America. 
North  America:     Ont.  to  Man.  and  Gt.  lake  reg. ;  S.  to 


298  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY.    - 

Minn.,  Mo.,  N.  Mex.  and  Rio  Grande;  E.  to  Miss,  river  and 
Ohio. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  infrequent;  sandy  shores 
of  lakes  and  dry  places. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  452,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Herrick 
93,  Minnetonka;  Holzinger  65,  WinonaCo.;  Herb.  Wicker sheim  37, 
Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. 

Potentilla  millegrana  ENGELM.      Lehm.  Ind.   Sem.  Hamb. 
(1849). 

P.  rivalis  var.  millegrana  WATS.    Rev.  Pot.  553  (1871). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  159;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  128;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  178;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  136,  516;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  65;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  85;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  112:  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  301. 

North  America:  Red  and  Saskatchewan  valleys  to 
Rocky  mts. ;  along  E.  slope  of  Sierra  Nevada  to  N.  Mex. ;  S.  in 
prairie  reg.  to  Minn. ,  Dak.  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Far  W.  and  N.  W.  on  higher  levels; 
prairies;  no  Minn,  specimens  seen. 

Potentilla  norvegica  LINN.     Spec.  449  (1753). 

?  P.  labradorica  LEHM.  Ind.  Sem.  Hamb.  (1849). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  159;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  96;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  49;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  83;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  128;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
124;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  126;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  136,  516;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II, 
36;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.,  46;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  85;  Engl. 
Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  3,  34;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  299;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand. 
I,  289;  Rothr.,  Alask.  445. 

Mid.  and  N.  Europe  and  N.  Asia. 

North  America:  N.  S.  and  Labrador?  to  N.  J. ;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Dak.,  Mont.,  Colo.,  Neb.  and  Mo?. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  in  fields  and  along  roads 
or  railway  embankments. 

HERB.:  Taylor  930,  Glenwood;  Taylor  570,  Minnesota 
lake;  Taylor  797,  Glenwood;  Bollard  416,  New  Prague,  Scott 
Co.;  Bollard  663,  Waconia;  Bollard  238,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.; 
Sheldon  343,  Lake  Madison;  Sheldon  759,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon 
211,  Lake  Washington,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sheldon  1123,  Spring- 
field; Sheldon  518,  Waseca;  Bollard  451,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co., 
Herrick  91,  Minneapolis;  Roberts  30,  Grand  Marais;  Oestlund 
41,  Minneapolis;  Arthur  9,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  496,  Agate 
bay;  Sondberg  168,  Red  Wing;  Herrick  92,  Minneapolis;  Kas- 
sube  69,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  73,  Montevideo. 

Potentilla  arguta  PURSH,  Fl.  Am.  636  (1814). 
Bootia  sylmstris  BIGEL.  Fl.  Bost.  ed.  2,  206  (1824). 
Potentilla  confertiflora  TORR.  Fl,  U.  S.  I.  499  (1824). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  299 

P.  pensylvanica  var.  arguta  TORR.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  II,  197  (1835). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  J58;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  96;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  128;  Upnam,  Fl.  Minn.  50;  Coult.,  Fl.  Cclo.  83;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  Ir 
136,  516;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  89:  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  293. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Brit.  Col.;  N.  to 
lat.  65°;  S.  to  N.  J.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  New  Mex- 
ico and  Idaho. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  knolls,  high  plains  and 
headlands. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1315,  Lake  Benton;  Ballard  570,  Pri- 
or's lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Ballard  381,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Ballard 
188,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  608,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co. ;  Shel- 
don 786,  Sleepy  Eye;  MacMillan  13,  Glenwood;  Taylor  850, 
Glen  wood;  Leonard  15,  Minnehaha  park;  Leonard  16,  Spring 
Valley;  Oestlund  45,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  412,  Agate  bay;  Kas- 
sube  72,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  171,  Cannon  Palls;  Herb.  Sheld 
1751,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  74,  Chippewa  Co. 

GEIM  LINN.     Gen.  418  (1737). 

Caryophyllata  TOURN.    Inst.  294  (1700). 

hieversia  WILLD.    Berl.  Mag.  V,  398  (1804). 

Buchavea  REICH.    Consp.  167  (1828). 

Aclamsia  F.  and  ENDL.    Gen.  6384  (1840). 

Oreogeum  SERINGE,    DC.  Prodr.  II,  553  (1825). 

Stylipus  RAF.    Neog.  3  (1825). 

Waldsteinia  WILLD.    N.  Act.  Ber.  II,  105  (1802). 

Comaropsis  L.  C.  RICH.    Nestl.  Pot.  16  (1816). 

Coluria  R.  BR.    Parr.  Voy.  Appx.  276  (1823). 

Laxmannia  F.  and  M.     Led.  Fl.  Alt.  II,  262  (1830). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  I,  466;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  619;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  36;  (Focke);  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  113. 
Living  species:     44 ±  ;  temperate  and  arctic  regions  of 
N.  hemisphere;  a  few  in  S.   temperate  regions.     Russia,    10; 
Europe,    12;  Russian  Europe,  6;  North  America,  16-20;  Mid. 
Calif.,  2;  Canada,  13;  S.  Sts.,  4;  E.  Sts.,  10;  PL  Wheel.,  4. 

Geum  ciliatum  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  352  (1814). 
G.  triflorum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  736(1814). 
Sieversia  triflorum  R.  BR.    Parr.  1st  Voy.  276  (1824). 
Geum  pubescens  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  175  (1833). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  157;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  82;  Brew, 
and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  176;  Upharu,  Fl.  Minn.  49;   Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  134; 
Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  62;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  112;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  84;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  285. 

North  America:  Labrador  and  Ont.  to  Brit.  Col.;  S. 
to  N.  N.  Eng. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Colo.;  N.  to  Alaska  and 
arctic  circle;  S.  in  Sierras  to  Calif. 


300  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  dry  land  or  high,  sunny 
hillsides,  and  on  bluffs  and  headlands. 

HERB.:  Bollard  186,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  793, 
Glenwood;  Wickersheim  2,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Oestlund  40, 
Ramsey  Co.;  Kassube  68,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  166,  Goodhue 
Co.;  Sandberg  167,  Cannon  Falls;  Hammond  15,  Lake  City; 
Herb.  Sheld.  1854,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  36,  Idlewild; 
Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  72,  Carlton  lake,  Montevideo. 

Geum  riyale  LINN.     Spec.  501  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Couit.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  157;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  95;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  82;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  49;  Hook.,  Fl.Gt.  Brit.  122;  Mac.,Fl.  Can. 
1,133,  515;  Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  II,  23;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ. 
46;  Both.,  Wheel.  Exp.  112;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  3,  37;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  284;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I.  291. 

Europe;  N.  and  W.  Asia  and  Australasia  to  S.  America. 

North  America:  Labrador,  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Q., 
Ont.,  Man.  and  Brit.  Col.;  S.  to  N.  J.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak., 
Mont.,  Colo,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  Nicollet  Co.,  doubtful; 
more  certainly  in  vicinity  of  Ft.  Snelling;  wet  fields  and 
springs. 

HERB.  :    Bailey  350,  Mud  river. 

Geum  strictum  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  II,  217  (1789). 

G.  canadense  MURK.    Com.  Goett.  V,  34  (1790)  not  Jacq. 
G.  ranunculoides  SERINGE,    DC.  Prodr.  II,  551  (1825). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  157;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  94;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  49;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  82;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  128;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
133;  Forbes  and  Hems..  Fl.  Sin.  269;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  23;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.: 
Miyabe,    Fl.   Kur.  229;    Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Buss.  46;    Engl.  Focke,  Nat. 
Pflanzen.  Ill,  3,  37;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  285. 

Mid.  Russia;  Siberia,  China  and  Kamtk. ;  Kurile  Isls. ; 
New  Zealand;  Japan;  Corea;  S.  America. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Coast  range  in  Brit.  Col.; 
Newf.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Colo, 
and  Arizona 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  damp  edges  of  woods  and 
in  meadows. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  492,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor 
674,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  997,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1182, 
New  Ulm;  Taylor  547,  Janes ville;  Bollard  369,  Helena,  Scott 
Co. ;  Sheldon  691,  Waseca;  Bollard  225,  Jordan,  Scott  Co  ;  Tay- 
lor 797,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1301,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Herrick  89, 
Minneapolis;  Roberts  28,  Duluth;  Roberts  29,  Grand  Marais; 
Kassube  67,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  90,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg 
165,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1696,  Minneapolis. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLA.NTS.  301 

Geum  japonicum  THUNB.     Fl.  Jap.  220  (1784). 
Gr.  macrophyllum  WILLD.    Enum.  1,  557  (1809). 
G.  strictum  var  B.  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Amer.  I,  175  (1833). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  156;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  49;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  82;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  176;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  133,  515; 
Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  230:  Led.,  Fl.  Eoss.  II,  23;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  61;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  112:  Wats.,  King  Exp.  84;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  3, 
37;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  284;  Rotor.,  Alask.  445. 

Kurile  Isls. ;  Aleutian  Isls. ;  Kamtk. ;  E.  Asia  and  Japan. 

North  America:     N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  L.  Superior, 

Coast  range,  SelKirks,  Queen  Charlotte  Isls.  and.  Alaska;  N.  to 

51°  in  N.  W.  T.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.  and  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Colo., 

and  S.  in  Sierra  Nevada  to  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  to  Chippewa valley; 
hillsides,  high  bluffs  and  banks. 

HERB.:  Bollard  876,  Waconia;  Taylor  845,  Glenwood; 
Bailey  253,  Vermilion  lake;  Roberts  27,  Grand  Marais;  Herrick 
88,  Minnetonka. 

Geum  Yirginianum  LINN.     Spec.  500  (1753). 
G.  hirsutum  MUHL.    Cat.  51  (1813). 
G.  heterophyllum  DESF.    DC.  Prodr.  II,  550  (1825). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  156;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  94;  Webb.,  FL 
Neb.  128;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  49;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  133,  515;  Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  I,  286. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  J. ; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  W.  to  Chippewa 
valley  or  beyond;  edges  of  woods  and  along  streams. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  429,  Buffalo  lake,  Waseca  Co. ;  Sheldon 
287,  Madison  Lake;  Sheldon  1004,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  462, 
Madison  Lake;  Sheldon  862,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sandberg  163,  Cannon 
Falls;  Sandberg  164,  Chisago  Co.;  Herb.Moyer  71,  Montevideo. 

Geum  album  GMEL.     Syst.  II,  861  (1791). 

G.  canadense  JACQ.    Hort.  Vindob.  II,  82  (1772)  not  Murr. 
G.  carolinianum  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  150(1788). 
CartfOphyllata  alba  MOENCH,    Meth.  660  (1794). 
Geum  virginianum  MURR.    Com.  Goett.  V,  30  (1790). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  156;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  94;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  123;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  128;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  133;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  105: 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  179;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  283. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  B.,  Q.,  Ont.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  J. 
to  Ga.;  W.  to.  Dakv  Neb.,  Kan.,  Ark.  and  W.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  edges  of  woods  and 
copses. 

HERB.:  Taylor  892,  Glenwood;  Bollard  419,  New 
Prague,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  613,  Minnesota  lake;  Ballard  872, 


302  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Waconia;  Bollard  294,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Kassube  66,  Minne- 
apolis; Sandberg  162,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1748,  Minne- 
apolis; Herb.  Moyer  70,  Montevideo. 

AGRIMONIA  LINN.     Gen.  388  (1737). 
Aremonia  NECK.    Elem.  768  (1790). 
Amonia  NESTL.    Pot.  17  (1816). 
Spallanzania  POLL.    Veron.  10  (1816). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  I,  462;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  622;  Durand, 
2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  114;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.^,  II,  43. 

Living  species:  10;  20+  described;  *6-8  (B.  and  H.); 
temperate  regions,  N.  hemisphere;  tropical  mts.  and  S.  Amer- 
ica. Russia,  4;  Europe,  4;  Russian  Europe,  3;  North  Amer- 
ica, 3;  Calif.,  1;  S.  Sts.,  3;  other  regions,  1;  1  sp,  through  Asia, 
Europe  and  North  America  (ours). 

Agriiiionia  eupatoria  LINN.    Spec.  448  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Mao.  6  ed.  161:  Britt.,  PI.  N.  J.  97;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  128;  Upham,  PI.  Minn.  49;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  87;  Chap.,  PI.  S.  St. 
122;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  PL  Calif  I,  185;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  128;  Mac.,  PI. 
Can.  I,  142;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  246;  Led.,  PI.  Boss.  II,  31;  Nym., 
Fl.  Eur.;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  518;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  232;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Kuss.  46;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  61;  Roth  ,  Wheel.  Exp.  115;  Cov  ,  Fl.  Ark.  179; 
Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  3,  43;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  271;  Hart.,  Fl. 
Scand.  I,  277. 

Europe,  exc.  N.  Scand.  and  N.  Russ. ;  N.  Asia  and 
China;  Himalayas;  N.  and  S.  Africa. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.  to  N.  J.,  Fla.  and  Miss. ; 
W.  to  Man.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Ark.  and  N.  Mex. ;  also  in  Pac. 
coast  reg.;  Washington  to  S.  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  W.  to  Chippewa 
valley  or  beyond;  edges  of  thickets  and  woodland  openings. 

HERB.:  Bollard  805,  Goose  lake;  Sheldon  868,  Sleepy 
Eye;  Bollard  692,  Waconia;  Bollard  491,  Prior's  lake,  Scott 
Co.;  Taylor  941,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1183,  NewUlm;  Bailey  191, 
Vermilion  lake;  Arthur  1 64,  Vermilion  lake;  Roberts  26,  Duluth; 
Sandberg  160,  Goodhue  Co.;  Sandberg  161,  Cannon  Falls;  Kas- 
sube 65,  Minneapolis. 

ROSA  LINN.     Gen.  412  (1737). 

Hulthemia  DUM.  Not.  Hulth.  (1840). 
Loweu  LINDL.  Bot.  Reg.  1261  (1842?). 
Rhodophora  NECK.  Elem.  748  (1790). 
Rhodopsis  LED.  Fl.  Alt.  II,  224  (1830  , 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  I,  461;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  625;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  114;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  46;  Schenck, 
Palaeophyt.  667. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  303 

Living  species:  600+  described;  100  -  distinct;  30  (B. 
and  H.);  50-55  (Durand);  N.  hemisphere  to  Abyssinia,  S.  India 
and  Mexico;  temperate,  subalpine  and  subtropical  zones. 
Russia,  17;  Europe,  41;  Russian  Europe,  16;  North  America, 
20-25;  Canada,  18-20;  E.  Sts.,  10-11;  S.  Sts.,  5-6;  Rocky  mts., 
7;  California,  8-10;  PL  Wheel.,  5-6;  PL  King,  2;  W.  Tex.,  4. 

Fossil  species :  Oligocene,  Bonn  (  Weber. ) ;  Rixhof t 
(Heer}-,  Florissant,  Colo.  (Lesquereaux). 

Rosa  humilis  MARSH.     Arbust.  Amer.  136  (1785). 
?  E.  parviflora  EHRH.    Beitr.  IV,  21  (1789). 
It.  ludda  AUCT.  AMER.    principally. 
E.  carolir,iana  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  295  (1803). 
E.  lyonii  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  345  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  163;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  52;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.,  126;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  143;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  179;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  Ill,  3.  48;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  311. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  L.  Huron 
reg. ;  S.  to  Maine,  N.  J.  and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Ark.,  Ind. 
Terr,  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district  and  E. 
edge;  dry  soil  or  edges  of  marshes;  no  Minn,  specimens  seen. 

Rosa  Carolina  LINN.     Spec.  2  ed.  703  (1762). 
E.  virginiana  DuRoi,    Obs.  Bot.  21  (1771). 
E.  corymbosa  EHRH.     Beitr.  IV,  21  (1789). 
E.  carolinensis  MARSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  135  (1785). 
E.  pennsylvanica  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  296  (1803)  in  part. 
E.  flexuosa  RAF.    Prec.  Decouv.  35  (1814). 

E.  cinnamomea  var.  gemella  SERINGE,     DC.  Prodr.  II,  605  (1825). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  163;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  98;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St  126;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  52;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  I,  143,  519;  Cov.,  FL  Ark. 
179;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  3,  48;  Wats  ,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  310. 

North  America:  Q.  ?  and  Ont.  to  N.  Car.  and  Fla. ;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Ark.,  Miss,  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  rare; 
low  grounds  and  borders  of  swamps. 

Rosa  pisocarpa  GRAY,     Proc.  Am.  Acad.  VIII,  382  (1882). 

E.  woodsii  LINDL.    Eos.  Monog.  21  (1820)  chiefly. 
?  E.  rafinesquii  SERINGE,    DC.  Prodr.  II,  611  (1825)  in  part. 

E.fendleri  CREPIN,    Prim.  Ros.  432  (1880)  included. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  163;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  127;  Coult., 
FL  Colo.  88;  Upham,  Suppl.  Minn.  47;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  I,  521;  Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  313;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  FL  Calif.  I,  187?. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan,  Gt.  Slave  lake  and 
N.  W.  T.  to  Alaska?;  W.  to  Rockies  and  N.  to  lat.  51°;  S.  to 
Minn.,  Mo.,  Colo.,  N.  Mex.  and  W.  to  Mont,  and  Calif?. 


304  METASPERMAE   OP   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district,  but  no 
Minn,  specimens  seen. 

Rosa  acicularis  LINDL.     Monog.  Ros.  44  (1820). 
E.  sayi  SCHWEIN.    Keat.  Narr.  II,  Appx.  1 13  (1825). 
E.  acicularis  var.  bourgeauiana  CREPIN,    Prim.  Eos.  386,  390(1880). 
R.  engelmanni  S.  WATS.    Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XX,  342  (1885). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  162;  Upham,  Suppl.  Minn.  47; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  87;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  144,  520,  II,  320;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  54 
in  \ar.;  ETym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  248;  Herd..  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ. 

N.  Europe;  W.  and  N.  Asia  to  China. 

North  America:  Wise.,  Mich,  and  Minn.;  N.  to  Man., 
N.  W.  T.  and  Alaska;  W.  to  Mont,  and  Pac.  coast,  in  Oregon 
.and  Brit.  Col. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district  and  N.  edge;  rare;  wood- 
land openings  and  banks  of  streams. 

HERB.:  Arthur  81,  Two  Harbors;  Bailey  84,  Vermil- 
ion lake;  Bailey  223,  Vermilion  lake. 

Rosa  virginiana  MILL.     Diet.  (1768). 

E.  Uanda  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  II,  202  (1789). 
E.  fraxinifolia  GMEL.    Fl.  Bad.  II,  413  (1806). 
JR.  gemella  WILLD.    Enum.  544  (1809)  mainly. 
E.  cinnamomea  var.  gldbella  SERINGE,    DC.  Prodr.  II,  605  (1825). 
E.  Uanda  var.  pubescens  CREPIN,    Prim.  Ros.  394  (1880). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  162;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  52;  Up- 
ham, Suppl.  Minn.  47;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  127;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  87?;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  98;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  194,  519;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  179;  Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  I,  309. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Q.  to  N.  J.;  W  to  Hudson 
Bay,  Brit.  Col?,  L.  Winnipeg,  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Ark.; 
and  possibly  also  in  Colo. 

Minn,  valley;  Throughout,  common;  banks,  rocks, 
hillsides  and  low  prairies. 

HERB.:  Taylor  844$,  Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  844, 
Glenwood;  Taylor  272,  Janesville;  Ballard  21,  Chaska;  Ballard 
223,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  1347,  Verdi,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Ballard 
89,  Chaska;  Sheldon  368,  Madison  Lake;  Taylor  15,  Elysian; 
Bailey  34,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  184,  Cannon  Falls;  Sand- 
berg  185,  Cannon  Palls-  Kassube  81,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  82, 
Minneapolis;  Holzinger  71,  Winona  Co. ;  Hammond  16,  Lake 
City;  Herb.  Sheld.  1804,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  44> 
Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  78,  Montevideo. 

Rosa  virginiana  var.  arkansana  (PORTER). 
E.  arkansana  PORT.    Fl.  Colo.  38  (1874). 
E.  Uanda  var.  setigera  CREPIN,    Prim.  Ros.  394  (1880). 
E.  Uanda  var.  arkansana  BEST,    Torr.-Bull.  XVII,  145  (1890). 


JLIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  305 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  163;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  127;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  87;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  520;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  106;  Roth ,  Wheel.  Exp. 
115;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  179;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  310;  Upham.  Suppl.  Minn.  47. 

North  America:  Man.,  N.  W.  T.  and  Rockies  of  Brit. 
Col.  to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Mo. ,  Ark.  and  Tex. ,  W.  to  Arizona,  Colo, 
and  Mont. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  probably  sparingly 
westward;  dry  sunny  hillsides  and  banks. 

HERB.:  Bollard  407,  New  Prague;  Bollard  567,  Pri- 
or's lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  92,  Shakopee;  Eyan  1,  Goodhue 
Co.;  Roberts  35,  Duluth;  Leonard  17,  Spring  Valley. 

PRITNTJS  Juss.     Gen.  341  (1774)  em. 
Armeniaca  Juss.    Gen.  341  (1774). 
Prunophora  NECK.    Elem.  II,  71  (1790;. 
Amygdalopsis  CARRIERS,    Rev.  Hortic.  91  (1862). 
Prunopsis  ANDRE,    ex  Durand  Ind.  Phan.  Ill  (1888). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  1.  417,  418;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  609,  610; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  \.  c.;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  674;  Engierand  Prantl, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  51,  seq.  (Focke). 

Living  species:  20 ±;  temperate  regions,  N.  hemi- 
sphere; North  America.  8-10;  Calif.,  2;  Canada,  3;  S.  Sts.,  6-7; 
E.  Sts.,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  4-5;  PL  King,  2;  Russia,  4-5;  Europe,  6. 
Fossil  species:  10-12;  Tertiary;  Siberia  (Heer)\  Spitz  - 
bergen  (Unger)\  Germany  (Weber)-,  Greenland  (Heer);  Russia 
(Heer,  Ettinghausen). 

Primus  americana  MARSH.     Arbust.  Am.  Ill  (1785). 
?  P.  Mississippi  MARSH.    Arbust.  Am.  112  (1785). 
?P.  spinosa  WALT.    Fl.Car.  146(1788). 
P.  hiemalis  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Amer.  I,  284  (1803)  in  part. 
P.  nigra  MUHL.    Cat.  49  (1817). 
Cerasus  hiemalis  DC.    Prodr.  II,  538  (1825)  in  part. 
C.  nigra  HOOK.    Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  I,  24  (1835). 
C.  americana  HOOK.    Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  I,  24  (1835). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  151;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  91;  Upham,. 
Fl.  Minn.  48;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  128;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  119;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
76;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  124;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  102;  Cov.,   Fl.  Ark.  178;  Engl. 
Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  53;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  303;  Sarg.,  N.  Am. 
Silva  IV,  19. 

North  America:  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.;  W.  to  Mont., 
Colo. ,  N.  Mex.  and  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  thickets  and  along  banks 
of  streams  and  by  prairie  sloughs. 

HERB.:  Kassube  60,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  149,  Red 
Wing;  Herb  Wickersheim  34,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co.;  Herb. 
Moyer  67,  Montevideo. 

-20 


306  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

CERASUS  Juss.     Gen.  340  (1774). 

Ceraseidos  S.  and  Z.    Abh.  Munch.  Akad.  Ill,  743  ( ). 

Cerasophora  NECK.    Elem.  720  (1790). 
Tubopadus  POMEL,    Nat.  Atlant.  8  (1860). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  1,419;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  I,  609,  610;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  112;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  676;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  Ill,  3,  54  (Focke);  Sarg.,  N.  Am.  SilvalV,  8. 

Living  species:  15 4-;  temperate  and  warmer  regions, 
N.  hemisphere. 

Fossil  species:  2-3;  Tertiary,  Europe  (Unger)  and 
Lieoben  (Ettinghausen). 

Cerasus  pumila  (LiNN.)  MICHX.     FL  N.  Am.   1,286(1803.) 
Prunus  pumila  LINN,    Mant.  75(1767). 
Cerasus  ylauca  MOENCH,    Meth.  672  (1794). 
Prunus  depressa  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  332  (1814). 
P.  cuneata  RAF.    Ann.  Nat.  11  (1820). 
Cerasus  depressa  SERINGE,    DC.  Prodr.  II,  538  (1825). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  152;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  48;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  129;Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  92;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  124;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
178;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  306. 

North  America:  Montreal  to  Gt.  lakes  and  106th 
mer.;  N.  Br.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Va.;  W.  to  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kan. 
and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  edge  and  in  vicinity  of  Ft.  Snelling; 
local;  sandy  banks  and  rocky  places. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1484,  Pipestone  City;  Sandberg  150, 
Goodhue  Co. ;  Kassube  6J,  Minneapolis;  Sandbergldl,  Two  Har- 
bors. 

Cerasus   serotina   (EHRH.)  LOISEL.      Nouv.  Duham.  V,  3, 
(1814). 

P.  virginiana  MILL.'    Diet.  (1768). 
Prunus  serotina  EHRH.    Beitr.  III.  20  (1788). 
Cerasus  virginiana  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  285  (1803). 
Prunus  cartilaginea  LEHM.    Ind.  Sem.  Hamb,  (1833). 
Padus  virginiana  EOEM.    Syn.  Monog.  Ill,  86  (1847). 
P.  cartilaginea  ROEM.    Syn.  Monog.  Ill,  86  (1847). 
P.  serotina  AGH.    Theor.  Syst.  t.  14,  f.  8  (1858). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  152;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  92;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  129;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  48;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  120;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
126,  513;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  178;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  103;  Engl.  Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
3,  III,  55;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  307;  Sarg.,  N.  Am.  Silva  IV,  45. 
Peru  and  Colombia, 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  Man.;  S.  to  N. 
J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Ind.  Terr.,  La.  and  Tex,; 
also,  Arizona,  Mexico  and  C.  America  (mts.). 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region;  woods  and  shaded  lake 
shores  or  banks. 


LIST   OP   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  307 

HERB.:  Taylor  482,  Janesville;  Taylor  612,  Minnesota 
lake;  Taylor  480,  Janesville;  Sheldon  100,  Elysian;  Sheldon  310, 
Madison  Lake;  Bollard  346,  Helena,  Scott  Co.;  Herrick  85, 
Minneapolis ;  Sandberg  154,  Red  Wing ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1853, 
Minneapolis. 

Cerasus  virginiana  (LINN.)  LOISEL.     Nouv.   Duham.  V,  3, 
(1814). 

Prunus  virginiana  LINN.    Spec.  473  (1753)  excl.  syn. 

Padus  rubra  MILL.    Diet.  (1768). 

Prunus  nana  Du  Roi,    Harbk.  Baumz.  II,  194  (1772). 

Prunus-Cerasus  canadensis  MA.RSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  113  (1785). 

Prunus  rubra  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  II,  162  (1789). 

Padus  oblonga  MOENCH,    Meth.  671  (1794). 

Prunus  serotina  Pom.    Enc.  Meth.  Y,  665  (1804). 

P.  hirsuta  ELL.    Sk.  I,  541  (1821). 

P.  obovata  BIGEL.    Fl.  Bost.  ed.  2,  192  (1824). 

Cerasus  serotina  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  169  (1833)  excl.  syn. 

C.  obovata  BECK,    Bot.  97  (1833). 

C.  micrantha,  densiflora,  fimbriata  and  hirsuta  SPACH,      Suit.  Buff. 
1,414-417  (1834). 

C.  virginiana  var.  B.  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  410  (1838). 

O..duerinckii  MART.    Sel.  Sem.  Lovan.  (1840). 

Prunus  duerinckii  WALP.    Rep.  II,  10  (1843). 

Padus  fimbriata,  densiflora,  micrantha,  obovata  and  hirsuta  ROEM. 
Syn.  Monog.  Ill,  84-87  (J847). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  152;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  92;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  129;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  77;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  120;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
48;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  125;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  103;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  80;  Engl. 
Focke,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  3,  55;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  307;  Sarg.,  N.  Am.  Silva 

IV,  41. 

North  America:  Labr.,  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Man., 
Brit.  Col.  and  Pac.;  N.  on  Mackenzie  river  to  62°;  U.  S.  to  Ga., 
Tex.  and  Mex. ;  Calif,  and  Oregon. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  banks  of  streams  and 
shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  713,  Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  489,  Janes- 
ville; Sheldon  35,  Elysian;  Sheldon  384,  Madison  Lake;  Bollard 
.541,  Cleary's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Bailey  238,  Vermilion  lake;  Her- 
rick 84,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  62,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  419, 
Long  lake;  Sandberg  153,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Moyer  68,  Monte- 
video; Herb.  Wicker  sheim  35,  Idle  wild,  Lincoln  Co.;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1855,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  251,  Montevideo. 

Cerasus   pensylvanica  (LIMN,  f.)  LOISEL.     Nouv.   Duham. 

V,  9  (1814). 

Prunus  pensylvanica  LINN   f.    Syst.  ed.  13,  Suppl.  252  (1781). 
Prunus-Cerasus  montana  MARSH.    Arbust.  Am.  113  (1785). 
Prunus  lanceolata  WILLD.    Berl.  Baumz.  240  (1796). 


308  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Cerasus  bwealis  MICHX.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  286  (1803). 
Prunus  borealis  POIR.    Enc.  Meth.  V,  674  (1804). 
P.  persidfolia  DESF.    Hist.  Arb.  II,  205  (1809). 
Cerasus  persicifolia  LOISEL.    Nouv.  Duham.  V.  9  (1814). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  152;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  92;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  48;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  120;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  77;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
125;  Wats.,  Bibl,  Ind.  I,  306;  Sarg..  N.  Am.  Silva,  IV,  35. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Man.,  Brit. 
Col.  and  Coast  range;  N.  to  Hudson  Bay;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J. 
and  nits,  of  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Colo.,  Tenn.  and  Kan. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  in  dry  woods,  hillsides 
and  river  banks;  N.  E.  and  E. ;  N.  edge. 

HERB.  :  Ballard  347,  Helena,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  156, 
Chaska;  Sheldon  658,  Waseca;  Bailey  169,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey 
351,  Mud  river;  Herrick  83,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  152,  Red 
Wing;  Herb.  Moyer  250,  Montevideo. 

L1I.    LEGUMINOSAE.     Pulse  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI  1253  (1840);  Lindl.  Veg.  King.  544  (m6)-Fabaceae; 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  434  (1865);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI  II,  21  (1869, 
1870);  Taubert  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III,  70  (1891). 

Genera:  400 ±;  cosmopolitan,  except  in  far  antarctic 
islands  and  rare  in  New  Zealand;  sub-family  Mimosoideae  cen- 
ters in  tropical  America;  sub-family  Caesalpinioideae,  in  Brazil; 
'  Papilionatae  in  the  steppes  of  Asia  where  there  are  1250  species 
of  Astragalus  (  Tragacant?ia)  alone.  Fossil  genera;  6  doubtful; 
1  described;  Tertiary  and  Quaternary. 

Species:  7500 ±,  80  per  cent. +,  in  the  Papilionatae;  all 
regions  of  the  earth. 

ACUANIA  MED.     Theod.  Sp.  Pg.  62  (1786). 

Desman  thus  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  1044  (1805)  in  part. 
Darlingtonia  DC.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ser.  1,  IV,  97  (1824). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  II,  67;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  592;  Durand, 
/  Ind.  Gen.  Plian.  109;  O.  Kuntze,  Bev.  Gen.  1, 158;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  3,  III,  117  (Taubert). 

Living  species:  10;  N.  and  S.  America;  1  sp.  around 
the  world  in  tropical  regions.  North  America,  8-9;  W.  Tex., 
8;  E.  Sts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  1;  PL  Wheel.,  2;  mostly  subtropical. 

Acuania  illinoensis  (Micnx.)  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  I,  158  (1891). 
Mimosa  illinoensis  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  254  (1803). 
Acacia  brachyloba  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  1071  (1805). 
Darlingtonia  brachyloba  DC.    Mem.  Leg.  427  (1824). 
D.  brevifolia  KAF.    N.  Fl.  I,  42  (1836). 

Desmantlius  brachylobus  BENTH.    Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  IV,  358  (1842). 
D.  illinoensis  MAcM.     MSS.  (1889). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PKODUCING   PLANTS.  309 

Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  149;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  48. 

North  America:  Ind.  and  Ky.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Ark. 
and  Tex. ;  also  in  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  Swan  lakes,  Redwood 
Co. 

CASSIA  LINN.     Gen.  347  (1737). 

Herpetica  RUMPH.    ex  Baillon  Hist.  PL  II,  124  (1870). 

Bactyrilobium  WILLD.    Enum.  439  (1809). 

Cathartocarpus  PERS.    Syn.  I,  459  (1805). 

Chamaecrista  E  MEY.    Comm.  Afr.  Austr. 

Grimaldia  SCHRANK,    Munch.  Dst.  103  (1803). 

Psilorhegma  VOG.    Syn.  Cass.  (1837). 

Macleaya  MONTZ.    Mem.  Acad.  Lyon.  X,  199  (1846 1. 

Senna  GAERTN.    Fruct.  II,  312  (1791). 

Xamacrista  RAF.    Sylv.  Tell.  127  (1836). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  II,  187;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Cfen.  PL  I,  571,  1003;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  106;  Schenck,  Paleophyt.  697;  Engler  and  Prantl, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  III.  157  (Taubert). 

Living  species:  Described,  475;  distinct,  380 ±;  all 
temperate  and  warmer  regions.  North  America,  20-22;  W. 
Tex.,  9;  S.  Sts.,  7;  E.  Sts.,  4;  Calif.,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  PI. 
Wheel.,  5.  Center  in  Middle  and  S.  America. 

Fossil  species:  Several  described;  Cretaceous  of  Bo- 
hemia and  Greenland  (Heer)\  Tertiary,  S.  France,  Germany, 
Switzerland  ( Unger,  Heer) ;  Pliocene,  valley  of  the  Andes  (  Un- 
ger) ;  North  America,  Tertiary ! 

Cassia  chamaecrista  LINN.    Spec.  379  (1753), 
C.  pulchella  SALISB.    Prodr.  326  (1796). 
C.  fasciculata  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  262  (1803). 
Xamacrista  triflora  RAF.     Sylv.  Tellur.  127  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  148;  Britt.,  Fl  N.  J.  90;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  129;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  115;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  47;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
73;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  92;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  178;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  206. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Colo.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  W.  Tex.  on  the  Rio 
Grande. 

Minn,  valley:  throughout;  especially  in  prairie  dis- 
tricts; sunny  banks,  roadsides  and  along  streams. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1213,  New  Ulm;  Sheldon  812,  Cotton- 
wood  river,  near  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  618,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co. ; 
Kassube  59,  Minneapolis;  Oesilund  38,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger 
63,  Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  148,  Cannon  Falls;  Holzinger  64, 
Winona  Co. 

GYMNOCLADUS  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  I,  733  (1783)  in  part. 
Ouilandina  LINN.    Gen.  ed.  V,  464  (1754)  in  part. 


310  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  II,  175;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  I,  568;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  105;  Scheuck,  Palaeophyt.  695. 

Living  species:  2;  North  America,  1;  E.  China,  1. 
Fossil  species:  Tertiary  of  Europe  (Saporta);  1  sp. 

Gymnocladus  dioicus  (LiNN.)  KOCH,    Dendr.  I,  5  (1869). 
Guilandina  dioica  LINN.    Spec.  381  (1753). 
Gymnocladus  canadensis  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  I,  733  (1783). 
Hyperanthera  dioica  VAHL,    Symb.  I,  31  (1790). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  148;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  129:  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  48;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  123,  512;  Herd.,  Fl.Eur.  Russ.44;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  177;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  222;  Sarg.,  N.  A.  Silv.  Ill,  69. 
Introduced  sparingly  in  Russia. 

North  America:  S.  Ont.,  W.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.;  W.  to 
S.  Minn.,  E.  Neb.,  E.  Kan.,  S.  W.  Ark.;  S.  to  Tenn.  and  Ind. 
Terr. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  especially  S.  W.  to  Cot- 
ton wood  valley  and  New  Ulm. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  778,  Cottonwood  river,  near  Sleepy 
Eye;  Sheldon  655,  Waseca;  Sheldon  454,  Madison  Lake. 

BAPTISIA  VENT.     Dec.  Gen.  Nov.  9  (1808). 

Crotalopsis  MICHX,    MSS.  ex  DC.  Mem.  Leg,  4  (1825). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  II,  349;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I.  466;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  87. 

Living  species:  14;  North  America;  S.  Sts.,  14;  Can- 
ada, 2;  E.  Sts.,  6. 

Baptisia  leucophaea  NUTT.     Gen.  I,  282  and  add.  (1818). 

Podalyria  bracteata  MUHL.    Cat.  ed.  2,  42  (1818). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  126;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  80;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  133:  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  47;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  112;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
173;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  204. 

North  America:  Mich,  to  Minn,  and  Neb. ;  S.  to  Ark., 
Tex.  and  Ga, ;  adv.  in  N.  J.  and  along  Atl.  coast. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  edge  and  extending  to  N.  E.  district; 
absent  in  most  districts;  fields,  pastures  and  meadows. 

HERB.:  Juni  2,  "Minnesota;"  Holzinger  62.  Winona 
Co. 

Baptisia  leucantha  T.  and  G.     Fl.  I,  385  (1838). 
Podalyria  alba  SIMS,    Bot.  Mag.  1177  (1809). 

Baptisia  alba  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  129  (1833)  not  E.  Br.  (1810). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  126;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  133;  Chap.. 
Fl.  S.  St.  112;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  47;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  ]23;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
173;    Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  204. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Ohio,  S,  Car.  and  Fla. ;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  La. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  311 

Minn,  valley:     Reported  as  frequent;  W.  to  Chippewa 
river,  and  especially  N.  E.  and  E. ;  banks  of  streams. 

HERB.  :    Leonard  14,  Washington  P.  O. ;  Sandberg  147, 
White  Rock. 
Baptisia  tinctoria  (LINN.)  R.  BR.    Ait.  f.  Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  6 

(1811). 

Sophora  tinctoria  LINN.    Spec.  373(1753). 
Podalyria  tinctoria  LAM.    111.  II,  471  (1793). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  125;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  80;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.,  Ill,  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  47;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  123,  512;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  173;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  205. 

North  America:     Ont.  and  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla. ; 
W.  to  Minn. ,  Ark.  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:    Reported    from  Dakota   Co.    and    the 
vicinity  of  Ft.  Snelling;  sandy  soil  and  hillsides. 
HERB.  :    Manning  2,  Lake  City. 

FALCATA  GMEL.    Syst.  1131  (1791). 

Amphicarpaea  DC.    Prodr.  II,  383  (1825). 
Amphicarpa  F,LL.    Jour.  Acad.  Phil.  I,  372  (1828). 
Cryptolobus  SPRENG.    Syst.  Ill,  218  (1826)  in  part. 
Savia  RAF.    N.  Y.  Med.  Rep.  II,  hex.  V,  350  (1808)  not  W. 
Xypherus  RAF.    Journ.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  260  (1819). 
Baillon.ifis*.  PI.  II,  253;  Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PL  I,  529;  Durand, 
Ind,.  Gen.  Phan.  98;    O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  I,  185. 

Living  species:     7;  North  America,  Japan  and  Hima- 
layas; N.  America,  2;  Canada,  1;  S.  Sts.,  2;  E.  Sts.,  2. 

Falcata  comosa  (LiNN.)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  I,  182  (1891). 
Glycine  comosa  LINN.    Spec.  754  (1753). 
G.  monoica  LINN.    Spec.  ed.  2,  1023  (1762). 
Anonymus  caroliniensis  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  188  (1788). 
Glycine  sarmentosa  ROTH,    Catalect.  II,  87  (1800 y. 
Amphicarpaea  sarmentosa  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  114  (1818). 
A.  monoica  ELL.    Jour.  Acad.  Phil.  I,  373  (1818). 
A.  comosa  RIDD.    Syn.  Fl.  W.  S.  26  (1835). 
Phaseolus  monoicus  EAT.  and  WR.    Man.  353  (1840). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  146;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  89;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  130;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  47;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  107;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1, 
123;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  177;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  1,  188. 
A  closely  related  species  in  China. 
North  America:     N.  Br.,   Q.,  Ont.   to  Man.;  S.   to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.  and  Miss.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.  and  Ark. 
Minn,   valley:      Throughout;   woods  and   riverbanks; 
common. 

HERB.  :    Sheldon  1562,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Taylor  233,  Janes- 
ville;  Taylor  333,  Janesville;  Sheldon  1052,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor 


312  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

944,  Glenwood;  Oestlund  36,  Minneapolis;  Oesilund  37,  Henne 
pin  Co.;  Sandberg  146,HQ&  Wing;  Herb.  Moyer  66,  Chippewa 
river  near  Montevideo. 

PHASEOLUS  LINN.     Gen.  573  (1737). 

Strophostyles  ELL.    Bot.  Sk.  Car.  II,  229  (1824). 
Phasellus  MOENCH,    Meth.  240  (1794). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI  II,  240;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  538;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  100;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  684. 

Living  species:   150  described;  60  reduced.  All  temper- 
ate and  tropical  regions.     Russian  Europe,  1 ;  North  America, 
15;  S.  Sts.,  4;  E.  Sts.,  4;  W.  Tex.,  9;  Canada,  1;  PL  Wheel.,  2. 
Fossil  species:  Tertiary,  old  world,  (Unger).  Doubtful. 

Fhaseolns   pauciflorus   BENTH.      Comm,    Legum.    Gen.    76 
(1837). 

Strophostyles  pauciflorus  S.  WATSON,    Wats,   and    Coult.,  Gray's 
Man.  6  ed.  145  (1890). 

Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  130;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  47;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  90i  Cov.> 
Fl.  Ark.  177;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  250. 

North  America:     Ind.  to  Minn,  and  Neb.;  S.  to  Ark.; 
Miss,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:     Reported  as  frequent  in  forest  district; 
shaded  banks  and  shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.  :    Sandberg  145,  Red  Wing. 

Phaseolus  angulosus  (MUHL.)  ORT.    Nov.  PL  24  (1810?). 
?  P.  helvolus  LINN.    Spec.  224  (1753)  in  part. 
Glycine  angulosa  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  1056  (1802). 
Phaseolus  diversifolus  PERS.    Syn.  II,  296  (1807). 
Strophostyles  angulosa  ELL.    Sk.  II,  229  (1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.,  145;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  90;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  47;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.St.  106;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  129;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I. 
122;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  90;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  250. 

North  America:     Q.,  Ont.  to  Mass,  and  N.  J. ;  S.  to  Fla. 
and  Miss. ;  W.  to  Minn.  Neb. ,  Kan.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:    Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co.  and 
New  Ulm;  sandy  fields  and  shaded  riverbanks. 

HERB.  :     Leiberg  17,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sandberg  143t  Red 
Wing;  Sandberg  144,  Goodhue  Co. 

Phaseolus  polystachyos  (LiNN.)  B.  S.  P.     Cat.N.  Y.  (1888). 

Dolichos  polystachyos  LINN.    Spec.  726  (J753). 

Phaseolus  perennis  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  182  (1788). 

P.  paniculatus  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  60  (1803). 

P.  macrostachys  ELL.    Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  I,  324  (1828). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  144;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  89;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  130;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  47;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  106;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  250. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  313 

North  Alnerica:  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  Fla.  and  Miss.;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E,  district;  Ft.  Snell- 
ing;  thickets  and  edges  of  woods;  shady  riverbanks. 

LATHYRUS  LINN.     Gen.  590  (1737). 

Clymenum  TOURN.    Inst.  218  (1700). 

Ochrus,  Aphaca  and  Nissolia  TOURN.    1.  c.  396,  399, 656  (1700). 

Orbns  LINN.    Gen.  591  (1737). 

Cicerella  MOENCH,    Meth.  63(1794). 

Astrophia  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  278  (1838). 

Platystylis  SWEET,    Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  239  (1829). 

Aneurus  E.  MEY.    Preuss.  Gatt.  258  (1839). 

Cicercula,  Navidura,  Lastila,  CJraphiosa  ALEF.    Bonplan- 
dia.  126-139  (1861). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI  II,  238;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  526;  Durand, 
Ind  Gen.  Phan.  98;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  692. 

Living  species:  200  described;  120  distinct;  temper- 
ate northern  hemisphere  and  S.  America.  Russia,  21 ;  Europe, 
36;  Russian  Europe,  17;  North  America,  14;  Mid.  Calif.,  10;  S. 
Sts.,  3;  Canada,  4;  Rocky  mts.,  4;  E.  Sts.,  6;  PI.  King,  3;  PI. 
Wheel.,  5. 

Fossil  species:  Germany;  Pliocene  (Schenck).  Doubt- 
ful. 

Lathyrus  palustris  LINN.     Spec.  733  (1753). 

L.  polymorphus  GRAY,     Ive's  Rep.  10  (1858?)  in  part. 
L.  lanszwertii  KELL.    Proc.  Gal.  Acad.  II,  150(1863  . 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  144;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  88;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  47;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  112;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  45;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  73;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  159:  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  122;  Forbes 
and  Hems.,  Fl.Sin.  186;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  686;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl. 
Eur.  Russ.  42;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  87;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  102;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  78,  419;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  230. 

Europe;  N.  Asia;  Siberia,  Dahuria  and  China. 

North  America:  Labrador,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Brit. 
Col.;  S.  to  Washington,  Oregon,  Los  Angeles,  Calif,  and  W. 
Tex. ;  from  Mont,  to  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  ,  Forest  district  and  to  Pomme  des 
Terres  valley;  moist  woods,  springs  and  bogs. 

HERB.:  Taylor  610,  Minnesota  lake;  Bollard  42> 
Chaska;  Oestlund  34,  Hennepin  Co.;  f  Bailey  443,  Long  lake; 
9 Bailey  66,  Vermilion  lake;  Kassube  58,  Tuttle's  creek,  Hen- 
nepin Co.;  Sandberg  140,  Chisago  Co.;  Holzinger  61,  Winona 
Co.;  Herrick  82,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  65,  Montevideo. 

Lathyrus  palustris  LINN.  var.  myrtifolius  (MUHL.)  GRAY 
PL  Fendl.  30  (1849). 


314  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

L.  myrtifolius  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  1091  (1802). 
L.  stipulaceus  TORR.    Cat.  N.  Y.  92  (1819). 
L.  venosus  var.  D.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  274  (1838). 
L.  polyphyllus  Wats.  King.  Exp.  78(1871). 
L.  pubescens  PORT.    Fl.  Colo.  32  (1874). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  144;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  88;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  73;  Brew,  and  Wats.,Fl.  Calif.  I,  159;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  99;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  122;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.I,  230. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.;  S.  to 
N.  Car. ;  further  range  like, that  of  type. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  N. 
edge;  swamps  and  damp  woods. 

HERB.  :     Sandberg  141,  Wyoming. 

Lathy rus  glaucifolius  BECK.     Bot.  90  (1833). 
JL,.  pisiformis  RICH.    Frankl.  Journ.  17  (1823). 
L.  ochroleucus  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  159  (1833). 
L.  albidus  EAT.    Man.  (1836). 
Orobus  ochroleucus  A.  BR.    Ind.  Sem.  Berol.  (1853). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  143;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  89;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  46;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  122;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  229. 

North  America:  Ottawa  to  Coast  range  of  Brit.  Col., 
and  N.  on  Mackenzie  river  within  the  Arctic  circle;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.  and  W.  to  Minn.,  Iowa  and  Man. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  hillsides  and  shores  of 
lakes  and  streams. 

HERB.:  Bollard  597,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Go.;  Bollard 
230,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  160,  Madison  Lake;  Bollard 
131,  Chaska;  Bailey  187,  Vermilion  lake;  Kassube  57,  Minne- 
apolis; Herrick  81,  Minneapolis;  Arthur  63,  Vermilion  lake; 
Sandberg  139,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Herb.  Wickersheim  33,  Ash  lake, 
Lincoln  Co. 

Lathy  rus  venosus  MUHL.     Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  1092  (1802). 
L.  decaphyllus  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  159  (1833). 
'Orobus  venosus  A.  BR.    Ind.  Sem.  Berol.  (1853). 
Lathyrus  ochrokucus  TORR.     Wilkes  Exp.  267  (1858). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  143;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  88;  Chap.? 
Fl.  S.  St.  99;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.,  73;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  159;  Up- 
ham, Fl.  Minn.  46;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I.  121;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  102;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  176;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  231. 

North  America:  L.  Superior  reg.  to  Pac.  and  N.  lat. 
52°;  Washington,  N.  Calif,  and  Saskatchewan  to  Penn.  and  N. 
J. ;  S.  in  mts.  to  Colo,  and  Kan. ;  S.  to  Minn. ;  S.  to  Ga.  and 
Miss,  in  Appalachians. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  river  banks  and  shores  of 
lakes . 

HERB.  :    Sheldon  1292,  Lake  Benton;  Bollard  593,  Pri- 


LIST   OP  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  315 

or's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  725,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  212, 
Lake  Ballentyne,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sheldon  430,  Janesville;  Kas- 
sube  56,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  33,  Hennepin  Co.;  Herrick  80, 
Minneapolis;  Bailey  186a,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  138,  Can- 
non Falls;  Herb.  Moyer  64,  Montevideo. 

APIOS  MOENCH,     Meth.  165  (1794). 

Cyrtotropis  WALL.    PI.  As.  Ear.  I,  49  (1830). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  II,  249;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  I,  532;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  99. 

Living  species:  3;  N.  America,  China  and  Himalayas; 
1  in  each  region. 

Fossil  species:  remains  of  the  closely  related  Glycine 
Linn,  distinguished  in  Tertiary  of  Kumi  (  Unger);  see  Schenck 
Palaeophyt.  684. 

Apios  apios  (LiNN.)  MACM.     Torr.  Bull.  XIX,  (1891). 
Glycine  apios  LINN.    Spec.  753  (1753). 
Apios  tuberosa  MOENCH,    Meth.  165  (1794). 
Phaseolus  tuberosus  EAT.  and  WR.    Man.  354  (1840). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  144;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  89;  Webb.,t 
Fl.  Neb.  130;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  105;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  47;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I/ 
122;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  87;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  177;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  189. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.,  Fla.  and  Miss.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Ark. 
and  W.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  low  woodland  and  borders 
of  thickets. 

HERB.  :  Oestlund  35,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Sandberg  142,  Red 
Wing. 

VICIA  LINN.     Gen.  587  (1737). 

Ervum  LINN.    Gen.  588  (1737). 

Abacosa,  Atossa,  Cujunia,  Endusa,  Hypecusa,  Parallosa, 
Selunia,  Swantia,  Tuamina,  Wiggersia  ALEF.  Bonplandia  and  O. 
Bot.  Zsrt.  (1858). 

Coppolleria  TODAK.    PL  Sic.  I,  14  (1845). 

Cracca  RIVIN.    T.  52  (1652). 

Troilia  LINK,    ex  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  II,  198  (1870). 

Ervum  and  Faba  TOURN.    Inst.  (1700). 

Orobella  PRESL,     Diss.  (1832). 

Oxypogon  RAF.    ex  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  II,  198  (1870). 

Vicilla  SCHUR.    ex  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  II,  198(1870). 

Vicioides  MOENCH,    Meth.  131  (1794). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI  II,  237;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  524;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  97;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  678. 

Living  species :  200  described;  100-150  reduced; 
temperate  northern  hemisphere  and  South  America;  Russia, 


316  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

45;  Europe,  61;  Russian  Europe,  22;  North  America,  10-12; 
Mid.  Calif.,  6;  Canada,  6;  S.  Sts.,  7;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  E.  Sts.,  3; 
W.  Tex.,  5;  PI.  King.,  1;  PL  Wheel.,  1. 

Fossil  species:  Ervites,  (Saporta)  Tertiary  of  Aix. 
Lower  Oligocene. 

Ticia  americana  MUHL.     Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  1096  (1802). 

Orobus  diffusus  NUTT.    Fras.  Cat.  (1813). 

Vicia  sylvatica  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  97  (1818). 

V.  tridentata  SCHW.    Appx.  Long.  Exp.  116  (1825). 

V.  sparsifolia  and  oregana  NTJTT.  T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  270  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  143;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  88;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  130;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  72;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  46;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  I,  157;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  121, 512;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  3;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  78;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  162m  mr.;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  176;  Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  I,  267. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Niagara  river,  N.  of  Lake 
Superior,  Brit.  Col.  to  Pac.  and  Alaska;  S.  to  Washington, 
Oregon,  Calif,  and  N.  Mexico;  E.  to  Minn.,  Ark.,  Kan.,  Neb., 
Ind.,  N.  Y.  andN.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  W.  to  Chippewa 
valley;  moist  woods  and  banks. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  780,  Swan  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard 
472,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  631,  Chaska,  Carver  Co. ; 
Bollard  363,  Helena,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  215,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ; 
Bollard  109,  Carver;  Bollard  690,  Waconia;  Taylor  676,  Minne- 
sota lake;  Taylor  270,  Janes ville;  Taylor  69,  Elysian;  Sheldon 
150,  Madison  Lake;  Holzinger  59,  Winona  Co.;  Hohinger  60, 
Winona;  Herrick  79,  Minneapolis;  Hammond  14,  Lake  City; 
Herb.  Sheld.  1899,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  63,  Black  Oak  lake, 
Chippewa  Co. 

Vicia  caroliniana  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  182  (1788). 
V.  parviflora  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  60  (1803). 
Cracca  caroliniana  ALEF.    Bonplandia  IX,  124  (1861). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  143;  Britt.  Fl.  N.  J.  88;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  98;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  46;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  120,  512;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  176;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  268. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.;  S.  to  Ga.; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district  and  probably  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  edges  of  woods  and  river  banks. 

HERB.;  tKassube  55,  Minnehaha;  Herb.  Sheld.  1898, 
Minneapolis. 

Vicia  cracca  LINN.     Spec.  735  (1753). 

Ervum  cracca  TRAUTV.    Fl.  Sib.  46  Act.  Hort.  Petr.  V,  1,  (1877). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  317 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  143;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  88;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  46;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  107;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  120;  Forbes  and 
Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  184;  Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  I,  674;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Miyabe,  FL 
Kur.  225;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  42;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  268:  Hart.,  FL 
Scand.  I,  299. 

Arctic  Europe;  N.  and  W.  Asia;  China;  N.  Africa; 
Kurile  Isls. 

North  America:  Newf.  and  Greenland;  N.  S.,  N.  Br., 
Ont.  to  N.  J. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Iowa  and  Ky. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district  and  E. 
edge;  rare;  edges  of  woods. 

LESPEDEZA  MICHX.     Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  70  (1803). 
Oxyramphis  WALL.    Cat.  5348  (1828). 

Campylotropis  BUNGE,    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  VI,  57  (1836). 
Phlebesporium  JUNGH.    Reise  346,  Flora,  508  (1847). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI  II,  318;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  524;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  97. 

Living  species:  35 ± ;  N.  America,  temperate  Asia  and 
tropical  Australian,  mts.  Russia,  3;  North  America,  8-10;  E. 
Sts,  8;  S.  Sts.,  5;  Canada,  4;  W.  Tex,  2. 

Lespedeza  leptostachya  ENGELM.     Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
XII,  57  (1876). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  142,  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  46;  Wats., 
BibL  Ind.  I,  232. 

North  America:    Ills.,  Iowa  and  Minn. 
Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  S.  edge;  no  Minn,  speci- 
mens seen. 

Lespedeza  frutescens  (WILLD.)  ELL.     Sk.  II,  206  (1824). 
?  Hedymrum  umbellatum  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  184  (1788). 
H.  frutescens  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  1193  (1802). 
Lespedeza  capitata  MICHX.    Fl.  Ana.  II,  71  (1803). 
L.  fruticosa  PEKS.    Syn.  II,  318  (1807). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  142;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  46;  Britt.r 
Fl.  N.  J.  87;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  130;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  101;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
120,  511;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  176;  Wats.,  Bibl. Ind.  I,  232. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  Fla.,  Miss. 
and  La. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  New  Ulm  and  Dak. 
line;  dry  and  sandy  places  and  shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  585,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  1203,  New 
Ulm;  Sheldon  1501,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Sandberg  137,  Cannon  Falls. 

Lespedeza  hirta  (LINN.)  ELL.     Sk.  II,  207  (1824). 
Hedysarum  hirtum  LINN.    Spec.  748  (1753). 
L.  polystacha  MICHX.    Fl.  Am.  II,  71  (1803). 
Hallia  hirta  Pom.    Suppl.  Ill,  3  (1813). 


318  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  141;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  86;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  46;  Chap.,  Fl  S.  St.  101;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1, 119;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind 
I,  232. 

North  America:     Ont.  to  Mass.,  N.  J.,  Fla.  and  Miss  ; 
W.  to  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  S.   W.   and  S.   central 
districts;  wooded  hillsides  and  sunny  banks. 

Lespedeza  reticulata  (MUHL.)  PERS.    Syn.  II,  318  (1807). 
Hedysarum  violaceum  LINN.    Spec.  749  (1753)  in  part. 
H.  reticulatum  MUHL.    Willd.-Spec.  Ill,  1194  (1802). 
Lespedeza  sessiliflora  MICHX.    Fl.  N".  Am.  II,  70  (1803)  in  part. 
L.  violacea  var.  sessiliflora  DON,    Mill.  II,  307  (1832). 
? L.  stuvei  var.  intermedia  S.  WATS.    Wats  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man. 
6  ed.  141  (1890)  in  part. 

Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  46;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  101;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  86;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  119,  511;  Coult.  Fl.  Tex.  86;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  176;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  233. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  Mass,  to  111.,  Kan.  and  Tex?; 
W.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  S.   central  district;  dry 
woods  and  edges  of  thickets. 

Lespedeza  reticulata  (MUHL.)  PERS.  var.  virginica  (LINN.). 

Medicago  virginica  LINN.    Spec.  778  (1753). 

Hedysarum  junceum  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  185  (1788). 

H.  reticulatum  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  1194  (1802)  in  part. 

Lespedeza  sessiliflora  MICHX.    Fl.  Am.  II,  70  (1803)  in  part. 

Hallia  juncea  Pom.    Suppl.  Ill,  3,  (1813). 

Lespedeza  frutescens  DC.    Prodr.  II,  349  (1825). 

L.  angustifolia  HOOK.    Bot.  Mag.  I,  23  (1835). 

L.  violacea  var.  angustifolia  MAXIM.    Syn.  366(1837?). 

L.  reticulata  WATS,  and  COULT.    Gray's  Man.  6  ed.   141  (1890) 
in  part. 

Britt,  Fl,  N.  J.  86;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  46;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  101;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  119?;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  233. 

North  America:     Mass,  to  Minn.;  S.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
Minn,  valley:    Reported  from  S.  W.  and  S.  central 
districts;  dry  woods  and  thickets. 

Lespedeza  violacea  (LiNN.)  PERS.     Syn.  II,  318  (1807). 
Hedysarum  violaceum  LINN.    Spec.  749  (1753)  in  part. 
H.  frutescens  LINK.    Spec.  749  (1753). 
Aeschynomene  frutescens  Pom.    Enc.  Meth.  IV,  451  (1797). 
Lespedeza  divergens  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  481  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  141;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  46;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  86;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  100;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  176;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I, 
233. 

North  America:    N.  Eng.  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  Miss,  and 
La. ;  W.  to  Minn    Kan.  and  Ark. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  319 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  districts; 
thickets  and  copses. 

Lespedeza   repens  (LINN.)  BART.      Prodr.  Fl.   Phil.  II,  77 
(1815). 

Hedysarum  repens  LINN.     Spec.  749  (1753). 
H.  prostratum  MUHL.     Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  1200  (1802). 
Lespedeza  procumbens  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  70  (1803). 
Hedysarum  kspedeza  POIR.    Enc.  Meth.  VI,  415  (1804). 
Lespedeza  prostrata  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  481  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  141;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  86;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  46;  Chap.  Fl.  S.  St.  100;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  119;  Coult. ;  Fl.  Tex. 
86;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  176:  Wats..  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  232. 

North  America:  Ont.,  N.  Y.  and  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J., 
Fla.  and  Miss.;  W.  to  Minn ,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  district;  no  Minn, 
specimens  seen;  sandy  banks  and  roadsides. 

PLEUROLOBUS  ST.  HIL.     ex  Kuntze,  (1812). 

Desmodium  DESVX.    ex  Kuntze,  (1813). 

Denelrolobium  BENTH.    PI.  Jungh.  I,  215  (1855). 

Phyllodium  DESVX.    Journ.  Bot.  I,  123(1813). 

Dicerma  DC.    Mem.  Leg.  326  (1825)  p.  p. 

Pteroloma  BENTH.    PL  Jungh.  I,  219  (1855). 

Catenaria  BENTH.    Jungh.  I,  220  (1855). 

Ototropis  NEES,    Vrat.  Sem.  (1838). 

Dollinera  ENDL.    Gen.  1285  (1840). 

Cyclomorium  WALP.    Kep.  II,  890  (1843). 

Nicolsonia  DC.    Mem.  Leg.  311(1825). 

Perrottetia  DC.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ser.  1,  IV,  95  (1824). 

Sagrotia  WALP.    Linn.  XXIII,  737  (1849). 

Oxydium  BENN.    PI.  Jav.  156  (1838). 

Codariocalyx  HASSK.     B  b.  Flora  II,  48  (1842). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI  II,  313;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  519;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  96;  O.  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  I,  195.  » 

Living  species:  155±;  N.  and  S.  America;  Africa; 
warmer  Asia  and  Australasia.  North  America,  35;  Canada,  10; 
E.  Sts.,  20;  S.  Sts.,  20;  PI.  Wheel.,  6. 

Pleurolobus  canadensis  (LINN.). 

Hedysarum  canadense  LINN.    Spec.  748  (1753). 
H.  scabrum  MOENCH,    Meth.  118  (1794). 
Desmodium  canadense  DC.    Prodr.  II,  328  (1825). 
Meibomia  canadensis  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  I,  195  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  140;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  85;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  130;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  103;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  45;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
119;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  175;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  215. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.;  S.  to  N.  J. 
and  N.  Car. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 


320  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  forest  districts  and  banks 
of  streams;  rare  W.  of  Chippewa  valley;  dry  woods  and  thick- 
ets. 

HERB.:  Taylor  555,  Minnesota  lake;  Ballard  533, 
Cleary's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  646,  Waseca;  Ballard  647, 
Chaska;  Sheldon  1116,  Springfield;  Taylor  767,  Glenwood;  Bal- 
lard 787,  Swan  lake,  Carver  Co.;  Taylor  768,  Glenwood;  Shel- 
don 1321,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1110,  New  Ulm;  Bollard  459, 
Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  722,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon 
772,  Sleepy  Eye;  Oestlund  32,  Hennepin  Co.;  Sandberg  136, 
Goodhue  Co.;  Herrick  78,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer(J2,  Monte- 
video. 

Pleurolobus  paniculatus  (LINN.). 

Hedysarum  paniculatum  LINN.    Spec.  748  (1753). 
Desmodium  paniculatum  DC.    Prodr.  II.  329  (1825). 
Meibomia  paniculata  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  I,  198  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Goult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  140;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  85;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  130;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  45;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  103;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
119;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  85;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  176;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  217. 

North  America:  Ont.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  arid 
Miss. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Dak. ,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  E.  districts  and  Ft.  Snelling;  thick- 
ets and  edges  of  forests;  rare. 

HERB.  :    Holzinger  58,  Winona  Co. 

Pleurolofous  dillenii  (DARL.). 

Desmodium  dillenii  DARL.    Fl.  Cestr.  414  (1827). 
Hedysarum  marylandicum  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  1189(1802)  not  Linn. 
Desmodium  marylandicum  DC.    Prodr.  II,  328  (1825.1. 
D.  boottii  TORR.    Curt.  Enum.  Wilm.  (1834). 
Meibomia  dillenii  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  I,  195  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  140;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  130;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.85;  Chap.;  Fl.  S.  St.  103;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  45;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
118;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  176;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  216. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  edge  of  valley  and  infrequent; 
forest  openings  and  edges  of  thickets. 

HERB.  :     ?  Kassube  54,  Minneapolis. 

Pleurolobus  canescens  (LINN.). 

Hedysarum  canescens  LINN.    Spec.  748  (1753)  part. 
H .  viridiflorum  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  1192  (1802). 
H.  scaberrimum  ELL.    Sk.  II,  217  (1824). 
Desmodium  canescens  DC.    Prodr.  II,  328  (1825). 
D.  viridiflorum  DC.    Prodr.  II,  329  (J825)  excl  syn. 
D.  aikinianum  BECK,    Bot.  84  (1833). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  321 

Hedysarum  aikinii  EATON,    Man.  ed.  VII,  325  (1836). 
Meibomia  canescens  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  I,  195  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  139;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  84;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  130;  Chap.,Fl.  S.  St.,  102;  Upham,  Fl.Minn.  45;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
118;  II,  317;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  175;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  215. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Mass,  and  Vt. ;  S.  to  N.  J., 
Fla.  and  Miss. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Nicollet  Co.  and  New 
Ulm;  infrequent;  rich  woods  and  damp  edges  of  meadows. 

HERB.:  Bollard  696,  Waconia;  Ballard  554,  Spring 
lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Sandberg  135,  Cannon  Falls. 

Pleurolobus  grandiflorus  (WALT.). 

Hedysarum  grandiflorum  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  185  (1788). 

H.  glutinosum  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  1198  (1802). 

H.  acuminatum  MICHX.    Fl.  Am.  II,  72  (1803). 

Desmodium  acuminatum  DC.    Prodr.  II,  329  (1825). 

D.  grandiflorum  DC.    Prodr.  II,  338(1825). 

Meibomia  grandiflora  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  I,  196  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  139;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  130;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  84;  Upharn,  FL  Minn.  45;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  102;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
118;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  176;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  215. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  to  Fla., 
Miss,  and  Alab. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  banks  of  streams  to 
Chippewa  valley;  moist  woods  and  near  lakes. 

HERB.:  Ballard  770,  Swan  lake,  Carver  Co.;  Ballard 
74,  Chaska;  Ballard  685,  Waconia;  Taylor  807,  Glen  wood;  Tay- 
lor 611,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  889,  Sleepy  Eye;  Ballard  393, 
Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Ballard  595,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Ballard 
686,  Waconia;  Ballard  352,  Helena,  Scott  Co.;  Ballard 47 3,  Pri- 
or's lake,  Scott  Co;  Leonard  13,  Spring  Valley;  Herrick  77, 
Minneapolis;  Oestlund  31,  Hennepin  Co.,  Sandberg  134,  Cannon 
Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1747,  Minneapolis. 

Pleurolobus  nudiflorus  (LINN.). 

Hedysarum  nudiflorum  LINN.    Spec.  749  (1753).          ^ 
Desmodium  nudiflorum  DC.    Prodr.  II,  330  (1825). 
Meibomia  nudiflora  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  I,  197  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  138;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  84;   CJpham, 
Fl.Minn.  45;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  102;  Mac,Fl.  Can.  1, 118;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  176; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  217. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont,  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and 
Miss. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  district;  dry 
banks  and  woods. 

-21 


322  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

GLYCYRRHIZA  LINN.     Gen.  Corr.  973  (1737). 
Ldquiritia  MOENCH,    Meth.  152  (1794). 
Clidanthera  R.  BB.    App.  Sturt.  Exp.  10  (1820?; 
Meristotrophis  F.  and  M.    Ind.  Sem.  Petrop.  IX,  25  (1842). 
Glycyrrhizopsis  Boiss.    Diagn.  Or.  Ser.  2,  V,  82  (I860?). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI  II,  282:  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  508;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  95;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  680. 

Living  species:  12;  temperate  and  subtropical  Asia; 
Mediterranean  region;  W.  N.  and  S.  America;  Australia.  Rus- 
sia, 5;  Russian  Europe,  3;  North  America,  2;  E.  Sts.,  1;  Calif., 
1;  centers  around  the  Mediterranean. 

Fossil  species:     1-2;  Europe,  Tertiary  (Heer,    Unger). 

Olycyrrhiza  lepidota  (NUTT.)  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  480  (1814). 
Liquiritia  lepidota  NUTT.    Fras.  Cat.  (1813). 
Glycyrrhiza  glabra  TORR.    Em.  Kep.  408  (1858). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  137;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  59;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  130;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  45;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  143; 
Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  109;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  84;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  78;  Both., 
Wheel.  Exp.  98;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  175;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  222. 

North  America:  Lake  Erie  reg.  of  Can.  to  Saskatch- 
ewan, Assiniboia  and  Rockies;  N.  to  Hudson  Bay;  S.  to  Wash- 
ington, Calif,  and  Neb. ;  in  mts.  to  N.  Mexico;  E.  to  Tex.,  Colo., 
Neb. ,  Iowa,  Mo. ,  Ark.  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  especially  in  prairie  dis- 
tricts; sandy  shores  of  lakes  and  high  prairies. 

HERB.:  Taylor  684,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  1272, 
LakeBenton;  Sheldon  773,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  1120,  Glenwood; 
Taylor  775,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1453,  Pipestone  City;  Herrick 
76,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  53,  Minneapolis;  herb.  Moyer  60, 
Montevideo. 

SPIESIA  NECK.     Elem.  1311  (1790). 
Oxytropis  DC.    Astrag.  24,  66  (1802). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  II,  281;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  507;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  95;  O.  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  I,  205. 

Living  species:  200±;  Europe;  Asia;  North  America; 
mountainous  and  colder  regions.  Russia,  75;  Europe,  12;  Rus- 
sian Europe,  11;  North  America,  14;  Canada,  12-13;  Rocky 
mts.,  11-12;  E.  Sts.,  3;  PI.  King,  1;  PI.  Wheel.,  5;  W.  Tex.,  1. 

Spies! a  splendens  (DOUGL.)  O.  KUNTZE,     Rev.  Gen.  PI.  I, 
207  (1891). 

Oxytropis  splendens  DOUGL.    Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  147  (1833). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  137;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  70;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  45;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  116,  510;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  97;  Wats., 
King  Exp.  447;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.I,  246. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  323 

North  America;  Red  valley  to  N.  W.  T.  and  51°  N. 
lat. ;  Saskatchewan  and  W.  Minn,  to  Rocky  mts.  and  N.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  Chippewa  river  and 
Glen  wood;  W.  to  Dakota  line;  high  bluffs  and  prairies. 

Spiesia  lamberti  (PURSH)    O.  KUNTZE,     Rev.   Gen.  PI.  I, 
207  (1891). 

Oxytropis  lamberti  PURSH,    Fl.  Am  740  (1814). 
Astragalus  lambwti  Pom.    Suppl.  V,  564  (1817). 
Oxytropis  hookeriana  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  340  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  137;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  130;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo,  71;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  44;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  116;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex. 
84:  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  42,  97;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  447;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I, 
245. 

North  America:     Red  valley  and  N.  W.  T.  to  Alaska; 
Saskatchewan,  Minn.,  N.   Mex.  and  Tex.;  W.   to  Rocky  mts. 
Minn,  valley:     Prairie  district,  E.  to  New  Ulm;  high, 
bare  bluffs  and  prairies. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1337,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1389, 
Verdi,  Lincoln  Co.;  Taylor  832.  Glenwood;  Taylor  873,  Glen- 
wood;  Roberts  25,  Hancock;  Leiberg  16,  Rock  Co. ;  Herb.  Wick- 
ersheim  32,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. 

ASTRAG1LUS  LINN.     Gen.  570  (1737). 

Phaca  LINN     Gen.  Corr.  972  (1737). 

Homolobus  and  Kentrophyta  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  N.  Am. 
I,  350,  353  (1838). 

Diplotheca  HOCHST,    Flora  595  (1846). 

Aulosema  WALP.    Rep.  I,  694  (1842). 

Poclolotus  ROYLE,    111.  Him.  198  (1839). 

Tragacantha  TOURN.    Inst.  417  (1700). 

Erophaca  Boiss.    Voy.  Bot.  176  (1839). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI  II,  280;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  506;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  94;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  I,  210. 

Living  species:  1300  described;  900 ±  distinct.  Cen- 
ter in  Russian  Asia,  Himalayas  and  the  Orient;  Europe,  North 
and  South  America,  S.  E.  Africa  (1  sp.);  wanting  in  ^Australia 
and  Cape  of  Good  Hope  region.  Especially  in  northern  hemi- 
sphere; Russia,  175;  Europe,  125;  Russian  Europe,  52;  North 
America,  150+;  Mid.  Calif.,  36;  W.  Tex.,  19;  all  Calif.,  50±; 
Canada,  42;  E.  Sts.,  16;  S.  Sts.,  6;  Rocky  mts.,  66;  PI.  King, 
40;  PL  Wheel.,  30. 

Astragalus  lotiflorus  HOOK.     Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  152  (1833). 

Phaca  lotiflora  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  349  (1838). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  136;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  439;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  36;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  196;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  131;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  63;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  112. 


324  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  and  Brit.  Col.  to  Minn., 
Dak.,  Wyoming,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Ind.  Terr,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Local  near  mouth  of  Chippewa;  high 
plains  or  knolls. 

HERB.:  Moyer  257,  Montevideo;  Herb.  Moyer  258, 
Montevideo. 

Astragalus  flexuosus  DOUGL.      Hook.   PI.  N.  Am.  I.  140 

(1833). 

Phaca  flexuosa  HOOK.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  140  (1833). 
P.  elongata  HOOK.    1.  c.  (1833). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  137;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  113;  Wats., 
King  Exp.  443;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  193;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  44;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  131;  Coutt.,  Fl.  Colo.  67. 

North  America:     Saskatchewan,  Brit.  Col.,  N.  W.  T., 
Assiniboia  and  lat.  50°N.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Wyoming. 
Minn,  valley:    Local  near  mouth  of  Chippewa;  proba- 
bly rare  along  W.  edge;  prairies. 

HERB.:  Moyer  25^  Montevideo;  Herb.  Moyer.  255 \ 
Montevideo. 

Astragalus  hypoglottis  LINN.     Mant.  II,  274  (1771). 
A.  agrestis  DOUGL.    Hook.  FL?  (1833). 
A.  goniatus  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  330  (1838). 
Phaca  hypoglottis  MAcM.    MSS.  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  135;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  68,  436; 
Roth.,  Fl.  Alask.  445;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  195;  Led.,Fl.  Ross.  I,  602;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  111;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  131;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  44;  Coult.,  FL 
Colo.  61. 

Siberia  and  Kamtschatka. 

North  America:  Hudson  Bay  and  Alaska  to  S.  Colo, 
and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Chippewa  valley,  Glenwood  to  Monte- 
video and  probably  along  W.  edge;  prairies. 

HERB.:  Taylor  743,  Glenwood;  Moyer  252,  Monte- 
video; Herb.  Moyer  253,  Montevideo. 

Astragalus  adsurgens  PALL.     Astrag.  40  (1800). 
A.  laxmanni  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  99  (1818). 
A.  striatus  NUTT.    in  T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  330  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult,,  Gray's  Man.,  6  ed.  135;  Upham,  FL  Minn.  44;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  131;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  110;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  603;  Wats.,  King. 
Exp.  68,  439;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  36;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  61. 
Siberia  and  Kamtschatka. 

North  America:  Nelson  river,  lat.  56°  N.,  Saskatche- 
wan and  Assiniboia  to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Brit.  Colo,  and  Oregon. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  districts  and  E.  to  Chippewa  valley; 
prairies  and  dry  sunny  banks. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  325 

HERB.:  Taylor  872,  Glen  wood;  Sheldon  1381,  Lake 
Benton;  Taylor  7 43,  Glenwood;  Moyer  1,  Montevideo;  t  Moyer  2, 
Montevideo;  Holzinger  298,  Hancock. 

Astragalus  parviflorus  (PURSH). 

Dalea  parviflorus  PURSH,  Fl.  Am.  474  (1814). 
Psoraka  parviflora  Pom.     Suppl.  IV,  590  (1816). 
Astragalus  gracilis  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  100  (1818). 
Phaca  parviflora  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl'  I,  348  (1838). 
P.  gracilis  MACM.    MSS.  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  136;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  131;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  62;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  44;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  438;  Roth.,  Wheel 
Exp.  94;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  194. 

North  America:     Colo,  to  Neb.,  Mo.  and  Minn. 
Minn,    valley:      Reported   from    the    S.    W.  district; 
prairies. 

Astragalus  canadensis  LINN.     Spec.  757  (1758). 
A.  carolinianus  LINN.    Spec.  757  (1753). 
Phaca  canadensis  MACM.    MSS.  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.135;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  61;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  131;  Upham,  Fl  Minn.  43;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  97;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  110, 
507;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  67,  68,  436;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  93;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
175;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  191. 

North  America,  Q.,  Ont.,  Hudson  Bay  and  Rocky 
mts.  to  N.  Y.,  Ga.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  headwaters  of  the  Columbia 
river  and  the  Saskatchewan;  S.  in  mts.  to  Gt.  Basin  region; 
through  Colo. ,  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  river  banks,  lake  shores 
and  sandy  prairies. 

HERB.:  Tay lor  685,  Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  751,  Min- 
nesota lake;  Bollard  488,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  1587, 
Lake  Benton;  Taylor  912,  Glenwood;  Bollard  767,  Waconia; 
Kassube  52,  Minneapolis ',  Herrick  75,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  133, 
Goodhue  Co. ;  Holzinger  56,  Winona  Co. ;  Holzinger  57,  Winona 
Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1746,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  59,  Monte- 
video; Pomeroy  2,  Hennepin  Co.;  Holtz  15,  Hennepin  Co. 

Astragalus  plattensis  NUTT.     T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  332  (1838). 
A.  mexicanus  GRAY,    PI.  LINDH.  176  (1845). 
A.  tennesseensis  GRAY,    Chap.  Fl.  S.  St.  98  (1860). 
A.  plattensis  var.  tennesseensis  GRAY,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  VI, 193  (1863). 
Phaca  plattensis  MACM.    MSS.  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  135;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  131;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  60;  Chap.,Fl.  S.  St.  98;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  43;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex! 
82;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  435;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  199. 

North  America:  Minn,  and  Dak.  to  Colo.,  Neb.,  111., 
Alab.  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:.    Reported  from  S.  W.  district;  prairies. 


326  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Astragalus  caryocarpus  KER.     Bot.  Reg.  II,  176  (1816). 
A.  crassicarpus  NUTT.    Fras.  Cat.  (1813). 
A.  carnosus  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  740  (1814). 
A.  succulentus  RICH.    Frankl.  Journ.  18  (1823). 
A.  pachycarpus  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  332  (1838). 
Phaca  caryocarpa  MAcM.    MSS.  (1891). 

Wats.,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  135;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  60;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  131;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  43;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  110;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex. 
82;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  435;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  93;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  175; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  191. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  valley  to  S.  W.  Tex.; 
from  Colo,  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Iowa;  prairies. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  prairies  and  forest  open- 
ings. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  341,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  1608, 
Minneapolis:  Kassube  51,  Minneapolis;  Ankeny  1,  Minneapolis; 
Sandberg  132,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1897,  Minneapolis \Her b. 
Wickersheim  31,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  58,  Monte- 
vidfeo;  Clark  1,  Hennepin  Co.;  Seward  1,  Hennepin  Co.;  Pome- 
roy  1,  Hennepin  Co.;  Cross  1,  Hennepin  Co. 

AMORPHA  LINN.     Gen.  604  (1737). 
Bonafidia  NECK.    Elem.  1364  (1790). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI  II,  287;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  I,  492;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  92;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  680. 

Living  species:  8;  North  America  especially  in  south- 
west. 1  sp.  in  trod,  in  Russia.  Canada,  3;  W.  Tex.,  3;  Mid. 
Calif.,  2;  E.  Sts.,  3;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  S.  Sts.,  3;  PL  Wheel.,  2. 

Fossil  species:    European  Tertiary  1,  doubtful  (  Unger). 

A  in  or  p  ha  canescens  NUTT.     Fras.  Cat.  (1813). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  131;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  59;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  132;  Upham.  Fl.  Minn  43;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.,  94;  Mac.,  Fl.Can.  I, 
108,  506;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  174;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  187. 

North  America:  Man.  and  Red  river  reg.  to  60°  N. 
lat.;  S.  to  Minn.,  Colo.,  Ark.  and  Tex.  E.  to  Ind.  and  Ga. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  prairies  and  higher  levels; 
especially  abundant  in  prairie  district. 

HERB.:  Taylor  686,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  531,  Wa- 
seca;  Sheldon  670,  Waseca;  Taylor  758,  Glenwood;  Bollard  256, 
Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  590,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  1103, 
Springfield;  Winchell  4,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  50,  Minneapolis; 
Holzinger  55,  Winona  Co. ;  Oestlund  30,  Minneapolis;  Herrick, 
74,  Minneapolis;  Leonard  12,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  130,  Good- 
hue  Co.;  Sheldon  783,  Sleepy  Eye;  Herb,  Sheld.  1651,  Minne- 
apolis; Herb.  Moyer  57,  Montevideo. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  327 

Amorpha  microphylla  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  466  (1814). 

A.  nana  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  91  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  131;  Coult,  Fl.  Colo.  59;  Uphamr 
Fl.  Minn.  43;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  109,  506;  Wats.,  Bibl,  Ind.  I,  188. 

North  America:  Assiniboia  and  Man.  to  lat.  50°  N.  on 
Red  river;  S.  to  Minn.,  Iowa  and  Rocky  mts.  Apparently  ab- 
sent or  rare  in  Nebraska  where  it  should  be  expected. 

Minn,  valley:  Blue  Earth  Co.  and  W. ;  entire  prairie 
district;  particularly  abundant  in  Chippewa  and  Cotton  wood 
valleys;  dry  prairies  and  forest  openings. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  951,  Redwood  Falls;  Sheldon  1085, 
Springfield;  Herb.  Moyer61,  Montevideo;  MacM.  andSheld.  120, 
Brainerd. 

Amorpha  fruticosa  LINN.     Spec.  713  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  132,  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  82;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  132;Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  43:  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  59;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  93; 
Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  109;  Herd.,  Fl.  Russ.  Eur.  44;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  76;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  99;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  174;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  187. 

Introduced  in  European  Russia. 

North  America:  Man.  to  the  Selkirks  and  N.  on  Red 
river  to  Hudson  Bay;  S.  to  Colo.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Tex.;  E.  to 
Penn.,  N.  J.,  Fla.  and  Miss. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  banks  of  streams  and 
lakes. 

HERB.:  Taylor  36,  Elysian;  Bollard  20,  Chaska;  Shel- 
don 58,  Elysian;  Kassube  49,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  129,  Can- 
non Falls;  Sheldon  1450,  Pipestone;  Sheldon  1273,  Lake  Benton; 
Sheldon  220,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Herb.  Wickersheim 
30,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  56,  Montevideo. 

Mr.  E.  P.  Sheldon  finds  that  the  sectional  division  of 
Amorpha,  on  the  basis  of  the  number  of  seeds  in  the  pod,  given 
by  Watson  and  Coulter  does  not  hold  good  for  Minn,  valley 
specimens  of  A.  fruticosa  which  are  very  frequently  only  one- 
seeded. 

CRACCA  LINN.     PL  Zeyl.  139  (1747). 
Tephrosia  PERS.    Syn.  II,  328  (1807). 
Brissonia  NECK.    Elem.  1348  (1790). 
Rienera  MOENCH,    Suppl.  44  (1802). 
Xiphocarpus  PKESL,    Symb.  I,  13  (1832). 
Kiesera  RETNW.    Syll.  Batisb.  II,  11  (1823?). 
Kequienia  DC.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ser.  1,  IV.  91  (1824). 
Apodynomene  E.  MEY.    Comm.  PL  Afr.  Ill  (1837). 
Pogronostignaa  Boiss.    Diagn.  Or.  II,  39  (1843). 
Catacline  EDGEW.    Journ.  Beng.  Soc.  XVI,  1214  (1847). 


328  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Balboa  LIEBM.    Vid.  Medd.  106  (1856.) 
Macrooyx  DALZ.    Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  II,  35  (1835). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  II,  264;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  496;  Durand, 
2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  93;  O.  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  I,  173;   Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  680. 
Living  species:  125 ±  ;  tropical  and  subtropical  regions. 
Centers  in  S.  Africa  and  Australia.     North  America,  11-13;  S. 
Sts.,  8;  Canada,  2;  E.  Sts.,  3;  PL  Wheel,  4;  W.  Tex.,  1. 
Fossil  species:  1;  Oeningen,  Tertiary  (Heer). 

Cracca  yirginiana  (LiNN.)  O.  KUNTZE,     Rev.  Gen.  PL  1, 173 
(1891). 

Galega  virginiana  LINN.    Spec.  ed.  2,  1062  (1762). 
Tephrosia  virginiana  PERS.    Syn.  II,  329  (1807). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  133;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  82;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  95;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  43;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  507;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
175;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  260. 

North  America:  S.  Ont.  to  Minn,  and  N.  J. ;  S.  to 
Fla.,  Miss,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  edge;  no  Minne- 
sota plants  seen. 

KUHNISTEBA  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  Ill,  370  (1789). 
Petalostemon  MICHX.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  48  (1803). 
(Kuhnia)  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  (1788). 
Cylipogon  RAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  97  (1819)  part. 
Gatesia  BERTOL.    Misc.  VII,  30  (1846). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  II,  286;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  493;  Du. 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  92;  O.  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  I,  192. 

Living  species:  25 ±;  North  America  and  N.  Mexico; 
S.  Sts.,  9;  W.  Tex.,  8;  E.  Sts.,  5;  Canada,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  4;  PL 
Wheel.,  2. 

Kuliuistera  villosa  (NuTT.)  O.  KUNTZE,     Rev.   Gen.   PL  I, 
192  (1891). 

Petalostemon  villosus  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  85  (1818). 
Daka  villosa  SPRENG.    Syst.  Ill,  326  (1826). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  133;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  59;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  132;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  43;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  248. 

North  America:  Upper  Missouri  valley  to  Neb  ;  Up- 
per Mississippi  to  Wise. ,  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  E.  districts  to  Chippewa  valley  and 
Lac  Que  Parle  Co.;  more  abundant  in  N.  E.  and  S.  E. ;  dry 
plains. 

HERB.  :    Sheldon  1602,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  73,  Minneapolis; 
Sandberg  128,  Cannon  Falls. 

Kuhnistera  Candida  (WILLD.)  O.  KUNTZE,    Rev.   Gen.   PL 
I,  192  (1891). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  329 

Dalea  Candida  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  1337  (1802'. 
Petalostemon  candidus  MTCHX.    Fl.  Am.  II,  49  (1803). 
Psoralea  Candida  Pom.    Enc.  Meth.  V,  694  (1804). 
Petalostemon  virqatum  NEES,    PI.  Neuwied  6  (1845?). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  133;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  58;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  132;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  43;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can  I,  109;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex. 
79;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  99;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  174;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  247. 
North  America:     With  K.  purpurea  (Vent.). 
Minn,  valley:     Throughout;   dry    prairies   and  forest 
openings  and  meadows. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  633,  Ohaska;  Sheldon  1327,  Lake  Ben- 
ton;  Sheldon  1128,  Springfield;  Sheldon  738  Sigel  township, 
Brown  Co. ;  Taylor  770,  Glenwood;  Oestlund  29,  Minneapolis; 
Holzinger  54,  Winona  Co. ;  Leonard  11,  Minneapolis;  Kassube 
48,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  55,  Montevideo. 

Kuhnistera  purpurea  (VENT.). 

Dalea  purpurea  VENT.    Hort.  Cels.  40  (1800). 
D.  violacea  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  1337(1802). 
Petalostemon  violaceus  MICHX.    Fl.  Am.  II,  50  (1803). 
Psoralea  purpurea  POIR.    Enc.  Meth.  V,  694  (1804). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  132;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  58;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  132;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  42;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  109;  and  507  in  var.; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  79;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  175;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  249. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  and  N.  W.  T.  to  Tex. ; 
W.  to  Colo,  and  E.  to  Indiana;  prairies. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  dry  prairies  and  forest 
openings  and  meadows. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  688,  Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  835,  Glen- 
wood;  Taylor  183,  Janesville;  Sheldon  1127,  Springfield;  Shel- 
don 694,  Waseca;  Sheldon  972,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  559,  Minne- 
sota lake;  Sheldon  1372,  Lake  Ben  ton — (a  low  form  with  globose 
heads) — ;  Herrick  72,  Minneapolis;  Leonard  10,  Minneapolis; 
Holzinger  53,  Winona  Co  ;  Winchell  3,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  47, 
Minneapolis;  Sandberg  127,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Moyer  54, 
Montevideo. 

DALEA  LINN.     Gen.  Appx.  (1737). 

Cylipogon  RAF.    ex  Endl.  Gen.  6523  (1840). 
Parosella  CAV.     Elench.  Hort.  Matr.  (1801). 
Trichopodium  PRESL,    Bot.  Bern.  52  (1844). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  II,  285;  Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PI  I,  493;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.Phan.9'2. 

Living  species:  110±;  N.,  C.  and  S.  America;  espe- 
cially in  the  tropics;  Mexico  and  C.  Amer.  50  ±;  S.  America, 
12-16;  N.  America,  40±;  W.  Tex.,  18;  California,  11-15;  Rocky 
mts.,  7;  S.  Sts.,  2;  E.  Sts.,  4;  PL  King.,  5;  PI.  Wheel.,  6 


330  METASPERMAE    OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY 

Dalea  dalea  (LINN.)  MacM.     Torr.  Bull.  XIX  (1891). 
Psoralea  dalea  LINN.    Spec.  764  (1753). 

Dalea  alopecuroides  and  diffortiana  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  1336  (1803). 
D.  linnaei  MICHX.    PI.  N.  Am.  II,  57  (1803). 
Psoralea  alopecuroides  Pom.    Enc.  Meth.  V,  695  (1804). 
Petalostemon  alopecuroides  PEBS.    Syn.  II,  268  (1807). 
Dalea  pedunculata  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  474  (1814;. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  132;  Upham,  PI.  Minn.  42;  Webb., 
PI.  Neb.  132;  Coult.,  PI.  Colo.  58;  Chap.,  PI.  S.  St.  93;  Fl.  Tex.  77;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  99;  Cov.,  PI.  Ark.  174;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  211. 

North  America:  Minn,  and  Dak.  to  111.,  Neb.,  Ark., 
Ala.  and  Tex. ;  W.  to  Rocky  mts.  from  Mont,  to  S.  Arizona  and 
Pecos  river  valley. 

Minn,  valley:  Minnesota  lake,  westward  to  Dak.  line; 
rich  soil  along  streams. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1455,  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  714,  Min- 
sota  lake. 

PSORALEA  LINN.    Gen.  ed.  II,  716  (1742). 

Rhyncodium  PKESL,    Bot.  Bern.  54  (1844). 

Meladenia  TURCZ.    Bull.  Mosc.  I,  576  (1848). 

DoryncMum  MOENCH,    Meth.  253  (1794). 

Buteria  MOENCH,    1.  c.  (1794). 

Poikadenia  ELL.    Sk.  II,  198  (1824). 

Bipontinia  ALEF.    Jahresb.  Pollich.  (1866). 

Munbya  POMEL,    ex  Durand,  Ind.  Phan.  (1888). 

Lotodes  SIEGESB.    FL  Petrop.  66  (1736). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  II,  284;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I.  491;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  92. 

Living  species:  100-h;  40,  S.  Africa;  30,  N.  America; 
11,  Australia;  6,  S.  America;  10,  trop.  and  temp.  Europe,  Asia 
andN.  Africa.  (B.  and  H.);  W.  Tex.,  8;  Calif.,  6-7;  E.  Sts., 
10;  Rocky  mts.  8;  S.  Sts.,  7;  PL  King.,  1;  PL  Wheel.,  2;  Can- 
ada, 4;  mid.  Calif.  5. 

Psoralea  tenuiflora  PURSH,  Fl.  Am.  475  (1814). 
P.  floribunda  NCJTT.  T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  300,  688  (1838). 
Lotodes  tenuiflora  OK.  Gen.  I,  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  131;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  42;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  132;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  56;  Fl.  Tex.  75;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  98;  Cov., 
FL  Ark.  174;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  254. 

North  America:  Upper  Missouri  valley  to  Tex.  and 
Arizona;  E.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Iowa,. Kan.,  Ark,  and  111. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  prairies  of  Cotton  wood 
Co.  and  along  the  Watonwan  valley;  hillsides  and  dry  praries. 

Psoralea  esculenta  PURSH,     FL  Am.  475  (1814). 
P.  brachiata  DOUGL.    Hook.  PL  Bor.-Am.  I,  137  (1833). 
Lotodes  esculenta  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  I,  (1891). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  331 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  131;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  132;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  42;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  57;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1, 108;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  75; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  253. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  valley  to  Brazos  and 
Rio  Grande  valleys;  plains  E.  of  Rocky  mts. 

Minn,  valley;  W.  and  S.  W.  districts;  E.  to  Chippewa 
valley  and  New  Ulm;  high  prairies  and  hillsides. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1365,  Lake  Ben  ton;  H  'ickersheim  1, 
Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Holzinger  52,  Cottonwood  Co. ;  Leiberg 
15,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Herb.  Wickersheim  29,  Idlewild,  Lincoln 
Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  53,  Montevideo. 

Psoralea  incana  NUTT.     Fras.  Cat.  (1813). 
P.  argopfiylla  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  475  (1814). 
Lotodes  argophylla  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  I,  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  131;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  42;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  132;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  57;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  108;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
1,252. 

North  America:  Red  and  Saskatchewan  valleys  to 
Rocky  mts.  of  Brit.  Col.;  S.  to  Wise.,  Minn.,  Neb,  Kan.  and 
Colo. ;  W.  to  Mont,  and  Wyoming. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  at  higher  levels;  dry  prai- 
ries and  hillsides;  openings  in  forests. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  195,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  564, 
Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  360,  Helena,  Scott  Co.;  Sheldon 
1114,  Springfield;  Sheldon  525,  Waseca;  Sheldon  712,  Sleepy 
Eye;  Taylor  379,  Janes ville;  Taylor  584,  Minnesota  lake;  Taylor 
878,  Glenwood;  Taylor  778,  Glenwood;  Sandberg  126,  Cannon 
Palls;  Kassube  55,  Minneapolis;  Leonard  9,  Spring  Valley;  Her- 
rick  71,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1741,  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Moyer  52,  Minnesota  valley  near  Montevideo. 

LOTUS  LINN.     Gen.  600  (1737). 

Tetragonolobus  SCOP.    Fl.  Cam.  II,  87  (1772). 
Lotea  WEBB.    Phyt.  Car.  II,  80  (1842). 
Anisoloi  us  BERNH.    Ind.  Sem.  Erfurth  (1837). 
Petlrosia  LOWE,    Hook.  Journ.  VIII,  292  (1847). 
Heiiieckenia  WEBB.    Exs.  Car.  B.  and  H.  1.  c.  (1843?) 

Hosackia  DOUGL.    Benth.  Bot.  Reg.  1257  ( ). 

Syrmatium  VOG.    Linn.  X,  590  (183f). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI  II,  289,  291;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  490,  491; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  92. 

Living  species:  200  described;  100  reduced;  Europe; 
Asia;  Africa;  N.  and  S.  America;  Australia.  N.  America,  26- 
32;  middle  Calif.,  31;  W.  Tex.,  2;  Canada,  5;  Rocky  mts.,  2; 
E.  Sts..  1;  S.  Sts.,  1;  PL  King,  5;  PI.  Wheel.,  7. 


332  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Lotus  americanus  (NUTT.)  BISCH.     Hort.  Held.  (1839). 
L.  sm'censPURSH,    Fl.  Am.  489  (1814)  not  DC. 
Trigonella  americana  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  120(1818). 
Hosackia  unifoliolata  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  135  (1833). 
Acmispon  sericeum  RAF.    N.  Fl.  I,  53  (1836). 
Hosackia  pilosa  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  327,  692  (1838). 

ff.  purshiana  BENTH.     Bot.  Reg.  1256  ( ). 

Wats,  and  Coult..  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  131;  Webb.,  Fl.Neb.  132;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  42;  Coult.  Fl.  Colo.  56;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  1, 137;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  91;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  108;  II,  316;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  75;  Greene,  FL 
Fran.  16;  Roth.,  Wheel  Exp.  43,  92,  359:  Wats.,  King  Exp.  63.  434:  Cov., 
Fl.  Ark.  174;  Wats..  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  226. 

North  America:  Brit.  Col.  and  Vancouver  to  Man.; 
S.  to  Washington,  Calif.,  N.  Mex.  and  Mexico;  E.  to  Mont., 
Dak.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  N.  Car.  (local). 

Minn,  valley:  Far  W.,  and  E.  to  Redwood  Co.  and  the 
Chippewa  river;  dry  prairies,  gravelly  shores  and  banks. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1439,  Dakota  line  near  Elkton;  Herb. 
Menzel  12,  Pipestone  City. 

LUPINUS  LINN.    Gen.  586  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  II,  334;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  @en,  PL  I,  480;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  90. 

Living  species:  100 ±  described;  to  be  considerably 
reduced.  North  America,  especially  westward,  to  Bolivia  and 
Brazil;  a  few  around  the  Mediterranean  and  in  tropical  Africa. 
Russia,  3;  Europe,  13;  North  America,  54-60;  California,  50  ±; 
Canada  16-18  (Brit.  Col.  especially);  Rocky  mts.,  13-15;  PI. 
King,  22;  PL  Wheel.,  21;  W.  Tex.,  2;  E.  Sts.,  2;  S.  Sts.  3. 

Lupin  us  perennis  LINN.     Spec.  721  (1753). 

L.  perennis  var.  ocddentalis  WATS.    Rev.  Lup.  526  (1875). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  128;  Britt.,  PI.  N.  J.  80;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  41;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  Sts.  89;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1. 102,  505;  Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  I,  240. 

North  America:  Toronto  to  L.  Huron  reg. ;  S.  to  N. 
Eng. ,  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Mo.  and  Miss. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district  and  perhaps  along  N. 
edge;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Litchfield;  dry  or  sandy  places. 

HERB.  :  Sandberg  124,  Marine  Mills;  Holzinger  50, 
Winona  Co.;  Kassube  54,  Minneapolis;  Lewis  2,  Minneapolis; 
Sandstein  1,  Lake  Johanna. 

LIII.    GERANIACEAE.    Geranium  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  1166(1840);  Lindl.,  Veg.  King.  365  (1846)— Ftwaw- 
iaceae-,  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  269  (1862)— excl.  genus  Tropaeolum, 


ISTL   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  338 

Trib.  Ill,  Umnantheae,  Trib.  IV,  Oxalideae,  Trib.  VII,  Balsamineae-,  Bail- 
Ion,  Hist.  PL  V,  1  (1874)— Series  I,  II,  III,  IV;  Reiche,  in  Prantl  and  En- 
gler,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  IV,  1  (1889). 

Genera:  11;  widely  distributed  over  the  earth. 

Species :  360  ±  ;  45  per  cent,  in  genus  Geranium  Linn. ,  2 
fossil  species  from  Baltic  amber  (Comventz). 

GERANIUM  LINN.     Gen.  554  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  V,  35;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  272;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  50;  Englerand  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  VI,  8  (Reiche); 
Gray  III.  Gent  II,  127;  Schenck,  Palaeopliyt.  530. 

Living  species:  160 ±  ;  temperate  regions,  especially  in 
N.  hemisphere,  and  a  few  in  the  tropics;  4  Pac.,  3  Atl. 
Fossil  species:  1-2,  in  amber  (Conwentz). 

Geranium  carolinianum  LINN.     Spec.  682  (1753). 
G.  atrum  MOENCH,    Meth.  285  (1794). 
G.  lanuginosum  JACQ.    Hort.  Schoenb.II,  8  (1797). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  104;  Britt.,  Fl.N.  J.  72;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  36;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  65;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  150;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
I,  90;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  94;  Engl.,  Reiche  "Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  4, 
9;  Coult.  Fl.Tex.  50;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  50;  Cov.,Fl.  Ark.  171. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Pac.  and  Arctic  circle;  S.  to 
Maine,  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  S.  Calif,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  particularly  N.  E. ; 
barren  woods  and  openings. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  1067,  Alexandria;  Bollard  525,  Cleary's 
lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Ballard  594,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Roberts 
20,  Duluth;  Bailey  199,  Vermilion  lake;  Herrick  56,  St.  Louis 
river;  Herrick  57,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  105,~Red  Wing;  Sand- 
berg  106,  Taylor's  Falls. 

Geranium  maculatum  LINN.     Spec.  681  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  103;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  72;  Chap.,  FL 
S.  St.  65;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  36;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  90;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ir 
463?;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  171;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  151. 

Ural  and  Baikal  Siberia? 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  Ont.  to  Rainy  river;  S. 
to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Va.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  'valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
edges  of  woods  and  along  streams. 

HERB.:  Taylor  271,  Janesville;  Sheldon  132,  Madison 
Lake;  Ballard  40,  Chaska;  Oestlund  20,  Ramsey  Co.;  Holzinger 
41,  Winona  Co. ;  Oestlund  21,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Sandberg  104, 
Goodhue  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1884,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wicker- 
sheim  27,  Mankato. 


334  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

L1V.    OXALIDACEAE.    Wood-Sorrel   Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  1171  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  270(1862) 
—sub  Geraniaceae',  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  V,  22  (1874)— sub  Geraniaceae', 
Reiche,  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  IV,  15  (1889). 

Genera:  7;  tropical  and  subtropical  regions,  sparingly 
in  temperate  zones;  center  in  S.  Africa  and  S.  America. 

Species:  250 ±  ;  90  per  cent,  in  genus  Oxalis  Linn. 

OXALIS  LINN.     Gen.  377  (1737). 

Biophytum  DC.    Prodr.  I,  689  (1824). 
Oxys'  TOURN.    Inst.  88  (1700). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  V,  41;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  276;  Durand, 
2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  51;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  VI,  19,  21  (Reiche); 
Gray,  III.  Gen.  II,  111;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  530. 

Living  species :  250  ± ;  Africa,  tropical  Asia  and 
America;  3-4  temperate  regions;  1-2,  tropics  of  both  hemi- 
spheres, the  rest  in  S.  Africa  and  tropical  America  to  S. 
America.  North  America,  10-12;  W.  Tex.,  6;  S.  Sts.,  3;  Rocky 
mts.,  2-3;  E.  Sts.,  5;  Canada,  3-4;  California,  2;  PL  Wheel.,  1. 
Fossil  species:  2  in  amber  (Comventz). 

Oxalis  stricta  LINN.     Spec.  435  (1753). 
O.  dittenii  JACQ.    Oxal.  15,  28  (1794). 
O.  florida  SALTSB.    Prodr.  322  (1796). 

O.  corniculata  LINN.  var.  stricta  SAV.    Lam.  Enc.  Meth.  IV,  683 
0797). 

O.  lyoni  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  322(1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  105;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  73;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  121;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  45;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  63;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  I,  96;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  84;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  92,  503;  Forbes 
and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  99;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  483;   Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  153; 
Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  34;  Engl.  Reiche,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill, 
4,  21;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  52;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  100;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  171. 
Middle  and  N.  Europe;  N.  Asia;  China. 
North  America,     N.  S.    to  Man.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  Fla.; 
W.  to  Colo.,  Tex.  and  California. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  at  all  levels;  damp  or  cul- 
tivated ground;  banks  of  streams  and  in  ravines. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1111,  Springfield;  Taylor  586,  Minne- 
sota lake;  Sheldon  20,  Elysian;  Sheldon  166,  Madison  Lake; 
Sheldon  965,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  122,  Janesville;  Taylor  747, 
Glen  wood;  Ballard  22,  Chaska;  Ballard  658,  Waconia;  Bollard 
534,  Cleary's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Herrick  64,  St.  Louis  river;  Rob- 
erts 22,  Beaver  bay;  Sandberg  110,  Cannon  Falls;  Herrick  65, 
Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1741,  Minneapolis. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED  PRODUCING   PLANTS.  335 

Oxalis  longiflora  LINN.     Spec.  433  (1753). 
0.  violacea  LINN.    Spec.  434  (1753). 
O.  vespertilionis  GRAY,    PI.  Fendl.  27  (1849). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  105;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  73;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  121;  Coult..  Fl.  Colo.  45;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  36;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
63:  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  81;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  171;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  J,  153. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.  to  Colo,  and  S.  to  N.  J., 
Pla.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  E.  and  central  districts  to  Chippewa 
river;  dry  or  rocky  places  and  in  sterile  soil. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  268,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  745, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  587,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  1598,  Lake 
Benton;  Taylor  351,  Janes ville;  Huntingdon  3,  Kock  Co.;  Her- 
rick  63,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  109,  Cannon  Palls;  Herb.  Sheld. 
1885,  Minneapolis;  Hprb.  Moyer  46,  Montevideo. 

LV.     LINACEAE.    Flax  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI  1170  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PL  I,  241  (1862) 
— excl.  Trib.  Ill,  Erythroxykae ;  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  V,  42  (1874)—  excl.  series 
III,  Erythroxyleae;  Reiche,  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  IV,  27  (1889). 

Genera:  9-10;  tropical,  subtropical  and  temperate 
regions. 

Species:  120 ±,  75  per  cent,  in  genus  Linum  Linn. 

LINUM  LINN.     Gen.  254  (1737). 

Adenolinum,     Cathartolinum,     Linopsis,    Xaiitholinum 

REICH.      Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  VI,  67  (1844). 

Cliococca  BAB.    Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  XIX,  33  (1855). 
Badiola  GMEL.    Syst.  289  (1805). 
Reinwardtia  BUM.    Com.  Bot.  19  (1822). 
Macrolinum  REICH.     Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  VI,  68  (1844). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  V,  63;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  242,  243,  987; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  46;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  IV,  30, 
31  (Reiche);  Gray,  III  Gen.  II,  107;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  530. 

Living  species:  95 ±;  cosmopolitan,  mts.  in  tropics. 
Russia,  20;  Europe,  33;  Russian  Europe,  14;  North  America, 
18-21;  Mid.  Calif.,  10;  Canada,  6;  E.  Sts.,  5;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  S. 
Sts.,  4;  PI.  Wheel.,  3;  PI.  King,  2;  W.  Tex.,  9;  Pac.  coast,  14. 

Fossil  species :  1 ;  very  doubtful,  in  Oligocene  of  Europe 
( Conwentz). 

Linum  rigidum  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  210  (18J4). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  102;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  42;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  35;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  89;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  47;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp. 
77,  78  in  var.;  Cov  ,  Fl.  Ark.  171;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  147;  Webb.,  Appx. 
Neb.  32. 


336  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  to  N.  W.  T. ;  S.  to 
Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.,  S.  Colo,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  and  S.  at  higher  levels;  dry  prai- 
ries and  meadows. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1371,  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  1016y 
Glen  wood;  Herb.  Moyer  43,  Montevideo. 

Lin um   sulcatum  RIDDELL,     Cat.  PI.  Ohio  Suppl.  10  (1836). 
L.  striatum  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  206  (1818)  not  Walt. 
L.  rigidum  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  204  (1838)  in  part. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  102;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  121;  Upharn, 
Fl.  Minn.  35:  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  71;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  89;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex. 
47;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  171;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  147. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N,  W.  T.;  S.  to  Mass.,  N.  J.; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  prairies;  dry  meadows 
and  forest  openings;  common. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1117,  Springfield;  Sheldon  1447,  Pipe- 
stone  City;  Sheldon  S24,  Cottonwood  river  near  Sleepy  Eye; 
Taylor  791,  Glenwood;  Herrick  54,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  55, 
Minneapolis;  Sandberg  102,  Goodhue  Co.;  Oestlund  19,  Minne- 
apolis; Gedge  3,  Detroit  lake;  Sandberg  103,  Cannon  Falls; 
Herb.  Sheld.  1704,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  42,  Montevideo. 

Linum  lewisii  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  210  (1814). 

L.  perenne  var.  lewisii  EAT.  and  WR.    Man.  302  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  102;  Webb.   Fl.  Neb.  121;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  35;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  42;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  89;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  89;  Coult,  Fl.  Tex.  46;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  171;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I, 
146. 

North  America:  Man.  to  Pac.  and  Arctic  ocean;  S.  to 
Calif.;  in  mts.  to  Colo.,  Arizona  and  Mexico;  E.  to  Ark  ,  Neb., 
Iowa  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  W.  district  and  Leaf  hills;  rare;  dry, 
high  prairies  and  hillsides. 

LVI.     RUTACEAE.    Rue  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  1159  (1840);  Aurantiaceae,  Zanthoxyleae,  Diosmeae, 
Endl.  Gen.  PL  1143-1149  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  278(1862); 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IV,  373  (1873)— excl.  series  X,  Cneoraceae. 

Genera:  125  ±;  center  in  S.  Africa  and  Australia; 
principally  tropical  and  temperate;  almost  absent  from  tropical 
Africa. 

Species:  800  ±,  many  arborescent. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  337 

ZANTHOXYLUM  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  VI,  1109  (1764). 
Fag-ara  LINN.    Gen.  1109  (1737). 
Ochroxylum  SCHREB.    Gen.  826  (1774). 
Curtisia  SCHREB.    Gen.  199  (1774  . 
Pohlana  NEES  and  MART.    N.  Act.  Cur.  XI,  185  (1823). 
Kampmannia  EAF.    Med.  Rep.  II,  hex.  V,  350  (1808). 
Lacaris  HAM.    ex  Wall.  Cat.  7119  (1840?). 

ILangsclorfia  LEANDR.    Act.  Monac.  229(1819). 
Macqueria  COMMERS,    ex  Juss.  Gen.  374  (1789). 
Peiitaiioma  Moc.  and  SKSS.    Fl.  Mex.  ex  D.C.  Prodr.  II,  (1825). 
Perijaea  TUL.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ser.  3,  VII,  279  (1847). 
Pterota  P.  BR.    Jam.  Hist.  146,  5  (1756'. 
Khetsa  W.  and  ARN'T.    Prodr.  I,  147  (1834). 
Tobinia  DESVX.    Ham.  Prodr.  Ind.  Occ.  56  (1825). 
Typalia  DENST.    Hort.  Malab.  Y,  34  (1818). 
Blackburnia  FORST.    Char.  Gen.  6  (1776). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IV,  468;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen,  PI.  I,  297;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  55;  Gray,  111.  Gen.  I,  147;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  531;  Sarg., 
N.  A.  Silva  I,  65. 

Living  species;  110 ±;  80  (B.  and  H.);  all  tropical  and 
warmer  regions;  very  numerous  in  China;  wanting  in  Europe. 
North  America,  5;  S.  Sts.,  3;  W.  Tex.,  2;  E.  Sts.,  2;  Canada,  1. 
Fossil  species:  12-15;  Tertiary,  N.  Europe  (Heer)-,  N. 
America  (Lesquereaux) — 3  sp.  in  Californian  region;  Japan 
( hathorst). 

Zanthoxylum  americanum  MILL.     Diet.  57  (1768). 
Xanthoxylum  fraxinifolium  MARSH.    Arbust.  167  (1785). 
Z.  fraxineum  WILLD.    Berl.  Baum.  413  (1796 j. 
Z.  ramifolium  MICHX.     FL  II,  235  (1803;. 
X.  mite  WILLD.    Enum.  1013  (1803). 
Thylax  fraxineum  RAF.    Med.  Bot.  II,  114  (1830). 
Z.  tricarpum  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  1, 118  (1833). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  106;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J.  74;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  121:  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  37;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  93;  Sarg.,  Silva  I, 
67,  footnote;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  155. 

North  America:  Q.  to  W.  Ont;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J. 
and  Del. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  W.  to  Chippewaand 
Pomme  de  Terres  rivers;  woods  and  river  banks;  common. 

HERB.:  Taylor  26,  Elysian;  Sheldon  42,  Elysian;  Shel- 
don 793,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  378,  Madison  Lake;  Taylor  693, 
Minnesota  lake;  Bollard  105,  Shakopee;  Taylor  1042,  Glenwood; 
(Jestlund  23,  Hennepin  Co.;  Kassube  46,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg 
111,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1851,  Minneapolis;  Herb.Moyer  47, 
Montevideo. 

-22 


338  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

PTELEA  LINN.    Gen.  78  (1737). 

Bellucia  ADANS.    Fam.  PI.  II,  344  (1763). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IV,  482;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  301;  .Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  55;  Gray  III.  Gen.  II,  149;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  534;  Sarg. 
N.  A.  Silva  I,  75. 

Living  species:  7;  temperate  N.  America  and  8.  Mex- 
ico. W.  Tex.,  2;  Mid.  Calif.,  1;  S.  Sts.,  4;  E.  Sts.,  1;  Canada, 
1;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  PI.  Wheel.,  1;  PL  King,  1. 

Fossil  species:  7-10;  Tertiary;  Oligocene,  Europe 
(Heer) ;  Greenland  (Heer) ;  Sagor  (Ettinghausen) ;  Hungary ( Unger). 

Ptelea  trifoliata  LINN.    Spec.  118  (1753). 

P.  pentaphylla  FABR.    Enum.  PI.  Helmst.  416  (1759). 
P.  viticifolia  SALISB.    Prodr.  68  (1796). 
P.  tomentosa  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  108  (1817). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  107;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  74;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  154;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  37;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  66;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
I,  93,  £05;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  54;  Sarg.,  Silva,  I,  76;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  171. 

North  America:  S.  Ont.  and  Long  Island  to  Fla. ;  W. 
to  Minn. ,  Ark.  and  Cent,  and  W.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  E.  districts?;  doubtful,  but  reported 
from  S.  E.  portion  of  State.  No  Minn,  specimens  have  been 
seen. 

LVII.    POLYGALACEAE.     Polygala  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  1077  (1840);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  134 
(1862);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  V,  71  (1874). 

Genera:  11;  temperate  and  warmer  regions. 
Species:  400;  principally  small  herbs. 

POLYGALA  LINN.     Gen.  567  (1737). 

Solomonia  LOUK.    Coch.  Fl.  14  (1790). 

Psycanthus  and  Triclisperma  RAF.    Speech.  116, 117  (1814). 

Epirhizanthus  BLUME,    Cat.  Buit.  25  (1823). 

Badiera,  Brachytropis,  Chamaebuxus,  Senega  DC.  Prodr. 
I,  321  seq.  (1824). 

Isolophus,  TricoTophus  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  XI,  112  (1842). 

Semeiocardium  HASSK.    Hort.  Bogor.  227  (1844). 

Phylace  NOB.    ex  Hassk.  1.  c.  (1844). 

Acanthocladus  KLOTZSCH.    PI.  Sell.  (1846?). 

Penaea  PLUM.    Gen.  22  (1703). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  V,  87;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  136,  137,  974; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  27;  Gray,  111.  Gen.  II,  221. 

Living  species:  275 ±;  cosmopolitan.  Europe,  21; 
Russia,  8;  Russian  Europe,  8;  N.  America,  36;  S.  Sts.,  26-28;. 
Calif.,  3;  Canada,  6;  E.  Sts.,  15-17;  PI.  Wheel.,  2;  W.  Tex.,  8.. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  339 

Polygala  yerticillata  LINN.     Spec.  706  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  122;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  85;  Britt., 
Fl.  1ST.  J.  59;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  122:  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  40;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
30;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  66,  494;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  26;  Cov.,Fl.  Ark.  168;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  93;  Wheel.,  Rev.  Polyg.  122. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  St.  Lawrence  valley  to  Sas- 
katchewan; S.  toN.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.  and  Miss.;  W.  to  Dak., 
Neb.,  Colo.,  Utah,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  at  higher  levels,  particu- 
larly W. ;  hillsides  and  dry  prairie. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  964,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  816,  Sigel 
township,  Brown  Co. ;  Sheldon  1346,  Verdi,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Shel- 
don 1110,  Springfield. 

Polygala  paucifolia  WILLD.     Spec.  Ill,  880  (1800). 
P.  uniflora  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  53  (1803). 
P.  purpurea  AIT.  f.    Hort.  Kew.  IV,  244  (1812). 
Triclisperma  grandiflora  RAF.    Speech.  I,  117  (1814). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  120;  Britt ,  Fl.  N.  J.  59;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  41;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  85;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  66,  494;  Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  I,  92;  Wheel.,  Kev.  Polyg.  141. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Ont.,  L.  Superior  reg.  and 
Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Ga. ;  W.  to 
Minn,  and  111. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  edge;  rare;  woods 
and  shaded  banks. 

Polygala  senega  LINN.     Spec.  704  (1753). 

Senega  officinalis  SPACH,    Hist.  Yeg.  VII,  129  (1839). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  120;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  59;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  85;  Upham,  Fl.   Minn.  40;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  66,  494;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  168;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  93;  Wheel.,  Rev.  Polyg.  134. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Ont.,  Man.  to  Rocky  mts. ; 
S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Carolinas  and  Tenn.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak. 
and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Chippewa  river,  in- 
frequent W. ;  rocky  and  dry  banks. 

HERB.:  Bollard  92,  Shakopee;  Sheldon  424,  Janes- 
ville;  Sheldon  533,  Waseca;  Taylor  148,  Janes ville;  Hammond  21, 
Lake  City;  Hero.  Sheld.  1877,  Minneapolis. 

Polygala  senega  LINN.  var.   latifolia  T.  and  G.     Fl.  N.  A. 

I,  131  (1838). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  121;  Wheel.,  Eev.  Polyg.  135. 

North  America:  Md.  to  Mich.;  Penn.  to  Va.,  Ky.  and 
Tenn. ;  W.  to  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:    Forest    and    N.    E.    districts;  shaded 


340  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

banks  and  woodland. 

HERB.  :     Ballard  200,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. 

Polygala  cruciata  LINN.     Spec.  706  (1753). 
P.  cuspidata  HOOK.    Journ.  Bot.  I,  194  (1834). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  121;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  59;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  122;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  40;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  84;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  90;  Wheel.,  Kev.  Polyg.  117. 

North  America:  Maine,  N.  J.,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. ;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  edge  and  in  vicinity  of  Ft.  Snelling; 
Dakota  Co. ;  low  ground  and  base  of  hills. 

Polygala  viridescens  LINN.     Spec.  705  (1753). 
P.  sanguinea  LINN.    Spec.  705  (1753). 
P.  purpurea  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  88  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  121;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  40:  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  83;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  59;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  66,  494;  Cov.,  FL  Ark. 
168;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  92;  Wheel.,  Rev.  Polyg.  127. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  Maine  to  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.; 
W.  to  Minn. ,  Kan. ,  Ark.  and  Ind.  Terr. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Chip- 
pewa  river;  low  or  sandy  soil;  river  banks. 

HERB.:  Oestlund  28,  HennepinCo.;  Her ride  70,  Min- 
neapolis; Kassube  53,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  123,  Red  Wing; 
Bodin  1,  Center  City;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  50,  Brainerd. 

LVIII.     EUPHORBIACEAE.     Spurge  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  1107  (1840);  Antidesmeae,  Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  287' 
(1840);  Bennettiaceae.  Schizl.  Icon.  t.  172  (1843);  Daphniphyllaceae,  Mttll- 
Arg.,  DC.  Prodr.  xvi,  I,  1  (1869);  Hippomaneae,  Agardh,  Theor.  Syst.  244 
(1858);  Stilaginaceae  and  Scepaceae,  Lindl.  Veq.  King.  259,  283  (1846);  Phyl- 
lantheae  Agardh,  Syst.  Theor.;  Pseudantheae,  Putranjiveae,  Endlicher,  Gen. 
PL  288(1840);  Tithymali  Adans.  Fam.  356  (1763);  Trewiaceae,  Lindl.  Nat. 
Syst.  ed.  II,  174  (1836);  Tricoccae  Linn.  Philos.  Bot.  H2  (1751);  Benth.  and 
Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  239  (1883);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  V,  105  (1874);  Pax  in  Eng- 
ler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  III.  5,  1  (1890). 

Genera:  200-220;  cosmopolitan;  a  large  number  xero- 
phytic;  principally  in  the  tropics,  but  very  many  temperate 
forms.  Baillon  recognises  150  ±  genera. 

Species:  3500 ±,  including  a  large  number  of  desert 
plants  especially  in  S.  Africa,  and  the  Malayan  peninsula. 

RICINOCARPUS  BURM.     Thes.  Zeyl.  203  (1737),  p.  p    em. 
O.  K.  1.  c.  (1891). 

Acalypha  LINN.    Coir.  Gen.  986  (1737,  later). 
(  11  pa  men  i  ADANS.     Fam.  II,  356  (1763). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  341 

Linostacliys  KLOTZSCH,    Linn.  XIX,  235  (1845). 

Gymnalypha  GRISEB.    Bonpland.  VI,  2  (1858). 

Caturus  LINN,    ex  Schreb.  Gen.  PL  677  (1792). 

Galurus  SPRENG.    Syst.  I,  138  (1825). 

Oclonteilema  TURCZ.     Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Mosc.  I,  587  (1848). 

Calyptrospatba  KLOTZSCH,    Pet.  Moss.  Bot.  96  (1862-64). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  Ill,  311;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  368;  Eng- 
ler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3.  V,  60  (Pax)-,  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II,  (1891). 
Living  species:  220 ±;  tropical  regions;  a  few  extend- 
ing into   the   temperate   zones.     S.    Sts.,   5-6;  Canada,    1;  N. 
America,  10  ±. 

Ricinocarpus   yirginicus  (LiNN.)  OK.      Rev.  Gen.    II,    615 
(1891). 

Acalypha  virginica  LINN.    Spec.  (1753). 
A.  caroliniana  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  238  (1788). 

A.  virginica  var.  genuina  MULL.-ARG.    Linn.  XXXIV,  44  (I860.*. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  459;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  215;  Webb., 
Fl  Neb.  123;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  123;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  L  427;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
405;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  218;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  5,  62. 

North  America:    Ont.  and  N.  Eng.  to  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn., 
Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:     Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth   Co.;  E. 
and  S. ;  fields,  openings  and  roadsides. 

HERB.:     Sandberg  492,  Red    Wing;  Manning  8,  Lake 
City;  Holzinger  208,  Winona  Co. 

EUPHORBIA  LINN.     Gen.  429  (1737). 

Tithymalus  GAERT.    Fruct.  II,  115  (1791). 

Anisophyllum  HAW.    Syn.  Succ.  159  (1812). 

Adenopetalum,  Eumecanthus,  Leptopus,  Dichrophylivim, 
Tithymalopsis,  Tricherostigma,  Euphorbiastrum,  Artlirotham- 
nus,  Sterig-manthe  KLOTZSCH  and  GARCKE,  Monatsb.  Akad.  Berl. 
(1859'. 

Petaloma  RAF.    Fl.  Tell.  (1836). 

Alectoroctonuin  SCHLECHT.    Linn.  XIX,  252  (1845). 

Poinsettia  GRAH.    Edin.  Phil.  Journ.  XX,  412  (1840). 

Anthacantha  LEM.    111.  Hort.  (1858). 

Treissia,  Dactylanthes,  Medusea,  Galarhoeus,  Esula 
HAW.  Succ.  131-153  (1812). 

?Keraselma  and  Athymalus  NECK.    Elem.  II,  353  (1790). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  258;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.   360; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  V,  103  (Pax);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  594. 
Living  species:  600 ±  ;  tropical  and  temperate  regions; 
less    abundant    in    the    tropics.      Europe,     107;    Russia,    70; 
European  Russia,    38;   E.    Sts.,    19-20;  Rocky  mts.,    15;    Mid. 
Calif.,  9;  all  Calif.,  15;  Canada,  9;  S.  Sts.,  32;  PL  King,   6;  PI. 
Wheel.,  11;  N.  America,  55-60. 


342  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Fossil  species:  Tertiary;  Bonn,  Bohemia;  Euphor- 
bioides  (Wessel  and  Weber);  Euphorbiophyllum  (EttingJiausen). 

Euphorbia    dictyosperma    FISCH.    and    MEY.     Ind.    Sem. 
Petrop.  37  (1835). 

E.  arkansana  ENGELM.  and  GRAY,    PL  Lindh.  I.  53  (1845). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.455;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  123;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  123;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  327;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  75;  Greene,  Fl. 
Fran.  90;  Roth.,  Wheel,  Exp.  248;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  320;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  Ill,  5,  110. 

North  America:  Oregon  to  Santa  Barbara;  E.  to  Tex., 
Ky.,  Iowa  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  districts;  prairies;  infrequent  or 
rare. 

HERB.  :    Moyer  217,  Montevideo. 

Euphorbia    heterophylla   LINN.     Amoen.    Acad.    Ill,    112 

(1756). 

E.  cyathophora  MURR.    Prodr.  Gott.  (1770). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  454;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  123;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  123;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  217;  Engl.  Pax.  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  5,  107. 

North  America:  Minn.,  111.,  Iowa,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Mo., 
Ark.  and  Tenn.  ? 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  local  or  infrequent;  sandy 
slopes  and  sunny  banks  of  streams  or  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  797,  Sigel  township,  Brown  Co. :  Shel- 
don 941,  Redwood  Falls;  Oestlund  170,  Minneapolis;  Herrick 
268,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  269,  Minneapolis. 

Euphorbia  corollata  LINN.     Amoen.  Acad.  Ill,  122  (1756). 

Galarhoeus  corollatus  HAW.    Succ.  II,  161  (1812). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  454;  Britt ,  Fl.  N.  J.  214;  Mac., 
FL  Can.  I,  425;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  123;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  123;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  217. 

North  America:     L.  Huron  to  Ont.  and  Mass.;  S.  toN. 

Y.,  N.  J.,  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  frequent;  dry  or  open  and 
sandy  fields. 

HERB.:  Bollard  644,  Chaska;  Leonard  44,  Fillmore 
Co.;  Holzinger  207,  Winona  Co.;  Herrick 267  Minneapolis;  Oest- 
lund 169,  Minneapolis -,Kassube  213,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  491, 
Goodhue  Co. 

Euphorbia  marginata  PURSH,     FL  Am.  II,  607  (1814). 

E.  leucoloma  RAF.    in  Herb.  Phil.  (1833). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  454;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  123;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  123;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  327;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  5,  106. 

North  America:  Minn.,  Dak.,  Colo.,  Neb.,  Kan.  and 
Mo. ;  spreading  eastward  to  Ohio. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  343 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  districts  to  Franklin  township 
eastward;  hills  and  banks  or  high  fields. 

HERB.  :    Sheldon  930,  Crow  creek,  near  Redwood  Falls 

Euphorbia  nutans  LAGASCA,     Gen.  et.  Spec.  17  (1816). 

E.  metadata  LINN.    Mant.  (1767). 
?  E.  androsaemifolium  PRESL,    Delic.  Prag.  57  (1822). 
E.  presslii  Guss.    Prodr.  Fl.  Sicul.  I,  539  (1827). 
E.  hypericifolia  Plur.  Auct.  Amer. 
?  E.  trinervis  BERTOL.    Fl.  Ital.  V,  37  (1842). 

E.  hypericifolia  var.  communis  ENGELM.  Chap..  Fl.  S.  St.  403(1860). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  453;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  214;  Webb., 

Fl.  Neb.  123;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  123;  Mac.,Fl.  Can.  I,  427;  II,  354;  Greene, 

Fl.  Fran.  92;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  247;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  5,  104. 

North  America:     Ont.  ?  and  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla. ; 

W.  to  Dak. ,  Neb. ,  Kan.   and  Ark. ;  also  in  upper  Sacremento 

valley  and  in  C.  America  and  Ecuador. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  not  common;  open, 
sterile  places  or  in  fields. 

HERB.  :  Sandberg  490,  Red  Wing;  Holzinger  206,  Dres- 
bach;  Herrick  266,  Minneapolis. 

Euphorbia  humistrata  ENGELM.  Gray's  Man.  3ed.386  (1859). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  453;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  214;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  123;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  123;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  92. 

North  America:  Ind.  and  W.  Tenn.  to  Minn.,  Dak., 
Neb.  and  Kan. ;  also  in  Calif,  and  introd.  in  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  E.  edge  and  S.  districts;  rare;  alluvial 
soil  in  shaded  places. 

HERB.  :    Sandberg  489,  Red  Wing, 

Euphorbia  maculata  LINN.     Spec.  21  (1753). 
E.  thymifolia  PURSII,    Fl.  Am.  II,  606  (1814). 
E.  depressa  TORR.    Ell.  Sk.  II,  655  (1824). 
E.  hypericifolia  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  140  (1840)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  453;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  214;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  123;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  123;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  425;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
403;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  326;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  217;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill, 
5,  105. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan;  N.  Eng.  to 
Fla.;  W.  to  Dak.,  Colo.,  Neb.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  particularly  S.  W.  dis- 
tricts; banks,  fields  and  roadsides. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  526,  deary's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon 
917,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1^0,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1285,  Lake 
Benton;  Sheldon  986,  Cross  lake,  Brown  Co.;  Oestlund  167,  Hen- 
nepinCo. ;  Oestlund  168,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  265,  Minneapo- 
lis; Holzinger  205,  Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  488,  Red  Wing. 


344  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Euphorbia  glyptosperma  ENGELM.     Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  II, 

187  (1859). 

E.  polygonifolia  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  140  (1848)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  453;  Webb. ,F1.  Neb.  123;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  123;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  425;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  328;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
II,  74;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  320;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  246. 

North  America;  Ont.,  Saskatchewan,  Brit.  Col.  to 
Pac.;  S.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Mo.,  111.,  Wise,  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  sandy  places  and 
embankments. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  966,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1557,  Lake 
Benton;  Sheldon  1169,  New  Ulm;  Sheldon  1597,  Lake  Benton; 
Bollard  161,  Chaska;  Taylor  784,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1102, 
Springfield;  Bollard  527,  Cleary's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Holzinger 
204,  Winona  Co.;  Oestlund  166,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  264,  Min- 
neapolis; Holzinger  205,  Winona  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1925,  Minne- 
apolis. 

Euphorbia  serpyllifolia  PERS.     Syn.  II,  14  (1807). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  453;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  123;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  424;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  123;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  74;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  326;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  91;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  320;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp. 
246;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  5,  105. 

North  America:  Columbia  river,  Moose  mt.,  N.  W.T., 
Saskatchewan;  S.  along  Pac.  to  Monterey  and  Gt.  Basin  region 
to  Tex.  and  Mex.;  E.  to  Kan.,  Neb.,  Dak.  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley;  Throughout;  frequent;  sandy  or  waste 
places  or  embankments. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1152,  Glenwood;  Herb.  Sheld.  1900, 
Cedar  lake,  Hennepin  Co. 

Euphorbia  geyeri  ENGELM.     PL  Lindh.  I,  52  (1845). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  452; Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  123;  Webb., 
Appx.  Neb.  33. 

North  America:     111.,  Wise.,  Minn.,  Kan.,  Neb.  to  Tex. 
Minn,  valley:      Reported  from   N.   E.   district;, sandy 
places  or  along  railway  embankments. 

LIX.    STELLARIACEAE,    Water-Star  wort 
Family. 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  673  (1862)— sub  Halorageae;  Baillon, 
Hist.  PI.  V,  250(1874)— sub  Euphorbiaceae;  Pax  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  3,  V,  120  (1890)— CalUtrichaceae;  Kndlicher,  Gen.  PI.  268  (I840j— 
Callitrichinae. 

Genera:  1;  cosmopolitan  in  fresh  waters;  aquatic. 
Species:  1-2;  25  (Hegelmaier). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  345 

STELLARIA  LUDW.     Defin.  27  (1737). 

Callitriche  LINN.    Syst.  VI.  82  (1748)  ex  O.  Kuntze  1.  c.  (1891). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  676;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  122;  O. 

Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  I,  234,  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  V,  122  (Pax). 

Living  species:    1-2;    temperate  and  colder  regions. 

25  sp.  (Hegelmaier ) ;  N.  America,  11   (Morong);  E.   Sts.,   4;  S. 

Sts.,  5;  Canada,  4;  Pac.  coast,  6-7;  Rocky  nits.,  4. 

Stellaria  verna  (LINN.). 

Callitriche  verna,  LINN.    Fl.  Suec.  ed.  II,  2  (1755). 

Stellaria  vernalis  WIGG.    Prim.  Hoist.  ( ). 

Callitriche  heterophylla  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  3  (1814). 
C.  vernalis  KOCH,     Syn.  ed.  I,  245(1837). 
?  C.  asagrayi  HEGELM     Mon.  Call.  54  (1864). 
?C.  stenocarpa  HEGELM.    Verb.  Bot.  Brand.  X,  114  (1868?). 
?C.  bolanderi  HEGELM.    Verb.  Bot.  Brand.  X,  114  (1868?). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  182;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  106;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  325;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  77;  Chap.,  FL  S.  St.  399;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  122:  Hook.,  Fl.Gt.  Brit.  152;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  52;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.   I,  530;  Morong,  Torr.  Bull.  XVIII,  236;  Roth.,   Wheel.  Exp.  119; 
Wats.,  King.  Exp.  102;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  182;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  V, 
122;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  121:  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  382;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran  229. 
Europe;  all  Asia;  circumboreal  and  in  S.  America. 
North  America:    Most  abundant  in  northern  and  Ca- 
nadian waters;  but  occurring  throughout  the  continent. 

Minn,    valley:     N.    districts;    infrequent;    aquatic   in 
lakes  or  pools. 

HERB.:    Bailey  367,  Mud  river;  Roberts  121,   Stewart 
river;  Bailey  400,  Mud  lake. 

LX.    ANACARDIACEAE.    Cashew  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  1127  (1840);  Benth.  and  HOOK.,  Gen.  PL  I,  415  (1862); 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  V,  257  (1874)—  Terebinthaceae,  in  part. 

Genera:  50 ±;  tropical  and  subtropical  regions;  spar- 
ingly in  temperate  zones;  trees  or  shrubs. 

Species:  600 ±;  many  in  Central  America. 

RHUS  LINN.     Gen.  241  (1737). 

A 1 1  a  ph  ron  in  in  E.  MEY.    Herb.  Drege. 
Heeria  MEISSN.    Gen.  Comm.  55  (1843). 
Lobadium  RAF.    Journ.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  98  (1819). 
Malosma  NUTT.    ex  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  V,  321  (1874). 
Metopium  P.  BR.    Jam.  Hist.  177  (1756). 
Ozoroa  DEL.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  XX,  91  (1843). 
Roemeria  THUNB.    Fl.   Cap.  194  (1809). 
Turpinia  RAF.     Med.  Rep.  II,  hex  2,  352  (1808). 
Styphonia  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  220  (1838).. 
Schmalzia  DESVX.    Jour.  Bot.  Ill,  229  (1809). 


346  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Cotinus  and  Toxic odendron  TOURN.    last.  610  (1700). 

Lithraea  MIERS.    Trav.  Chile,  II,  529  (1826). 

Vernix  ADANS.    Fara.  PI.  II,  342  (1763). 

Pocophorum  NECK.    Elem.  II,  226  (1790). 

Melanococca  BLUME,    Lug.  Bat.  I.  236  (1833). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  V,  321;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  418;  Durand, 
2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  86;  Gray,  III.  Gen.  II,  157;  Sargent,  N.  Am.  Silva  III,  1,  7; 
Schenck,  Palaeopfiyt.  543. 

Living  species:  120±;  principally  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope;  also  warmer  extra- tropical  regions,  and  a  few  in 
the  tropics.  Russia,  2;  Europe,  4;  N.  America,  14;  Canada, 
7-9;  W.  Tex.,  6;  S.  Sts.,  9;  PL  Wheel.,  6;  E.  Sts.,  7;  Calif.,  4; 
Rocky  mts.,  3. 

Fossil  species:  30-40  spec.  Cretaceous,  N.  Amer.  (Les- 
quereaux)  and  Greenland  (Heer) ;  Tertiary  Europe  (Saporta  and 
others)-,  N.  America  (Lesqx.)  and  Asia. 

Rims  radicans  LINN.     Spec.  266  (1753). 

E.  toxicodendron  var.  radicans  TORR.    Fl.  U.  S.  324  (1824). 
B.  toxicodendron  AUCT.  AMER.  in  part. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  119;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  79;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  69;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  37;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  121;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  49; 
Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  101;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  224;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Tex.  68;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  84;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  53;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  173; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  183. 

Saghalin,  Japan  and  Kurile  Jsls. ;  intro.  from  East  in 
Germany.  , 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Saskatchewan;  S.  toN.  Eng., 
N.  J.  andFla.;  W.  to  Dak.,  Colo.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  shores  of  lakes,  low 
ground  and  edges  of  woods;  abundant. 

HERB.:  Taylor  131,  Janesville;  Taylor  179  Janesville; 
Bollard  190,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  546,  Janesville;  Sheldon 
169,  Madison  Lake;  Bollard  337,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  624, 
Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  1468,  Pipes  tone  City;  Sheldon  884, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  55,  Elysian;  Bollard  688,  Waconia;  Kas- 
sube  47,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  45,  Winona  Co. 

Rhus  vernix  LINN.     Spec.  265  (1753). 

Toxicodendron  pinnatum  MILL.    Diet.  ed.  8  (1768). 
Rhus  venenata  DC.    Prodr.  II,  68  (1825). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  119;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  69;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  37;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  79;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  100,  505;  Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  1, 184;  Sarg.,  N.  A.  Silv.  Ill,  23. 

North  America,  W.  Ont.  and  N.  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  N. 
Car.,  N.  Ga.  and  Alab.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Ark.  and  W.  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Ft.  Snelling  and  only  far  N.  E. ;  swamps 
and  springsides;  rare. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  347 

Rhus  copallina  LINN.     Spec.  266  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  119;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  79;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  69;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  121;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  37;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
100;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  67;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  173;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  182;  Sarg.,N. 
A.Silvalll,  19. 

North  America:  Thousand  Islands,  Can.  to  N.  Eng.,N. 
J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Rio  Grande  river;  Cuba. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  rare;  hillsides  and  dry  banks. 

HERB.  :     ?  Sandberg  112,  Cannon  Falls. 

Rhus  glabra  LINN.     Spec.  265  (1753). 
E.  carolinense  MARSH.    Arbust.  129  (1785). 
E.  elegans  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  I,  366  (1789). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  119;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  79;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  121;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  49;  Chap..  Fl.  S.  St.  69;  Upham  Fl.  Minn. 
37;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  100,  505;  Wats.,  KingExp.  52,  419;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp. 
84.;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  173;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  182. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Man.  and  Saskatche- 
wan?; S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J..  Fla.  and  Miss.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Colo., 
Neb.  and  Ark. ;  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  rocky  and  dry  situations, 
especially  banks  and  hillsides. 

HERB.:  Taylor  524,  Janesville;  Taylor  820,  Glenwood; 
Bollard  84n,  Chaska;  Sheldon  1513,  Lake  Benton;  QesUund  24, 
Minneapolis;  Bailey  230,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  254,  Vermilion 
lake;  Holzinger 44,  Winona  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1917,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Moyer  48,  Montevideo. 

Rims  typhina  LINN.     Amoen.  IV,  311  (1759). 
Datisca  hirta  LINN.    Spec.  1037  (1753). 
Ehus  hypselodendron  MOENCH,    Meth.  73  (1794). 
E.  typMna  var.  arborescens  WILLD.    Enum.  323  (1809). 
E.  typhina  var.  frutescens  WILLD.    I.e. 
E.  hirta  per  legem,  not  Harv. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  119;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  79;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  37;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  69;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  100;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.; 
Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Kuss.  36;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  73;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  184;  Sarg., 
N.  A.  Silva  III,  15. 

Introduced  in  Europe. 

North  America:  N.  S.?,  N.  B.,  Ont.,  W.  of  Lake  Hu- 
ron and  Minn.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  N.  Car.,  Alab.,  Miss.;  W. 
to  Mo.  and  Ark, 

Minn,  valley:  E.  portion  of  valley  and  N.  edge  to 
central  region;  rocky  hillsides  and  banks. 

HERB.:  Taylor  448,  Janesville;  Taylor  448$,  Lake 
Helena,  Waseca  Co. ;  Sheldon  383,  Madison  Lake;  Bollard  116, 
Chaska;  Holzinger  43,  Winona  Co. 


348  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

LXI,    CELASTRACEAE,    Staff-Tree    Family. 

Endiicher,  Gen.  PI.  1085(1836-40);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  357 
(1862)  excl.  Hippocrateae-,  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VI,  1  (1877). 

Genera:  35 ±  ;  tropical  regions  and  less  abundantly  in 
temperate. 

Species:  250  ±  living;  several  (10-15)  fossil. 

EYONYMUS  LINN,     Gen.  79  (1737). 

Vyenomus  PRESL,    Bot.  Bern.  32  (1844). 
Melanocarya  TURCZ.    Bull.  Mosq.  XXXI,  I,  453  (1860). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VI,  30;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  360;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  65;  Gray,  111.  Gen.  II,  187;  Schenck,  Palo,eophyt.  578;  Sar- 
gent, N.  Am.  Silv.  II,  9. 

Living  species:  40 4-;  Northern  hemisphere  to  Mexico; 
Malay  archipelago  and  N.  Australia;  centers  in  N.  E.  India, 
China  and  Japan.  North  America,  6-7;  Mexico,  4-5;  W.  Tex., 
1;  Calif.,  1;  E.  Sts,,  2;  S.  Sts.,  2;  Russia,  6;  Europe,  3;  Russian 
Europe,  3. 

Fossil  species:     Greenland  and  N.  Europe;  Tertiary. 

Evonymus  atropurpureus  JACQ.     Hort.  Viiid.  II,  55  (1772). 
E.  caroliniensis  MARSH.    Arbust.  43  (1785). 
E.  latifolius  MARSH.    Arbust.  44  (1785). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  110;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  75;  Webb., 
Fl.  Keb.  122;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  76;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  39;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
95;  Cov.,  Fl.'Ark.  172;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  161. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  N.  Y.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W. 
to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Dak. ,  Kan. ,  Ark.  and  Miss. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  E.  of  the  Pomme  des 
Terres  river;  wooded  banks  and  shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  221,  Madison  Lake;  Sheldon  622,  Wil- 
ton, Waseca  Co. ;  Roberts  23,  Lake  Lilian;  Herrick  67,  Minne- 
apolis; Sandberg  116,  Vasa;  Kassube  51,  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Moyer  50,  Chippewa  river,  near  Montevideo. 

CELASTRt  S  LINN.    Gen.  168  (1737). 
Denhamia  MEISSN.  Gen.  18  (1836). 
Gymnosporia  WIGHT,  and  ARN.    Prodr.  I,  159  (1834). 
May  terms  FEUILL.    ex  Juss.  Gen.  449  (1789). 
Putterlickia  ENDL.    Gen.  1086  (1840). 
Catha  ENDL.    Gen.  5678  (1840). 

Eucentrus  and  Polyacanthus  PRESL,    Bemerk.  33  (1844). 
Scytophyllum  S.  and  Z.    Enurn.  I,  124  (1837). 
Orixa  THUNB.    Fl.  Jap.  3  (1784). 
Leucocarpon  A.  RICH.    Sert.  Astrol.  46  (1832). 
?  Hedraianthera  F.  MULL.     Frag.  V,  58  (1882). 
Cassine  HARV.  and  SOND.    Fl.  Cap.  I,  452,  4(j5  (1863). 
Haenkea  R.  and  P.    Prodr.  36  (1798). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  349 

Moiiteverdia  RICH,    Cub.  I,  346  (1850). 
?  Moya  GRIS.    PL  Lorenz.  63  (1874). 

Maiten  FUEILL.    Obs.  Ill,  39  (1714). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VI,  46;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  1,364,  365,  366; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  66;  Gray,  III  Gen.  II,  185;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt. 
580. 

Living  species:  135 ±;  18  (B.  and  H.);  cosmopolitan; 
centers  in  tropics.  North  America:  Canada,  1;  E.  Sts.,  1;  S. 
Sts,,  1;  S.  Tex.,  2. 

Fossil  species:  Cretaceous,  Upper  and  Lower  (Les- 
quereaux,  Fontaine),  N.  and  S.  America,  Alaska,  Greenland 
(Heer)\  Australia  (Ettinghausen)\  Tertiary:  Celastrophyllum 
Goppert — Europe;  Potomac. 

Celastrus  scandens  LINN.     Spec.  196  (1753). 
C.  bullatus  LINN.    Spec.  196(1753). 
Evonymoides  scandens  MOENCH,    Meth.  70  (1794). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  110;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  76:  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  39;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  122;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.   77;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
94,  503;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  1, 161. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.,  L.  Superior  region  to  Man, 
and  Assiniboia;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Neb.  and  Kan. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  banks  of  streams  and  in 
thickets;  climbing  over  underbrush;  common. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  1009,  Glenwood;  Taylor  898,  Glen  wood; 
Sheldon  1488,  Pipestone  City;  Taylor  1165,  Glenwood;  Taylor  55, 
Elysian;  Taylor  126,  Janesville;  Sheldon  918,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sal- 
lard  85,  Chaska;  Kassube  50,  Cedar  lake;  Bailey  235,  Vermilion 
lake;  Holzinger  46,  Winona  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1771,  Ft.  Snel- 
ling;  Herb.  Moyer  262,  Chippewa  Co. 

LXH.    AQUIFOLIACEAE.    Holly  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen  PI.  1092  (1836-40)— llitineae;  Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen. 
Plant.  I,  355  (1862);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  XI,  (1892). 

Genera:  3-4;  principally  in  tropics,  a  few  extra-trop- 
ical. 

Species:  150± ;  145  in  Ilex.  Almost  all  Central  Ameri- 
can but  some  extending  through  all  temperate  and  tropical 
regions  A  few  fossil  leaves  from  Tertiary  of  Greenland,  re- 
ferred here. 

ILEX  LINN.     Gen.  91  (1737),  p.  p.  Benth.  1.  c.  (1862). 
Prinos  LINN.    Gen.  441  (1737). 
Paltoria  Ruiz  and  PAV.    Fl.  Peruv.  I,  54  (1798). 
Macoucoua  AUBL.    PI.  Gui.  I,  88  ( 1775). 


350  MBTASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Ghomelia  VELLOZ.    Flum.  I,  106  (1827). 
Pileostegia  TURCZ.    Bull.  Mosc.  XXXII,  276  (1859). 
Leucodermis  PLANCH.    Herb.  Hook. 
Byronia  ENDL.    Ann.  Wien.  I,  184  (1835). 
Polystigma  MEISSN.    Gen.  252  (1  43 ». 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  356;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  65; 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  580;  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  (1892). 

Living  species:  175 ±;  cosmopolitan.  Centers  in 
Brit.  Guiana  and  Brazil;  very  infrequent  in  Africa  and  Australia; 
13-14,  E.  North  America.  S.  Sts.,  12;  E.  Sts.,  9;  Canada,  4. 

Fossil  species:  Tertiary,  Greenland  and  Alaska 
(Heer). 

Ilex  verticillata  (LiNN.)  GRAY,     Man.  5  ed.  307  (1867). 
Prinos  verticillatus  LINN.    Spec.  330  (1753). 
P.  confertus  MOENCH,    Meth.  481  (1794). 
P.  gronovii  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  236  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  109;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  75;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  95;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  270;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  93;  Cov.,Fl.  Ark.  172; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  160. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  C.  Ont  and  Minn.;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  111.,  Iowa,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  the  N.  edge  but  some- 
what doubtful,  low  woodland. 

HERB.:  Sandberg  388,  Marine  Mills;  Herrick  188,  St. 
Louis  river. 

LXIII.     STAPHYLEACEAE.     Bladder-Nut 
Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  1084  (1836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  PL  I, 
392  (1862)— sub  Sapindaceae;  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  V,  392. 

Genera:  2;  N.  extra- tropical  region. 

Species:  15  ± ;  principally  in  Chinese- Japanese  region 
and  E.  India.  Fossils  from  Green  river  Tertiary,  Wyoming. 

STAPHYLEA  LINN.     Gen.  248  (1737). 
Bumalda  THUNB.    Fl.  Jap.  8  (1784). 
Staphylodendron  TOURN.    Inst.  616  (1700). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  V,  392;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  412;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  83;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  554;  Gray,  111.  Gen.  II,  181. 

Living  species:  4;  1,  Europe;  2,  N.  America;  1,  Hima- 
layas and  Japan;  Atl.  states,  1;  Pac.  America,  2. 

Fossil  species:  1,  Green  river  group,  Tertiary,  N. 
America  (Lesquereaux). 

Staphylea  trifolia  LINN.     Spec.  270  (1753). 

Staphylodendrum  trifoliatum  MOENCH,    Meth.  64  (1794). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  351 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  118;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  77;  Britt., 
Fl.  Neb.  78;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  39;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  122;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
98;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  173;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  181. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  Georgian  bay;  S.  to  N. 
Eng,,  N.  J,,  Car.  and  Tenn. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co.  and  W.  to  New  Ulm;  edges  of  woods  and  shaded 
banks. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  313,  Stony  Point,  Lake  Madison;  An- 
derson 1,  GoodhueCo. ;  Sheldon  705,  White  Bear  lake;  Sheldon 
553,  Waseca;  Sheldon  172,  Eagle  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sheldon 
628,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co. ;  Holzinger  47,  Winona  Co. ;  Sandberg 
117,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Wicker sheim  28,  Mankato. 

LXIV.    ACERACEAE.     Maple  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  1055  (1840);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  PL  I,  388 
(1862) -sub  Sapindaceae;  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  V,  373(1874)— sub  Sapindaceae. 

Genera:  2;  temperate  N.  hemisphere  to  Java  and  N. 
India. 

Species:  60 ±  ;  center  in  Himalayan  region;   55  in  Acer. 

ACER  LINN.     Gen.  317  (1737). 

Negundo  MOENCH,    Meth.  334  (1794). 
Negundium  KAF.    Med.  Kep.  II,  Y,  350  (1808). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  V,  427;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  409;  Gray,  111. 
Gen.  II,  199;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  82;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  557;  Sar- 
gent, N.  Am.  Silv.  II,  79. 

Living  species:  75 ±  ;  China  and  Japan,  30  ±;  Hima- 
layas, 12;  Europe  and  Orient,  12;  North  America,  9;  E.  Sts.,  6; 
Pac.  coast,  3;  Rocky  mts.,  2;  Canada,  9;  PI.  Wheel.,  4;  PL 
King.,  4;  northern  hemisphere  and  S.  to  mts.  of  Java. 

Fossil  species:  Greenland  and  Spitzbergen,  Tertiary 
(Heer)-,  Cretaceous,  N.  America  (Lesquereaux,  Newberry)-,  Ter- 
tiary Europe,  5  sp. ;  principally  Oligocene,  few  Miocene;  Mio- 
cene of  Saghalin;  Pliocene  in  Japan  (Nathorst).  Tertiary,  N. 
America,  numerous. 

Acer  negundo  LINN.     Spec.  1056  (1753). 
Negundo  aceroides  MOENCH,    Meth.  334  (1794). 
Negundium  fraxinifolium  RAF.    Desv.  Jour.  Bot.  V,  170  (1809). 
Negundo  fraxinifolium  NUTT.    Gen.  I.  253  (1818). 
?  N.  mexicanum  DC.    Prodr.  I,  596  (1824). 
N.  trifoliatum  and  lobatum  RAF.    N.  Fl.  I,  48  (1830). 
N.  negundo  SUDW.    Gard.  and  For.  IV,  166  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  78;  Coult ,  FL 
Colo.  49;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  108;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  81;  Upham,  Fl. 


352     METASPERMAE  OF  THE  MINNESOTA  "VALLEY. 

Minn.  40;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  120;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  100,  504;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex. 
66:  Wats.,  King  Exp.  52;  Both.,  Wheel.  Exp.  42,  84,  357;  Cov.  Fl.  Ark.  173; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  180. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  to  Man.  and  Toronto; 
N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  to  Fla.;  W.  to  Mont.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Utah 
and  Tex. ;  Arizona;  also  on  Pac.  coast  in  a  well-marked  variety; 
N.  Mex.,  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  along  river  banks, 
throughout;  moist  woods  and  shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.  Sheldon  1099,  Springfield;  Sheldon  162,  Madi- 
son Lake;  Taylor  73,  Elysian;  Taylor  157,  Janesville;  Oestlund 
26,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  49,  Winona  Co.;  Kassube  52,  Min- 
neapolis; Oestlund  27,  Hennepin  Co.;  Sandberg  122,  Cannon 
Falls. 

Acer  rubrum  LINN.     Spec.  1055  (1753). 
?  A.  glaucum  MARSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  2  (1785). 
?A.  carolinianum  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  251  (1788). 
A.  coccineum  MICHX.  f.    Arb.  Am.  II,  203  (1810). 
A.  sanguineum  SPACH,    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  II,  2.  176  (1834). 
A.  microphyllum  and  semiorbiculatum  PAX,      Engl.  Jahrb.  VII, 
181  (1888). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  318;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  78;  Chap  , 

Fl.  S.  St.  81;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  40;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  99;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 

173;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  1, 176;  Sarg.,  Silva,  II,  107;  Upham,  Suppl.  Minn.  50. 

North  America:    Lat  49°  N.  in  N.  Br.,  Q.  and  Ont.  to 

S.  Fla.,  W.  Man.,  Dak.,  Ark.,  Ind.  Terr,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  reported  from  Redwood 
Falls:  swampy  woodland  and  river  banks. 

HERB.:  Bailey  186,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  121, 
Goodhue  Co. 

Acer  barbatum  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  252  (1803). 
A.  saccliarinum  WANG.    Amer.  Holz.  26  (1787)  not  Linn. 
A.  saccharophorum  KOCH,    Hort.  Dendr.  80(1853). 
A.  saccharum  BRITT.    Fl.  N.  J.  78  (1890)  not  Marsh. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  117;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  39;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  80;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  99;  O)v.,  Fl.  Ark.  173;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  1, 
176;  Sarg.,  Silva,  II,  97. 

North  America:  Newf.  and  N.  S.  to  Man.;  S.  to  Maine, 
N.  J.  and  Va.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.?  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  Ft.  Snelling  to  Brown 
Co.  and  W.  to  the  Chippewa  river;  rich  woods  and  along 
streams. 

HERB.:  Bollard  120,  Chaska;  Sheldon  297,  Madison 
Lake;  Sheldon  808,  Sigel  township,  Brown  Co.;  Taylor  159, 
Janesville;  Holzinger  48,  Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  119,  Vasa; 


LIST   OP   HIGHER   SEED- PRODUCING  PLANTS.  353 

Sandberg  120,  Winona  Co. ;   Bailey  225,  Vermilion  lake;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1860,  Minneapolis. 

Acer   barbatum   MICHX.    var.    nigrum  (Micnx.  f.)    SARG. 
Gard.  and  For.  II,  364  (1888). 

Acer  ni  rum  MICHX.  f.     Arbr.  Amer.  II,  238  (1810). 
A.  saccharinum  var.  nigrum  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  248  (1838). 
A.  saccharum  var.  nigrum  BRITT.    Cat.  N.  J.  78  (1890). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  117;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  40;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  99;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  173;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  176;   Sarg.,  Silva, 
II,  99. 

North  America:  Ont.,  Vt,  N.  J.  to  Alab.  and  Miss.; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  Le  Sueur  Co.,  and  prob- 
ably occuring  S.  E.  and  S. 

Acer  saccharinum  LINN.     Spec.  1055  (1753). 
A.  saccharum  MARSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  4  (1785). 
A.  rubrum  LATJTH.    De  Acer.  11  (1781). 
A.  dasycarpum  EHRH.    Beitr.  IV.  24  (1789). 
A.  rubrum  var.  pallidum  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  434  (1789). 
A.  eriocarpum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  253  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  117;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  78;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  81;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  40;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  122;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
I,  99;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  173;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  175;  Sarg.,  Silva,  II,  103. 

North  America:  N.  Br.  and  Ont.  to  N.  J.  andFla.;  W. 
to  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Ark.  and  Ind.  Terr. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  especially  in  forest  dis- 
trict; banks  of  streams  and  shores  of  lakes. 

HERB  :  Sheldon  468,  Madison  Lake;  Bailey  109,  Ver- 
milion lake;  Herb.  Moyer  51,  Montevideo. 

Acer  spicatum  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  II,  381  (1786). 
A.  pennsylvanicum  Du  Roi,    Diss.  61  (1771). 
A.  parviflorum  EHRH.    Beitr.  IV,  25,  26,  40  (1789). 
A.  montanum  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  435  (1789). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  117;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  80;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  78;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  39;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  98;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur. 
223  in  var.;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  1,  177;  Sarg.,  Silv.  II,  83. 

North  America:  Newf.  and  N.  S.  to  Man.  and  Sas- 
katchewan; S.  in  Appalachians  to  Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Ky. 
There  is  a  variety,  scarcely  to  be  separated  from  the  type, 
which  occurs  from  Japan  and  Saghalin  to  Manchuria. 

Minn,  valley:  Local;  bluffs,  near  Ft.  Snelling;  lower 
levels,  in  woods. 

HERB.  :  Herrick  68,  St.  Louis  river;  Roberts  24,  Dul- 
uth;  Bailey  228,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  118,  Tower;  Man- 
ning 1,  Lake  City. 

-23 


354  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

Acer  peimsylvanicum  LINN.    Spec.  1055  (1753). 
A.  canadense  MARSH.    Arbust.  3(1785). 
A.  striatum  Du  Roi,     Diss.  58  (1771). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  117;  Britt.,  PI.  N.  J.  77;  Chap., 
PL  S.  St.  80;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  39;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  98;  Wats.,  Bibl.Ind. 
I,  175. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  L.  Superior; 
S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Ga.,  Ky.,  Mo.;  W.  to  Minn. 

•     Minn,  valley:    Local;  bluffs,  near  Ft.  Snelling. 

LXV.     BALSAMINACEAE.     Balsam  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  1173  (1836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen. 
Plant.  1,  269(1862)— sub  Geraniaceae;  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  V,  39  (1874)-sub 
Geraniaceae. 

Genera:    1-2;  Tropical  Asia  and  a  few  in  N.  temper 
ate  floral  region  and  in  Africa. 

Species :    225  ±  ;  center  in  tropical  Asia. 

IMPATIENS  LINN.     Gen.  680  (1737). 

Balsamina  GAERTN.    Fruct.  II,  151  (1791). 
Hydrocera  BLUME,    Bijdr.  241  (1826). 
Tytonia  DON,    Syst.  I,  749  (1831). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  V,  39;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  277,  278,  989; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  53;  Gray.  III.  Gen.  II,  133. 

Living  species:  225 ±;  135  (B.  and  H.);  North  Amer- 
ica, 2;  N.  Europe  and  Asia,  3;  Africa  and  Madagascar,  23;  all 
the  others  in  tropical  Asia. 

Impatiens  biflora  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  219  (1788). 
L  maculata  MUHL.    Cat.  26  (1813). 
1.  fulva  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  146  (1818). 

I.  nolitangere  var.  B.    Micux.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  149  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  106;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  74;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  121;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  36;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  65;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
62,  502;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  HI;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I.  152. 

North  America:  Throughout  Can.  to  lat.  66°  N.  and 
Alaska;  S.  to  New  Eng.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb. 
and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  but  particularly  in  the  for- 
est district;  damp  places  and  edges  of  swamps;  springs. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1043,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  984,  Glen- 
wood;  Sheldon  27,  Elysian;  Sheldon  1311,  LakeBenton;  Bollard 
709,  Waconia;  Bollard  868,  Waconia;  Bollard  753,  Waconia; 
Bollard  851,  Patterson's  lake;  Herrick  59,  Minnetonka;  Herrick 
60,  Excelsior;  Herrick  61,  Minneapolis;  Oesttund  22,  Hennepin 
Co.;  Herrick  62,  Minneapolis;  Arthur 7,  Vermilion  lake;  Roberts 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  355 

21,  Beaver  bay;  Bailey  118,  Vermilion  lake;   Sandberg  108,  Red 
Wing;  Herb.  Moyer  45,  Montevideo. 

Impatiens  aurea  MUHL.     Cat.  26  (1813). 

I.  nolitangere  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  149  (1803)  not  Linn. 
I.  pallida  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  146  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  106;  Britt.',  Fl.  N.  J.  73;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  121;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  65;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  36;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
92:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  171;  \\ats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  152;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
I,  93. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan  and  Washing- 
ton; S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb., 
Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co.  and 
W.  to  the  Chippewa  river;  rich,  damp  places;  springs. 

HERB.:  Taylor  277,  Janesville;  Bollard  896,  Waconia; 
Taylor  1160,  Glenwood;  Herrick  58,  Minnetonka;  Sandberg  107, 
Goodhue  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  44,  Montevideo. 

LXVI.     RHAMNACEAE.     Buckthorn    Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  1094  (1836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant 
I,  371  (1862);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VI,  51  (1877). 

Genera:  40 ±  ;  tropical  and  warmer  regions. 
Species:  500±:  fossil,  10-12  (Tertiary). 

CEANOTHUS  LINN.     Act.  Ups.  77  (1741). 

Paliurus  ADANS.    Fam.  PL  II,  304  (1763)  in  part. 
Forrestia  RAF.    Med.  Rep.  II,  hex.  V,  350  (1808). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VI,  80;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  378;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  69;  Sargent,  N.  Am.  Silva,  II,  41;  Gray,  111.  Gen.  II,  131; 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  588. 

Living  species:  40 ±;  N.  America,  western,  temperate 
and  tropical.  Centers  on  Pac.  coast.  19-22,  California;  4, 
Rocky  mts.;  Canada,  4;  S.  Sts.,  3;  E.  Sts.,  2;  PL  King,  6;  PL 
Wheel.,  4;  W.  Tex.,  4;  Mexico  and  Central  America,  ±15. 

Fossil  species:  2;  Java,  Tertiary  (Gdppert)\  Bonn, 
Germany  (Weber),  Tertiary. 

Ceanothus  ovatus  DESV.     Arb.  II,  381  (1809). 
C.  ovalis  BIGEL.      Fl.  Bost.  ed.  2,  92  (1824). 
C.  intermedius  HOOK.     Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  124  (1833). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  112;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  39;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  122;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  47;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  96;  II,  314;  Coult.,  FL 
Tex.  60;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  165. 

North  America,  Ont.  and  L.  Huron  and  L.  Superior 
region  to  N.  Eng.,  111.,  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Wyoming 
and  W.  Tex. 


356  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  local;  New  Ulm;  rare;  sandy  ridges  and 
rocks. 

Ceanothus  americanus  LINN.     Spec.  195  (1753). 
C.  trinervus  MOENCH,    Meth.  651  (1794). 
C.  herbaceus  RAF.    Med.  Repos.  V,  360  (1808). 
C.  perennis  and  intermedius  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  167  (1814). 
C.  sanguineus  NUTT.    Gen.  1, 153  (1818). 
C.  officinalis  RAF.    Med.  Bot.  II,  205  (1830). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  112;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  77;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  39;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  122:  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  74;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
95;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  60;Cov.,Fl.  Ark.  172;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  163. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Man. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J\ 
and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.,  Miss,  and  W.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  dry  and  open  woodland 
and  along  river  banks. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1171,  New  Ulm;  Bollard  740,  Waco- 
ma;  Sheldon  931,  Redwood  Falls;  Bollard  465,  Prior's  lake, 
Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  734,  Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  566,  Prior's  lake, 
Scott  Co. ;  Herrick  66,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  49,  Rocky  lake; 
Sandberg  115,  Red  Wing. 

RHAMNUS  LINN.     Gen.  165  (1737)  em. 
Alaternus  TOURN.    Inst.  595  (1700). 
Frangula  MOENCH,    Meth.  Suppl.  271  (1802). 
Marcorella  NECK.    Elem.  799  (1790). 
Cardiolepis  RAFEST.    Neogen,  2  (1825). 
Sciadophila  PHIL.    Linn.  XXVIII,  618  (1854). 
Rhamnella  MIQ.    Ann.  Mus.  Lugd.-Bat.  Ill,  30  (1857). 
Microrhamnus  MAXIM.    Mem.  Ac.  Petr. 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  377;  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VI,  74;  Durand,. 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  68;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  585. 

Living  species:  70 ±;  temperate  regions  of  Europe, 
Asia  and  America;  a  few  in  the  tropics;  absent  from  Africa, 
Australia  and  Oceanica.  N.  America,  6-7;  E.  Sts.,  3,  W.  Sts., 
3-4. 

Fossil  species :  Upper  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary;  Green- 
land, W.  America,  Siberia,  Europe,  Azores,  Switzerland,  Java^ 
15-20  sp.  (Lesquereaux,  Heer,  Gdppert). 

Rhamnus  alnifolia  I/HER.     Sert.  Angl.  5  (1788). 
E.  franguloides  MICHX.    Fl.  Am.  1, 153  (1803). 
R.  alpinus  RICH.    Frankl.  Journ.  6  (1823). 

Girtanneria  alnifolia  and  franguloides  RAF.    Fl.  Tellur.  28  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  Ill;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  76;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  168;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  96;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  122;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  38. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  357 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Maine,  Ont.,  N.  J.,  Penn.  to 
Minn.,  Neb.,  Mont,  and  N.  W.  T.  to  Rocky  mts. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  N.  districts;  wooded  banks 
and  in  forest. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1928,  Lake  Calhoun;  Bailey  457,  Mud 
lake;  Kassube276,  Minneapolis. 

LXVII.    VITACEAE.    Vine  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  796  (1836-40)— Ampelideae;  Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen. 
PI.  I,  386;  Lindl.,  Veg.  King.  439  (1846). 

Genera:  12 ±;  temperate  and  tropical  regions,  less 
abundant  in  America. 

Species:  260 ±;  fossil  species,  35-45-50;  Cretaceous 
and  Tertiary. 

PARTHENOCISSUS  PLANCH.     Monog.    Ampel.  446  (1887). 
Ampelopsis  MICHX.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  159  (1803)  p.  p. 
Quinaria  RAF.    ex  Planch.  488  (1887). 

Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  70;  O.  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  I,  125;  Gray,  111. 
Gen.  II,  165;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  594;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  1,387. 
Living  species:  10;  temperate  Asia;  E.  N.  America. 
Fossil  species:  1-2,  Tertiary,  N.  America,  Greenland? 

Parthenocissus    quinquefolia    (LiNN. )    PLANCH.     Monog. 
Ampel.  I,  488  (1887). 

Hedera  quinquefolia  LINN.    Spec.  292  (1753). 
Vitis  fiederacea  EHRH.    Beitr.  Bot.I,  17  (1787). 
V.  quinquefolia  LAM.    111.  II,  135  (1793). 
Ampelopsis  hirsuta  DON,    Cat.  Cant.  166  (1796). 
A.  quinquefolia  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  160  (1803). 
Cissus  hcderacea  PERS.    Syn.  I,  143  (1805). 
Ampelopsis  hederacea  DC.    Prodr.  I,  633  (1824). 
Quinaria  hederacea  and  hirsuta  RAF.    Med.  Bot.  II,  122  (1830). 
Wats,  and  Coutt.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  115;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  77;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  48;  Chap.,Fl.S.  St.  72;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  123;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
38;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  97;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  63;  Roth.,  Wheel.   Exp.  83;  Cov.. 
Fl.  Ark.  173;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  170;  Hart.,  Scand.  Fl.  I,  559. 

North  America:  Q.  to  Man.  and  Assiniboia;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Kan., 
Ark.  and  W.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  banks  of  streams,  climb- 
ing over  shrubbery  or  on  tree- trunks;  frequent. 

HERB  :  ?  Taylor  812,  Glenwood;  Bollard  90,  Chaska; 
Sheldon  1581,  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  786,  Minnesota  Lake;  Shel- 
don 1607,  Madison  Lake;  Sandberg  114,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Moyer 
49,  Montevideo. 


358  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

TITIS  LINN.     Gen.  161  (1737). 

Planchon,  Mon.  Amp.  321;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  387;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  70;  Gray,  111.  Gen.  II,  163;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  I,  125; 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  593. 

Living  species :  30  ±  ;  northern  and  temperate  regions 
in  both  hemispheres.  Russia,  1;  Europe,  1;  N.  America,  15; 
S.  Sts.,  11;  E.  Sts.,  8;  Canada,  3;  W.  Tex.,  8;  Calif.,  1;  Rocky 
mts.,  1;  PL  Wheel.,  3. 

Fossil  species:  Cretaceous,  Europe  and  N.  Amer. ; 
Tertiary,  Greenland  (Heer}\  Wyoming  (Lesquereaux) ;  Prance 
(Saporta  and  Maricm) ;  Pliocene  or  Quat. ,  Japan  (Nathorst);  older 
Tertiary,  Japan  (Nathorst)',  25-30  sp.  descr. 

Titis  aestivalis  MICHX.    PI.  N.  Am.  II,  230  (1803). 
V.  ladniosa  MARSH.    Arbust.  165  (1785). 
V.  labrusca  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  243  (1788). 
V.palmata  VAHL,    Symb.  Ill,  42  (1794). 
V.  vulpina  JACQ.    Hort.  Schoenbr.  IV,  13  (1804). 
V.  virginiana  POIR.    Enc.  Meth.  VIII,  608  (1810). 
V.  intermedia  and  labruscoides  MUHL.    Cat.  26  (1813). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  113;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  77;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  38;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  123;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  71;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
504;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  62;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  83?;  Cov.,Fl.  Ark.  172;  Wats.. 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  171. 

North  America:  Ont.  along  L.  Erie  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J. 
and  S.  to  Pla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.,  Miss,  and  Pecos  river 
in  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  but  local;  reported  from 
Big  Stone,  Ft.  Snelling  and  Worthington. 

Yitis  riparia  MICHX.     PL  N.  Am.  II,  231  (1803). 
V.  vulpina  LINN.    Spec.  203  (1753)  in  part. 
V.  odoratissima  DON,    Cat.  Cant.  66  (1796). 
V.  incisa  JACQ.    Hort.  Schoenb.  IV,  14  (18,04). 
V.  cordifolia  var.  riparia  GKAY,    Man.  5  ed.  113  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  114;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  77;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  123;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  Sts.  71;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  38;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
97,  504;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  63;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  172;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  173. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Lake  Winnipeg;  S. 
toN.  Eng.,  N.  J.  andPenn.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Ark. 
and  Tex.  ' 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  less  common  than  V.  cor- 
difolia Lam. ;  river  banks  and  thickets. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1333,  Lake  Benton;  Ballard  30, 
Chaska;  Sheldon  1485,  Pipestone  City;  Sheldon  34,  Elysian; 
Herb.  Moyer  259,  Montevideo. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  359 

Yitis  corclifolia  LAM.     111.  II,  134  (1793). 
V.  vulpina  MUHL.    Cat.  26  (1813). 

V.  vulpina  var.  cordifolia  REGEL,    Consp.  Vit.  304(1873). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  113:   Britt..Fl.  N.  J.  77;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  123;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  38;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  71;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
97;  Coult., Fl.  Tex.  63;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  172;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  172. 

North  America:  S.  W.  Ont.?  to  Maine.;  S.  to  N.  J. 
and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Kan. ,  Ark. ,  Miss,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region  and  banks  of  streams  to 
Pommes  des  Terres  river;  river  banks  and  shrubbery;  com- 
mon. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  364,  Madison  Lake;  Taylor  712,  Min- 
nesota lake;  Sheldon  1003,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  984,  Cross  lake, 
Brown  Co.;  Taylor  488,  Janesville;  Oestlund  25,  Hennepin  Co. ; 
Kassube  48,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  113,  Chisago  Co. 

LXVIII.    TILIACEAE.     Linden  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  Pi  1004  (1838-40);  Bsntham  and  Hooker,  Gsn.  Plant.  I. 
228  (1862);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IV,  461  (1873);  Schumann  in  Engler  and 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  VI,  8  (1890). 

Genera:  35;  distributed  from  two  centers;  (1)  S.  E. 
Asia;  (2)  Brazil  (Schumann).  Common  in  tropics;  more  abund- 
ant in  N.  hemisphere  than  in  S. 

Species:  375  ±  living;  25 ±  fossil  in  Tertiary  rocks. 

TILIA  LINN.     Gen.  440  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IV,  185;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  236,  986;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.45;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  VI,  24  (Schu- 
mann); Gray,  111.  Gen.  II,  93;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  519. 

Living  species:  10;  Northern  hemisphere.  Russia,  6; 
China  and  Japan,  6;  Russian  Europe,  5;  Europe  5;  North 
America,  5;  Canada,  1-2;  E.  Sts.,  3;  S.  Sts.,  3;  Mexico,  1;  W. 
Tex.,  1;  not  in  California  region,  Central  Asia  or  Himalayas. 

Fossil  species:  14-18  described  from  Alaska,  Spitz- 
bergen,  Saghalin  (Heer),  Amur,  Europe,  Japan  (Nathorst), 
Denmark,  N.  America  (Newberry  and  Lesquereaux) ;  Tertiary 
and  Interglacial. 

Tilia  americana  LINN.    Spes.  514  (1753). 
T.  caroliniana  MILL.    Diet.  VIII,  4  (1768). 
T.  latifolia  SALISB.    Prodr.  367  (1796). 
T.  pubescens    Nouv.  Duham.  I,  51  (1801) 
T.  glabra  VENT.    Monog.  Til.  9  (1802). 
T.  canadensis  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  .1m.  I,  303  (1803). 
T.  stenopetala  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  92(1817). 
I.  negkcta  SPACH,    Ann.  Sd.  Nat.  2,  II,  340  (1834). 


360  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man  6  ed.  101;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  120;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  71;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  59;  Upham,FL  Minn.  35;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
88;  Engl.  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  6,  24;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  46;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  171; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  1, 145;  Sarg.,  Silva  I,  49. 

North  America:  N.  B.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man.  to  Assiniboia; 
S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  especially  in  forest  dis- 
trict, but  on  banks  of  streams;  W.  to  Dakota  line;  rich  soil. 

HERB.:  Taylor  485,  Janesville;  Sheldon  56,  Elysian; 
Sheldon  654,  Waseca;  Taylor  662,  Cobb  river,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Taylor  800,  Glenwood;  Bollard  55 5,  Spring  lake,  Scott  Co.; 
Sheldon  848,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  389,  Madison  Lake;  Herrick 
53,  Minneapolis;  Holzinqer  40,  Winona  Co.;  Bailey  224,  Ver- 
milion lake;  Bailey  249,  Vermilion  lake;  Sondberg  101,  Cannon 
Falls;  Herb.  Wickersheim  26,  Lake  Benton. 

LXIX.    MALVACEAE,    Mallow  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  978  (1836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  I, 
195;  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IV,  57  (1873)— excl.  Sterculiaceae;  Schumann  in  Eng- 
ler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  VI,  30  (1890). 

Genera :  30  ±  ;  cosmopolitan. 

Species:  650  700;  most  abundant  in  tropics.  A  large 
number  endemic  in  W.  hemisphere. 

MALTA  LINN.     Gen.  557  (1737). 

Callirrhoe  NUTT.    Jour.  Phil.  Acad.  II,  181(1822). 
Nuttallia  BART.    Fl.  Am.  II,  74  (1822). 
Malvastrum  DC.    Prodr.  I,  430  (1824). 
Malvella  JAUB.  and  SPACH,    111.  Or.  V,  47  (1853). 
Phyllanthophora  GRAY,    Wilkes  Exp.  I,  151  (1854). 
Nototriche  TURCZ.    ex  Baill.  Hist.  1.  c.  (1873). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IV,  138;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  201;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  VI,  40,  41   (Schumann);   Durand,  Ind.  Gen. 
Phan.  38;  Gray,  111.  Gen.  II,  49,  51,  59. 

Living  species:  100 ±  ;  N.  America,  25;  rest  in  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  region,  Europe  and  Asia  and  N.  Africa.  Canada, 
1;  E.  Sts.,  4-5;  S.  Sts.,  6;  W.  Tex.,  10;  rest  Mexican,  S-west- 
ward  and  Central  America.  S.  America,  15-20  sp. 

Malva  triangulataLEAVENW.    Am.  Jour.  Sci.  VII,  62  (1823). 
M.  houghtonii  T.  and  G.    FL  I,  225  and  681  (1838). 
Callirrhoe  triangulata  GRAY,    PL  Fendl.  16  (1849). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  98;  Upham,  FL  Minn.  34;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  53;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  133. 

North  America:     Ind.  to  Minn.;  S.  to  N.  Car.  and  Alab. 
Minn,  valley:     Prairie  region  on  higher  levels;  far  S. 
W. ;  dry  and  exposed  hillsides;  rare. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  361 

Malva  imolucrata  (NuTT.)  T.  and  G.     Fl.  I,  226  (1838). 
Nuttallia  involucrata  NUTT.    T.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  II,  172  (1830). 
Callirrhoe  involucrata  GRAY,    PI.  Lindh.  159  (1845). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  98;  Webb.  Fl.  Neb.  121;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  41;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  170;  Coult,  Fl.  Tex.  36;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  133. 
North  America:     Minn,  to  Neb.,  Colo.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. 
Minn.  Valley:    Reported  from  western  edge. 

NAPAEA  LINN.     Syst.  VI,  add.  (1748). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IV,  139;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  201;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  1, 38;  Gray,  III.  Gen.  II,  55;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
3,  VI,  41  (Schumann). 

Living  species:  1;  North  America. 

Napaea  dioica  LINN.     Spec.  686  (1753). 
N.  scabra  LINN.    Mant.  II,  435  (1774). 
Sida  dioica  CAV.    Diss.  I,  138  (1791). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  98;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  34;  Engl. 
Schum.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  Ill,  6,  41;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  1, 139. 

North  America:     Penn.  to  Va. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 
Minn  valley:     S.  E.  district  and  to  Martin  Co.;  rare; 
ravines  and  hillsides. 

HERB.  :    Sandberg  100,  Vasa. 

HIBISCUS  LINN.     Gen.  562  (1737). 

Lagunaea,  Triguera  CAV.    Diss.  41,  173(1791). 

Trionum,  Abelmoschus  MEDIC,    ex  DC.  I,  446  (1824). 

Bombycodendron  ZOLL.    Hassk.  PL  Java  301  (1848). 

Paritium  ST.  HIL.    Fl.  Bras.  Mer.  I,  295  (1825). 

Lagimaria  DON,    Syst.  I,  485  (1831). 

Senra  CAV.    Diss.  II,  83  (1793). 

Ketmia  TOURN.    Inst.  99  (1700). 

Hymenocalyx  ZENK.    PL  Ind.  8  (1835). 

Dumreichera  HOCHST.    Flora  (1838). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IV,  139;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  207;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  39;  Engier  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  VI,  47,  48,  49  (Schu- 
mann); Gray,  111.  Gen.  II,  81. 

Living  species  :  165+ ;  principally  in  the  tropical  and 
sub-tropical  regions  of  the  earth;  Russia,  2;  Europe,  2;  Rus- 
sian Europe,  2;  N.  America,  15;  W.  Tex.,  3;  S.  Sts.,  9;  E.  Sts.,  3; 
Canada,  2;  California,  2—4;  PI.  Wheel.,  1. 

Hibiscus  militaris  CAV.     Diss.  I,  352(1791). 
H.  laevis  SCOP.    Del.  FL  III.  35  (1778). 
H.  virginicus  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  177  (1778)  not  Linn. 
H.  hastatus  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  45  (1803). 
H.  riparius  PERS.    Syn.  II,  254  (1807). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  100;  Upham,  FL  Minn.  34;  Webb., 
FL  Neb.  120;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  58;  Cov.,  FL  Ark.  170;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  135 


362  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

North  America:  Penn.  to  Minn,  and  Neb.;  S.  to  Va. 
and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Ft.  Snelling;  E.  edge  and  N.  E.  dis- 
trict; rare;  river  banks  and  shore  of  lakes. 

LXX.  HYPERICACEAE.  St.  John's-Wort 
Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  1036  (1836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant. 
I,  163  (1862);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VI,  391  (1877). 

Genera;    8;  temperate  and  warmer  regions. 

Species:  225  ±;  more  abundantly  represented  in  N. 
hemisphere  than  in  S. 

HYPERICUM  LINN.     Gen.  606  (1737). 

Elodea,  Elodes,  Triadenia,  Adenotrias,  Drosanthe,  Ere- 
mosporus,  Webbia,  Hypericum,  Olympia,  Campylopus,  Psoro- 
phytum,  Androsaemum,  Eremanthe,  Campylosporus,  Norysca, 
Boscyna,  Myriandra,  Brathydium  SPACH,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ser.  2,  V, 
353  (1836). 

Androsaemum  ALL.    Fl.  Ped.  II,  47  (1785). 

Brathrys  MUT.    ex  Linn,  f .  Suppl.  43  (1781). 

Sarothra  LINN.    Gen.  ed.  Y,  344  (1754). 

Tridia  KORTH.    Hoev.  and  De  Vr.  Tijd.  Ill,  17  (1836). 

Receveura  VELL.    Fl.  Flum.  V,  119,  120  (1826). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VI,  391;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  1, 165;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  33;  Gray,  III.  Gen.  I,  213. 

Living  species:  175  ±;  160  (B.  and  H.);  temperate  and 
tropical  regions;  very  numerous  in  N.  temperate  zone;  very 
rare  in  S.  temperate;  Russia,  23;  Europe,  41;  Russian  Europe, 
10;  N.  America,  31;  E.  Sts.,  17;  Canada,  11;  S.  Sts.,  25;  PI. 
King,  2;  PI.  Wheel,  1;  Mid.  Calif.,  3;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  W.  Tex.  4. 

Hypericum  canadense  LINN.    Spec.  785  (1753). 

H.  thesiifolium  HBK.    N.  G.  et.  S.  V,  192  (1821). 
H.  pauciflorum  HBK.    1.  c.  (1821). 
If.  moranense  HBK.    1.  c.  (1821). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  95;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  68;  Uphani, 
Fl.  Minn.  31;  Chap..  Fl.  S.  St.  42;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  169;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I. 
125;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  32. 

North  America:  N.  Y.  to  Fla.;  W.  to  Wis.,  Minn., 
Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E  district,  and  probably  along  N. 
edge;  extending  doubtfully  to  Blue  Earth  Co.;  wet  or  damp 
woods  and  roadsides. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  825,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard 
856,  Page  lake;  Holzinger  32,  Winona  Co.;  Bailey  428,  Long 
lake. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  363 

Hypericum  gymnanthum  ENGELM.  and  GRAY,     PL  Lindh. 
4  (1845). 

H.  mutilum  var.  gymnanthum  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  86  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  95;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  31;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  68;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  35;   Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  170;   Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I, 
127. 

North  America:    N.  J.,  Del.  and  Penn.  to  Minn,   and 

Ark. ;   S.  to  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:   N.  E.  district;  low  and  shaded  localities. 
HERB.  :  Roberts  18,  Stewart  river. 

Hypericum  mutilum  LINN.     Spec.  787  (1753). 
Ascyrum  crux-andraea  LINN.    Spec.  787  (1753). 
Hypericum  quinquenervium  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  190  (1788). 
H.  parviflorum  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  1436  (1803). 
H.  stellarioides  H.  B.  K.    Nov.  Gen.  et.  Spec.  V,  196  (1821). 
Bmthrys  quinquenervia  SPACH,    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2.  V.  367  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  94;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  68;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  41;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  31;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  85;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  35; 
Wats.,  King  Exp.  46;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  170;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  127. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  L.  Winnipeg;  E.  U.  S.;  Tex. 
and  Mexico;  Minn,  to  Ark.  and  Eastward.  Not  in  Neb.,  Colo, 
or  Pac.  coast  region. 

Minn,  valley:  Ft.  Snelling  and  Waconia  region;  damp 
woodland. 

HERB.:  Roberts  17,  Beaver  bay;  Sandberg  88,  Good- 
hue  Co. 

Hypericum  maculatum  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  189  (1788). 
H.  virginianum  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  189  (1788). 
H.  punctatum  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  IV,  164  (1797). 
H.  micranthum  CHOIS.    Prodr.  Hyper.  44  (1821). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  94;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  68;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  31;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  40;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  85;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  170; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  125. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.  to  Ont. ;  S.  to  Maine,  N.  J., 
N.  Car. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Iowa,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Hypericum  prolificum  LINN.     Mant.  106  (1767). 

H.  foliosum  JACQ.    Hort.  Schoen.  Ill,  27  (1798). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  93;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  39;  Upham 
Fl.  Minn.  31;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  170;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  128. 

North  America:   N.  J.  to  Mich,  and  Minn. ;  S.  to  Tenn 
Minn,  valley:    S.  E.  region,  but  doubtful;  cool  woods 

Hypericum  ascyron  LINN.     Spec.  1102  (1753). 
H.  pyramidatum  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  103  (1789). 
H.  ascyroides  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  1443  (1803). 
H.  amplexicaule  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  IV,  147  U797). 
H  macrocarpum  MICHX.    Fl.  II,  82  (1803). 


364  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  93;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  30;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  67;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  84,  500;  II,  312;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin. 
72;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  446;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  128. 

Altai  and  Baikal  Siberia  and  China. 

North  America:  Montreal,  Q.,  Ont.  to  plains  of  the 
Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  and  W.  to  Iowa, 
Minn,  and  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  wooded  banks;  W.  to 
Brown  Co.;  wooded  banks  of  streams  and  cool  ravines. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1164,  New  Ulm;  Kossube  33,  Tattle's 
creek,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1705,  Minneapolis. 

Hypericum  virginicum  LINN.     Spec.  ed.  2,  1104  (1762). 
H.  campanulatum  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  191  (1788). 
H.  emarginatum  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  IV,  154  (1797). 
T)-iadenum  purpurascens  RAF.    Med.  Rep.  V,  355  (1809) 
Elodes  campanulata  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  379  (1814). 
Eiodes  virginica  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  17  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  95;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  31;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  68;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  42;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  86;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I, 
124;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  32. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Winnipeg  and  Hudson  Bay; 
S.  to  N.  Eng.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Man.  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  banks  of  streams; 
Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue  Earth  Co.;  marshes,  swamps  and  wet 
woods. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  327,  Smith's  Mills,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Bollard  817,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co.;  Bollard  855,  Page  lake; 
Bollard  902,  St.  Bonifacius;  Bailey  55,  Vermilion  lake;  Holz- 
inger  33,  Winona  Co.;  Roberts  19,  Duluth;  Sandberg  S9,  Chis- 
ago  Co. 

LXXL    CISTACEAE,    Rock-Rose  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  903(1.836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  PL 
I,  112  (1862);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IV,  323  (1873). 

Genera:  4;  temperate  N.  hemisphere  and  a  few  in  S. 
America;  especially  developed  in  Mediterranean  region. 

Species:  60  (B.  andH.);  200  (described);  Mediterranean 
region,  50;  N.  America,  abundant. 

HELIANTHEMUM  PERS.     Syst.  II,  75  (1807). 

I  lali  m  i  ii  m,  Fumana,  Tuberaria,  Liecheoides  DUNAL,    DC. 

Prodr.  I,  266  (1824). 

Rhodax,     Crocantliemum,     Heteromeris,     Taeiiiostema 

SPACH,    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ser.  2,  VI,  360  (1836). 

Codomia  GAUD,    ex  Durand,  Ind.  Phan.  23  (1! 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  365 

i 

Fumanopsis  POMEL.    ex  Durand,  Incl.  Phan.  (1888;. 
Cistus  LINN.    Gen.  673  (1737)  in  part. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IV,  331;  Benin,  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  I,  113;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  23;  Gray,  111  Gen.  I,  203. 

Living  species:  27  ±;  100  (Dunal);  160  (described); 
principally  Mediterranean  region  to  the  Punjaub,  a  few  grow- 
ing throughout  Europe;  6  in  N.  America;  1-3,  S.  America; 
Russia,  8;  Europe  59?  (Nym.)\  Russian  Europe,  3;  Canada,  1; 
California,  1;  S.  Sts,  4;  E.  Sts.,  2;  PL  Wheel.,  1;  W.  Tex.;  3. 

Helianthemum  majus  (LiNN.)  B.  S.  P.     Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Lechea  major  LINN.    Amoen.  Ill,  11  (1751). 
Cistus  canadensis  HILL.    Veg.  Syst.  14  (1769). 
Helianthemum  canadense  MICHX.    Fl.  Am.  I,  308  (1803). 
H.  ramuliflorum  MICHX.    Fl.  Am.  I,  307  (1803). 
H.  corymbosum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  363  (1814). 
H.  rosmarintfolium  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  364  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  76;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  53;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  120;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  36;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  30;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  60, 
491;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  24;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  78. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Ont.  and  Saskatchewan?  S.  to 
N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  E.  edge  and  S.  E.  districts;  dry  or  sandy 
plaees  and  along  river  banks. 

HERB.  :  Holzinger  32,  Winona  Co. ;  Kassube  40,  Minne- 
apolis; Sandberg  85,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Holzinger  33,  Winona;  Sand- 
berg  86,  Vasa. 

HUDSONIA  LINN.     Mant.  1263  (1767). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IV,  332;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  114;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  23;  Gray,  111.  Gen..  I,  207. 

Living  species:  3;  North  America;  E.  Sts.,  2;  S.  Sts  , 
1;  Canada,  2. 

Hudsonia  tomentosa  NUTT.     Gen.  II,  5  (1818). 

H.  ericoides  RICH.     Frankl.  Journ.  11  (1823). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  77;  Britt.,  Fl  N.  J.  54;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  30;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  60;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  79;  Upham,  Suppl. 
Minn.  50. 

North  America:     N.  S.,  N.  Br,,   Q.,  Ont.,  Rainy  lake 

to  Slave  lake;  S.  to  Maine,  N.  J.  and  Md. ;  W.  around  Gt.  lakes 
to  Minn,  and  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:     Local;  Morton;  on  sandy  hillsides. 

HERB.:     Sandberg  87,  White  Rock. 

LXXII.    VIOLACEAE.    Violet  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  908  (1836-40);  Lindl.,  Veg.  King.  365  (1846)—  Sauva- 
gesiaceae;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  114  (1862);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IV, 
333  (1873). 


366  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Genera:    18-20;  cosmopolitan. 

Species:  £50 ±;  cosmopolitan;  herbaceous  in  temper- 
ate, shrubby  in  tropical  regions. 

TIOLA  LINN.     Gen.  679  (1737). 

Mnemion  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  V,  510  (1836). 
Chrysion  SPACH,    1.  c.  509  (1836). 
Lophion  SPACH,    1.  c.  516  (1836). 
Erpetion  DC.    ex  Sweet,  Brit.  FL  Gard.  170  (1823). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IV,  351;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  117;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  23;  Gray,  111.  Gen.  I,  185. 

Living  species;  250  described;  150  reduced;  100  (B. 
and  H.);  three-fourths  in  temperate  northern  hemisphere,  rest 
in  southern;  almost  the  whole  earth  (Durand).  Russia,  40 -H; 
Europe,  56;  Russian  Europe,  26;  N.  America,  35;  Calif.,  15; 
Canada,  27-30;  E.  Sts.,  17-19;  Rocky  mts.,  8-10;  S.  Sts.,  16; 
PL  King,  8-9;  PL  Wheel.,  4;  W.  Tex.,  4. 

Yiola  sylvestris  LAM.     FL  Fr.  II,  680  (1778). 
V.  uliginosa  MUHL.    Cat.  25  (1813). 
V.  debilis  PURSH,    FL  Am.  174  (1814). 
V.  mufilenbergiana  GINGINS,    DC.  Prodr.  I,  297  (1824). 
V.  muhlenbergii  TORR.    FL  U.  S.  I,  256  (1824). 
V.  canina  var.  sylvestris  REGEL,    Fl.  O.-Sib.  1,  245  (1862). 
V.  canina  var.  muhlenbergii  TRAUTV.    Fl.  Sib.  28  (1877). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  81;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  57;  Upham, 
FL  Minn.  29;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  34;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  56;  Mac., 
Fl.Can.  I,  63;  Led.,  Fl.  Eoss.  I,  253;  Herd.,  FL  Russ.  Eur.  22;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  68;  Wats..  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  82;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  FL.Sin.  55. 

Russian  Europe;  Siberia  to  Baikals,  Amur.,  Kamtka , 
China. 

North  America:  Greenland  to  Alaska;  S.  thro.  Can. 
to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Va.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  N.  edge;  forest  region  and  in 
tamarack  swamps. 

HERB.  :     Sheldon  1605,  Ramsey  Co. 

Yiola  striata  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  290  (1789). 
V.  debilis  MICHX.    FL  I,  150  (1803). 
V.  kwisiana  GING.    DC.  Prodr.  I,  298  (1824). 
V.  ochroleuca  SCHW.    Am.  Journ.  Sci.  I,  5,  66  (1824). 
Wats,  and  Couit.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  80;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  57;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  34;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  29;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  I,  63;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  87. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  N.  Eng.  to  mts.  of  Ga.;  W. 
to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  edge  and  to  the  W.  edge  on  higher 
levels;  flat  and  wooded  grounds. 


ISTL   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  367 

HERB::  Bradley  1,  Spring  Park;  Herb.  Wickersheim 
21,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. 

Yiola  canadensis  LINN.     Spec.  936  (1753). 

V.  albiflora  LINK,    Ennm.  Hort.  Berol.  I,  141  (1828). 
Wats,  and  Coult,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  80;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  57;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  34;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  119;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  29;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  29; 
Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  64;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  254;  Roth.,  Wheel  Exp.  68;  Wats., 
King.  Exp.  35;  Wats.,  Bib!.  Ind.  I,  82. 

Islands  in  Berings  st.  off  Siberia. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man-,  to  Brit. 
Col.;  S.  in  mts.  to  Wyom.,  Colo.,  Utah,  Nev.  and  N.  Mexico; 
E.  to  Alleghanies  and  N.  Car. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  region  and  wooded  banks  of 
streams;  W.  to  Chippewa  river;  low  and  damp  localities; 
woods. 

HERB.:  Taylor  422,  Janesville;  Sheldon  290,  Madison 
Lake;  Sheldon  1606,  Ft.  Snelling;  Sheldon  256,  Turtle  lake,  Le 
Sueur  Co.;  Sandberg  82,  Red  Wing;  Hero.  Moyer  37,  Monte- 
video. 

Yiola  pufoescens  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  290  (1789). 
V.  pennsylvanica  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  149  (1803). 
V.  uniflora  var.  pubescens  REGEL,    Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  254  (1862). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  80;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  34;  JtJritt.,  Fl. 
N.  J.  57;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  29;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  64;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  167; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  86. 

East  Siberia? 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.;  S. 
to  N.  Eng.  and  Va.;  W.  to  Iowa,  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  woods  and  shady  banks; 
common;  principally  in  the  forest  region. 

HERB.:  Bollard .331,  Belle  Plaine;  Bailey  236,  Vermil- 
ion lake;  Sandberg  S3,  Red  Wing;  Herrick  45,  Minneapolis; 
Kassube  39,  Minneapolis;  Leonards,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  31, 
Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  8 4,  Cannon  Falls;  Hammond  10,  'Lake 
City;  Herb,  Sheldon  1834,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  22, 
Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  38,  Montevideo. 

Viola  rotundifolia  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  150  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  80;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  56;  Chap..  Fl. 
S.  St.  34;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  28;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1,61;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  248; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  86. 

Kamtschatka  ? 

North  America:     N.  S.  and  Maine  to  N.  Car.  and  Minn 
Minn,  valley:     Ft.   Snelling  and  probably  Leaf   hills 
district;  moist  woodland  and  near  cold  springs. 


368  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.:    Roberts  14,  Black  Point;  Roberts  15,  Black 
Neck  river. 

Tiola  lanceolata  LINN.     Spec.  934  (1753). 

V.  attenuata  SWEET,     Hort.  Brit.  37  (1827). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  80;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  56;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  33;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  29;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  61,  492:  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex. 
25;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  84;  Upham,  Suppl.  Minn.  50. 

North  America:     N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  L.   Superior; 
S.  to  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:    Ft.  Snelling;  N.  W.  and  probably  along 
N.  edge;  damp  woods. 

Viola  primulaefolia  LINN.     Spec.  934  (1753). 

V.  acuta  BIGEL.    Fl.  Bost.  100  (1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  80;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  56;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  33;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  29;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  61;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I, 
86. 

North  America:     N.   Br.,   Q.,  to  N.   Eng.,  N.  J.  and 
Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.  ? 

Minn,  valley :  ?  Ft.  Snelling  and  possibly  in  Blue  Earth 
Co. ;  damp  woods. 

Yiola  blanda  WILLD.     Hort.  Berol.  t.  24  (1807). 
V.  clandestine!,  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  173  (1814). 
V.  obliqua  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  172  (1814)  not  Hill. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  79;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  56;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  29;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  33;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  1,55;  Regel, 
Fl.  O.-Sib.  I,  216,  234;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  I,  247;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  62;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  167;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  81. 
Kamtschatka. 

North  America:  Newf.  and  N.  S.  to  Man.  and  Brit. 
Col.;  Ft.  Franklin  on  Mackenzie  river;  S.  in  E.  U.  S.  to  N. 
Car.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  edge;  woods  and 
damp  places;  tamarack  swamps. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  329,  Smith's  Mill,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Bollard  157,  Chaska;  Herrick  44,  Lake  Mendoza;  Sandberg  74, 
Chisago  lake;  Herrick  45,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  455,  Mud  Lake; 
Sandberg  75,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1718,  Minneapolis;  1838, 
Lake  Calhoun;  Herb.  Wicker sheim  19,  Mankato. 

Viola  blanda  WILLD.   var.   amoena    (LECONTE)  B.  S.   P. 
Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

V.  amoena  LECONTE,    Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  II,  144  (1835). 
V.  blanda  var.  palustriformis   A.   GRAY,    Rev.  Viol.  Bot.  Gaz. 
(1886). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  79;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  56;  Wats.*, 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  82;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  11,307. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING    PLANTS.  369 

North  America:  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Ont.  to  Del.  and  W. 
to  Lake  Nepigon  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  wet  woods  and  tama- 
rack swamps. 

HERB.:  Bollard  366,  Helena,  Scott  Co.;  Bailey  105, 
Vermilion  lake;  Sheldon  1837,  Lake  Calhoun. 

Yiola  sagittata  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  287  (1789). 
V.  sagittaefolia  SALISB.    Prodr.  130  (1796). 
V.  ciliata  MUHL.    Cat.  25  (1813). 
V.  dentata  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  172  (1814). 
V.  ovata  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  148  (1818). 
V.  alleghaniensis  R.  and  S.    Syst.  V,  560  (1819). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  79;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  56;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  29;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  33;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can  I,  63,  492;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
167:  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  87. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng. 
and  Minn.;  S.  to  N.  J.,  Va.  and  Tenn.;  W.  to  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  N.  edge 
of  valley  to  Leaf  hill  district;  drier  exposed  hillsides. 

HERB.  :  Sandberg  80,  Belle  Creek,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Kas- 
sube  37,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  46,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld. 
1680,  Minneapolis;  1833,  Minneapolis;  Sheldon  1930,  Minnea- 
polis. 

Yiola  palmata  LINN.     Spec.  933  (1753). 
V.  heterophylla  MUHL.    Cat.  25  (1813). 
V.  cucullata  var.  palmata  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  78  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  79;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  55;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  120;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.,  33;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  29;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I? 
63;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  167;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  84. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  E.  U.  S.;  S.  to  Fla.;  W.  to 
Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  at  lower  levels;  damp 
ground;  woodland  and  meadow. 

HERB.:  Holzinger  27,  Winona  Co.;  Holzinger  28, 
Winona  Co. ;  Sandberg  73,  Vasa;  Herb.  Sheld.  1832,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Moyer  34,  Macmillan's  gulch,  Montevideo. 

Yiola  palmata  LINN.  var.  obliqua  (HILL)  HITCHCOCK,     Fl. 

Ames.  487  (1891). 

V.  obliqua  HILL.    Hort.  Kew.  316  t.  12  (1768). 
V.  cucullata  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  228  (1789). 
V.  papilionacea  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  173  (1814). 
V.  asarifolia  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  732  (1814)  not  Muhl. 
V.  palmata  var.  cucultata  GRAY,    Rev.  Viol.  Bot.  Gaz.  (1886). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  79;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  120;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  29;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  33;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  55;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  62; 
-24 


370  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

II,  307;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  25;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  34;  Koth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  68; 
Cov.,Fl.  Ark.  167;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  83. 

North  America:  Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Canada;  range  in  U. 
S.  like  that  of  V.  palmata  Linn.;  Texas,  Rio  Grande  river;  S. 
Calif.;  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  on  lower  levels;  banks  of 
streams,  wooded  hillsides  and  lake  shores. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  756,  Glenwood;  Kassube  36,  Minnea- 
polis; Sandberg  77,  Vasa;  Oestlund  16,  Minneapolis;  Leonard  7, 
Minneapolis;  Sandberg 78,  Red  Wing;  Holzinger  29,  Winona  Co. ; 
Herb.  Shtld.  1825,  Minneapolis;  1836,  Ramsey  Co.;  Herb.  Wick- 
ersheim  20,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  35,  Montevideo. 

Viola  palmata  LINN.  var.  cordata  (WALT.)  B.  S.  P.     Cat. 
N.  Y.  (1888). 

V.  cordata  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  219  (1788). 
V.  villosa  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  219  (1788). 
V.  sororia  WILLD.    Enum.  263  (1809). 
V.  barbata  MUHL.    Cat.  25  (1813). 
V.  ciliata  E.  and  S.    Syst.  V,  360  (1819). 
V.  cucullata  var.  cordata  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  78  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  79;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  56;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  29;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  63;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  167;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I, 
83:  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  33. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  E.  U.  S.  to  Fla.;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Probably  throughout,  but  most  cer- 
tainly in  forest  region,  E.  and  to  Nicollet  Co. ;  exposed  hill- 
sides. 

HERB.  :    Sandberg  79,  Red  Wing. 

Yiola  pedatifida  G.  DON,     Mill.  I,  320  (1831). 

V.  delphinifolia  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  136  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  79;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  29;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  120;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  29;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1,  493;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  167; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  84. 

North  America:  111.  to  Kan.,  Ark.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Dak. 
and  Minn. ;  S.  in  mts.  to  Arizona;  N.  to  prairies  of  Man. 

Minn,  valley:  Prairie  region  throughout;  apparently 
less  abundant  than  V.  pedata  Linn. ;  rich  meadow  land. 

HERB.:  Kassube  35,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  76,  Red 
Wing;  Herb.  Moyer  36,  Montevideo. 

Viola  pedata  LINN.     Spec.  933  (1753). 
V.  digitata  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  171  (1814). 
V.  pinnata  RICH.    Frankl.  Journ.  6  (1823). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  78;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  55;  Chap.,  Fl. 


LIST   OP   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  371 

S.  St.  33;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  29;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  63,  492;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
167;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  1,  85.' 

North  America:  Lat.  53°  N.  on  Saskatchewan;  N. 
Eng.  to  Minn.;  S.  to  N.  J.,  Tenn.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley :  Ft.  Snelling  to  Brown  Co.  and  along  N. 
edge;  rich  prairies  or  drift- covered  hillsides. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  969,  Sleepy  Eye;  Kassube  38,  St. 
Anthony  Park;  Oestlund  17,  Hennepin  Co.;  Sandberg  81,  Red 
Wing;  Holzinger  30,  Winona  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1836,  Minnea- 
polis. 

LXXIII.    CACTACEAE.    Cactus  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI  942  (1836-40),  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  I, 
845  (1868);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  28  (1888). 

Genera:  13;  tropical  and  sub-tropical  America;  ex- 
tending to  Canada  and  Central  Chile;  1  in  Africa,  Madagascar 
and  Mauritius. 

Species:  1000  ±  ;  almost  all  confined  to  desert  places. 

OPUNTIA  MILL.     Diet.  ed.  8  (1768). 

Cactus  LINN.    Gen.  ed.  VI,  616  (1764)  in  part. 
Tuna  DILL.    Hort.  Elth.  383  (1774). 

Consolea  LEMAIRE,    ex  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  153  (1888). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  40;  Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  I,  851;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  153. 

Living  species:  200  described;  tropical  and  warmer 
America,  1  sp.  in  old  world.  Perhaps  only  30  distinct;  W. 
Tex.,  19;  E.  Sts.,  4;  Canada,  4;  Rocky  mts.,  6;  S.  Sts.,  4;  Cali- 
fornia, 14-17;  PI.  Wheel,  13;  PL  King,  11. 

Opuntia  fragilis  (NUTT.)  HAW.     Syn.  Succ.  Suppl.  82(1819). 

Cactus  fragilis  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  296  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  197;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  125;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  59;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  112;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  532;  Wats.,  King.  Exp. 
119;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  406. 

North  America:  Vancouver  to  Brit.  Col.  and  S.  Man. ; 
Upper  Missouri  and  Yellowstone  to  N.  Mex  ;  E.  to  Minn., 
Wise.,  Iowa,  Neb.  and  Kan. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  district;  rocks  and  ledges  or  dry 
hillsides,  New  Ulm?  to  Dakota  line. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1494,  Pipestone  City;  Sheldon  958,: 
Redwood  Falls. 

Opuntia  missouriensis  DC.     Prodr.  Ill,  472  (1828). 
Cactus  ferox  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  296  (1818)  not  Wilkl. 
Opuntia  polyacantha  HAW.      Syn.  Succ,  Suppl.  82  (1819). 


372  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  197;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  177;  Webb., 
PI.  Neb.  125;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  Ill;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 59;  Wats.,  KingExp. 
118;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  129;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  184;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  407. 

North  America:  Colo,  and  Mont,  to  Neb.,  Minn., 
Kan.,  Ark.,  Mo.  and  Wise. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  edge;  ledges  of  quartzite  or 
syenitic  rock;  rare.- 

HERB.:  Sheld.  1495,  Pipestone  City;  Huniington  27, 
Hock  Co. 

Opuntia   raflnesquii  ENGELM.     Pac.  R.   R.    Rep.    IV,    41 
<1856). 

Cactus  opuntia  TOBR.    Fl.  U.  S.  466  (1824)  in  part. 
Opuntia  mesacantha  and  caespitosa  RAF.    Bull.  Bot.  (1830). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  197;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  125;  Upham, 
PI.  Minn.  59;  Coult.,  Fl.  Col.  Ill;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  184;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  135; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  408. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Nantucket,  N.  J.  and  Fla.; 
Mississippi  valley;  Mich.,  Minn,  to  Neb.,  Kan.,  Ky.,  Ark., 
Colo,  and  W.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Central  S.  district,  on  ledges  of  rock  in 
bed  of  river  Warren;  New  Ulm  to  Dakota  line. 

HERB.  :     Sheldon  1204,  Redstone,  near  New  Ulm. 

LXXIV.      THYMELAEACEAE.      Mezereum 
Family. 

Lindl.  Veg.  King  530  (1846);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI  VI,  100  (1877);  Endlicher, 
Gen.  PL  329,  332  (1836-40)— Daphnoideae  and  Aquilarineae;  Bentham  and 
Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  Ill,  186  (1880). 

Genera:  37  ±  ;  temperate  regions,  especially  abundant 
in  Australia,  S.  Africa  and  Mediterranean  region. 

Species:  375 ±,  living;    30-40  fossil  in  Tertiary  rocks. 

DIRCA  LINN.     Diss.  Chenon.  (1751),  Gen.  V,  437  (1754). 

Dofia  ADANS.    Fam.  II,  285  (1763). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VI,  130;  Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PI  III,  191;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.P/wm.354. 

Living  species:  1-2;  E  U.  S.  and  California. 

Dirca  palustris  LINN.     Amoen.  Ill,  12  (1756). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  448;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  213;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  420;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  395;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  121;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  217. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Owen  Sound;  S.  to 
Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Neb.?  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  edge;  banks  of 
streams  and  low  thickets. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  373 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1611,  Ramsey  Co.;  Sandberg  485r 
Vasa;  Herb.  Sheld.  1903,  Ramsey  Co.;  Herb.  Wickersheim  113r 
Mankato. 

LXXV.     ELAEAGNACEAE.    Oleaster   Family. 

•  Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  333  (1836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant. 
Ill,  203  (1880);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI  II,  487  (1870). 

Genera:  3;  temperate  N.  hemisphere  and  S.  in  Asia, 
Phillipines  and  to  Australia. 

Species:  16;  12  in  Elaeagnus  (B.  and  H.);  ?10±  fossil 
from  Tertiary  rocks. 

LEPTARtiYRAIA  RAF.     Am.  Mo.  Mag.  II,  176  (Jan.  1818). 

Sheplierdia  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  240  (later,  1818). 

Benth  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  III,  204;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  356; 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  649;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen  II,  585. 

Living  species:  3;  N.  America;  1,  mts.  of  S.  Utah;  1, 
Canada  and  Brit.  Col. ;  1,  E.  Sts. 

Leplargyraia  argentea  (NUTT.)  GREENE,     Pittonia  II,  122 

(1890). 

Eleagnus  argentea  NUTT.    Fras.  Cat.  (1813). 
Hippophae  argentea  PURSH,   XF1.  Am.  1, 113  (1814). 
Shepherdia  argentea  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  240  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  449;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  127;  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  II,  62;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  322;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  121;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  422;  Wats.,  KingExp.  318. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  and  Assiniboia  to 
Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  N.  Mex.  and  W.  to  Sierra  Nevada  mts. 

Minn,  valley:  In  small  numbers  along  the  extreme 
W.  edge,  in  Dakota;  extending  into  Minn,  near  Brown's  valley; 
high  sheltered  slough  edges  and  thickets. 

ELAEAGNUS  LINN.     Gen.  84  (1737). 

Octal-ilium  LOUR.    Cochinch.  90  (1790). 

Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PL  III,  204;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Plian.  356; 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  649. 

Living  species:  27-30  described;  12  reduced;  S. 
Europe;  temperate  and  tropical  Asia,  Australia  and  N.  Amer- 
ica. Europe,  1;  Russia,  1;  N.  America,  1. 

Fossil  species:  Elaeagnaceae  described  from  Tertiary 
of  Bonn,  Spitzbergen  and  Greenland  (Heer). 

Elaeagnus  argentea  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  114  (1814). 

E.  commutata  BEBNH.    Thur.  Allge.  Gartenz,  II,  95  (1819?). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  449;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  420;  Upham, 


374  METASPERMAE  OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Fl.  Minn.  121;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  321;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  318;  Roth.,  Wheel 
Exp.  238. 

North  America:  Isle  of  Orleans,  Man.,  L.  Nipigon 
and  Assiniboia  to  Rocky  mts. ;  N.  to  L.  Athabasca  and  56°  N. 
lat.  to  69°  N.  lat.  in  Rockies;  Hudson  Bay  and  Arctic  circle;  S. 
to  Mon.,  Colo.,  Utah  and  E.  to  Minn,  and  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:  Local  on  the  upper  Pomme  des  Terres 
river;  thickets,  riverbanks  and  edges  of  sloughs. 

LXXVl.    LYTHRACEAE.    Loosestrife  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI  1198  (1836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant. 
I,  773  (1862-1867):  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VI,  426  (1877):  Koehne,  in  Engler  and 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  VII,  8  (1892). 

Genera:    22;  tropical  regions,  sparingly  extended  into 
the  N.  and  6.  temperate  zones;    principally  in  W.  hemisphere. 
Species:    360;  1-2  doubtful  fossils  from  Pliocene. 

LYTHRUM  LINN.     Gen.  387  (1737). 
Salicaria  TOURN.    Inst.  253  (1700). 
Anisotes  LINDL.    Intr.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  II,  101  (1835). 
Pentaglossum  FORSK.     Fl.  Aeg.  Arab.  11  (1775). 
Mozula  KAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXTX,  96  (1819). 
Pythagorea  KAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  96  (1819). 
Bergenia  NECK.    Elem.  (1790). 

Middendorfia  TRAUTV.    ex  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  139(1888). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VI,  446;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  779;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  139;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  3,  VII,  8  (Koehne). 

Living  species:  23:  cosmopolitan.  Europe,  10;  Asia, 
10;  Russia,  9;  Russian  Europe,  7;  North  America,  4  or  5:  W. 
Tex.,  3;  California,  4;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  Canada,  2;  S.  Sts.,  2;  E. 
Sts.,  3;  PL  Wheel.,  1;  Africa,  8;  all  America,  12;  Australia,  2. 

Lythrum  alatiim  PURSH,     FL  Am.  334  (1814). 
Pythaqorea  alata  RAF.    Journ.  Phys.  96  (1819). 
Lythrum  kennedyanum  HBK.    Nov.  Gen.  et.  Spec.  VI,  194  (1823). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  185;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  107;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Oan.  I,  175,  532;  Webb.,Fl.  Neb., 127;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St., 134;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  I,  214;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  100;  Upham,  FL  Minn.  58;  Coult.,  FL 
Tex.  112;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  120;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  183;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I, 
361. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Ga.  and  Fla.; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Ark.  and  S.  W.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  local  or  infrequent;  damp 
meadows  or  bases  of  hills. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  790,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  572,  Minne- 
sota lake;  Kassube  97,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  119,  Minneapolis; 
Sandberg  211,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Moyer  88,  Montevideo. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  375 

LXXVII.      OENOTHERACEAE.      Evening- 
Primrose  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  1118  (1836-40);  LindL,  Veg.  King.  724  (1846)— Ona- 
graceae;  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant,  I,  785  (1862-1867);  Baillon,  Hist. 
PI.  VI,  458(1877)— excl.  Halorrhagidaceae. 

Genera:  16-20;  temperate  regions;  rarer  in  the  tropics. 
Species:  300-350;  a  few  fossil  in  Tertiary. 

ISNARDIA  LINN.     Gen.  842  (1737). 
Ludwigia  LINN.    Corr.  943  (1737). 
Prieuria  DC.    Prodr.  Ill,  58  (1828). 
Nematopyxis  MIQ.    Fl.  lad.  Bat.  I,  630  (1859). 
Dantia  THOU.    Gen.  Nov.  Mad.  49  (1806?). 
Jussiaea  LINN.    Gen.  538  (1737). 
Cubospermum  LOUR.    Fl.  Coch.  275  (1790). 
Vigiera  VELLOZ.    Fl.  Flum.  II,  73,  74  (1827). 
Corynostigrna  PERSL,    Epim.  218  (1844). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VI,  491;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  788;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  140;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  I,  250. 

Living  species :  60  ± ;  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  N.  Amer- 
ica, and  most  tropical  regions.  North  America,  24;  S.  Sts.,  20; 
E.  Sts.,  10;  Canada,  2-3;  California,  2. 

Isnardia  palustris  LINN.     Spec.  120  (1753). 
Ludwigia  apetala  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  89  (1788). 
L.  nitida  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  87  (1803). 
L.  palustris  ELL.    Sk.  I,  211  (1821). 

Isnardia  palustris  \ar.  americana  DC.  Prodr.  Ill,  61  (1828). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  188;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  109;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  168;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  142;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  158;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  58;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  126;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  217;  Coult., 
Fl.  Tex.  113;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  183;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  375;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran. 
227. 

Europe;  S.  Africa;  W.  Asia. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Saskatch- 
ewan; S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark. 
and  W.  Tex.;  also,  Sierra  Co.,  Calif.,  and  Oregon. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  rare; 
swamps  and  low  meadows. 

Isnardia  polycarpa  (SHORT  and  PETER)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  I, 
251  (1891). 

Ludwigia  polycarpa  S.  and  P.    Suppl.  PI.  Ky.  II,  7  (1833). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  188;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  126;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  58;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  183;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  376. 

North  America:  Mass,  and  Conn,  to  Mich.,  Minn., 
Neb.,  Kan.,  Ark.  and  Ky. 


376  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district;  low 
meadows  and  swamps. 

HERB.  :    Manning  4,  Lake  City. 

GAURA  LINN.     Diss.  Chen.   1111  (1751);  Gen.   ed.    V,  425 
(1754). 

Schizocarya  SPACH,    Ann.  Mus.  IV,  325  (1835). 
Gauridium  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  IV,  379  (1839). 
Stenosiphon  SPACH,    Ann.  Mus.  IV,  326  (1835). 
?  Heterogaura  BOTH.    Proc.  Am.  Acad.  VI.  354  (1864). 
?  Gongylocarpus  CHAM,  and  SCHLECHT.    Linn.  V,  557  (1831). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VI,  493;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  I.  793;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  141. 

Living  species:  20-25;  warmer  N.  America  and  Mexico. 
W.  Tex.,  9-10;  Canada,  2;  Kocky  mts.,  4;  E.  Sts.,  4;  California, 
2-3;  S.  Sts.,  3;  PI.  Wheel.,  6-7;  PL  King,  2. 

Gaura  coccinea  NUTT.     Fras.  Cat.  (1813). 

G.  marginata  LEHM.    Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  208  (1833). 
G.  qlabra  LEHM.    Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I.  208  (1833). 
Schizocarpa  (?)  crispa  SPACH,    Monog.  Onag.  58(1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  193;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  174;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  106;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  126;  Roth-,  Wheel.  Exp.  40;    Uphara,  Fl. 
Minn.  57,  Suppl.  51;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  183. 

North  America:  Red  and  Saskatchewan  valleys  to 
Rocky  mts.,  S.  to  Mont,  and  Colo. ;  E.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.  and 
Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  district  from  Chippewa  valley;  high 
plains  and  knolls. 

HERB.  :  WickersUeim  3,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Sheldon 
1384,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Herb.  Moyer  87,  Montevideo. 

Gaura  biennis  LINN.  Spec.  347  (1753). 
Pleurandra  alba  RAF.  Fl.  Lud.  95  (1817;. 
Pkurostemon  album  HAF.  Adn.  (1820). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  192;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  138;  Britt., 
N.  J.  110;  Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.  57;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  126;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
106;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  368;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  174,  521. 

North  America:     Ont.,   N.   Y.,  and  N.  J.   to  Ga.    and 
Tenn. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Idaho  and  Neb.;  S.  to  Mo.  and  Ark. 
Minn,  valley:    Reported  from  S.  E.  district,  but  pos- 
sibly not  in  the  valley;  banks  and  hillsides. 

EPILOBIUM  LINN.     Gen.  319  (1737). 

Chamoenerium  TAUSCH,    Hort.  Canal.  I  (1823). 
Lysimachion  TAUSCH,    1.  c.  (1823). 
Crossostigma  SPACH,    Ann.  Mus.  IV,  328  (1835). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VI,  492;  Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  I,  787:  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  140. 


LIST  OF   HIGHER   SEED-PKODUCING  PLANTS.  877 

Living  species:  60;  all  temperate  and  colder  regions; 
New  Zealand.  Russia,  20;  Europe,  18;  Russian  Europe,  17; 
North  America,  38;  Canada,  26;  Pac.  region,  34;  E.  Sts.,  10; 
Central  Calif.,  17. 

Epilobium  hornemanni  RCHB.     Icon.  Crit.  II,  73  (1824). 
E.  origanifolium  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  II,  376  (1786). 
E.  anagallidifolium  AUCT.  AMER.    in  part. 
E.  alpinum  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  (1869). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  189;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  57;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I.  169,  530?;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  158;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  102;  Brew, 
and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  219;  Led.,Fl.  Ross.  II,  111,  112;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.; 
Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  50;  Trelease,  Monog.  Epilob.  105;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  361;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  103?  in  part?;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  365;  Hart., 
Fl.  Scand.I,  263;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  34;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  208. 
Russian  Europe  to  N.  W.  Asia;  Arctic  Europe. 
North  America:  Greenland,  Labrador,  Q.  to  Rocky 
mts.,  Selkirks,  Alaska  and  Cape  Chudleigh. — to  lat.  56°  N. ;  S. 
to  White  mts. ;  S.  to  Minn,  and  Wise. ;  S.  in  Rockies  to  Mont. , 
Colo,  and  Utah;  S.  in  Pac.  reg.  to  Oregon,  Calif,  and  Idaho. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  rare;  woods  and  along  streams. 

HERB.  :    Leiberg  19,  Minneopa  Falls,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Epilobium  coloratura  MUHL,     Willd.  Enum.  I,  411  (1809) 
E.  divaricatum  RAF.    Prec.  Decouv.  41  (1814). 
E.  tetragonum  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  259  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  189:  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  102;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  170,  530;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  57;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  126;  Chap.,Fl. 
S.  St.,  140;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  219;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  109;  Tre- 
lease, Monog.  Epilob.  93;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  103;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  120, 
361;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  183;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  364. 

North  America:  Newt,  N.  S.,  N.  B.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Sas- 
atchewan,  N.  W.  T.  and  Rocky  mts.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  S. 
Car.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Ark.  and  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  high  wet  places  and  along 
streams. 

HERB.:  Taylor  411,  Buffalo  lake,  Waseca  Co.;  Bollard 
119,  Chaska;  Taylor  847,  Glenwood;  Bollard  476,  Prior's  lake, 
Scott  Co.;  Taylor  $53,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  877,  Sleepy  Eye;  Tay- 
lor 1079,  Glenwood;  Taylor  698,  Minnesota  lake;  Bollard  752, 
Waconia;  Kassube  94,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  114,  Minneapolis; 
Bailey  157,  Vermilion  lake;  Holzinger  81,  Stockton;  Bailey  461, 
Agate  bay;  Holzinger  82,  Winona  Co. ;  Herrick  115,  Minneapo- 
lis; Oestlund  61,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  576,  Agate  bay;  Sandberg 
207,  Goodhue  Co. 


378  MBTASPERMAE    OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Epilofoium  strictum  MUHL.     Cat,  39  (1813). 

E.  molle  TORR.    Fl.  U.  S.  393  (1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  189;  Uphain,  Fl.  Minn.  57;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  171;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  109;  Trelease  Monog.  Epilob.  87;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  365. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  L.  Athabasca;  S. 
to  Maine,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Va.;  W.  to  Ohio,  Ills.,  Mich., 
Wise,  and  Minn. 

Minn  valley:  Forest  district;  Ft.  Snelling  to  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  infrequent;  bogs  and  edges  of  marshes. 

HERB.:  Bollard  798,  Goose  lake,  Carver  Co.;  Bollard 
843,  Patterson  lake,  Carver  Co.;  Bollard  895,  St.  Bonifacius; 
Bollard  724,  Benton,  Carver  Co. ;  Leiberg  21,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

EpiloMum  palustre  LINN.     Spec.  '348  (1753). 
E.  anagallidifolium  AUCT.  AMER.  in  part. 
E.  oliganthum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  1,  223  (1803)  in  part. 
E.  palustre  var.  lineare  GRAY,    Man.  2  ed.  130  (1852)  in  part. 
?  E.  palustre  var.  oliganthum  B.  S.  P.    Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  190;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  57;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  108?;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  in  var.  55;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  102;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  170;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.   Brit.  157;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  140?;  Forbes  and 
Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  308;  Led.,   Fl.  Ross.  II,  109;  Nym.,   Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl. 
Eur.  Euss.  50;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  366;  Trelease,  Monog.  Epilob.  88;  Hart., 
Fl.  Scarid.  I,  264. 

Europe  and  Asia  to  Himalayas  and  India. 
North  America:     Greenland  and  Labrador  to  N.  H., 
N.  J.  ?  and  Penn. ?  W.  to  Minn.,   Colo.,   Alaska,  N.  W.  T.  and 
Washington. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  W.  and  W.  districts;  probably  also 
N.  and  N.  E. ;  bogs  and  marshes. 

HERB.:  Taylor  830,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1329,  Lake 
Benton. 

EpiloMum  lineare  MUHL.     Cat.  39  (1813). 
E.  densum  RAF.    Desv.  Journ.  II,  271  (1814). 
E.  rosmarinifolium  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  259(1814). 
E.  squamatum  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  250(1818). 
E.  palustre  var.  lineare  GRAY,    Man.  2  ed.  130  (1852). 
E.  oliganthum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  223  (18Q3)  in  part. 
?E.  palustre  var.  oliganthum  (Micnx.)  B.  S.  P.    Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  189;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  108;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  57;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1, 170;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  140?;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
102;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  J26;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Euss.  50;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  39;  Trelease,  Monog.  Epilob.  87,  88;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  366; 
Hart,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  265. 

Norway,  Scand.,  Lapland  and  N.  Russia. 
North  America:       Labrador  and  N.  Br.  to  Man.,  Brit. 
Col,  and  Selkirks  to  lat.   68°  N.  on  Mackenzie  river;  S.  to  N. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  379 

Eng.,  N.  J  ,  Del.,  Perm.,  Ills.,  Kan.,  Neb.,  Ind.  Terr,  and  Yel- 
lowstone reg. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.,  N.  and  N.  W.  districts;  bogs  and 
marshes. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  954,  Glen  wood;  Bollard  842,  Patterson 
lake,  Carver  Co.;  Roberts  40,  Stewart  river;  Herrick  113,  Min- 
neapolis; Sandberg  206,  Red  Wing;  Bailey  70,  Vermilion  lake; 
Bailey  320,  St.  Louis  river;  Leiberg  20,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1664,  Minneapolis. 

Epilobium  august ifolium  LINN,    emend.     Spec.  347  (1753). 
E.  spicatum  LAM.    Fl.  Fr.  1077  (1778). 
E.  pauciflorum  SCHRANK,    PL  Labr.  (1820). 
Chamoenerium  angustifolium  SPACH,    Hist.  Veg.  IV,  396  (1835). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  188;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1, 168,  530;  Up- 
ham,  FL  Minn.  57;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  108;   Webb.,  FL  Neb.  126;  Hook.,  FL 
Gt.  Brit.  156;  Trautv.,  FL  Sib.  54:  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  139;   Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
101;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  218;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  FL  Sin.  307; 
Led.,  FL  Ross.  II,  105;  Miyabe,  FL  Kur.  235;   Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  50; 
Trelease,  Monog.  Epilob.  80;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  120;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
104;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  366;  Hart.,  FL  Scand.  I,  262;   Greene,  FL  Fran. 
210. 

Temperate  and  Arctic  Europe  to  Caucasus;  N.  and  W. 

Asia,  all  Siberia  to  Himalayas;  China,  Japan  and  Kuriles. 

North  America:  Greenland,  Newf.,  Labrador,  N.  S., 
N.  Br.  to  Hudson  Bay,  N.  W.  T.  and  Alaska;  S.  to  N,  Eng.,  N. 
J.  and  mts.  of  N.  Car.;  S.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Kan.  and 
Baker  -nits.,  Arizona;  S.,  W.  of  Rockies  to  Oregon,  Calif,  and 
Nevada;  N.  Mexico,  Arizona  and  S.  Utah. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  W.  district;  rare 
E.  in  valley;  infrequent  N.  W. ;  burnt  woodland  or  barrens. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1036,  Glen  wood;  Bollard  343,  Helena, 
Scott  Co.;  Holzinger  80,  Winona  Co.;  Leonard  18,  Duluth; 
Winchell  6,  Duluth;  Herrick  112,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  93,  Min- 
neapolis; Bailey  9,  Vermilion  lake;  Arthur  153,  Vermilion. lake 
—(white- flowered  form);  Sandberg  205,  Red  Wing;  MacM.  and 
Sheld.  30,  Brainerd. 

CIRCAEA  LINN.     Gen.  9  (1737). 

Ocimastrum  RUPP.    FL  Ingr.  366  (1718). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI  VI,  141;  JBenth.  and  Hook  ,  Gen.  PL  I,  793;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  141;  Schenck,  (Onagraceae),  Palaeophyt.  630. 

Living  species:  6;  N.  hemisphere,  boreal  and  temper- 
ate regions.  Russia,  3;  Europe,  3;  North  America,  3;  Canada, 
3;  S.  Sts.,  2;  E.  Sts.,  2;  California,  1;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  PL 
King,  1. 


380  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Fossil  species:  Trapa  natans  is  found  in  Tertiary  of 
Alaska,  Colo.,  Portugal,  Japan  and  Saghalin,  and  in  Quater- 
nary at  Cromer. 

Circaea  alpina  LINN.     Spec.  9  (1753). 

"Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  193;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  Ill;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  174;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  159;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  57;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  143;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  310;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  114;  Nym., 
Fl.  Eur.;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  235;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Euss.  50;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  113;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  363;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  266. 

Europe;  N.  and  W.  Asia  to  Himalayas,  India,  China 
and  Kurile  Isls. ;  N.  Africa. 

North  America:  Labrador  to  N.  Eng. ,  N.  J.  and  Ga. ; 
W.  to  Ind.  and  Minn. ;  N.  to  Man. ,  N.  W.  T.  and  Alaska. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co.;  deep 
woods  and  near  springs  or  bogs. 

HERB.:    Sheldon  269,  Madison  Lake;    Boberts  39,  Dul 
uth;    Herrick  111,  Minneapolis;    Holway  28,  Vermilion  lake; 
Sandberg  204,  Chisago  Co. ;  Bailey  207,  Vermilion  lake. 

Circaea  lutetiana  LINN.     Spec.  8  (1753). 

C.  lutetiana  var.  canadensis  LINN.    Spec.  8  (1753). 
C.  canadensis  HILL.    Veg.  Syst.  10  (1762). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  193;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  Ill;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  125;  Mac;,  Fl.  Can.  I,  175;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  143;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt. 
Brit.  159;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  57;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  310;  Led.,  Fl. 
Boss.  II,  113;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Kuss.  50;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  184; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  363;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  265. 

Europe;  N.  Africa;  N.  and  W.  Asia  to  Caucasus,  Ural 
and  Altai  Siberia  and  Himalayas  to  China. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N. 
J.  and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Wyoming  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  especially  in  forest  dis- 
trict; damp  woods  and  along  streams  or  near  lake  shores. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1038,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  805,  Sigel 
township,  Brown  Co.;  Sheldon  940,  Redwood  Falls;  Taylor  886, 
Glenwood;  Bollard  493,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  537, 
Cleary's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  672,  Waconia;  Bollard  857, 
Page  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Sandberg  203,  White  Rock;  Oestlund  58, 
Minneapolis;  Holzinger  79,  Winona  Co.;  Oestlund  60,  Minne- 
apolis; Herrick  110,» Minneapolis;  Winchell  5,  Minne tonka. 

(ENOTHEBA  LINN.     Gen.  318  (1737). 

Onagra,  Baumaunia,  Xylopleurum,  Kiieiffia,  Lavauxia, 
Pachylophus,  Megapterium,  Calylophus,  Godetia,  Boisduvalia, 
Agassizia,  Hartmannia  SPACH,  Suit.  Buff.  IV,  357  seq.  (1839). 

Meriolix  RAF.    Am.  Mo.  Mag.  (1819). 


LIST  OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  381 

Sphaerostigma  ENDL.    Gen.  1189  (1840). 

Chamissonia  LINK,    Jahrb.  186  (1818). 

Holostigma.  Cratericarpum,  Blennoderma  SPACH,     Ann. 
Mus.  IV,  327  seq.  (1835). 

Primulopsis  TORE,  and  GB.    Fl.  Am.  I,  506  (1838). 

Heterostemun  NUTT.    ex  Endl.  Gen.  6113  (1840). 

Taraxia  NUTT.    T.  and  G.    Fl.  Am.  I,  506  (1838). 

Chylisma  SPACH,    ex  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  141  (1888). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VI,  490;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  789;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  141. 

Living  species:  100  ±;  tropical  and  temperate  Amer- 
ica; Tasmania,  and  a  few  around  the  world  in  warmer  regions. 
North  America,  80;  California,  40-45;  Canada,  10;  Rocky  mts., 
19-21;  E.  Sts.,  16-17;  PI.  Wheel.,  20-25;  PL  King,  20;  S.  Sts., 
8;  W.  Tex.,  24;  1  intro.  in  Russia,  1  in  Europe. 

(Enothera  albicaulis  NUTT.     Fras.  Cat.  (1813). 
(E.  pallida  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  1142  (1832;. 

Baumannia  nuttalliana  and  douglasiana  SPACH,    Hist.  Veg.  IV, 
352(1838). 

Oenothera  pinnatifida*  va.T.integrifolia  GRAY,    PI.  Fendl.  44  (1849). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  191;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  126;  Upham, 

Fl.  Minn.  58;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  104;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  172;  Brew,  and  Wats., 

Fl.  Calif.  I,  223;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  122;  Wats.-,  King  Exp.  106;   Wats., 

Bibl.  Ind.  I,  377;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  33;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  212. 

North  America:  Brit.  Col.  and  Saskatchewan  to  W. 
Minn.,  Neb..  Kan.,  N.  Mex. ;  W.  to  Mont.,  Wyoming,  Colo., 
and  Sierra  Nevada  mts. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  districts,  from  New  Ulm;  prairies 
and  high  hills. 

HERB.  :    Sheldon  1194,  New  Ulm. 

(Enothera  serrulata  NUTT.     Gen.  I,  246  (1818). 
Calylophis  nuttallii  SPACH,    Monog.  Onag.  17  (1838). 
Meriolix  serrulata  WALP.    Rep.  II,  79  (1843). 
(Enothera  fruticosa  GRAY,    PL  Fendl.  44  (1849). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  192;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  126;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  58;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  105;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  117;  Cov.,Fl.  Ark.  183; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  385. 

North  America:  Wise,  and  Minn,  to  Dak.,  Neb.,  Mo., 
Ark.,  N.  Mex.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  especially  at  higher  levels 
in  prairie  district;  high  fields,  hillsides. 

HERB.:  M acMillan  12,  Glen  wood;  Sheldon  932,  Red- 
wood Falls;  Sheldon  731,  Sigel  township,  Brown  Co.;  Sheldon 
1576,  Lake '  Benton;  Sheldon  1109,  Springfield;  Taylor  750, 
Glenwood;  Bollard  179,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Holzinger  84, 
Winona  Co.;  Oestlund  63,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  118,  Minneap- 


382  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

oils;  Juni  3,  Wilmar;  Sandberg  210,  Red  Wing;  Kassube  96, 
Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1782,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wicker  - 
sheim  51,  Idlewild;  Herb.  Moyer  86,  Minnesota  valley,  near 
Montevideo. 

(Enothera  pumila  LINN.     Spec.  2  ed.  493  (1762). 
(E.  pusilla  MTCHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  225  (1808). 
CE.  chrysantha  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  225  (1803). 
Kneiffia  pusilla  and  chrysantha  SPACH,    Monog.  Onag.  47,  48  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  191;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  110;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  172;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  139;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  58;  Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  1,384. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  S.  Man.; 
S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  and  W.  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  edge  and  S.  E.  dis- 
trict; infrequent  or  local. 

(Enothera  rhomfoipetala  NUTT.  T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  493  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult..  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  190;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  126;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  103;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  58;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  183;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind. 
I,  384. 

North  America:  Ind.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Ind.  Terr, 
and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district  and  probably  to  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  sandy  or  barren  soil. 

HERB.:  Kassube  95,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  209,  Can- 
non Falls. 

(Enothera  biennis  LINN.     Spec.  346  (1753). 
CE.  parvifiora  LINN.    Spec.  2  ed.  492  (1762). 
Onagra  biennis  SCOP.    Fl.  Cam.  2  ed.  451  (1772). 
(Enothera  gauroides  HORNEM.    Hort.  Hafn.  362  (1807). 
fOnoseris  acuminata  RAF.    Fl.  Lud,  96  (1817). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  190;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  109;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  171;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  126;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  57;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  138;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  159;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  223;  Coult. 
Fl.  Colo.  103;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  50;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex. 
114;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  121;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  106;  Cov.  Fl.  Ark.  183;. 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  377. 

Naturalised  in  S.  Africa,  India,  Australia  and  W. 
Europe. 

North  America:  Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Canada;  N.  to  Labra- 
dor and  N.  W.  T. ;  throughout  U.  S. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  fields,  along  roads  and  on 
railway  embankments;  common. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  980,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  511,  Waseca; 
Taylor  726,  Minnesota  lake;  Ballard  249,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.; 
Bollard  563,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Ballard  646,  Chaska;  Shel- 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  383 

don  1306,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Bollard  763,  Waconia;  Taylor  864, 
Glenwood;  Bollard  889,  St.  Bonifacius;  Sandberg  208,  Cannon 
Falls;  Bailey  502,  Agate  bay;  Herrick  116,  Minneapolis;  Rob- 
erts 41,  Grand  Marais;  Herrick  117,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  83, 
Winona  Co.;  Oestlund  62,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1921,  Min- 
neapolis; Herb.  Moyer  85,  Montevideo. 

LXXVIII.      HALORRHAGIDACEAE       Water- 
Milfoil  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  1195  (1836-40);  Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  285  (1836-40)— 
Gunneraceae-,  Bentham  and  Hooker  Gen.  Plant.  I,  673  (1865);  Baillon,  Hist. 
PL  VI,  485  (1877)— sub  Onagrariaceae,  Trib.  V,  VI,  VII. 
Genera:  6-7;  cosmopolitan. 

Species:  100 ±  living;  almost  all  aquatic;  a  few  fossil 
in  Tertiary  rocks. 

HIPPURIS  LINN.     Gen.  1  (1737). 

Limnopeuce  VAILL.    Act.  Acad.  Par.  1  (1719). 
Pinastella  DILL.    Nov.  Gen.  168  (1719). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IV,  499;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  I,  675;  Durand, 
2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  122;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  632. 

Living  species:  3±;  Europe;  Asia;  North  America; 
Chile  to  Patagonia.  North  America,  3;  Europe,  1;  Russia,  2; 
Canada,  3;  California,  1;  PI.  King,  1;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  PL 
Wheel.,  1. 

Fossil  species:    H.  vulgaris  in  Cromer  forest  bed. 

Hippuris  vulgaris  LINN.     Spec.  4  (1753). 

Limnopeuce  vulgaris  VAILL.    Mem.  Par.  15  (1719). 
Hippuris  polyphylla  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  13  (1817). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  182;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  167,  529; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  99;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  215;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit. 
151;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  292;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  119;  Nym.,  Fl. 
Eur.;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  102;  Roth.,  Wheel  Exp.  119;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I, 
356;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  266;  Greene,  FL  Fran.  228. 

Cosmopolitan:  Europe;  Asia;  S.   America;   Australia. 
North  America:     Newf.,v  Labrador,   N.    S.   to  Hudson 
straits,  N.  W.  T.  and  Alaska;  S.  to  Penn.,  Ind.,  Mo.,  N.  Mex. 
and  California. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  especially  in  W.  districts; 
local  or  rare;  ponds,  lakes  and  sluggish  streams. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1151,  Glenwood;  Bailey  134, Vermilion 
lake;  Sandberg  202,  Red  Wing. 

MYR10PHYLLUM  LINN.     Gen.  724  (1737). 

Purshia  RAF.    N.  Y.  Med.  Repos.  II,  361  (1808). 
Pelonastes  HOOK.  f.    Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  VI,  474  (1846). 


384  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Pentapterophyllum  DILL.    Nov.  Gen.  7  (1719). 
Pentapteris  HALL.    Helv.  I,  454  (1768). 
Enydria  VELLOZ.    Fl.  Flum.  I,  150  (1827). 
?  Hylas  BIOEL.  ex  ENDL.    Gen.  6135  (1840). 

Belioukandas  CELT,    ex  Adans  Fam.  PI.  II,  471  (1763). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  YI,  298;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  676;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  122;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  632 

Living  species:  18;  cosmopolitan;  North  America,  12; 
Russia,  3;  Europe,  3;  E.  Sts.,  7;  Mexico,  6;  S.  Sts.,  4;  Canada, 
5;  California,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  2;  PI.  King.,  1. 

Fossil  species:  Tertiary,  Japan  (Nathorst);  Quater- 
nary, Radobo  (Unger)-,  forest  bed  of  Cromer?  Myriophyllites. 

Myriophyllum  heterophyllum  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  191 

(1803). 

Potamogeton  verticillatum  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  90  (1788)  not  Linn. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  181;   Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  167;  Up- 
ham,  Fl.  Minn.  5f>;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  105;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  143;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Tex.,  Ill;  Morong,  Ton.  Bull.  XVIII,  244;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  182;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  356. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Georgian  Bay;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  Y.,  N.  J.  to  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Ark.,  La.  and  W.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  ponds  and  lakes,  south- 
west districts;  infrequent. 

Myriophyllum  yerticillatum  LINN.     Spec.  992  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  181;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  167;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  100;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  56;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  143;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt. 
Brit.  153;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  55;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  293;  Led.,  Fl. 
Ross.  II,  118;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  50;  Morong,  Torr. 
Bull.  XVIII,  242;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  102;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  357;  Hart., 
Fl.  Scand.  I,  267. 

Europe;  N.  Africa;  N.  and  W.  Asia  to  India  and  China. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Man.  and  lat.  52°  N.;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  Y.,  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Iowa  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district;  deep  water  in  lakes 
and  ponds. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  370,  Duck  lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Myriophyllum  spicatum  LINN.     Spec.  992  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  181;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  105;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  166,  529;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  99;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  152;  Brew, 
and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  215;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  56;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl. 
Sin.  293;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  118;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  50; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  182;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  357;  Morong,  Torr.  Bull.  XVIII, 
241;  Hart ,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  267;  Greene,  Fl.  Fran.  228. 

All  Europe  and  N.  Africa;  N.  and  W.  Asia  to  Caucasus 
and  India;  China. 

North  America:    Newf.,  N.  B.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Brit.  Col., 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  385 

Selkirks,  Bear  lake,  Alaska  and  Puget  Sound;  S.  to  N.  J.;  W. 
to  Minn,  and  Ark.;  S.  to  Colo.  in.  mts. ;  S.  to  California  along 
Sierras  and  Coast  range. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  rising  near  the  surface  of 
deep  water  in  ponds  and  lakes. 

HERB.:  Taylor  319,  Janesville;  Bollard  901,  Waconia; 
Bollard  863,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co, ;  Bollard  602,  Prior's  lake, 
Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  448,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  1049, 
Glen  wood;  Sheldon  433,  Lake  Elysian,  Waseca  Co.;  Sheldon 
371,  Duck  lake,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Oestlund  57,  Minneapolis; 
Bailey  368,  Mud  river;  Sheldon  316,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth 
Co. 

LXXIX.    ARALIACEAE.    Ginseng  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  793  (1836-40);  Endlicher,  Gen.  PI  328  (1836-40) 
—Helwingiaceae;  Seem.,  Journ.  Bot.  II,  IV  (1864-66 )—Hederaceae;  Benth- 
am  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  I,  931  (1862-67);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VII,  175 
(1880)-Trib.  VI,  sub  Ombelliferes. 

Genera:  25  (Baillon);  38  (B.  andH.);  tropical  regionsr 
a  few  temperate  and  1-2  in  Antarctic  islands. 

Species:  '400 ±  living;  40-50  fossil;  Cretaceous  (Low- 
er) to  Pliocene. 

ARALIA  LINN.     Gen.  251  (1737). 

Aureliana  LAFIT.    Mem.  Gins.  (1718). 
Dimorphaothus  MIQ.    Comm.  Phyt.  95  (1838). 

Baillon,  Hist.Pl.VII,  244;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  936;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  166;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  604. 

Living  species:  35;  tropical  and  E.  temp.  Asia;  N. 
America  to  Mexico.  North  America,  10;  E.  Sts.,  6;  Canada,  5; 
Rocky  mts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  6;  California,  1 

Fossil  species:  Lower  Cretaceous,  Potomac,  Virginia 
(Fontaine — Araliophyllum) ;  Upper  Cretaceous,  Kansas,  Europe 
(Lesquereaux,  Heer)',  Tertiary  (Heer)  Greenland;  France  (So- 
porta) ;  Westphalia  (Schimper — Araliophyllum) ;  several  species 
described;  many  of  them  doubtful. 

Aralia  trifolia  (LINN.)  DECN.  and  PLANCH.     Rev.  Hortic. 
104(1854). 

Panax  trifolium  LINN.    Spec.  1058  (1753). 
P.  lanceolatum  RAF.    N.  Fl.  IV,  57  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  213;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  119;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  189;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  63;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  167;  Wats.,  Bibl.. 
Ind.  I,  436. 

-25 


286  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N. 
J.,  Va.  and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Ohio  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  and  reported  W.  to 
Nicollet  Co.;  rare;  rich,  deep  woods. 

HERB.  :    ?  Sandberg  234,  Minnesota? 

Aralia    quinqiie folia    (LiNN.)   DECN.   and  PLANCH.      Rev. 

Hortic.  104  (1854). 

Panax  quinquefolium  LINN.    Spec.  1058  (1753). 
P.  americanum  RAF.    N.  tfl.  IV,  58  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  213;   Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  119;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  189,  537;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  167;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  63;  Forbes  and 
Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  338:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.,  186;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  436. 
Manchuria,  Japan  and  Corea. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  Vt.,  Conn.,  N.  J.  and  Ga. ; 
W.  to  Ohio,  Wise.,  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  New  Ulm,  and  possi- 
bly Chippewa  valley;  not  very  abundant;  deep  woods. 

HERB.:  Ballard  334,  Belle  Plaine;  Sheldon  403,  Stony 
Point,  Lake  Madison;  Taylor  711,  Minnesota  lake;  Holzinger 
93,  Winona  Co. ;  Sandberg  233,  Vasa. 

Aralia  nudicaulis  LINN.     Spec.  274  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  213;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  119;  Mac, 
Fl.  Can.  1,  189,  537;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  122;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  166;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  63;  Wats..  Bibl.  Ind.  1,  435. 

North  America:  Newf.  to  Rockies,  Brit.  Col ,  Sel- 
kirks,  Mackenzie  river  to  64°  N.  lat. ;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Ga. ;  W. 
to  Minn,  and  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  moist  deep 
woods  and  ravines. 

HERB.:  Taylor  813,  Glen  wood;  Ballard  296,  Jordan, 
Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  133,  Madison  Lake;  Taylor  130a,  Janesville; 
Ballard  477,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Leonard  19,  Chatfield; 
Roberts  45,  French  river;  Kassube  107,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg 
232,  Goodhue  Co.;  Arthur  41,  Vermilion  lake;  Herb.  Sheld. 
1792,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  55,  Idlewild;  Herb  Moyer 
95,  Montevideo. 

Aralia  hispida  VENT.     Hort.  Gels  41  (1800). 
A.  muhlenbergiana  R.  and  S.    Syst.  VI,  704  (1820). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  213;  Britt.,  Fl.  "N.  J.  119;   Mac., 
Fl.Can.  I,  189;  Upham.  Fl.  Minn.  63;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  166;   Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  I,  435. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  Car.  and 
Ga.;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Dak. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  387 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district;  Dakota 
Co. ;  local  or  rare;  rocky  woods  and  banks. 

HERB.:  Arthur  47,  Vermilion  lake;  Roberts  44,  Dul- 
luth;  Bailey  341,  St.  Louis  river;  Sandberg  231,  Tower. 

Aralia  racemosa  LINN.     Spec.  273  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  213;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  1J9;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  188;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  166;  Coult,  Fl.  Colo.  122;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
63;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  237  in  var.;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  436;  Webb.,  Appx. 
Neb.  33. 

Sakhalin  and  Japan  in  a  varietal  form. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N  Eng., 
N.  J.  and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Wise.,  Minn,  and  Neb. ;  base  of  Rocky  mts. 
in  Colo,  and  Mont. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  banks  of  streams,  W. 
to  Chippewa  valley;  rich  woodland. 

HERB.:  Ballard  404,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  276, 
Madison  Lake;  Sheldon  800,  Sigel  township,  Brown  Co.;  Taylor 
814,  Glenwood;  Kassube  106,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  73,  Hen- 
nepin  Co. ;  Sandberg  230,  White  Rock;  Herb.  Sheld.  1708  Minne- 
apolis. 

LXXX.     UMBELLIFERAE.     Parsley  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  762  (1836-40);  Lindl.  Veg.  King.  773  (1846)— 4pi- 
aceae;  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  I,  859  (1862-67);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL 
VII,  84  (1880). 

Genera:  100-150;  temperate  regions,  especially  in  N. 
hemisphere  and  old  world;  rare  within  the  tropics. 

Species:  1500±  ;  a  very  few  fossils  from  Tertiary. 

SANICULA  LINN.     Gen.  201  (1737). 

Erythrosaua  SCHM.    Max.  Prim.  Amur.  123  (1859). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  535;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  880;  Durand, 
Ltd.  Gen.  Phan.  156. 

Living  species:  13;  Europe;  temperate  Asia;  Sandwich 
Isles;  Azores;  N.  and  S.  America;  extra- tropical.  N.  America, 
10;  E.  Sts.,  1;  W.  sts.,  9;  Russia,  1;  Europe,  1;  Russian  Europe, 
1;  W.  Tex.,  1;  Canada,  6-7;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  California,  8;  S. 
Sts.  2. 

Sanicula  marylandica  LINN.     Spec.  235  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  212;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  113;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  114;  Chap..  Fl.  S.  St.  159;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  179,  533;  II,  324; 
Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  124;  Coult.,  Fl.Tex.  145;  Wats..  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  431;  C.  and 
It  .  Rev.  N.  A.  Urnb.  102. 

North  America:     Newf.,   N.   S.,    N.    Br.,    Q  ,    Ont.    to 


388  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Brit.  Col..  Vancouver  and  Rockies;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Ga., 
Tenn.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Mont.,  Colo.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  woods,  thickets 
and  copses. 

HERB.:  Bollard  390,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  73, 
Chaska;  Taylor  625,  Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  993,  Glenwood; 
Sheldon  141,  Madison  Lake;  Taylor  282,  Janesville;  Sheldon  189, 
Janesville;  Sheldon  885,  Sleepy  Eye;  Juni  4,  Minneapolis;  Bailey 
216,  Vermilion  lake;  Holzinger  86,  Winona  Co.;  Kassube  94, 
Minneapolis;  Oestlund  66,  Ramsey  Co.;  Sandberg  215,  Goodhue 
Co. ;  Herb,  Sheld.  1794,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  89,  Monte- 
video. 

Sanicula  canadensis  LINN.     Spec.  235  (1753). 
Triclinium  odoratum  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  79  (1817). 
S.  marylandica  var.  canadensis  TORR.    Fl.  U.  S.  302  (1824). 
S.  marylandica  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  602  (1838)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  212;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  113;  Webb. 
Fl.  Neb.  124;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  60;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  178;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
159:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  185;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  533;  Wats.,   Bibl.  Ind.  I,  431;  C- 
and  R.,  Rev.  N.  A.  Umb.  103. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Anticosti,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.,  Ga.  and  Tenn.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.  and  E.  Kan. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  but  infrequent;  thickets 
and  edges  of  woods. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  983,  Cross  lake,  Brown  Co. ;  Holzinger 
85,  Winona  Co. 

EBYNGIUM  LINN.     Gen.  199  (1737). 

Lessonia  BERT.    Deless.  Ic.  Sel.  Ill,  45  (1837). 
Strebanthus  RAF.    Ser.  Bull.  I,  218  (1830). 
?  Alepidea  LAROCHE,    Hist.  Eryng.  19  (1808). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VII,  240;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  878;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  156. 

Living  species:  150 ±  ;  most  regions  except  S.  Africa? 
and  frigid  zones.  Russia,  9;  Europe,  29;  Russian  Europe,  4; 
North  America,  22;  E.  Sts.,  10;  W.  Sts.,  9,  3  common  to  both; 
S.  Sts.,  8;  California,  2-3. 

Eryngium  aquaticum  LINN.     Spec.  232  (1753). 

E.  yuccaefolium  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  164  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  211;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  113;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  60;  Chap.  Fl.  S.  St.  160;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  143;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  185; 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  422;  C.  and  R.,  Eev.  N.  A.  Umb.  93. 

North  America:  N.  J.  to  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
Ark.  and  E.  Tex. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  389 

Minn,  valley:  E.  districts  to  Cottonwood  and  Chip- 
pewa  valleys;  dry  prairies  or  banks. 

HERB.:  Taylor  593,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  1154, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  471,  J anesville;  Sheldon  634,  Wilton,  Waseca 
Co.;  Sheldon  674,  Waseca;  Sandberg  216,  Cannon  Falls. 

POLYTAENIA  DC.     Mem.  Umbel.  53  (1829). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VII,  207  (sub  Tordylium  Linn);    Benth.  and  Hook., 
Gen.  PI.  I,  922;Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  164. 
Living  species:  1;  N.  America. 

Polytaenia  nuttallii  DC.     Mem.  Umbel.  53  (1829). 

Pachiloma  nuttallii  RAF.     N.  Fl.  IV,  33  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  203;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  124;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  121;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  60;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  142;  Chap.,  Suppl  S. 
St.  623;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  186;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  431;  C.  and  R.,  Rev.  N.  A. 
Umb.  49. 

North  America:  Colo,  and  Minn,  to  Neb.,  Ind.,  La. 
and  E.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  edge;  no  Minn, 
specimens  seen. 

HEEACLEUM  LINN.     Gen.  231  (1737). 
Sphondylium  TOURN.    Inst.  319  (1700). 
Barysoma  BUNGE,    Del.  Sem.  Dorpat.  (1839). 
Wendia  HOFFM.    Umb.  136  (1814). 
Tordyliopsis  DC.    Prodr.  IV,  199  (1830). 
Trigonosciadium  Boiss.    Ann.  sci.  Nat.  ser.  3,  I,  344  (1844). 
Stenotaenia  Boiss.    1.  c.  339  (1844). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  205;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  921;  Durand, 
2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  164. 

Living  species:  80  described,  60  distinct  (Durand); 
temperate  northern  regions  of  old  world;  1  sp.  N.  America. 

Heracleum  lanatum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  166  (1803). 
H.  spondylium  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  181  (1818). 
H.  panaces  SPRENG.    Syst.  I,  912  (1825)  in  part. 
H.  auritum  BISCH.    Del.  Sem.  Held.  (1839). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  202;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  118;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  124;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1, 187;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  165;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
60;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  121;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  271;  Forbes  and 
Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  336;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  323;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  236;  Coult., 
Fl.  Tex.  141;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  134;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  423;  C.  and  R., 
Rev.  N.  A.  Umb.  48. 

Altai  Siberia,  Manchuria,  Japan,  Saghalin,  Kurile 
Isls.  and  Kamtk. ;  Russian  Asia,  N. 

North  America:  Newf.  and  Labrador  to  N.  J.,  N.  Car. 
and  Ky.;  W.  to  Brit.  Col.,  Alaska,  Calif.,  Washington;  S.  to 
Minn.,  Colo.,  Neb.,  Tex. 


390  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  low  damp  ground;  com- 
monly along  streams. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  266,  Janesville;  Sheldon  839,  Sleepy 
Eye;  Sheldon  391,  Madison  Lakej  Bollard  115,  Chaska;  Taylor 
808,  Glen  wood;  Oestlund  67,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  217,  Vasa; 
Herb.  Moyer  90,  Montevideo. 

PEUCEDANUM  LINN.     Gen.  212  (1737). 

Pastinaca,  Ferula,  Imperatoria,   Anethum,    and    Peuce- 
danum  TOURN.    Inst.  316  seq.  (1700). 

Dorema  DON,    Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  XVI,  601  (1833). 

Soranthus  LED.    Fl.  Alt.  I,  344  (1830>. 

Xanthoselinum,  Macroselinum  SCHUR.    Transsylv.  264  (1866). 

Ormoselenia,  Hammatocaulis,  TAUSCH,    Flora  (1834-1844). 

Eieocbytris  FENZL.    111.  Syr.  71  (1843). 

Cynorhiza,  Dreg-ea  E.  and  Z.     Enum.  Afr  350  (1837). 

Bubon,  Ferulagro  KOCH,    Nov.  Act.  Cur.  XII,  95,  97  (1825). 

Alvardia,  Uloptera  FENZL.    Flora,  461  (1834),  312  (1844). 

Xanthogalum  LALL.    F.  and  M.  Ind.  Petr.  VIII,  73  (1841). 

Taeniopetaluin,  Scorodosma  BUNGE,    Kel.  Lehm.  (1851). 

Narthex  FALC.    Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  XX,  2S5  (1851). 

Eriosynaphe  DC.    Prodr.  IV,  175  (1830). 

Oreoselinum  BIEB.    Fl.  Taur.-Cauc.  Ill,  200(1819). 

Steganotaenia  HOCHST,    Flora  347  (1834). 

Sciothamnus  ENDL.    Gen.  780(1840). 

Euryptera  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  629  (1838). 

Opoidia  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg  (1839). 

Peucedanoides  Boiss.    Fl.  Or.  II,  983  (1843). 

Tommasinia  BERT.    Fl.  Ital.  Ill,  414  (1837). 

Polycyrtus  SCHLECHT.    Linn.  XVII,  126  (1843). 

Diplotaenia  Boiss.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ser.  3,  I,  308  (1844). 

Pleurotaenia  HOHEN.    PI.  Kotsch. 

Galbanophora  NECK.    Elem.  292  (1790). 

Pteroselinum  REICH.    Fl.  Germ.  Exc.  453  (1832). 

Thysselinum  HOFFM.    Umb.  153(1814). 

Palimbia  BESS.    Volhynia,  55  (1821). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  204;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  917,  918; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  163;  Schenck,  Palaeopfiyt.  601. 

Living  species:  180-  220;  North  America,  Asia,  Europe, 
tropical  and  S.  America,  tropical  and  S.  Africa.     North  Amer- 
ica (Western),  43;  Russia,  25;  Europe,  30;  Russian  Europe,  15; 
Canada,  15;  E.  Sts.,  3;  California,  30?;  W.  Tex.,  2;  PL  King,  15. 
Fossil  species:     ?Tertiary  (Peucedanites — Heer). 

Fenced  aim  m  nudicaule  (PURSH)  NUTT.      T.  and  G.  Fl.  I, 

627  (1838). 

Smyrnium  nudicaule  PURSH.    Fl.  Am.  196  (1814). 

Ferula  nudicaulis  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  183  (1818). 

Pastinaca  nudicaulis  SPRENG.    R.  and  S.  Syst.  VI,  587  (1820). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  391 


Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  203;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  124;  Upham. 
Fl.  Minn  60;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  120;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  329;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex! 
142;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  130;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I.  429;  C.  and  R.,  Rev.  N.  A. 
Umb.  63. 

North  America:  Minn,  and  Iowa  to  Kan.,  Neb.  and  N. 
Colo.;  N.  to  Souris  plain,  Man.,  and  S.  to  N.  Tex.,  Arizona  and 
N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  and  W.  districts;  rare;  rocky  or 
gravelly  knolls  and  headlands. 

HERB.:     Wicker sheim  52,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. 

TIEDEMANNIA  DC.     Prodr.  IV,  187  (1830). 
Arcbemora  DC.     Prodr.  IV,  188  (1830). 
Neurophyllum  TORR.  and  GR.    Fl.  Am.  I,  612  (1838). 
Ox-ypolis  RAF.    Ser.  Bull.  I,  217  (1830)  in  part. 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  100;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  I,  920;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  164. 

Living  species:  4;  N.  America;  E.  Sts.,  3;  W.  Sts.,  1; 
Canada,  1?;  S.  Sts.,  2. 

Tiedemannia    rigida    (LINN.)    COULT.    and    ROSE,       Rev. 
Umbel.  (1888). 

Sium  rigidius  LINN.    Spec.  251  (1753). 
Sison  marginatum  MICHX.    Fl.  I,  168  (1803). 
Archemora  rigida  DC.    Mem.  Umbel.  52  (1829). 
Oxypolis  rigida,  denticulata,  tricuspidata  RAF.    Bull.  Soc.  Gen.  (1830). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  2o2;  Britt.,  Fl.  "N.  J.  118;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  61;  Chap.,  Fl.  S  St.  165;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  188;  II.  330;  Cov.,  FL 
Ark.  186;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  414. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  W.  N.  Y,  to  N.  J.;  S.  to 
Fla.  and  Miss.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  edge;  infrequent; 
sandy,  low  places  and  along  shores  of  lakes. 

ANGELICA  LINN.     Gen.  218  (1737). 

ArehaDgelica  HOFFM.    Gen.  Umbel.  166(1814). 
Czernaevia  TURCZ.    Baik.  Dahur.  I,  498  (1842). 
Gingidium  FORST.    Char.  Gen.  41,  21  (1776). 
Ostericum  HOFF.    Gen.  Umb.  162(1814). 
Gomphopetalum  TURCZ.    Bull.  Mosq.  537  (1841). 
Callisace  FISCH.    Hoff.  Umb.  170  (1814). 
Eustylis  HOOK.    Fl.  N.  Zeal.  19  (1867). 
Angelophyllum  EUFR.    Rev.  Umbel.  Kamtk.  8(1859). 

Levisticum  KOCH.    Umb.  101  ( ). 

Porpbyroscias  MIQ.    ex  Durand  Ind.  Phan.  163  (1888). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  207;  Benth.  and  Hook  ,  Gen.  PL  I,  919,  917:  Du- 
rand, Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  363. 

Living  species:  35;  N.  temperate  regions;    New  Zea- 


392  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

land.     N.  America,  16;  E.  Sts.,  4;  W.    Sts.   12;  Canada,   8;    S. 
Sts.,  3. 

Angelica  atropurpurea  LINN.     Spec.  251  (1753). 

A.  triquinata  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  167  (1803). 
Archangelica  atropurpurea  HOFFM.    Umbel.  161  (1814). 
Imperatoria  lucida  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  181  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  201;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  117;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  61;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  185,  536;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  413;  C.  and  K., 
Rev.  N.  A.  Umb.  41. 

North  America:  Labrador,  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  An- 
ticosti,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and  Del.;  W.  to  S.  Man.,  L.  Superior 
reg.  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district  and  E.  edge;  Dakota  Co.; 
reported  from  New  Ulm;  infrequent;  low  banks  and  shores. 

HERB.  :     Herrick  120,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  218,  Vasa. 

Angelica  villosa  (WALT.)  B.  S.  P.     Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 
Ferula  villosa  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  115  (1788). 
Angelica  hirsuta  MUHL.    Cat.  2  ed.  30  (1817). 
A.  triquinata  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  186  (1818). 
Archangelica  hirsuta  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  622  (1838). 
Wats,  and   Coult,,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.201;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  61;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  186;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  164;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  117;  Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  I,  414;  C  and  R.,  Rev.  N.  A.  Umb.  41. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Conn.,  N.  J.,  Tenn.  and  Fla. ; 
W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  E.  edge,  rare;  dry 
woodland  and  shaded  river  banks. 

THASPIUM  NUTT.     Gen.  I,  196  (IS  18). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  209  (sub  Aciphylla  Forst.);  Benth.  and  Hook., 
Gen.  PL  I,  913;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  162. 

Living  species:  3;  N.  America;  2,  E.;  1,  E.  and  W.  Sts. 

Thaspium  aureum  (LiNN.)  NUTT.     Gen.  I,  196  (1818). 
Smyrnium  aureum  LINN.    Spec.  262  (1753). 
Smyrnium  luteum  MUHL.    Ind.  Fl.  Lane.  (1800). 
Sison  trifoliatum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  168  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.6ed.  204;;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  181,  534,  II, 
325;  Britt.,  Fl.N.  J.  116;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  62;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  163;  Cov., 
Fl.  Ark.  186;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  433;  C.  and  R.,  Rev.  K  A.  Umb.  28. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to 
Mississippi  valley. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  moist  banks  and  shores  of 
lakes. 

HERB.:  Taylor  952,  Glenwood;  Bollard  4,  Chaska; 
Sheldon  886,  Sleepy  Eye;  Leiberg  22,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Holzinger 
87,  Winpna  Co. ;  Kassube  100,  Minneapolis;  Oesilund  68,  Ram- 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  393 

sey  Co.;  Herb.  Shell.  1890,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  53, 
Idlewild. 

Thaspium  aureum  (LINN.)   NUTT.  var.  cordatum   (WALT.) 
B.  S.  P.  Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Smyrnium  cordatum  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  114  '1788). 
S.  trifoliatum  MUHL.  Cat.  31  (1813). 
Thaspium  cordatum  T.  and  G.    Fl.  I,  615  (1838). 
T.  trifoliatum  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  195  (1867)  in  part. 
T.  aureum  var.  trifoliatum  COULT.  and  ROSE,    Rev.  Umbel.  (1889). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  204;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  62;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  181;  II,  326;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  163;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  117;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  117;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  134;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  125;   Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  186;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  433. 

North  America:  N  J.  to  111.  and  Minn.;  Colo.,  Mont, 
to  Rockies  and  Oregon ;  S.  to  Ark. ;  Brit.  Col. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  woods,  banks  and  copses; 
gravelly  soil. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  943,  Redwood  Falls;  Sheldon  1362, 
Lake  Benton;  Ballard  571,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Sandberg 
220,  Cannon  Falls;  Huntington  4,  Rock  Co.;  Kassube  101,  Min- 
neapolis; MacM.  and  Sheld.  55,  Brainerd;  Herb.  Moyer  91, 
Montevideo. 

Thaspium  barbinode  (Micnx.)  NUTT.     Gen.  I,  196  (1818). 

Ligusticum  barbinode  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  1, 167  (1803). 
Smyrnium  barbinode  MUHL.    Cat.  31  (1813). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  204;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  181,  534; 
Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  117;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  124;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  62;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  163;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  186;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  434;  C.  and  R..  Rev. 
N.  A.  Umb.  84. 

North  America:  S.  Ont.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  to  Fla.;  W.  to 
Minn,  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  E.  and  C.  districts  at  least  to  Lac  Que 
Parle  and  Pomme  des  Terres  valleys;  riverbanks  and  shores. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  989,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1180,  New 
Ulm;  Taylor  957,  Glenwood;  Taylor  762,  Glenwood;  Sheldon 
791,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sandberg  219,  Red  Wing. 

ZIZIA  KOCH,  Nov.  Act.  Cur.  XII,  128  (1825). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VII,  120;  (sub  Carum  LINN.);  Benth.  and  Hook., 
Gen.  PI.  1,891;  (sub  Carum  Linn.);Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  159  (sub  Carum 
Linn.). 

Living   species:  2;  North  America. 

Ziziacordata  KOCH,     Umbel.  129  (1825). 

Thaspium  trifoliatum  var.  apterum  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  195  (1868). 
Carum  cordatum  B.  and  H.    Gen.  PI.  I,  891  (1862). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  208;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  117;  Mac., 


394  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

Fl.  Can.  I,  181  in  part;  Upham,  Kl.  Minn.  62;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  117  in  part: 
Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  163  in  part;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  147;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  435; 
C.  and  R.,  Rev.  N.  Am.  Umb.  127. 

North  America:  N.  Br.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Sas- 
katchewan, Colo,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  and  S.  central  districts;  possibly 
throughout  E.  half;  thickets  and  gravelly  banks  in  shaded 
places. 

HERB.  :     Taylor  348,  Janesville. 

Zizia  aurea  KOCH,    Umbel.  129  (1825). 

Thaspium  aureum  var.  apterum  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  195  (1869). 
Carum  aureum  B.  and  H.    Gen.  PI.  I,  829  (1862). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  208;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  117;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  62;  Mac.,Fl.  Can.  I,  534;  II,  326;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.   163  in  part: 
Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  124;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  147;   Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  434;  C.  and 
R.,  Rev.  N.  A.  Umb.  127. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  to  Fla.;  W.  to 
Peace  and  Saskatchewan  rivers;  S.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  and  W.  regions;  to  New  Ulm  and 
B.  E.  Co.;  prairie  districts;  moist  banks  and  shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.:  Moyer  92,  Montevideo;  Oestlund  351,  Henne- 
pin  Co. 

PIMPINELLA  LINN.     Gen.  236  (1737). 

Bunium  KOCH,    Syn.  Fl.  Germ.  ed.  II,  315  (1848). 

Sisarum  TAUSCH,    Flora,  355  (1834). 

Acronema  EDGEW.    Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  XX,  51  (1851). 

Lereschia  Boiss.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ser.  3,  I,  127  (1844). 

Reutera  Boiss.    Elench.  46  (1838). 

Tragium  SPRENG.    Prod.  Umb.  26  (1813). 

Liedebouria  LINK,    Enum.  Hort.  Berol.  I,  286  (1821). 

Chesneya  BERTOL.  Misc.  Bot.  1, 17  (1842). 

Gaytania  MUNST.    Bot.  Zeit.  730  (1843). 

Gymnosciadium  HOCHST.    Flora,  20  (1844). 

Aiiisuin  ECKL.  and  ZEYH.    Enum.  Afr.  341  (1837). 

Petrosciadium  EDGEW.    Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  XX,  51  (1851). 

Tragopsis  POMEL,    ex  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  159  (1888). 

Murrithia  ZOLL.    Nat.  Neerl.  ex  Hassk.  Flora,  601  (1847). 

Tragoselinum  POMEL,    ex  Dur.  1.  c.  (1888). 

Anisometros  HASSK.    Flora,  602  (1847). 

Platyraphe  MIQ.    ex  Dur.  1.  c.  (1888). 

Heterachaena  ZOLL.    1.  c.  (1847). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI  VII,  119  isub  Carum  Linn.);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen. 
PI  I,  893;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  159. 

Living  species:  75 ±;  N.  hemisphere;  also,  S.  Africa 
and  S.  America.  North  America,  3;  E.  Sts.,  2;  W.  Sts.,  2; 
Russia,  15;  Europe,  11 V. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  395 

Pimpinella  integerrima  (LiNN.)  BENTH.  and  HOOK.    Gen. 
PL  I,  894  (1862). 

Smyrnium  integerrimum  LINN.    Spec.  263  (1753). 
Zizia  integerrima  DC.     Rapp.  PL  Ear.  Jard.  Gen.  Ill,  7  (1826). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  206;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  180;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  62;  Chap  ,  Fl.  S.  St.  163;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  185;  Wats.,  Bibl.Ind.  I, 
430;  C.  and  E.,  Rev.  N.  A.  Umb.  109. 

North  America:  Q  ,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J.  to  Miss  ; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  E.  edge  and  S.  E.  dis- 
trict; rare  and  local;  rocky  hillsides. 

HERB.:   Sandberg  %21,  Belle  creek. 

CICUTA  LINN.     Gen.  222  (1737). 

Cicutaria  TOURN.    Inst.  322  (1700)  in  part. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  221;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  889;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  I,  158. 

Living  species:  6;  N.  hemisphere;  N.  America,  3;  1 
only  E.  Sts. ;  1  only  W.  Sts.;  1  common  to  both.  Russia,  2; 
Russian  Europe,  2;  Europe,  2;  W.  Tex.,  1;  PL  Wheel.,  1;  PL 
King,  1. 

Cicuta  bulbifera  LINN.     Spec.  255  (1753). 

Cicutaria  bulbifera  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  II,  3  (1786). 
Keraskomion  bulbiferum  RAF.    N.  Fl.  IV,  21  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  208;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  114;  Mac.,  FL 
Can.  I,  182;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  62;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  416;   C.  and  R., 
Rev.  N.  A.  Umb.  130. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Del.  andN. 
J.;  W.  to  Hudson  Bay,  Saskatchewan,  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  W.  district;  ab- 
sent S.  W. ;  wet  meadows,  marshes  and  swamps. 

HERB.  :  Ballard  826,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard 
727,  Benton,  Carver  Co.;  Ballard  677,  Waconia;  Taylor  1003, 
Glenwood;  fferrick  121,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  88,  Winona 
Co.;  Sandberg  223,  Goodhue  Co.;  Holzinger  89,  Winona  Co.; 
Leiberg  23,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Cicuta  yirosa   LINN.   var.   maculata   (LiNN.)   COULT.   and 
ROSE,     Rev.  Umbel.  130  (1889). 

Cicuta  maculata  LINN.    Spec.  256  (1753). 

Cicutaria  maculata  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  II,  2  (1786). 

Sium(?)  douglasii  DC.    Prodr.  IV,  125  (1830). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  208;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  I,  181,  II,  326; 
Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  t2;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  124;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  161;  Coult., 
FL  Colo.  116;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  FL  Calif.  I,  260;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J.  114: 
Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  147;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  132;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  121;  Cov 
FL  Ark.  185;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  416;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  1, 150  (spec.). 


396  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

North  America:  Atl.  provinces  to  Coast  range  of  Brit. 
Col.;  Mackenzie  river  to  64°  N.  lat. ;  U.  S.  throughout  to  Fla., 
Miss,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  wet  meadows  and  bogs; 
abundant. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  372,  Helena,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  629, 
Chaska;  Bollard  350,  Helena,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  591,  Minnesota 
lake;  Taylor  330,  Janesville;  Taylor  990,  Glenwood;  Taylor  276, 
Janesville;  Sheldon  528,  Waseca;  Sheldon  1290,  Lake  Benton; 
Sheldon  752,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  760,  Glenwood;  Kassube  102, 
Minneapolis;  Bailey  251,  Vermilion  lake;  Oesilund  69,  Minne- 
apolis; Sandberg  222,  Cannon  Falls;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  40, 
Brainerd;  Herb.  Sheld.  1698,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  93, 
Montevideo. 

8IUM  LINN.     Gen.  219  (1737). 

Berula  KOCH,    M.  and  K.  Deutschl.  Fl.  II,  433  (1826). 
Sisarum  TOURN.    lost.  308  (1700). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  222;   Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen,  PL  I,  893;   Du- 
ra nd,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  159. 

Living  species:  6;  N.  hemisphere  and  S.  Africa.  N. 
America,  2;  1,  W.  Sts. ;  l^E.  and  W.  Sts.  Russia,  5;  Europe, 
3;  Russian  Europe,  3. 

Sium  angustifolium  LINN.     Spec.  2  ed.  1672  (1762). 
Berula  angustifolia  KOCH,     Deutsch.  E'l.  II,  455  (1826). 
Sium pusillum  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  I,  611  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  207;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  63;  Brew, 
and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  260;  Coult,  Fl.  Colo.  115;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  173; 
Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  534;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  148;   Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  258;  Wats., 
KingExp.  121;  Roth,  Wheel.  Exp.  133;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  185;   Wats.,  Bibl. 
Ind.  I,  415;  C.  and  R.,  Rev.  N.  Am.  Umb.  133;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  154; 
Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  33. 

Europe  and  Siberia. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  Minn,  and  Colo.;  S. 
to  Tex.  and  Mex. ,  and  in  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district;  local  in  region  of 
Mankato  and  Kasota. 

HERB.:  Sandberg  226,  Goodhue  Co.;  Grant  1,  Vicker- 
man's  spring;  Leiberg  24,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Sium  cicutaefolium  K.  C.  GMEL.     Syst.  II,  482  (1806). 
?  8.  suave  WALT.    F.  Car.  115  (1788). 
5.  lineare  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  167  (1803). 
S.  tenuifolium  MUHL.    Cat.  30  (1813). 
8.  latifolium  BIGEL.    Fl.  Bost.  69  (1824). 
S.  rugosum  RAF.    Med.  Bot.  II,  264  (1830). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  397 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  207;  Britt.,  Fl.  IS".  J.  114;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  182;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  162;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  261; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  116;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  260;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  56; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  146;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  133;  Wats.,  KingExp.  121;  Wats.. 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  433;  C.  and  R.,  Rev.  Umb.  123. 

E.  Russia,  Altai  Sib.  and  Dahuria. 

North  America:  Labrador  and  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  Fla. 
and  Miss. ;  W.  to  Peace  river,  N.  W.  T. ,  and  S.  throughout  U. 
S.  to  Tex.  and  S.  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  in  edges  of  sloughs,  swamps 
and  wet  meadows. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  897,  Waconia;  Bollard  420,  New  Pra- 
gue, Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  1258,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1072, 
Springfield;  Taylor  112,  Janesville;  Sheldon  1526,  Lake  Benton; 
Roberts  42,  Devil's  Neck  river;  OesHund  70,  Hennepin  Co.; 
Roberts  43,  Stewart  river;  Bailey  420,  Long  lake;  Sandberg  224, 
Vasa;  Sandberg  225,  Goodhue  Co. 

DEEBINGIA  ADANS.     Fam.  PI.  II,  498  (1763). 
?  Alacospermum  NECK.    Elem.  (1790). 

Cryptotaenia  DC.    Prodr.  IV,  118  (1830). 

Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PI  I,  896;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  159;  O. 
Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  I,  266. 

Living  species:    1;  N.  America  and  Japan. 

Deeringia  canadensis  (LiNN.)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  I,  266  (1891). 
Sison  canadense  LINN.    Spec.  252  (1753). 
Sium  canadense  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  I,  407  (1783). 
Cicuta  perennans  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  116  (1788). 
Cryptotaenia  canadensis  DC.    Mem.  Umbel.  42  (1829). 
Mesodiscus  simplex  and  proliferus  RAF.    N.  Fl.  IV,  20  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  207;  Britt.,  Fl.  1ST.  J.  115;  Mac , 
Fl.  Can.  I,  182;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  63;  Webb.,Fl.  Neb.  123;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
161;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  329;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  147;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  185i 
Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  417;  C.  and  R.,  Rev.  N.  A.  Umb.  131. 
China  and  Japan. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J. 
and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Saskatchewan?,  Minn.,  Neb.,  E.  Kan.,  Ark., 
Miss,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  thickets  and  edges  of 
woods. 

HERB.:  Taylor  999,  Glenwood;  Taylor 274,  Janesville; 
Sheldon  236,  Lake  Washington,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sheldon  888, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  #08,  Jordan;  Taylor  666,  Cobb  river,  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  Taylor  806,  Glenwood;  Holzinger  90,  Winona  Co. ; 
Oestlund  71,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Sandberg  227,  Chisago  Co. ;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1772,  Ft.  Snelling. 


398  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

MYRRHIS  SCOP.     PI.  Cam.  I,  207  (1760). 
Lindera  ADANS.    Fam.  PI.  II,  499  (1763). 
Osmorhiza  RAF.    Journ.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  (1819). 
Uraspermum  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  192  (1818)  not  Scop. 
Glycosma  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  Am.  I,  639  (1838). 
Sperniatura  REICH.    Consp. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  233;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  Pl.I,  897;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  160;  O.  Kuntze,  Bev.  Gen.  I,  270. 

Living  species:  10;  temperate  N.  hemisphere;  S.  Amer- 
ica. N.  America,  6;  E.  Sts.,  2;  W.  Sts.,  4. 

Myrrhis  clay  ton!  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  170  (1803). 
Scandix  dulcis  MUHL.    Cat.  31  (1813). 
Osmorhiza  dulcis  RAF.    Sp.?  (1817). 
Uraspermum  hirsutum  BIGEL.    Fl.  Bost.  ed.  2,  112  (1824). 
Osmorhiza  brevistylis  DC.    Prodr.  IV,  232  (1830). 
O.  daytoni  B.  S.  P.    Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Uraspermum  aristatum  var.  brevistyle  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  I,  270  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  210;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  183;  Britt., 

Fl.  N.  J.  115;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  63;  Chap  ,  Fl.  S.  St.  166;  Wats  ,  King 

Exp.  122;  Cov.,Fl.  Ark.  185;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  427;  C.  and  R.,  Rev.  N. 

A.  Umb.  118. 

Japan?;  Asia?. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  J.,  Va. 
and  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Rocky  mts.  in  Canada;  Dak.,  Kan.,  Ark. 
and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  habitat  like  that  of  M. 
aristata  ( Thunb. ). 

HERB.:  Sheldon  83,  Elysian;  Sheldon  1 74,  Eagle  lake, 
Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sheldon  137,  Madison  Lake;  Sheldon  887,  Sleepy 
Eye;  Bollard  700,  Waconia;  Bollard  75,  Chaska;  Kassube  104, 
Minneapolis;  Oestlund  72,  Hennepin  Co;  Holzinger92,  Winona; 
Sandberg  229,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1773,  Ft.  Snelling; 
Herb.  Moyer  94,  Montevideo. 

Myrrhis  aristata  (THUNB.  ). 

Chaerophyllum  aristatum  THUNB.    Fl.  Jap.  (1784). 
Uraspermum  daytoni  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  193  (1818). 
Myrrhis  longistylis  TORR.     Fl.  U.  S.  310  (1824). 
Osmorhiza  villosa  and  cordata  RAF.    Med.  Bot.  II,  249  (1830). 
O.  longistylis  DC.    Prodr.  IV,  232  (1830). 
Uraspermum  aristatum  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  I,  270(1891)  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  210;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  115;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  183,  534;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.   63;  Webb.,   Fl.  Neb.  124;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  116;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  185;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  427;  C.  and  R.,Rev.  Umb. 
N.  A.,  118. 

Japan. 

North   America:     N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  399 

mts.  of  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Saskatchewan,  N.  W.  T.,  Minn.,  Dak., 
Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  rich  woodland  and  river- 
banks. 

HERB.:  Bollard  134,  Chaska;  Taylor  894,  Glenwood; 
Sheldon  431,  Janesville;  Kassiibe  103,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger 
91,  Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  £28,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Wicker  - 
sheim  54,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. 

LXXX1.     CORNACEAE.     Dogwood  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  798  (1836-40);  Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  1184  (1836-40)— 
Alangieae;  Endlicher,  1.  c.  288— Garryaceae;  Endlicher,  1.  c.  295— Nyssaceae ; 
Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  I,  927  (1862-67);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII, 
66  (1880). 

Genera:  8;  temperate  regions,  especially  in  N.  hemi- 
sphere. 

Species:  85 ±  living;  30-40  fossil  in  Cretaceous,  Ter- 
tiary and  Quaternary  rocks. 

CORNUS  LINN.  Gen.  80  (1737). 

Benthamia  LINDL.    Bot.  Keg.  1579  (1833). 
Mierocarpium  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  VIII,  90  (1839). 
Benthamiclia  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  VIII,  90(1839). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  79;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  950;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Plian.  168:  Schenck,  Palaeopliyt.  614. 

Living  species:  25 ±;  Europe;  Asia  to  Himalayas;  N. 
America;  Mexico;  Peru.  N.  America,  18;  Canada,  13;  E.  Sts., 
9;  S.  Sts.,  6;  California,  7;  PL  King.,  2;  PI. Wheel.,  1;  W.  Tex., 
4;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  Russia,  6;  Europe,  4;  Russian  Europe,  4. 

Fossil  species:  Several  descr.  from  Upper  Cretaceous 
of  Greenland  (Heer);  Tertiary,  many  species,  France  (Saporta); 
Greenland,  Alaska,  Spitsbergen,  Wyoming,  Saghalin,  Switzer- 
land (Heer,  Lester  Ward,  Lesquereaux,  Newberry);  Java 
(Gdppert);  30-40  spec. 

Cornus  canadensis  LINN.     Spec.  117  (1753). 

G.  herbacea  var.  canadensis  PALL.    Fl.  Ross.  I,  52(1784). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's   Man.  6  ed.  214:   Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,   190,  538; 
Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  120;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  122:  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I, 
274:  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  64;  Forbes  and  Herns.,  Fl.  Sin.  344;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross. 
II,  378;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  237;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  438. 

Manchuria;  Mid.  Japan;  E.  Corea;  Kurile  Isls. 
North  America:     Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Can. ;  Alaska;  S.  to  N. 
J.,  Ind.,  Minn.,  Colo,  and  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  W.  and  N.  E.  districts;  rare  or  local; 
cold  woods  and  with  tamarack  (Larix  americana). 


400  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  1110,  Glenwood ;  Roberts  46,  Poplar 
river;  Oestlund  74,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Winchell  7,  Duluth;  Leonard 
20,  Duluth;  Roberts  47,  Duluth;  Arthur  15,  Vermilion  lake; 
Bailey  287,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  235,  Tower;  Manning  5, 
Mount  Pleasant. 

Cornus  alternifolia  LINN.  f.     Suppl.  125  (1781). 

C.  alterna  MARSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  35  (1785). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  215;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  191,  538; 
Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  12l;Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  6i;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  167;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  437. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  S.  Man.;  S. 
to.  N.  J.,  Ga.,  Alab.;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  W.  to  Cotton  wood 
and  Chippewa  valleys;  shaded  banks  and  hillsides. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  508,  Waseca;  Sheldon  720,  Sleepy 
Eye;  Ballard  158,  Chaska;  Holzinger  98,  Winona;  Sandberg 
240,  Cannon  Falls. 

Cornus  candidissima  MARSH.     Arbust.  Amer.  35  (1785). 
?  C.  racemosa  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  II,  116  (1786), 
CT.  stricta  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  II,  116  (1786). 
C.  paniculata  L'HER.    Corn.  9  (1788). 
C.  albida  EHRH.    Beitr.  IV,  16  (1789). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  215;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J.  120;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  124;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  191;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  64:  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
167;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  151;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  187;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  439. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  but  rare  W.  of  forest  dis- 
trict and  Cotton  wood  river;  thickets,  shores  of  lakes,  along 
streams. 

HERB.:  Ballard  743,  Waconia;  Ballard  353,  Helena, 
Scott  Co.;  Ballard  97,  Shakopee;  Taylor  334,  Janesville;  Shel- 
don 716,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  260,  Janesville;  Sheldon  390,  Mad- 
ison Lake;  Sheldon  323,  Smith's  Mill,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Oestlund 
78,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Oestlund  79,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Herrick  124,  Min- 
neapolis; Herrick  125,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  97,  Winona  Co.; 
Moyer  260,  Big  Spring,  Lac  Que  Parle  Co. 

Cornus  asperifolia  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  93  (1803). 

C.  sericea  var.  asperifolia  DC.    Prodr.  IV,  272  (1830). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  214;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  191;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  124;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  167;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  64;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex- 
150;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  186;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  437. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  J.,  N.  Car.  and  Fla.;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  401 

Minn,  valley:     Reported  from   forest  district  and  to 
Blue  Earth  Co.;  rare  or  local;  dry  or  gravelly  places. 
HERB.     Sandberg  239,  Cannon  Falls. 

Cornus  stolonifera  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  92  (1803). 
C.  sanguined  MARSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  36  (1785). 
C.  alba  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  II,  115  (1786)  in  part. 
?  C.  baileyi  COULT.  and  ROSE,    Bot.  Gaz.  XX,  37  (1890). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  214;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  120;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  124;  Mac.,  PL  Can.  I,  191;  Coult.  Fl.Colo.  122;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
64;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  1,  440. 

North  America:     Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Can. ;  Mackenzie  river 
to  lat.  64°  N.;  W.  to  Colo.,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Arizona;  S.  to  N.  J. 
Minn,  valley:    Forest  district  and  W.  to  Cotton  wood 
valley;  wet  meadows,  edges  of  sloughs  and  bogs. 

HERB:  Bollard  55,  Chaska;  Taylor  805,  Glenwood; 
Sheldon  1583,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  719,  Sleepy  Eye;  Bailey 
12,  Vermilion  lake;  Juni  5,  Duluth;  Bailey  250,  Vermilion  lake; 
Oestlund  77,  Hennepin  Co.;  Holzinger 94,  Winona;  Kassube  109, 
Minneapolis;  Holzinger  95,  Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  838,  Good- 
hue  Co. ;  Holzinger  96,  Winona  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1886,  Minne- 
apolis. 

Corn  as  sericea  LINN.     Mant.  II,  199  (1767). 
C.  alba  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  88  (1788). 
C.  lanuginosa  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  92  (1803'. 
C.  obliqua  RAF.     Ann.  N%t.  13  (1820). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  214;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  120;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  191;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  124;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  167;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
64;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  150;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  132;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  187;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  436. 

North  America,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J., 
Fla.  and  La.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  E.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  wet  meadows  and  edges 
of  quaking  bogs. 

HERB.  :  Kassube  108,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  123,  Minne- 
apolis; Oestlund  76,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Bailey  64,  Vermilion  lake; 
Sandberg  237  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1287,  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Wicker  sheim  56,  Idle  wild. 

Cornus  circinatus  L'HER.     Corn.  7  (1788). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  214;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  190;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  120;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  64;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  438. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and  Va.;  W. 
to  L.  Superior  reg. ,  Minn.,  Dak.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  thickets,  edges  of  woods 
and  dry  copses. 

-26 


402  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

HERB.:  Taylor  934,  Glen  wood;  Sheldon  85,  Elysian; 
Taylor  798,  Glenwood;  Herrick  122,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  236, 
Chisago  Co. ;  Eoberts  48,  Carlton's  Peak;  Roberts  49,  Duluth; 
Oestlund  75,  Hennepin  Co. 

METACHLAMYDEAE. 

LXXXII.    PIROLACEAE.     Pine-Sap    Family. 

Lindl.  Veg.  KingAW,  452  (1846)— Monotropaceae;  Bent/ham  and  Hooker, 
Gen.  PL  II,  581,  601  (1876)— Trib.  V,  Ericaceae  and  Monotropeae;  Drude  in 
Englerand  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  1,  2  (1889);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  XI,  150. 
(1892). 

Genera:  10;  N.  boreal  and  temperate  regions  to  Orizaba 
mt.  and  Himalayas;  especially  N.  American;  N.  to  Arctic  circle. 
Species:  30 ±    living;   1-2   doubtful,    extinct;  Tertiary 
of  Europe  and  Polar  regions? 

PS  EVA  RAF.     Jour.  Phys.  LXXIX,  261  (1809). 
Chimaphila  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  Sept.  I.  279  (1814). 
Benth.   and   Hook.,  Gen.    PI.  II,  603;  Durand,  2nd.   Gen.  Phan.  246; 
Engler  and  Prantl.  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  I,  8:  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II,  390;  Bail- 
lon, Hist.  PL  XI,  151  (sub  Pirola). 

Living  species:  4;  Europe,  N.  America  to  Mexico; 
Japan  and  Corea.  N.  America,  3;  Canada,  3;  California,  2;  E. 
Sts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  2;  PL  King,  1. 

Pseva  maculata  (LiNN.)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  II,  390  (1891). 
Pyrola  maculata  LINN.    Spec.  #65  (1753). 
Chimaphila  maculata  PURSH.    Fl.  Am.  300  (1814). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  323;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  163;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  267;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  95;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  306:  II,  309;  Cov,, 
Fl.  Ark.  201;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  45. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Minn.,  S.  toN.  Eng.,  Ga.  and 
Miss. ;  W.  to  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district  and  N. 
edge;  no  Minn,  specimens  seen. 

Pseva  umbellata  (LiNN. )  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  II,  390  (1891). 
Pyrola  umbellata  LINN.    Fl.  Dan.  1336  (1757). 
Chimaphila  corymbosa  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  300(1814). 
C.  umbellata  NUTT.     Gen.  I,  274  (1818). 
Pyrola  corymbosa  BERTOL.    Misc.  Ill,  12  (1844). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  323;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  163;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  306;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  267;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  95;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,Fl.  Calif.  I,  459;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Kuss.  84;  Wats., 
King  Exp.  212;  Engl.  Drude,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV.  1,  8;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  45. 
N.  Europe  to  Switzerland,  Bohemia,  Poland;  N.  Asia 
to  Japan. 

North  America:     N.  S.,N.  Br.  Q.,   Ont.  to  Brit.  Col. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  403 

and  Vancouver;  S.  in  Sierras  to  Mendocino  Co.,  Calif. ;  to  Minn, 
and  Wise.,  and  E.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Ga.  and  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  edge  and  N.  E.  dis- 
trict; dry  woods. 

HERB.:  Roberts  85,  Minnesota  Point;  Roberts  86, 
Devil's  Neck  river;  Bailey  189,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  416, 
Long  lake;  Sandberg  386,  White  rock. 

PIROLA  LINN.     Gen.  345  (1737). 

Moneses  SALISB.    S.  F.  Gray,  Nat.  Arr.  II,  403  (1821). 
Actinocyclus  KLOTZSCH,    Monatb.  Berl.  14(1857). 
Amelia  and  Thelaia  ALEF.    Linn.  XXVIII,  18  (1852). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  602,  603;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  245, 
246:  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat  Pflanz.  4,  I,  8  (Drude);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  XI, 
150. 

Living     species:     15-25;     N.    temperate    and    boreal 

regions,  to  Mexico  and  Himalayas.  Europe,  5;  Asia,  10;  N. 
America,  8-14;  Canada,  7-8;  S.  Sts.,  1;  Rocky  mts.,  6;  E.  Sts., 
6;  California,  5;  PL  Wheel.,  3;  PL  King,  3. 

Pirola  secunda  LINN.     Spec.  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  324;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  163;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  95;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  304;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  230;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  I,  460;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  81  in  var.;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Hook.,  Fl. 
Gt.  Brit.  256;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  930;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  248;  Herd.,  Fl. 
Eur.  Ross.  84;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  184;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  211;  Engl. 
Drude,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  1,  9;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  46;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I, 
324;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  36. 

N.  Europe;  Scand.  to  Mt.  Olympus  and  Pyrenees;  N. 
Asia  to  Manchuria,  Japan,  Corea  and  Saghalin. 

North  America:  Greenland  and  Newf.  to  Mackenzie 
and  Pac. ;  S.  in  Sierras  to  Donner  Pass;  S.  in  mts.  to  Colo,  and 
N.  Mex. ;  S.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Mich.,  Mo.  and  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Redwood  Falls;  rare; 
rich,  damp  woods  and  banks  of  streams. 

HERB.:  Sandberg  385,  Cannon  Falls;  Arthur  14,  Ver- 
milion lake;  Roberts  82,  Black  Point;  Roberts  83,  Grand  Marais; 
Roberts  84,  Knife  river;  Bailey  166,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  78, 
Vermilion  lake;  Bryant  1,  Minneapolis. 

Pirola  secunda  LINN.  var.  pumila  GRAY,     Man.  5  ed.  302 
(1867). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  324;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  304;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  95;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  46. 

Greenland,  Labrador  to  Alaska;  S.  to  L.  Superior, 
Minn,  and  N.  Y. ;  S.  to  Colo,  and  Calif,  in  mts. 

Minn,  valley :  Reported  from  N.  E.  district;  no  Minn, 
specimens  seen. 


404  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Pirola  elliptica  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  273  (1818). 

P.  rotundifolia  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  251  (1803)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  324;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  163;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  230;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  304;  563;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II.  1,  47. 

Japan. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Owen 
sound,  S.  Man.  and  valley  of  the  Saskatchewan;  S.  in  Rockies 
to  N.  Mex. ;  S.  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Ind. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  W.  district;  rich 
woods  and  tamarack  swamps. 

HERB.:  Bollard  874,  Waconia;  Bollard  414,  New 
Prague,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  132,  Chaska;  Bollard  470,  Prior's 
lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  402,  Jordan,  Scott  Co, ;  Bollard  358, 
Helena,  Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  6/2,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co.;  Taylor 

382,  Janesville;  Leonard 31,  Fillmore  Co.;  Kassube  156,  Minne- 
apolis; Herrick  187,   Minneapolis;  Sandberg   384,   Red  Wing; 
Herb.  Sheld.  1686,  Minneapolis. 

Pirola  rotundifolia  LINN.     Lam.  111.  367  (1791). 

P.  rotundifolia  var.  incarnata  DC.  Prodr.  VII,  773  (1839). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6 ed.  324;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  162;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  305,  563;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  230;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  267;  Brew,  and 
Wats  ,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  460.  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  II,  32;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross. 
II,  928;  Trautv.,  FL  Sib.  81  in  var.;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit. 
256;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  84;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  211;  Engl.  Drude,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  1,  1;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  47,  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  323. 

Europe  except  Greece  and  Turkey;  N.  Asia  to  China, 
Japan  and  Kamtk. 

North  America:  Atl.  to  Pac.  and  Arctic  circle  in  Can. ; 
S.  to  N.  J.  and  N.  Ga. ;  S.  to  Oregon  and  Calif,  and  to  Minn, 
and  N.  Mex.  in  mts. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  N.  W.  districts  and  along  N. 
edge;  woods  and  tamarack  swamps. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  1114,  Glenwood;  JunilO,  Duluth;  Her- 
rick 184,  St.  Louis  river;  Sandberg  382,  Chisago  Co.;  Sandberg 

383,  Cannon  Falls;  Roberts  81,  Duluth;  and  in  forma  incarnata 
(DC.),    Bollard  143,  Chaska;  Bollard  41$,  New  Prague,  Scott 
Co. 

Pirola  rotundifolia    LINN.    var.    uliginosa  (ToRR.)  GRAY, 
Man.  2  ed.  259  (1852). 

P.  uliginosa  TORR.    Fl.  N.  Y.  I,  452  (1843). 
P.  obovata  BERTOL.     Misc.  Ill,  11  (1844). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.324;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. I,  305;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  94;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  231;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  184;  Gray,  Syn.  FL 
II,  1,  48. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  405 

North  America;  N.  Br.  to  Cariboo  nits.,  Brit.  Col.;  S. 
to  Minn,  and  N.  Eng. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  tamarack  swamps  and 
woods. 

HERB.:  Herrick  185,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  186,  Minne- 
apolis. 

MONOTROPA  LINN.     Gen.  315  (1737). 

Hypopitys  SCOP.    Fl.  Cam.  I,  285  (1760). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  607;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  246;  Eng- 
ler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  I,  10  (Drude);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  733 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI  XI,  152. 

Living  species:    3;    N.   America  to  Mexico;   Europe; 
Asia  to  India  and  Japan.     N.  America,  3;  1  sp.  endemic. 
Fossil  species:   Miocene  of  Oeningen  (Heer), 

Monotropa  uniflora  LINN.     Spec.  555  (1753). 
M.  m&risoniana  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  226  (1803). 
M.  morisoni  PERS.    Syn.  I  (1805). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  325;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  95;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  164;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  268;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  307;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
231;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  463;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  201;  Forbes  and 
Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  II,  34;  Engl.  Drude,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  1,  10:  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
II,  1,  49;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  36;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  254. 

Asia;   Japan  to  Himalayas  and  N.  India;     S.  America. 

North  America:    Anticosti,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,   Q.,   Ont.  to 

S.  Man.,  Oregon  and  Rockies;  S.   to  Colo,  and  Mexico;    S.   to 

Minn.,  Neb.,  Mo.,  Ark.,  Tex.,  and  E.   to  Miss.,   Fla.   and  Atl. 

coast. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  rare;  deep,  rich  wood- 
land. 

HERB  :  Bailey  156,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  387, 
"Minnesota";  Lange  5,  St.  Anthony  Park. 

LXXXIII.    ERICACEAE.    Heath  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  750  (1836-40);  Lindl.,  Veg.  Kingd.  757  (1846)— 
Vacciniaceae;  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  II,  564, 577  (1876)— excl. 
Pirolaceae  and  Clethraceae ;  Drude  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV, 
1,  15  (1889);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  122  (1892)  in  part. 

Genera:   65  living;  3  fossil;  cosmopolitan. 

Species:  1350  ±;  rather  more  abundant  in  N.  than  in 
S.  hemisphere;  30-40  fossil;  doubtful. 

LEDUM  LINN.     Gen.  342  (1737). 

Dulia  ADANS.    Fam.  PL  II,  165  (1763). 

Benth.  and  Hook..  Gen.  PL  II,  599;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  245;  Eng- 
ler and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  I,  34  (Drude);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt,  728; 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  XI,  130. 


406  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Living  species:    3;  2,  N.  America;  1,  circumboreal. 
Fossil   species:     Tertiary,    Sagor,    Radoboj    (Unger); 
Miocene,  Thiiringen  (von  Fritsch). 

Ledum  latifolium  AIT.     Lam.  111.  363  (1791). 
L.  groenlandicum  RETZ.    Scand.  (1799). 
L.  palustrev&T.  latifolium  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  321;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  301;  Up- 
ham,  Fl.  Minn.  94;  Engl.  Drude,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  1,  34;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II, 
1,43. 

North  America:  Greenland,  Labrador,  Newf.,  N.  Br. 
to  Pac.;  S.  to  Minn.,  Mich.,  N.  N.  Eng.  and  Penn. 

Minn,  valley:  Far  N.  district  and  possibly  N.  W. ; 
woods  and  barrens. 

HERB.  :  Roberts  80,  Duluth;  Bailey  257,  Vermilion  lake; 
Sandberg  381,  Chisago  Co. ;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  31,  Brainerd. 

ANDROMEDA  LINN.  Gen.  344  (1737)  em.  BENTH.  1.  c.  (1876). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  587;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  243;  Eng- 
ler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  I,  42  (Drude);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  722; 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  131,  in  part. 

Living  species:  1;  circumboreal  and  to  temperate 
regions. 

Fossil  species:  Numerous  in  Cretaceous  of  N.  Amer- 
ica; 10-20  (Lesquereaux,  Heer,  Ward,  Newberry)',  Tertiary, 
Europe  (Saporta,  EUinghausen,  Heer,  Unger);  Switzerland, 
Spitzbergen,  Alaska,  Greenland;  Tertiary  N.  America,  Alaska, 
Florissant,  etc. ;  40-50  spec,  described ;  to  be  much  reduced. 

Andromeda  polifolia  LINN.     Spec.  393  (1753). 
A.  rosmarinifolia  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  291  (1814). 
A.  glaucophylla  LINK.    Enum.  I,  394  (1821). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  316;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  161;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  297;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  94;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  80;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.; 
Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  252;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  82;   Engl.  Drude,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  1,  44;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  31;  Hart.,  Scand.  Fl.  I,  319. 
Europe  to  Tyrol  and  Hungary;  N.  Asia. 
North  America:    Labrador  and  Greenland  to  Pac.  and 
Arctic  ocean;  S.  to  Minn.,  Penn.  and  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E,  district;  rare;  deep,  rich  woods 
or  barrens. 

HERB.  :  Bailey  280,  St.  Louis  River;  Bailey  295,  St. 
Louis  river;  Sandberg  380,  Chisago  Co. 

LYONIA  NUTT.     Gen.  I,  266  (1818). 

Cassandra  and  Pieris  DON,    Edin.  Phil.  Journ.  XVII,  158-159 
(1834). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  407 

?  Aegialea  KLOTZSCH,    Walp.  Ann.  II,  1113  (1850). 

Portuna  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  VIII  (1843). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  584-587;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  243; 
Engler  and  Prantl.  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  I,  44;  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  133  (sub 
Andromeda). 

Living  species:  8-18?;  N.  America,  E.  Asia  and  1  sp. 
circumboreal.  N.  America,  7;  Canada,  3;  E.  Sts.,  7;  S.  Sts.,  7. 

Lyonia  calyculata  (LiNN.)  REICH.     Fl.  Ex.  I,  414  (1827). 
Andromeda  calyculata  LINN.    Spec.  566  (1753). 
Chamaedaphne  calycidata  MOENCH,    Meth.  (1794). 
Cassandra  calyculata  DON,    Edinb.  Journ.  XVII,  159  (1834). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  318;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  160;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  296;  Chap.,  Fl.  S  St.  262;  Upham,  .Fl.  Minn.  93;  Trautv.,  Fl. 
Sib.  80;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  82;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  35. 
N.  Europe  and  N.  Asia. 

North  America:  Labrador  to  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Brit. 
Col.  and  Alaska  at  Kotzebue  Sound;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and 
Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Man. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  rare;  possibly  also  N.  W.; 
bogs  and  edges  of  swamps. 

HERB.:  Roberts  79,  Minnesota  Point;  Bailey  228,  Ver- 
milion lake;  Sandberg  379,  Chisago  Co. 

CHIOUENES  SALISB.     Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  Lond.  II,  94  (1812). 
Phalerocarpus  G.  DON,    Gen.  Syst.  HI,  641  (1834). 
Lasierpa  TORR.    Fl.  N.  Y.  I,  450  (1843). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  577;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  242;  Eng- 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  I,  47  (Drude);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  183. 

Living  species:  1;  N.  America  and  Japan.  (Some  au- 
thorities regard  the  Japanese  form  as  distinct.  It  seems,  how- 
ever, of  varietal  rank). 

Chiogenes  hispidula  (LINN.)  TORR.     Fl.  N.  Y.  I,  450  (1843). 
Vaccinium  hispidulum  LINN.    Spec.  500(1753). 
Arbutus  flliformis  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  I,  228  (1783). 
A.  thymifolia  AIT.    Hort,  Kew.  II,  72  (1789). 
Oxycoccus  hispidulus  PERS.    Syn.  I,  419  (1805). 
Chiogenes  serpyllifolia    SALISB.     Trans.   Hort.  Soc.   Lond.  II,  94 
(1812). 

Gaultheria  serpyllifolia  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  283  (1814). 
Glycyphylla  hispidula  KAF.    Am.  Mo.  Mag.  (1819  h 
Phalerocarpus  serpyllifolius  DON,    Syst.  Ill,  841  (1834). 
Chioqenes  japonica  GRAY,    Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  26  (1886). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  315;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  294,  561; 
Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  93;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  159;  Chap.,  Suppl.  S.  St.  633;  Engl. 
Drude,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV?  1,  47;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  26. 
Japan. 
North  America:     Labrador,  Newf.,  N.   S.,  N.  Br.  to 


408  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

West  of  Rockies,  Selkirks,  Columbia  river  and  N.  W.  T. ;  S.  to 
Minn.,  Penn.,  N.  J.  and  in  Appalachians  to  N.  Car. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  W.  and  N.  E. ;  tamarack  swamps; 
rare;  sphagnum  marshes. 

HERB.  :  Eoberts  76,  Devil's  Neck  river;  Sandberg  377, 
Center  City. 

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS  ADANS.    Fam.  PL  II,  165  (1763). 
Comarostaphylis  Zucc.    Nov.  Stirp.  II.  24  (1843). 
Mairania  NECK.    Elem.  I,  219  (1790). 
Zerobotrys  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  VIII,  267  (1843). 
Daplmidostaphylis  KLOTZSCH,    Linn  XXIV,  78  (1850). 
Xylococcus  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  1.  c.  258  (1843). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  581;  Durand,  Ind.   Gen.  242;  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  I,  48;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  721;  Baillon,  Hist. 
PI.  IX,  191. 

Living  species:  18;  North  America,  boreal  regions 
principally;  1  sp.  around  N.  hemisphere.  California,  12;  Can- 
ada, 4;  E.  Sts.,  2. 

Fossil  species:  A.  uva-ursi  in  diluvial  rocks  of  Europe, 
Bovey  Tracy. 

Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi   (LINN.  )   SPRENG.     Syst.   II,   287 
(1825). 

Arbutus  uvorursi  LINN    Spec.  (1753). 
Arctostaphylos  offidnalis  WIMMER,    Fl.  Sib.  2  (1829). 
Daphnidostaphylis  fendleriana  KLOTZSCH,    Linn.  XXIV,  81  (1850). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  315:  Britt.,Fl.  N.  J.  159;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  295;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  93;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  228;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  453;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  251;  Miyabe, 
Fl.  Kur.  247;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,   909;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  82;  Wats., 
King  Exp.  210;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  183;  Engl.  Drude,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  I, 
49;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  27;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  319;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  36. 
Circumpolar;  Scand.  and  Shetland  to  Montenegro  and 
Bosnia;  N.  Asia  to  Kamt. ,   Kuriles,   Sakhalin,  Japan  and  Da 
huria. 

North  America:  Greenland  and  Newf.  to  Pac.  and 
64°  N.  lat. ;  S.  to  Calif,  in  Sierras;  S.  to  N.  Mex.  in  Rockies;  E. 
to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Mo.,  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  districts;  rare;  sandy  or  rocky 
knolls. 

HERB.  :  Sandberg  378,  White  Rock;  Roberts  77,  Minne- 
sota point;  Roberts  7 8,  Knife  river. 

OXYCOCCUS  LUDW.     ex  O.  Kuntze  (1737). 

Schollera  ROTH,    Tent.  Fl.  Germ.  I,  170  (1788.) 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  575;  Durand,   Ind.    Gen.  Phan.   242; 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  409 

Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  1,  51  (Drude);  O.  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  II, 
384;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  718;  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  183. 

Living  species:  3;  Europe,  Asia  and  N.  America.  Can- 
ada, 2;  E.  Sts.,  3;  S.  Sts.,  2;  Japan  and  Siberia,  1;  Europe,  1. 

Fossil  species:  O.  oxycoccus,  Interglacial  on  the  Elbe 
(Schenck). 

Oxycoccus  macrocarpus  (AiT.)  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  264  (1814) 
Vaccinium  macrocarpon  AIT,    Hort.  Kew.  II,  13  (1789). 
V.  oxycoccus  var.  oblongifolius  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I.  234  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  314;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  293;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  158;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  92;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  259;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  I,  450;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Xur.  246?;  Engl.  Drude,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  1,  5];  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  26  and  Suppl.  II.  396. 

Kuriles?     Intro,  in  Netherlands.     Batavia  Isl. 
North  America:     Newf.,  Anticosti,   N.    S.,   N.   Br.   to 
Thunder  bay  and  Saskatchewan  to  Mackenzie  river  and  Ore- 
gon? S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  mts.  of  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  far  N.  W.  to  Glen- 
wood?;  peat  bogs  and  tamarack  swamps. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  180,  Eagle  lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Shel- 
don 326,  near  Smith's  Mills,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Ballard  542,  Spring 
lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Oestlund  110,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Sandberg  372,  Chi- 
sago  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1690,  Minneapolis. 

Oxycoccus    oxycoccus   (LiNN.)   MACM.     Torr.    Bull.    XIX 

(1891). 

Vaccinium  oxycoccus  LINN.    Spec.  (1753). 
Oxycoccus palustris  PERS.    Syn.  479  (1805). 
O.  vulgaris  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  264  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  314;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  293,  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  158;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  92;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  450: 
Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  905;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  250;  Miyabe 
Fl.  Kur.  246;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Kuss.  82;  Engl.  Drude,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  1, 
51;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  25  and  Suppl.  II,  396;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  318. 

N.  and  C.  Eur.;  Shetland  to  Turkey;  N.  Asia  to  Dah- 
uria,  Japan  and  Kuriles. 

North  America:  Greenland  to  Alaska;  S.  to  Minn.,  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Puget  Sound  region. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  probably  N.  W.  districts;  in- 
frequent; peat  bogs  and  tamarack  swamps. 

HERB.  :  Bailey  332,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  371,  Chi- 
sago  lake. 

YACCINIUM  LINN.    Gen.  313  (1737). 

Batodendron,  Pirococcus   and   Metagonia  NUTT.     Trans. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  VIII.  261-262  (1843). 

Cavinium  THOU.    Gen.  Nov.  Madagasc.  11  (1806). 


410  MBTASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Epigynium  KLOTZSCH,    Linn.  XXIV,  49  (1850). 

Disterigma  KL.    1.  c.  (1850). 

Agapetes  DUNAL,    DC.  Proclr.  VII,  554  (1839). 

Vitis-Idaea  TOURN.    Inst.  607  (1700). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  573;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  242;  Eng- 
ler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  4.  1,51;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  719;  Baillon, 
Hist.  PL  XI,  182. 

Living  species:  100;  N.  extra-tropical  regions,  Mada- 
gascar and  the  Andes  mts.  Russia,  10;  Europe,  3;  Russian 
Europe,  3;  Canada,  16-18;  E.  Sts.  12;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  S.  Sts., 
13;  California,. 6;  PL  King.,  4;  PI.  Wheel.,  1. 

Fossil  species:  Teitiary,  Alaska  (Heer)\  Florissant, 
Colo.  (A.  Br.)-,  Japan  (Nathorst);  Oeningen  (Heer);  Aix  (Sa- 
porta).  A  large  number  of  remains  in  15-20  species.  Quat- 
ernary, Madeira,  Portugal. 

Taccinium  corymbosum  LINN,  var  amoenum  (AiT.)  GRAY, 
Man.  5,  ed,  292  (1867). 

V.  amoenum  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  II,  12  (1789). 

?  V.  corymbosum  var.  fuscatum  HOOK.    Bot.  Mag.  3433  ( ). 

?  V.  marianum,  grandiflorum  and   elongatum  WATS.     Dendr.  Brit 
(1825). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  313;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  159;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  290;  Chap..  Fl.S.  St.  260:  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  93;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 

I,  560;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  200;  Engl.  Drude,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  1,  51  spec.;  Gray, 
Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  23. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  Br.  and  Ont.  to  L.  Huron; 
S.  to  Minn.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Va. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  W.  district;  rare  or 
doubtful;  swamps. 

HERB.  :     Sandberg  876,  Tower. 

Yaccinium  canadense  KALM.     Rich,  in  Frankl.  Narr.  2  ed. 
ed.  12  (1825);  (Kalm  in  Herb.  Banks). 

V.  album  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  I,  72  (1783)  not  Linn. 
Wats,  and  Coutt.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  312;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  290.  560;  Up- 
ham Fl.  Minn.  93;  Engl.   Drude,  Nat.   Pflanz.  IV,  1,  51;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 

II,  1,  22. 

North  America:  Atl.  coast  of  Can.  to  Hudson  Bay, 
Rocky  mts.,  Columbia  valley  and  Slave  lake;  S.  to  Minn.,  111., 
Penn.  and  N.  N.  Eng. 

Minn,  valley:     N.  edge;  swamps;  rare  or  doubtful. 

HERB.:  Bailey  141,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  875, 
Chisago  Co. 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  I,  72  (1783). 
V.  myrtilloides  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  223  (1803). 
V.  ramulosum  and  humik  WILLD.    Enum.  Suppl.  20  (1813). 


LIST   OP  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  411 

V.  tenellum  PUBSH,    Fl.  Am.  288  (1814). 
V.  multiflorum  WATS.    Dend.  Brit.  125  (1825). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  312;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  290;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  159;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  93;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  209;  Engl.  Drude, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  1,  51;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  22. 

North  America:  Newf.  to  Rocky  mts. ;  S.  to  Minn., 
111.,  N.  J.  and  Penn. 

Minn,  valley :     N.  W.  district;  rare;  dry  hills  and  woods. 
HERB.  :     Sandberg  373,  Black  Oak,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Sand- 
berg  374,  Moose  lake;  Bailey  178,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  453, 
Mud  lake. 

Vaccinium  stamineum  LINN.     Spec.  498  (1753). 
V.  album  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  28  (1814). 
V.  elevatum  DUNAL.    DC.  Prodr.  VII,  566  (1839). 
Picrococcus  elevatus  and  floridanus  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 
1.  c.  VIII,  260  (1843). 

Vaccinium  kunthianum  KLOTZSCH,    (1850?). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  312;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  158;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  259;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  290;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  93;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
200;  EDK!.  Drude,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  1,  51;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  21. 

North  America:  St.  Lawrence  and  Niagara  rivers  to 
Minn.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.  and  La.;  W.  to  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district;  rare  or 
doubtful;  no  Minn,  specimens  seen. 

LXXX1V.    PRIMULACEAE.   Primrose  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  729  (1836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  PI  II, 
628  (1876):  Pax,  in  Engkr  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  1,  98  (1889);  Baillon, 
Hist.  PL  XI,  305  (1892). 

Genera :  27 ;  cosmopolitan ;  principally  in  N.  hemisphere . 

Species:  350  ±  living;  a  few  doubtful  fossils  in  Quater- 
nary. 

ANDROSACE  LINN.     Gen.  Ill  (1737). 

Aretia  LINN.    Gen.  ed.  V,  178  (1754). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  632;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  249;  En- 
gler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  I,  110  (Pax);  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PL  II, 
398  (sub  Primula)-  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  XI,  338. 

Living  species:  62  ±;  temperate  and  Alpine  regions, 
N.  hemisphere.  Russia,  15;  N.  America,  5;  Canada,  3;  Rocky 
mts.,  4;  E.  Sts.,  1;  Pac.  coast;  2;  PL  King,  2;  PL  Wheel.,  1. 

Androsace  occidentalis  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  137  (1814). 
Primula  occidentalis  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  II,  400  (1891). 
Aretia  occidentalis  MAcM.    MSS.  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  329;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  133;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  311;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  96;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  234;  Wats.,  King 


412  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Exp.  213;  Cov  ,  Fl.  Ark.  201;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  I,  1105  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  II,  1,  60. 

North  America:  Rainy  river  to  Pembina  mts.  and 
Thompson  river,  Brit.  Col.;  lat.  49°  N.  to  N.  Mex.;  E.  to  Minn., 
111.  and  Tenn.?;  W.  to  Neb.,  Utah  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  C.  and  S.  W.  districts;  high  prai- 
ries or  knolls. 

HERB.:     Sandberg  389,  Red  Wing. 

LYSIMACHIA  LINN.     Gen.  121  (1737). 
Liihiiiia  VENT.    Cels.  96  (1800). 
Palladia  MOENCH,    Meth.  429  (1794). 
Coxia  ENDL.    Gen.  733  (1840). 
Naumbergia  MOENCH,    Suppl.  429  (1802). 
Thyrsanthus  SCHRANK,    Denksch.  Baier.  Acad.  75  (1813). 
Lerouxia  MERAT.    Fl.  Par.  77  (1812). 
Ephemerum  REICH.    Fl.  Germ.  Exs.  409  (1830). 
Theopyxis  GRISEB.    Phillip,  and  Lechl.  (1844). 
Godinella  LESTIB.    ex  Dur.  Ind.  Phan.  250  (1888). 
Anagzanthe  and  Bernardina    BANDO,    ex  Baill.  1.  c.  (1892). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  635;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  250;  En- 
gler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  I,  112  (Pax);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  734; 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  343. 

Living  species:  60  ±;  temperate  and  subtropical  re- 
gions of  both  hemispheres;  very  few  in  the  S.  hemisphere; 
centers  in  China.  N.  America,  5. 

Fossil  species:  Interglacial,  Elbe  river  (Schenck). 

Lysimachia  thyrsiflora  LINN.     PL  Dan.  517  (1757). 
L.  capitata  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  135  (1814). 
Naumburgia  thyrsiflora  EEICH.    DC.  Prodr.  VIII,  60  (1844). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  331;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  165;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  97;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  314;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  63;  Webb.,  Appx. 
Neb.  36, 

Europe;  Japan. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Mackenzie  and  Pac. 
to  Alaska;  S.  Oregon,  Minn.,  Iowa,  Neb.,  S.  111.,  Penn.  and 
N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  swamps,  bogs  and  wet 
meadows. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  344,  marshes  south  of  Lake  Madison; 
Taylor  443,  Lake  Helena,  Waseca  Co. ;  Bollard  561,  Prior's  lake, 
Scott  Co,;  Taylor  48,  Elysian;  Holzinger  140,  Winona  Co. ;  Her- 
rick  189,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  421,  Long  lake;  Sandberg  391, 
Chisago  Co. ;  Herrick  190,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  111,  Ramsey 
Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  159,  Montevideo. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED -PRODUCING   PLANTS.  413 

Lysimachia  terrestris  (LiNN.)  B.  S.  P.     Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 
Viscum  terrestris  LINN.    Spec.  1023  (1753). 
Lysimachia  vulgaris  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  92  (1788). 
L.  stricta  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  I,  199  (1789). 
L.  racemosa  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  128  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  331;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  97;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  165;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  314;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  280;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl, 
II,  1,  63. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Anticosti,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to 
Thunder  bay  and  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  N.  Ga. ;  W.  to 
Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  N.  W.  districts;  low  meadows; 
rare. 

HERB.  :  Holzinger  141,  Winona  Co. ;  Bailey  11,  Ver- 
milion lake;  Ankeny  4,  Stillwater;  Roberts  90,  Little  Marais; 
Bailey  463,  Agate  bay;  Roberts  91,  Grand  Marais;  Sandberg 
392  Red  Wing. 

STEIRONEMA  RAF.     Ann  Phys.  Brux.  VII,  192  (1820). 

Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  250;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  I, 
113  (Pax);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  343. 

Living  species:  4;  N.  America;  1  introduced  in  Europe; 
PL  Wheel.,  2;  PI.  King,  1. 

Steironema   quadriflorum  (SIMS)  HITCHCOCK,     Fl.    Ames. 
506  (1891). 

Lysimachia  quadriftora  SIMS,    Bot.  Mag.  660  (1803). 
L.  longifolia  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  135  (1814). 
L.  revoluta  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  122  (1818). 
Steironema  longifolia  RAF.    Ann.  Brux.  VII,  192  (1820). 
Lysimachia  angustifolia  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  1,  (1848). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  330;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  281;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  97;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  314;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  62. 

North  America:  Niagara  river  to  S.  Man.;  S.  to  N. 
Y.  and  W.  Va. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  moist  places,  especially 
around  prairie  sloughs. 

HERB.  :  Kassube  158,  Minneapolis;  Sheldon  1328,  Lake 
Benton;  Herrick  194,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  195,  Minneapolis; 
Oestlund  112,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Sandberg  395,  Cannon  Falls;  Oest- 
lund  113,  Minneapolis;  Sheldon  1628,  Taylor's  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld. 
1736,  Minneapolis. 

Steironema  lanceolatum  (WALT.)  GRAY,    var.    hybridum 
(MiCHX.)  GRAY,     Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XII,  62  (3876). 

Lysimachia  hybrida  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  126  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  330;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  97;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  165;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  (spec.)  133:  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  313;  Coult.,  Fl. 


414  METASPERMAE   OP   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Colo.  235;  Roth., Wheel.  Exp.  (spec.)  185;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  201;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
II,  1,  81. 

North  America:     Ont.  to  Minn,  and  Dak.;  S.  to  N.  Y., 

N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Neb.,  Ark.,  La.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  E.  district;  infrequent; 
wet  meadows  or  edges  of  marshes. 

HERB.  :    Sandberg  394,  Red  Wing. 

Steironema  ciliatum  (LiNN.)  RAP.     Ann.  Gen.  Phys.  Brux 
VII,  192  (1820). 

Lysimachia  ciliata  LINN.    Mant.  (1767). 

L.  quadrifolia  var. LINN.    Mant.  (1767). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  330;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  97;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  165;  Chap.,  Fl  S.  St.  280;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  313:  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb. 
133;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  235;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  213;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  185; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  201;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  1, 113;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1, 
61;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  255. 

Northern  and  W.  Europe — naturalised. 

North  America:  N.  S.  and  N.  Br.  to  Pac. ;  S.  in  Rock- 
ies to  N.  Mex. ;  E.  to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Mo. ,  Ark. ,  N.  Eng. ,  N.  J. 
and  Fla. 

Minn.  Valley:  Throughout;  low  places  and  edges  of 
swamps  or  marshes. 

HERB.:  Bollard  569,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor 
848,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  726,  Sleepy  Eye;  Kassube  157,  Minne- 
apolis; Arthur  71,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  393,  Red  Wing; 
Herrick  191,  St.  Louis  river;  Herrick  192,  Minneapolis;  Hoi- 
zinger  142,  Winona  Co.;  Herrick  193,  Minneapolis;  Roberts  92, 
Duluth;  Herb.  Sheld.  1737',  Herb.  Moyer  160,  161,  Montevideo. 

TRIENTALIS  LINN.     Gen.  309  (1737). 

Benth.   and  Hook.,   Gen.  PI  II,  636;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  250; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  I,  113  (Pax);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  344. 
Living  species:  2;  1  in  N.  Europe,   Siberia  and  N.  W. 
America;  1  in  Atlantic  and  Northern  America. 

Trientalis  americana  (PERS.)  PURSH,     Bart.  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 
II,  47  (1822). 

T.  europaea  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I  (1803) 
T.  europaea  var.  americana  PERS.    Syn.  I  (1805). 
T.  europaea  var.  angustifolia  TOBK.    Fl.  N.  Y.  I  363  (1843). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  329;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  165;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  97;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  313;  Engl.  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  I,  113; 
Gray,  Syr.  Fl.  II,  1,  61. 

North  America:     Newf.,   Labrador,   Anticosti  and  N. 
S.  to  Man.  and  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  J.,  Va.,  Ind.  and  Minn. 
Minn,    valley :     Forest   district   to   Blue    Earth    Co. ; 
damp  woods  and  peat  bogs. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  415 

HERB.:  Sheldon  229,  Lake  Washington,  Blue  Earth 
Co.;  Roberts  58,  Grand  Marais;  Boberis  89,  Duluth;  Bailey  244, 
Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  390,  Chisago  Co. 

CENTUNCULTJS  LINN.     Gen.  76  (1737). 
Micropyxis  DUBY,    Mem.  Prim.  39(1844). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  637;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Pkan.  250;  Engier 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  I,  115;  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  XI,  345. 

Living  species;  3;  temperate  and  warmer  regions.  N. 
America,  2;  S.  Sts.,  2;  Canada,  1. 

Centunculus  minimus  LINN.     Spec.  (1753). 

C.  lanceolatus  MICHX.    Fl.  I,  93  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  332;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  315;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  281;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  232;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  469; 
Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  97;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  Ill,  30;  Hook.,  Fl. 
Gt.  Brit  265;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  86;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  201;  Engl.  Pax, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  1,  115;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl  II,  1,  64;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  127; 
Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  36;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  256. 

Europe  and  N.  Asia;  Belgium  to  Montenegro  and  Bai- 
kal Sib.;  Australia;  Brazil;  Andes  mts.  to  Chile  in  S.  Amer. 

North  America.  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Dak.  to  Saskatche- 
wan and  Oregon;  S.  to  Minn.,  111.,  Ark.,  Tex.  and  E.  to  N.  Car. 
and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  W.  edge;  probably 
sparingly  S.  and  W.  and  N.  W. ;  low  places  and  around  bases 
of  rock-ledges. 

LXXXV.     OLEACEAE.    Ash  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  571;  Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  570  (1836-40)— Jasmineae-, 
Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  PL  II,  672  (1876);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  230 
(1892). 

Genera:  18;  temperate  and  warmer  regions;  absent  in 
boreal  regions. 

Species:  300  ±  ;  30  ±  fossil  in  Tertiary. 

FRAXINUS  LINN.     Gen.  773  (1737). 

Ornus  PERS.    Syn.  I,  9  (1805). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  676;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  259; 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  760;  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  251;  Engl.  Knoblauch, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  2,  5. 

Living  species:  39 ±;  temperate  and  subtropical  regions. 
N.  America,  12;  Europe,  6;  Russia,  3;  Russian  Europe,  2;  Can- 
ada, 6;  E.  Sts.,  6;  S.  Sts.,  5;  PI.  Wheel.,  4;  California,  2;  W. 
Tex.,  6;  Rocky  mts.,  2;  PL  King,  2;  especially  N.  America,  E. 
Asia  and  Mediterranean  region  (Knoblauch). 

Fossil  species:  Lower  Oligocene  and  Miocene,  Europe 
(Saporta,  Heer) ;  Greenland  (Heer) ;  Pac.  N.  America  (Lesquer- 


416  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

eaux}\  Pliocene,  France  (Saporta,  Unger).     Several  (10-15)  sp. 
described. 

Fraxinus  sambucifolia  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  II,  549  (1786). 

F.  nigra  MARSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  51  (1785). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  336;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  115;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  317;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  167;  Oov.,  Fl.  Ark.  202;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II, 
1,76. 

North  America:  Anticosti  to  L.  Superior  reg.,  Man. 
and  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Ark.;  E.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.,  Va.  and  Ky. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  and  N.  W.  districts; 
rich  woods  and  banks  or  shores. 

HERB.:  Bailey  346,  St.  Louis  river. 

Fraxinus  pubescens  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  II,  548  (1786). 
F.  nigra  Du  Roi,    Diss.  (1771). 
F.  pennsylvanica  MARSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  51  (1785). 
F.  tomentosa  MICHX.  f.    Sylva,  lA  (J810). 
F.  oUongocarpa  BUCKL.    Proc.  Acad.  Phil.  (1862). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  336;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  167;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  236;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  316;  Uphain,  Fl.  Minn.  115;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  140;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  370;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  75;  Engl.  Knobl.,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  2,  7;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  259. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.  and  Saskatch- 
ewan, and  53°  N.  lat.;  S.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  111.,  Ohio  and 
E.  U.  S.  to  Fla.  Tex.  ? 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  local  or  rare;  rich  woods 
and  banks  of  lakes  or  streams. 

HERB.:  Bailey  56  and  58,  Vermilion  lake. 

Fraxinus  viridis  MICHX.  f.     Sylv.  120  (1810), 
F.  juglanaifolia  WILLD.    Spec.  IV,  1104  (1805). 
F.  concolor  MUHL.    Cat.  (1813). 
F.  caroliniana  PCTRSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  9  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Mau.  6  ed.  336;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  167;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.,  115;  Webb.,  Fl.Neb.  140;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  370;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
I,  316;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  236;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  185;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
284;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  202;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  75;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  259. 

North  America:    Owen  Sound  to  Man.  and  Assiniboia; 
S.  to  Dak.,  Neb.,  Ark.,  Tex.,  and  E.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla. 
Minn,  valley:    Throughout  to  Pommes  des  Terres  and 
Cottonwood  valleys;  rich  woods  and  shores  or  banks. 

HERB.:  Taylor  14,  Elysian;  ? Taylor  663,  Cobb  river, 
Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Menzel  6,  Pipestone. 

Fraxinus  americana  LINN.     Spec.  2  ed.  1510  (1762). 
F.  alba  MARSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  51  (1785). 
F.  acuminata  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  II,  542  (1786). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  417 

F.  canadensis  GAERTN.    Fruct.  I,  122  (1788). 
F.  epiptera  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  256  (1803). 
F.  discolor  MUHL.    Cat.  Ill  (1813). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  335;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  316;  Up- 
ham,  Fl.  Minn.  115;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  140;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  369;  Britt.,  FL 
N.  J.  167;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  202;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  74;  Engl.  Knobl.,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  2,  7;  Coult,,  Fl.  Tex.  259  in  var. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Owen  Sound  and 
Minn.;  S.  to  Neb.,  Kan.  and  Ark.;  E.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla. 
and  La.  Var.  in  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  rich  woods  and  banks  of 
lakes  and  streams. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  484,  Janesville;  Taylor  704,  Minnesota 
lake;  Taylor  816,  Glenwood;  Taylor  526,  Mud  lake,  WasecaCo. ; 
Ballard  550,  Spring  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  855,  Sleepy  Eye; 
Taylor  1020,  Glenwood;  Bailey  117,  Vermilion  lake;  Oestlund 
152,  Hennepin  Co.;  Holzinger  192,  Winona  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld. 
1907,  Minneapolis. 

LXXXVI.     GENTIANACEAE.     Gentian  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  599  (1836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen. 
Plant.  II,  799  (1876);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  113  (1891). 

Genera:  45;  temperate  regions;  a  few  in  tropics  and 
boreal  regions. 

Species:  550-600;  widely  distributed;  a  few  fossil 
forms  from  Tertiary  rocks. 

MENYANTHES  LINN.     Gen.   117  (1737)  em.  BENTH.  1.  c. 
(1876). 

Menonanthes  HALL.    Fl.  Helv.  633  (1742). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  144;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  819;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  278;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  763. 

Living  species:  2;  Europe;  Asia  —  mts.  and  N. ;  N. 
America.  1,  Europe,  Asia,  N.  America;  1,  W.  N.  Amer.  and 
Russia.  N.  Amer.,  2. 

Fossil  species:  2;  Tertiary,  Greenland,  Lausanne, 
etc.  (Heer);  doubtful. 

Menyanthes  trifoliata  LINN.     Spec.  207  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  353;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  327;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  173;  Upham,  FL  Minn.  113;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I.  485* 
Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  76;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  273;  Miyabe, 
Fl.  Kur.  2,51;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Euss.  88;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  281;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  II,  1,  128;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  102;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  40. 

Iceland  and  N.  Russia  to  Spain  and  Servia;  Siberia  to 
N.  W.  India,  Japan  and  Kurile  Isls. 

-27 


418  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

North  America:  Greenland  and  Labrador  to  Mackenzie 
and  Alaska;  S.  to  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Penn.;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Dak.,  Iowa  and  Neb.;  S.  in  mts.  to  San  Francisco  and 

Nevada. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  probably  to  Chippe- 
wa  river  valley;  tamarack  swamps  and  wet  woods. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  357,  Helena,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  659, 
Waconia;  Taylor  210,  Janesville;  Sheldon  122,  Madison  Lake; 
Taylor  177,  Janesville;  Bailey  282,  St.  Louis  river;  Kassube 
201,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  464,  Chisago  lake;  Sandberg  465, 
Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1776,  Ramsey  Co. 

NYMPHODES  LUDW.     Defin.  23  (1737). 

Limnantbemum  GMEL     Nov.  Act.  Petrop.  XIV,  527  (1769). 
Waldschmidtia  WIGG.    Prim.  Hoist.  19  (1780). 
Villarsia  GMEL.    Act.  Petrop.  XV  (1791)  not  Vent. 
Schweyckerta    C.  C.  GMEL.    Fl.  Bad.  I,  447  (1805). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI  X,  144;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  819;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  278;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II,  429. 

Living  species:  26  described;  12  reduced;  temperate 
and  tropical  regions.  N.  America,  2;  S.  Sts.,  2;  1  other  regions 
except  W.  of  Rocky  mts.  W.  Tex.,  I. 

Nymphodes  lacunosum  (VENT.)    OK.     Rev.    Gen.   II,   429 
(1891). 

Villarsia  lacunosa  (VENT.)    Choix.  9  (1803). 
?  Limnanthemum  lacunosum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I  (1803) 

Villarsia  cordata  ELL.    Sk.  I,  230  (1821).  % 

Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  353;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  174;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  113;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  327;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  358;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
204;  Gray,  Syn.Fl.  II,  1,  128. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  Minn. ;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.;  W.  to  Ark.,  La.  and  Miss. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  edge;  rare;  floating 
in  quiet  streams  or  lakes. 

GENTIANA  LINN.     Gen.  197  (1737). 

Pneumonanthe    and    Hippion  SCHMIDT,     Boem.  Arch.  I,  8 
(1796). 

Ci  m  ina  I  is  ADANS.    FAM.  II,  504  (1763). 

Asterias,  Coelantha,  Dasystephana,  Ericoila,  Eurythalia 
and  Gentianella  BORKH.    Roem.  Arch.  I,  23  (1796). 

Ericala  DON,    Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  XVII,  511  (1837). 

Glyphospermum,  Solatium,  TJIostomaand  Eudoxia  G.  DON, 
Gen.  Syst.  IV,  195,  196  (1538). 

Varasia  PHILLIPPI,  Fl.  Atacam.  35,  t.  5  (1860). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  X,  140;  Benth.  and  HOOK:.,  Gen.  PL  II,  815;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  278. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  419 

Living  species:  180;  cosmopolitan;  in  tropical  mts. 
Europe,  35;  Russia,  45;  Russian  Europe,  16;  North  America,  38; 
Rocky  mts.,  14;  S.  Sts.,  7;  E.  Sts.,  12;  Canada,  27;  California 
and  Oregon,  10-12;  PI.  King.,  6;  PI.  Wheel.,  10. 

Gentiana  linearis  FROEL.  var.  rubricaulis  (SCHWEIN.). 
Gentiana  rubricaulis  SCHWETN.    Keat.  Nan*.  Appx.  110  (1825). 
G.  saponaria  var.  linearis  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  V.  389  (1867)  part. 
G.  linearis  var.  lanceolata  GRAY,    Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  123  (1886). 
G.  pneumonanthe  AUCT.  AMER. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  351;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.   183;  Mac.} 
Fl.  Kan.  I.  325,  566;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  113. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  L.  Huron  reg.,  L. 
Superior  reg.  and  Minn.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  N.  Y.  and  mts. 
of  Md. ;  W.  to  111.  and  Wise. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  Central  district;  wet 
prairies. 

Gentiana  flavida  GRAY,     Am.  Jour.  Sci.  N.  Ser.  I,  80  (1846). 

G.  alba  AUCT.  not  MUHL. 

^\ats.  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  351;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  112;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  324;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  123;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  40. 

North  America:  Ont.,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Va. ;  W,  to 
Minn. ,  111. ,  Neb.  and  Ky. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  New  Ulm;  rare  or 
local;  wet  meadows. 

HERB.:    Sandberg  462,  Red  Wing;  Holtz  5,  Cedar  lake. 

Gentiana  andrewsii  GRISEB.     Gent.  287  (1839). 

Gentiana  andrewsii  var.  linearis  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  55(1840). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  351;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  172;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  324,  566;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  113;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  356;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  204;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  123. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  Thunder  bay;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  wet  meadows  and  banks 
of  lakes  and  streams. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1457,  Pipestone;  Sheldon  1300,  Lake 
Benton;  Oestlund  148,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  200,  Minneapolis; 
Bailey  355,  Mud  River;  Sandberg  463,  Cannon  Falls \Herb.  Sheld. 
1873,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Herb.  Wickersheim  106,  107,  Id,lewild,  Lin- 
coln Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  198,  Montevideo. 

Gentiana  saponaria  LINN.     Spec.  228  (1753). 
G.  catesbaei  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  109  (1788). 
G.  elliottii  var.  (?)  latifolia  CHAPM.    FL  S.  St.  356  (1860). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  350;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  172;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  113;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  356;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  324;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
204:  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  122. 


420  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  and  N.  Y.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla. ; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Ark.  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  E  edge;  moist  woodland  and  river 
banks  or  lake  shores. 

HERB.  :    Holzinger  186,  Fillmore  Co. 

Gentiana  puberula  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  176  (1803). 

G.  saponaria  var.  puberula  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  1,  360  (1848). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  350;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  113;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  324,  566;    Webb.,Fl.  Neb.  140;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  204;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  II,  1,  122. 

North  America:  Red  river  valley  to  W.  N.  Y. ;  S.  to 
Ohio,  Ky.,  Kan.  and  Ark.;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  dry  prairies  and  barren 
places. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  1178,  Glenwood;  Manning  6,  Lake  City; 
Herb.  Wickersheim  108,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer  199+ 
Montevideo. 

tientiana    quinquefolia    LINN.    var.    occidentalis    (GRAY) 
HITCHCOCK,     Fl.  Ames.  508  (1891). 

spec.  G.  quinqueflora  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  II,  643  (1786). 
G.  amarelloides  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  186  (1814). 

var.  G.  quinqueflora  HOOK.    Bot.  Mag.  3496  ( )  chiefly. 

G.  quinqueflora  var.  occidentalis  GRAY,    Man.  1  ed.  359  (1848). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  350;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  112;Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  172  spec.;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  355;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  566;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  II,  1,  119. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Va.  and  Ohio;  W.  to  Minn. ; 
S.  to  Tenn.,  Fla.  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  E.    district;   probably 
throughout  forest  district;  knolls  in  woods. 
HERB.:     Sandberg  460,  Red  Wing. 

Gentiana  serrata  GUNN.     Fl.  Norv.  10  (1766). 
G.  detonsa  ROTTB.    Hort.  Hafn.  X,  254  (1773). 
G.  barbata  FROEL.    Gent.  114  (1796). 
G.  brachypetala  BUNGE,    Consp.  Gent.  225  (1829). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  349;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  112;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  321;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  481;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  243; 
Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.   Sin.  II,  127;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  88;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  193;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  117;  Hart,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  99. 
Scandinavia  to  N.  India,  Manchuria  and  China. 
North  America:    Newf.  and  Anticosti  to  Saskatche- 
wan, Rocky  mts.,  N.  W.  T.,  Point  Barrow,  Alaska  and  Arctic 
ocean;  S.  in  Sierras  to  Mariposa  Co.,  Calif.;  S.  in  Rockies  to 
Colo,  and  Nev. ;  S.  to  Minn. ,  Dak. ,  Iowa  and  E.  to  N.  Y. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  421 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  W.  district;  wet 
meadows. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1013,  Glenwood;  Oestlund  147,  Minne- 
apolis; Leiberg  53,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1874,  Minne- 
apolis. 

Gentiana  americana  (LiNN.). 

G.  ciliata  americana  LINN.    Syst.  I,  645  (1756). 
G.  crinita  FROEL.    Gent.  112(1796). 
G.  .fimbriata  ANDK.    Bot.  Rep.  509  (1797-1804). 
Gentianetta  crinita  DON,    Syst.  IV,  179  (1838). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man  6  ed.  349;  Britt.  Fl.  N.  J.  172;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  321;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  355;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  112;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
278;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  193;  Gray,  Syn..Fl.  II,  1,  117. 

North  America.  Q.,  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan  and  52°  N. 
lat.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  mts.  of  Ga.;  W.  to  Gt.  lakes, 
Minn.,  Dak.  and  Colo. 

Minn  valley:  Throughout  forest  district;  swampy 
places  and  wet  meadows. 

HERB.:  Holzinger  185,  Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  461, 
Cannon  Falls;  Hammond  33,  Minneapolis. 

LXXXVII.    APOCYNACEAE.    Dogbane  Family, 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  577  (1836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen. 
Plant.  II,  681  (1876);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  146  (1891). 

Genera:  127  (Baillon);  103  (B.  andH.);  tropical  reg- 
ions; a  few  in  temperate  zones  of  N.  and  S.  hemispheres. 

Species:  1000  ±;  very  few  in  S.  hemisphere;  a  few 
fossil  from  Tertiary,  Apocynophyllum  f 

APOCYNUM  LINN.     Gen.  187  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  X,  207;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  716;  Durand, 
2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  264;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  767. 

Living  species:  5;  S.  Europe;  temperate  Asia;  N 
America.  Russia,  2;  Europe,  1;  N.  America,  2;  PI.  Wheel.,  2, 
Canada,  2;  W.  Tex.,  1-2. 

Fossil  species:  Apocynophyllum',  Tertiary,  Portugal, 
Japan,  Australia,  East  Indies  (Heer,  Ettinghauseri),  a  few  spec- 
ies; all  rather  doubtful. 

Apocynum  cannabinum  LINN.     Spec.  213  (1753). 
A.  sibiricum  JACQ.    Hort.  Vindob.  Ill,  66  (1776). 
A.  hypericifolium  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  I,  304  (1789). 
A.  pulescens  R.  BR.    Wern.  Soc.  I,  67  (1808). 

Wats,  and  Coult,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  338;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  168;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  140;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  358;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  114;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
I,  31$,  565;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  237;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  1, 473;  Wats. 


422  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

King  Exp.  282;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  186;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  203;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
II,  1,  83;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  262. 

North  America:  Same  range  as  A.  androsaemifolium; 
extends  also  into  S.  Calif,  and  E.  to  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  rich  woods,  thickets,  river 
banks  and  shores;  edges  of  marshes. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  337,  Janesville;  Ballard  93,  Shakopee; 
Taylor  583,  Minnesota  Lake;  Taylor  1025,  Glenwood;  Sheldon 
1532,  Lake  Benton;  Ballard  507,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor 
752,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  975,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  388,  Madison 
Lake;  Sheldon  332,  Smith's  Mills,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Herrick  249, 
Minneapolis;  Kassube  203,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  214,  Vermilion 
lake;  Sandberg  467,  Cannon  Falls;  Oestlund  150,  Hennepin  Co.; 
Herrick  250,  Minnetonka;  Herb.  Moyer  201,  Chippewa  river, 
near  Montevideo. 

Apocynum  androsaemifolium  LINN.     Spec.  213  (1753). 

A.  androsaemifolium  and  var.  incanum  A.  DC.    Prodr.  VIII.  412 

(1844). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  338;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  168;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  113;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  140;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  317,  565;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  237;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  359;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  473;  Koth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  186;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  282;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  203;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
II,  1,  82;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  263. 

North  America:  Anticosti  and  Atl.  coast  to  Pac.  and 
Brit.  Col.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Sierras  and 
N.  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  rich  woods  and  thickets; 
banks  and  shores. 

HERB.:  Ballard  738,  Waconia;  Taylor  989,  Glenwood; 
Sheldon  425,  Madison  Lake;  Ballard  852,  Patterson  lake,  Car- 
ver Co. ;  Ballard  91,  Chaska;  Taylor  328,  Janesville;  Herrick 
248,  St.  Louis  river;  Oestlund  149,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Kassube  202, 
Minneapolis;  Bailey  183,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  131,  Vermilion 
lake;  Sandberg  466,  Goodhue  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1692,  Minneap- 
olis; 1731,  Ramsey  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer  200,  Montevideo. 

LXXXVIII.     ASCLEPIADACEAE.      Milkweed 
Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  588  (1836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  II, 
728  (1876);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  X,  221  (1891). 

Genera:  190  (Baillon);  146  (B.  and  H.);  tropical 
regions;  a  few  in  temperate  zones,  especially  in  N.  hemisphere 
and  S.  Africa;  in  the  latter  region  the  development  is  especially 
abundant. 

Species:  1500±  ;  1-2  fossil  in  recent  rocks. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  423 

ASCLEPIAS  LINN.     Gen.  185  (1737).  • 

Otaria  HBK.    Nov.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Ill,  192  (1818). 

Gomphocarpus,    Xysmalobium,    Kaiiahia   K.    BR.     Mem. 
Wern.  Soc.  I,  37,  38,  39  (1808). 

Krebsia,  Mackenia  HARV.    Gen.  S.  Afr.  PL  ed.2,  233  (1868). 

Pachycarpus,    Parapodium,   Schizoglossum,  Aspidoglos- 
sum,  Logarinthus  E.  MEY.     Cornm.  PL  Austr.  Afr.  200-221  (1837). 

Khiiiolobium  ARN.    Mag.  Zool.  and  Bot.  II,  420(1838). 

Caiialiia  SPRENG.    Syst.  I,  526  (1825). 

Asclepiodora  GRAY,     Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XII,  66  (1877). 

Anantherix  and  Stylandra  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  169,  170  (1818). 

Polyotus  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  V,  199  (1839). 

Podostigma  and  Acerates  ELL.    Sk.  I,  316,  326  (1821). 

ScMzonotus  A.  GRAY,    Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  100  (1886). 

Fuiiastrum  FOUKN".    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  6,  XIV,  388  (1882). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  245;  Benth.  and  Hook.,   Gen.  PL  I,  752-755;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  268;  Schenck,  Palaeopliyt.  770. 

Living  species:  180;  cosmopolitan  except  in  polar  and 
sub-polar  regions.  N.  America,  55;  S.  and  E.  E.  Sts.,  28;  S. 
Sts.,  30;  W.  Tex.,  21. 

Fossil  species:  Tertiary,  Japan  (Unger)',  Portugal, 
Greenland,  Rhone,  Oenigen  (Heer)-,  5  sp.  described. 

Asclepias  lanuginosa  NUTT.     Gen.  I,  168  (1818). 
A.  nuttalliana  TORR.    Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  II,  218  (1834). 
Acerates  lanuginosa  DECN.    DC.  Prodr.  VIII  (1844). 
A.  monocephala  LAPHAM,    Gray's  Man.  ed.  2,  appx.  (1852). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  343;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  141;  Upham, 
FL  Minn.  115;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  242. 

North  America:  Mont,  to  Wise,  and  N.  111. ;  S.  to  Neb. 
and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  Blue  Earth  Co.  W.  to  Dakota  line;  S. 
Central,  S.  W.  and  N.  W.  districts;  prairies  and  hillsides. 

HERB.:  Gedge  12',  Riverton,  Clay  Co.;  Holzinger  191, 
Winona;  Herb.  Moyer  210,  Montevideo. 

Asclepias  viridiflora  RAF.     Med.  Repos.  XI,  360  (1808). 
Acerates  viridiflora  ELL.    Sk.  I,  317  (1821). 

Polyotus  heterophyllus  NUTT.     Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  V,  522  (1840). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  343;  Britt,  FL  N.  J.  169;  Mac., 

Fl.  Can.  1,320;  Upham,   Fl.   Minn.   115;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  141;  Coult.,  Fl. 

Colo.  242;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  203;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  365;  Gray,  Syn.  FL  II,  1,  99; 

Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  268. 

North  America:     Niagara  river  to  Rocky  mts. ;  S.  to 

N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Dak.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  dry  places  and  banks  of 
streams. 

HERB.:  Type,— Sheldon  1105,  Springfield;  Sheldon 
1387,  Lake  Benton;  Ballard  383,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Sheldon 


424  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

732,  Sleepy  Eye;  Gedge  11,  Detroit;  var.  linearis  (Gray) — Sand- 
berg  474,  Red  Wing;  Holzinger  190-191,  Winona; — var.  lanceo- 
lata  (Ives);  Ballard  272,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  690,  Minne- 
sota lake;  Sheldon  610,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co.;  Leiberg  55,  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer  209,  Watson  [var.  lanceolata  (Ives).]. 

Asclepias  floridana  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  I,  284  (1783). 
A.  longifolia  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  116  (1803). 
Acerates  longifolia  ELL.    Sk.  I,  317  (1821). 
A.  floridana  HITCHCOCK,    Fl.  Ames  508(1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  343;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  141;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  366;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  565;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  203;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II, 
1,  99,  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  268. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Dak.  and  Neb.;  S.  to 
Ohio,  Fla.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  and  N.  W.  districts;  wet  meadows  or 
fields. 

HERB.  :    Juni  13,  Alexandria;  ? Gedge  13,  Clay  Co. 

Asclepias  verticillata  LINN.     Spec.  ed.  2,  1272  (1762). 

A.  galioides  HBK.    Nov.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Ill,  188  (1818). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  342;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  170;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  115;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  319;  Chap.,  .Fl.  S.  St.  365;   Coult.,   Fl. 
Colo.  241;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  368;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  282;   Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
203;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  97;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  267. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan  and  S.  Man.; 
S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  N. 
Mex.,  Tex.  and  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  except  N.  E.  district;  hills 
and  fields. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  970,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1068,  Spring- 
field; Sheldon  815,  Sigel  township,  Brown  Co.;  Taylor  925, 
Glen  wood;  Juni  9 12,  Glyndon;Herb.  Moyer  208,  Chippewa  Co. 

Asclepias  quadrifolia  LINN.     Spec.  (1753;. 

A.  vanilla  RAF.    Am.  Mo.  Mag.  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  342;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  170;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  114;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  364;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  203;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II, 
1,96. 

North  America:     Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.   and  N.  Car.; 

W.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  E.  edge;  doubtful;  no 
Minn,  specimens  seen. 

Asclepias  ovalifolia  DECN.     DC.  Prodr.  VIII,  567  (1844). 
A.  vanegata  var.  a.  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  252  (1840). 
A.  nuttalliana  GRAY,    Man.  2  ed.  352,  704  (1852). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  342;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  141;   Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  319;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  114;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  241;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  II,  1,  95. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  425 

North  America.  Man.,  Assiniboia  and  Saskatchewan 
to  Rocky  mts. ;  S.  to  N.  111.,  Wise.,  Minn.,  Iowa,  Dak.,  Neb. 
and  Kan. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  most  abundant  S.  W.  and 
W.  prairies. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  606,  Waseca;  Taylor  178,  Janesville; 
Menzel  4,  Pipestone  City;  Herrick  253,  Minneapolis;  Ankeny  5, 
Stillwater;  Roberts  109,  White  Bear;  Kassube205,  Minneapolis; 
Sandberg  470,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Moyer  204,  205,  Chippewa  Co.; 
Herb.  Wickersheim  109,  Idle  wild,  Lincoln  Co. 

Asclepias  exaltata  (LiNN. )  MUHL.     Cat.  28  (1813). 
A.  syriaca  var.  exaltata  LINN.    Spec.  ed.  2,  313  (1762). 
A.  phytolaccoides  PURSH,    Fl,  Am.  180  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  342;  Upham,Fl.  Minn.  114;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  319;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  262;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  92;  Britt.,  Fl. 
N.  J.  169. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  N.  Eng.  to  Minn,;  S.  to  N. 
J.  and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  moist  woods  and  thickets 
HERB.  :    Bollard  471,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon 
617,  Waseca;  Sheldon  617a,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co.;    Ballard  205, 
Jordan,   Scott  Co.;  Herrick  252,  Minneapolis;    Sandberg  469, 
Red  Wing. 

Asclepias  obtusifolia  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  113  (1803). 

A.  purpurascens  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  103  (1788). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  341;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  170;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  141;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  115;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  Sts.  364;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  239;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  203;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  91  and  Syn.  Suppl.  .II, 
401;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  266. 

North  America:  Minn,  and  Dak.  to  Colo.,  Neb.,  Ark. 
and  Tex.;  E.  across  continent  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  N.  Car.  and 
Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  edge;  doubtful 
sandy  fields  or  woods. 

Asclepias  sullivantii  ENGELM.     Gray  Man.  1  ed.  366  (1848). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.341;  Webb.,Fl.  Neb.  141;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  114;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  91. 

North  America:  Minn,  and  Dak.  to  Neb.,  Kan.  and 
Ohio. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  W.  to  Pommes  des 
Terres,  at  least;  rich  woods  and  banks  of  streams. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  580,  Minnesota  lake;  MacM  and  tiheld. 
45,  Brainerd. 


426  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Asclepias  syriaca  LINN.     Spec,  ed.  2,  313  (1762). 

A.  cornuti  DECN.    in  DC.  Prodr.  VIII,  564  (1844). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  341;  Britt.,  Fl-  N.  J.  169;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  141;  Chap.,Fl.  S.  St.  362;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  319;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  86;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Gray,  Syn.Fl.  II,  1,91  and  Syn.  Suppl.  II,  401. 

Russia  in  Europe;  N.  Asia. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan; 
S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn.,  and  Neb.- 
spreading  throughout  continent. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  rich  meadows  and  edges 
of  thickets  or  streams. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  26m,  Chaska;  Taylor  579,  Minnesota 
lake;  Bollard  258,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  1552,  Lake  Ben- 
ton;  Herrick  251,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  204,  Minneapolis;  Sand- 
berg  468,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Slield.  1697,  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Moyer  203,  Montevideo. 

Asclepias  speciosa  TORR.     Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  II,   218  (1834). 

A.  douglasii  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  53  (1840). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  341;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  141;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  114;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  475;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  239; 
Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  319;  II,  341;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  188;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
282;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  203;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  91. 

North  America:  Man.  and  Assiniboia  to  Rocky  mts., 
Brit.  Col.  and  Oregon;  S.  to  Yosemite  valley;  E.  to  Utah, 
Ark.,  Neb.,  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Probably  throughout;  especially  S.  and 
W. ;  fields  and  river  banks. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  727,  Wells,  Faribault  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer 
202,  Montevideo. 

Asclepias  incarnata  LINN.     Spec.  ed.  2,  314  (1762). 
A.  pulchra  WILLD.    Spec.  I,  1207  (1798). 
A.  amoena  BBONGN.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  XXIV,  t.  13  (1831). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  340;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  170;  Webb., 
Fl.Neb.  140;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  114;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  318;  Chap.,   Fl.  S. 
St.  363;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  203;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  90;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  265 
in  var. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan  and 
S.  Man.;  S.  to  N.  J.,  N.  Car.  and  Ga.;  W.  to  Dak.,  Neb.,  Ark., 
La. ,  Tex.  in  var. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  edges  of  swamps  and 
marshes. 

HERB.:  Ballard  853,  Patterson  lake,  Carver  Co.; 
Taylor  568,  Minnesota  lake;  Ballard  757,  Waconia;  Taylor  777, 
Glenwood;  Sheldon  645,  Waseca;  Holzinger  188,  Winona  Co.; 
Sandberg  471,  Goodhue  Co.;  Sandberg  472,  Cannon  Falls;  Her- 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  427 

rick  254,  Minneapolis;  Oesttund  151,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer 
206,  Chippewa  Co. 

Asclepias  purpurascens  LINN.     Spec.  214  (1753). 

A.  amoena  LINN.    Spec.  217  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  340;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.11,1,  90;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  362;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  320;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  114;  Britt.,  Fl.  N. 
J.  169;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  J41;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  203. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.  to  W. 
Ont.,  Wise,  and  Minn.;  S.  to  Tenn.  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Cottonwood  valley; 
edges  of  woods. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  849,  Sleepy  Eye;  Manning  7,  Lake 
City. 

Asclepias  tuberosa  LINN.     Spec.  316  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  340;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  170;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  141;  Upham,  FL  Minn.  115;  Mac..  Fl.  Can.  I,  318;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
239;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  365;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  188;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  203;  Gray, 
Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  89;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  2(5. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  L.  Huron  region  to  Minn., 
Dak.  and  Colo.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Arizona 
and  Texas. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  high  knolls, 
prairies  and  railway  embankments. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  558,  Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  380,  Janes- 
ville;  Bollard  575,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Bollard  342,  Jordan, 
Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  775,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  635,  Waseca;  Lei- 
berg  54,  "Minnesota";  Holzinger  189,  Winona  Co.;  Herrick  255, 
Minneapolis;  Sandberg  473,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1754, 
Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  207,  Montevideo. 

LXXXIX.      CONVOLVULACEAE.       Morning- 
Glory  Family. 

Encilicher,  Gen.  PI.  651  (1836-40);  Lindl.,  Vej.  King.  633  (1846)— 
Cuscutaceae;  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  II,  865  (1876)— excl.  Nolan- 
aceae;  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  305  (1891);  Peter  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  3  a,  1  (1891). 

Genera:  25-26;  temperate  and  tropical  regions;  most 
abundant  within  the  tropics;  shrubby  climbers,  principally 
tropical  America;  herbaceous  forms  widely  distributed;  center 
in  W.  Indies. 

Species:  950-1000;  300  in  Ipomea;  160  in  Cuscuta; 
fossil,  10-12,  from  Tertiary  of  Europe  and  U.  S. 


428  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Y0LYULUS  MED.     Phil.  Bot.  II,  42  (1791). 

Calystegia  R.  BR.    Prodr.  483  (1810). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  324;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  874;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  286;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II,  447;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt. 
776;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  a,  36  (Peter). 

Living  species:  7;  temperate  and  subtropical  regions. 
N.  America,  3-4;  W.  coast,  1;  Atl.  regions,  2;  W.  Tex.,  1. 

Fossil  species:  Convolvulus,  Tertiary,  Frankfort  (Lud- 
wig). 

YolYulus  spithameus  (LiNN.)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  II,  447  (1891).' 
Convolvulus  spithameus  LINN.    Spec.  158  (1753). 
Calystegia  spithameus  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  I,  434  (1814). 
C.  tomentosa  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  434  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  369;  Britfc.,  Fl.  N.  J.  180;  Uphani, 
Fl.  Minn.  110;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  345;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  345;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
II,  1,  215;  Engl.  Pet.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  a,  36. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man.  and  Saskatch- 
ewan; S.  to  Minn,  and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  rare;  dry  roadsides  and 
embankments. 

HERB.:  Kassube  194,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  178,  Wi- 
nona  Co.;  Herrick  244,  St.  Louis  river;  Holzinger  179,  Winona 
Co. 

Volvulus   sepium    (LINN.)  JUNGER,     Oestr,  Bot.  Zeit.  133 
(1891). 

Convolvulus  sepium  LINN.    Spec.  218  (1753). 
Calystegia  sepium  K.  BR.    Prodr.  483  (1810). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  369;  Britt.,  Fl.  N  J.  179;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  134;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  110;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  345,  569;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  344;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  265;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  533;  Forbes 
and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  II,  164;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  284;  Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  Ill, 
94;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  205  in  var.\  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1, 
215;  Suppl.  Syn.  II,  435  in  yar.;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  74;  Engl.  Pet.,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  3  a,  36;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  292  in^var. 

N.  Africa;  most  Europe;  Asia  to  China  and  Dahuria; 
Australia  and  New  Zealand. 

North  America:  Throughout  Can.  to  N.  W.  T.;  S.  to 
N.  J.  and  Del.;  W.  to  Utah,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  river  banks  and  thickets, 
climbing  over  shrubbery. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  22,  Elysian;  Bollard  501,  Prior's  lake, 
Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  1553,  Lake  Benton;  Bollard  344,  Helena, 
Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  25,  Elysian;  Sheldon  376,  Madison  Lake; 
Bollard  133,  Chaska;  Bollard  751,  Waconia;  Herrick  242,  St. 
Louis  river;  Herrick  243,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  193,  Minneap- 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  429 

oils;  Sandberg  456,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1701,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Moyer  196,  Chippewa  river,  near  Montevideo. 

CU8CUTA  LINN.     Gen.  89  (1737). 

Epiliiiella  and  Engelmannia  PFEIFF.    Bot.  Zeit.  673  (1845). 

CuscutiDa  PFEIFF.    1.  c.  492  (1846). 

Monogynella,  Cu«sutlia  and  Succuta  DESMOUL.    Etud.  Cusc. 
65,  66,  74  (1853). 

Grammica  LOUR.    Fl.  Cochinch.  170(1790). 

Pfeifferia  BUCHING.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3,  V,  88  (1846). 

Licpidanche  ENGELM.    Sill.  Journ.  XLIII,  343  (1842). 

Buchingera  SCHULTZE,    Jahrb.  Pharm.  (1847). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  330;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  881;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  287;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pjtaz.IV,  3  a,  38  (Peter). 

Living  species:  160;  temperate  and  warmer  regions. 
N.  America,  21;  Europe,  12;  Russian  Europe,  7;  California, 
8;  E.  Sts.,  10;  Rocky  mts.,  6;  S.  Sts.,  8;  PI.  Wheel.,  5;  PL 
King,  3;  W.  Tex.,  12. 

Cuscuta  paradoxa  RAF.     Ann.  Nat.  (1820). 
C.  glomerata  CHOISY,    Mem.  Genev.  (1841). 

Lepidanche  compositamm  ENGELM.    Am.  Jour.  Sci.  XLIII  (1842). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  372;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  134;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  Ill;    Wats.,  King  Exp.  472;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  205;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
II,  1,  222;  Engl.  Pet,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  a,  39;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  295. 

North  America:  Ohio  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.  and  Tex. 
Minn,  valley:    Throughout;  on  Composites,  especially 
Helianthus  and  Solidago. 

HERB.:  Taylor  849,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1309,  Lake 
Benton;  Kassube  196,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  458,  Red  Wing; 
Herrick  245,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  197,  Chippewa  river, 
near  Montevideo ;  Herb.  Wickersheim  104,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. 

Cuscuta  gronovii  WILLD.     Reliq.  in  R.  and  S.  Syst.  VI,  205 
(1820). 

C.  americana  LINN.    Spec.  124  (1753)  as  to  pi.  Gronov. 
C.  umbwsa  BEY.    Hook.  Fl.  Bor-Am.  II,  78  (1840)  in  part. 
C.  vulgivoya  ENGELM.    Am.  Jour.  Sci.  XLIII,  338  (1842). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  372;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  180;  Weblh, 
Fl.  Neb.  134;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  347;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  347;    Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
267;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  Ill;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  472;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  206; 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  221;  Engl.  Pet.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3a.  39;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Tex.  295. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  S.  Man.;  S.  to 
N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  andFla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Tex.  and 
Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  on  coarse  herbs  and 
shrubs;  abundant  on  Impatiens  and  Salix. 


480  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.  Bollard  592,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  660, 
Waseca;  Sheldon  717,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  1001,  Glenwood;  Shel- 
don 1082,  Springfield;  Sandbery  457,  Cannon  Falls;  Bailey  180, 
Vermilion  lake;  Holtz.  40,  Cedar  lake,  Hennepin  Co. 

Cuscuta  gronovii  WILLD.  var.  saururi  (ENGELM.). 
C.  saururi  ENGELM.    Am.  Jour.  Sci.  XLIII  (1842). 
C.  gronovii  var,  latiflora  ENGELM.     Trans.  St.  L.  ,Acad.  I,  III, 
(1859). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  372;  Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.  Ill;  Wats., 
King  Exp.  472;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  222. 

North  America:     Mass,   and  N.  Car.   to  Minn.,   Man. 
and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:     N.  E.  district;  on  Impatiens. 

Cuscuta  coryli  ENGELM.     Am.  Jour.  Sci.  XLIII,  337  (1842). 
C.  umbrosa  BEYRICH,    Sched.  (1851)  in  part. 
C.  inflexa  ENGELM.    Rev.  Cusc.  502  (1859). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  372;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  2, 221;  Coult.. 
Fl.  Colo.  267;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb:  134;  Chap.,  Suppl.  S.  St.  641. 

North  America:     N.  Eng.    to  Ark.,  Neb.,   Colo,   and 
Dak. 

Minn,  valley:     W.  district;  on  Geanothus  and  Corylus. 
HERB.  :     Wickersheim  132,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. 

Cuscuta  cephalanthi  ENGELM.      Am.  Jour.  Sci.  333  (1842). 

C.  tenuiflora  ENGELM.    Gray's  Man.  1  ed.  350(1848). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  371;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  180;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  347;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  110;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  535; 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  220;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  273,  471;  Engl.  Pet.,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
IV,  3a,  39;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  36;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  294. 

North    America:       Saskatchewan    to    Minn.,    Wise., 

Penn.  and  N.  J. ;  S.  to  Ark.  and  Tex. ;  W.  to  Utah?  and  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley :     Reported  from  Blue  Earth  Co. ,    and 

probably   sparingly  throughout  forest  district;  on  tall  herbs 

and  shrubs. 

Cuscuta  arvensis  BEYRTCH,  Sched.  (1851). 

C.  arvensis  var.  pentagona  ENGELM.    Gray's  Man,  ed.  II,  336  (1852). 
C.  pentagona  ENGELM.    Am.  Jour.  Sci.  XLIII,  342  (1842). 
C.  arvensis  var.  verrucosa  ENGELM.     Gray's  Man.  ed.  2,  336  (1852). 
C.  verrucosa  ENGELM.    Am.  Jour.  Sci.  XLIII,  340  (1842). 
C.  arvensis  var.  calycina  ENGELM.    Am.  Jour.  Sci.  1.  c.  (1842 ». 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  371;  Gray.   Syn.  Fi.  II,  2,  220; 
Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  134;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  180;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  347;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  1,346;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  266;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  1, 535;  Coult., 
Fl.  Tex.  294. 

South  America. 

North  America:     N.  S.  and  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Mont,  and  Oregon;  S.  to  Calif.,  Tex.  and  La. 


LIST   OP   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  431 

Minn,  valley  :  W.  district  to  S.  Central  district;  on 
small  prairie  herbs. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1435,  Pipestone;  Taylor  1143,  Glen- 
wood;  Leiberg  106,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  56, 
Brainerd. 

Cuscuta  polygonorum  ENGELM.     Am.  Jour.  Sci.  XLIII,  342 
(1842). 

C.  chlorocarpa  ENGELM.    Gray's  Man.  ed.  1,  350  (1848). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Mao.  6  ed.   371;  Uphara,  Fl.   Minn.   110; 
Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  134;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  471;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  206;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  II,  1.  220. 

North  America:  Wise,  and  Minn,  to  Penn.  and  Del.; 
S.  to  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Blue  Earth  Co.  and  perhaps  whole  for- 
est district;  on  Polygonum  and  other  herbs. 

XC      POLEMONIACEAE.    Phlox  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI  656  (1836-40;;  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.II, 
820  (1876);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  332(1891);  Peter,  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  3ct,  40  (1891). 

Genera:  8;  Mexico  and  N.  America;  especially  in 
western  portion;  a  few  in  Siberia  and  the  southern  Cordil- 
leran  region. 

Species:    200  ±;  190,  N.  America  and  Mexico. 

PHLOX  LINN.     Gen.  148  (1737). 
Armeria  LINN.    Systema  (1735). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  340;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  821;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Pfian.  279;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3a,  46  (Peter). 

Living  species:  30 ±,  North  America;  1  sp.  in  Siberia. 
Canada,  12;  S.  Sts.,  11;  Rocky  mts.,  8;  E.  Sts.,  11;  California 
and  Pac.  coast,  6-7;  PL  Wheel.,  4;  PI.  King,  4;  W.  Tex.,  4. 

Phlox  divaricata  LINN.     Spec.  217  (1753). 

P.  canadensis  SWEET,    Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  221  (1823-1829). 
P.  glutinosa  BUCKL.    Am.  Jour.  Sci.  XLV,  177  (1844). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  355;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  328;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  134;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  338;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  110;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
566;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  462;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  204;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  131; 
Engl.  Pet.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3a,  47. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  Owen  Sound;  S.  to  N.  Y., 
Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley :  Throughout ;  prairies,  woods  and 
meadows. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  138,  Janes ville;  Taylor  309,  Janesville, 
Sheldon  81,  Elysian;  Bollard  401,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Manahan  1, 


432  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Chatfield;  Holzinger  177,  Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  454,  Cannon 
Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1876,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  103, 
Mankato;  Herb.  Moyer  195,  Montevideo. 

Phlox  pilosa  LINN.     Spec.  216  (1753). 
P.  aristata  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  (1803). 
P.  cuspidata  SCHEELE,    Linn.  XXIII,  137  (1865). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  355;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  174;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  135;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  339;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  110;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
1,  327;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  462;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  204;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  130; 
Engl.  Pet.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  a,  47;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  276. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  Saskatchewan  to  Minn., 
N.  J.,  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:     Throughout;  prairies,  banks  and  fields. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  754,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1320,  Lake 
Benton;  Bollard  572,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  642,  Chaska; 
Bollard  98,  Shakopee,  Sheldon  537,  Waseca;  Taylor  343,  Janes- 
ville;  Sheldon  1599,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  633a,  Wilton,  Waseca 
Co.—tvhite-flowered  forma  albijlora;  Taylor  577,  Minnesota  lake; 
MacMillan  10,  Glen  wood;  Taylor  833,  Glenwood;  Taylor  773, 
Glenwood;  Huntington  11,  Rock  Co.;  Kassube  192,  Minneapolis; 
Oestlund  144,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Leonard  40,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund 
145,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Leonard  41,  Spring  Valley;  Sandberg  453, 
Red  Wing;  Hammond  30,  Lake  City;  Herb.  Sheld.  1919,  Minne- 
apolis; Herb.  Wickersheim  102,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co.;  Herb. 
Moyer  194,  Chippewa  river,  near  Montevideo. 

Phlox  glaberrima  LINN.     Spec.  152  (1753). 

P.  revoluta  AIK.    Eat.  Man.  (1836). 
?  P.  carnea  SIMS. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  355;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  109;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  338;  G-ray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  130;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  462;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  204. 

North  America:     N.  Va.    to  Ohio,  Minn,  and  Ark.;  S. 

to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  New  Ulm;  rare;  prai- 
ries and  meadows  along  streams. 

Phlox  maculata  LINN.     Spec.  152  (1753). 
P.  pyramidalis  SM.    Exot.  II,  87  (1804-1805). 
P.  rejkxa  SWEET,    Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  232  (1823-1829). 
P.  penduliflora  SWEET,    Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  Ser.  2,  46  (1831-1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  354;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  174;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  109;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  338;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  129;  Wats.,  King. 
Exp.  462;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  204;  Engl.  Pet.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3a,  47. 

North  America:     N.  J.  to  Minn.;  S.  to  Fla.  and  Ark. 
Minn,  valley:     N.  E.  district;   infrequent;  wet  mead- 
ows and  banks  of  streams. 

HERB.  :     Thuet  1,  Dodge  Co. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED -PRODUCING   PLANTS.  433 

COLLOMIA  NUTT.     Gen.  I,  126  (1818). 

Courtoisia  REICH.    Ic.  PL  Exot.  Ill  4,  t.  208  (1830). 
Phloganthea  CAY.    ex  Peter,  1.  c.  (1891). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  340;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  822;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Pfian.  279;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3a,  48  (Peter). 
Living  species:  18;  Western  N.  America  and  Chile. 
N.    America,    10-11;    West    Mexico  and   S.    America.     S.    W. 
America,  3;  N.  W.  America,  7-8.     C.  Unearis  is   the  only  one 
that  comes  into  Atl.  America. 

Collomia  linearis  NUTT.     Gen.  I,  126  (1818). 

Gilia  linearis  GRAY,    Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XVII,  223  (1882). 
Navarretia  Unearis  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  II,  432  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  356;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  329;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  110;    Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  249;    Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  487; 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  135  and  408;   Engl.  Pet.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV.  3  a.  48; 
Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  36. 

North  America:  N.  Br.  to  Saskatchewan  and  Van- 
couver; N.  to  Ft.  Franklin  on  Mackenzie;  S.  in  Sierras  to 
Calif.;  in  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo.;  S.  to  Minn.,  Dak.  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  edge  and  far  W.  in  Dakota; 
prairies  and  high  knolls. 

HERB.  :     Sandberg  455,  Red  Wing. 

POLEMONIUItt  LINN.     Gen.  131  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  339;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  823;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  279. 

Living  species :  8-9;  Europe,  Asia,  temperate  N. 
America,  Mexico  and  Chile:  Russia,  2;  Europe,  1;  N.  America, 
8;  Rocky  mts.,  5;  California  and  Pac.  coast,  6-7;  Canada,  4;  E. 
Sts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  1;  PI.  King,  5;  PI.  Wheel.,  3. 

Polemonium  reptans  LINN.     Spec.  ed.  2,  (1762). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  356;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  175;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  340;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  109;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  151;  Wats., 
King  Exp.  470;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  205. 

North  America:  N.  J.  to  Minn.;  S.  to  Alab.,  Mo.  and 
Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  New  Ulm  to  Alexandria  and  W?;  woods 
and  thickets. 

HERB.:  Sandberg  451,  Goodhue  Co.;  Holzinger  176, 
Winona  Co.;  Hammond  2,  Lake  City;  Sandberg  452,  Cannon 
Falls. 


-28 


434      METASPERMAE  OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

XCI.     HYDROPHYLLACEAE.     Waterleaf 
Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI  658  (1836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant. 
II,  825  (1876);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  397  (1891)—  sub  Boraginac6es. 

Genera:  15;  N.  America;  a  very  sparing  representation 
in  S.  America,  Africa  and  the  tropics. 

Species:  150;  N.  America  ;  3-4  around  world  and  S. 
America  or  S.  Africa. 

MACROCALYX  TREW.     Nov.  Act.  Cur.  II,  330  (1761). 
Ellisia  LINN.    Spec.  ed.  II,  Appx.  (1763). 
Nyctalea  SCOP.    Introd.  775  (1777). 
Encrypta  NUTT.    Jour.  Acad.  Phil.  2,  I,  158  (1848). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PZ.X,  397;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  827;  Durand, 
2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  280;  O.  Kuntze,  Bev,  Gen.  II,  433(1891). 

Living  species:  3;  N.  America;  1,  Can.,  Rocky  mts.,  E. 
Sts. ;  2,  California. 

Macrocalyx  nyctalea  (LINN.)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  II,  434  (1891). 
Ipomea  nyctalea  LINN.    Spec.  (1753). 
Polemonium  nyctalea  LINN.    Spec.  2  ed.  (1762). 
Ellisia  nyctalea  LINN.     Spec.  2  ed.  Appx.  1662  (1763). 
E.  ambigua  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  118  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  359;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  176;  Brew, 
and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  505;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  255;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  322: 
Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  109;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  135;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  205;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  II,  1,  157. 

North  America:  Qu'Appele  to  Saskatchewan  and  N. 
W.  T.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Va.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Dak., 
Neb. ,  Colo,  and  Arkansas  river. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  grassy  places,  rich  woods 
and  banks  of  streams  or  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  348,  Helena,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  182, 
Janesville;  Bollard  80,  Chaska;  Taylor  350,  Janesville;  Sheldon 
672,  Waseca;  Sheldon  185a,  Madison  Lake;  Foote  3,  Worthing- 
ton;  Herrick  241,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  450,  Cannon  Falls; 
Holzinger  175,  Winona;  Herb.  Sheld.  1766,  Ft.  Snelling;  Herb. 
Wickersheim  101,  Idle  wild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  193,  Chip- 
pewa  river,  near  Montevideo. 

HYDROPHYLLUM  LINN.     Gen.  124  (1737). 

Viticella  MITCH.    Act.  Med.  Cur.  VIII,  220  (1748). 
Decemium  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  33  (1817). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  397;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  826;  Durand, 
Gen.  Phan.  279. 

Living  species:    6;  N.  America;  Canada,  5;  S.  Sts.,  4; 


LIST   OP  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  435 

E.  Sts.,  4;   Rocky  mts.,  2;   PI.  King,   2;    PL  Wheel.,   2;    Cali- 
fornia, 3. 

Hydrophyllum  appendiculatum  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  134 

(1803). 

Hydrophyllum  trilobum  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  33  (1817). 
Nemophila  paniculata  SPRENG.    Syst.  I,  569  (1825). 
Decemium  hirtum  RAF.    Med.  Fl.  II,  215  (1830). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.358;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  332;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  109;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  155. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Minn.;  S.  to  N.  Car.,  Iowa 
and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  except  far  N.  E. ;  woods 
and  rich,  shaded  banks. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  400,  Stony  Point,  Lake  Madison,  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  Sheldon  556,  Waseca. 

Hydrophyllum  virginianum  LINN.     Spec.  208  (1753). 

H.  virginicum  AUCT. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  358;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  175;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  109;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  331;  II,  343;  I,  567;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  334; 
Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  135;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  254;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I, 
502;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  201;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  205;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  154. 

North  America:  Q.  to  Georgian  bay  and  Pac. ;  Van- 
couver, N.  W.  T.  and  Alaska;  S.  to  Washington  and  Oregon; 
S.  in  mts.  to  N.  Mex. ;  S.  in  Mississippi  valley  to  Ark.  and  La. ; 
along  Appalachians  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  Ga. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  rich  woods,  river  banks 
and  lake  shores. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  6,  Elysian;  Taylor  623,  Minnesota  lake; 
Taylor  119,  Janesville;  Sheldon  858,  Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  41, 
Chaska;  Herrick  239,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  191,  Minneapolis; 
Herrick  240,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1785,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Wickersheim  100,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer 
192,  Montevideo. 

PHACEL1A  Juss.     Gen.  129  (1789). 
Aldea  R.  and  P.    Prodr.  Per.  19  (1798). 
Eutoca  R.  BR.    Appx.  Frankl.  Exp.  764  (1823). 
Cosmantims  KOLTE,    ex  DC.  Prodr.  IX,  291  (1845). 
Miorogenetes  A.  DC.    1.  c.  (1845). 

Whitlavia  HOOK.    Bot.  Mag.  t.  4813  ( ). 

Heteryta  RAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  101  (1819). 
II H  m  int  hosporiiini  Torr.  Herb. 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  398;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  827;  Durand,. 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  280. 

Living  species:  65 ±;  N.  America,  Mexico,  Andes  of 
Chile;  N.  America,  55;  S.  Sts.,  5;  Canada,  4;  Rocky  mts.,  6; 


436  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

PL  King,  17;  California,  40-45;   E.  Sts.,  6;   PL  Wheel.,  10;  W. 
Tex.,  8. 

Phacelia  purshii  BUCKL.     Am.  Jour.  Sci.  XLV,  172  (1844). 
P.  fimbriata  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  (1814)  not  Michx. 
Cosmanthus  fimbriatus  A.  DC.    Prodr.  IX,  297  (1845). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  359;  Chap.,  Fl.S.  St.  355;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  109;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  162;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  205. 

North  America:  W.  Penn.  to  Minn. ;  S.  to  Tenn.,  N. 
Car.,  Alab.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  edge;  rare  or  doubt- 
ful; woods  and  shaded  banks. 

XCII.     BORRAGINACEAE.    Borage  Family. 

Lindl..  Veg.  King.-Qtt  (1846);  Lenin.,  PL  Asp.  (\8l8)—Asperifoliae; 
Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  643  (1836-40)— Cordiaceae;  LiiidL,  Veg.  King.  653  (1846) 
— Ehretiaceae;  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  PL  II,  832  (1876);  Baillon,  Hist. 
PL  X,  343  (1891)— excl.  Hydrophyllaceae. 

Genera:  75;  (B.  andH. — 68);  cosmopolitan;  especially 
abundant  in  the  Orient. 

Species:  1250 ±;  3-4  doubtful  fossils  in  Tertiary;  Bor- 
aginites. 

ONOSMODIUM  MICHX.     FL  Bor.-Am.  I,  132  (1803), 
Purshia  SPRENG.    Lehm.  Asperif.  382  (1818). 
Osmodium  KAF.    N.  Y.  Med.  Rep.  II,  Y,  350  (1808). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  384;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  859;  Durand, 
2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  284. 

Living  species:  6;  N.  America  and  Mexico.  N.  Amer., 
4;  S.  Sts.,  2;  Canada,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  E.  Sts.,  1;  PL  Wheel., 
1;  W.  Tex.,  2. 

Ouos  mod  in  in  carolinianum  (LAM.)  DC.     Prodr.  X,  70  (1846). 
Lithospermum  carolinianum  LAM.    111.  and  Enc.  Meth.  Suppl.  II, 
837  (1811). 

Purshia  mollis  LEHM.    Asper.  383  (1821). 
Onosmodium  molle  BECK,    Bot.  (1833). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  366;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  264;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb,  135;  Upham.,  Fl.  Minn.  106;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  331;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
I,  342;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  206;  Gray,  Syn.  FL  II,  1,  206;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  288. 

North  America:  Ont.,  W.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Minn., 
Colo,  and  Neb.;  S.  to  Ga.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Districts  E.  of  Pommes  des  Terres  river; 
river  banks  and  edges  of  sloughs. 

HERB.:  tSandberg  443,  Cannon  Falls;  Bollard  185, 
Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  644,  Minnesota  lake;  Herb.  Moyer 
189,  Montevideo. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  437 

Onosmodinm  carolinianum  (LAM.)  DC.  var.  molle  (Micnx.) 
GRAY,     Syn.  II,  1,  206  (1886). 

Onosmodium  molle  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  133  (1803). 
Purshia  mollis  LEHM.    Asper.  383  (1821). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  367;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  343;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  135;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  107;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  264;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Tex.  2S8. 

North  America:  Man.  and  Saskatchewan  to  49°  N. 
lat;  S.  to  Neb.,  111.  and  Tex.;  W.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  river  banks  and  waste 
places  or  dry  fields. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1505,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Sheldon  736, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  352,  Janes ville;  Ballard  101,  Shakopee; 
Taylor  810,  Glenwood;  Leonard  38,  Spring  Valley. 

LITHOSPERMUM  LINN.     Gen.  101  (1737). 

Rhytispermum  LINK,    Handb.  I,  579  (1829). 

Aegonychoii  S.  F.  GRAY,    AIT.  II,  354  (1821). 

Batschia  GMEL.    Syst.  II,  315  (1806). 

Pentalophum  DC.    Prodr.  X.  86,  (1846). 

Margarospermum.  DECNE.    Jacq.  Yoy.  Bot.  122  (184 1). 

Litliodora  GRISEB.    Spic.  Fl.  Rum.  II,  85  (1844). 

Gymnoleima  DECNE     Jacq.  Voy.  Bot.  122  (1844). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  X,  383;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  860;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.Phan.284. 

Living  species:  40 ±;  extra-tropical  regions,  N.  hemi- 
sphere; also  W.  S.  America  and  S.  Africa;  species  in  S.  hem- 
isphere doubtfully  endemic.  Europe,  16;  Russia,  7;  Russian 
Europe,  4;  N.  America,  9;  S.  Sts.,  5;  Rocky  mts.,  5;  Califor- 
nia, 2;  Canada,  5;  E.  Sts.,  4;  PL  Wheel.,  3;  PL  King,  4;  W. 
Tex.,  5. 

Lithospermum  angustifolium  MICHX.     FL  N.  Am.  I,  130 
.  (1803). 

Batschia  longiflora  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  132  (1814). 

B.  decumbens  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  114  (1818). 

Lithospermum  longiflorum  SPRENG.    Syst.  (1825). 

L.  breviflorum  ENGELM.  and  GRAY,    PI.  Lindh.  I,  44  (1845). 

tPentalophus  longiflorus  and  mandanense  A.  DC.    Prodr.  X,  87  (1846). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  366;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  342;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  107;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  135;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  264;   Wats.,  King 
Exp.  238;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  206;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  205;  Coult.,  Fl.Tex.  288. 
North  America:     Man.,   Saskatchewan  and  Brit.  Col. 
to  55°  N.  lat.?;  S.  to  Utah,  Arizona,  Tex.,  Ark.,  Neb.,  111.  and 
Ind. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  river  banks  and  edges  of 
sloughs. 


438  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  379,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  798, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Herrick  235,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  186,  Minne- 
apolis; Sandberg  444,  Cannon  Falls;  Sandberg  445,  Goodhue 
Co.;  Holzinger  171,  Winona  Co.;  Herb.  Wickersheim  98,  Idle- 
wild;  Herb.  Moyer,  190,  Montevideo. 

Lithospermum  carolinense  (WALT.). 

Anonymos  caroliniensis  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  91  (1788). 

Batschia  carolinensis  GMEL.    Syst.  I,  315  (1805). 

B.  gmelini  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  130  (1803). 

Anchusa  hirta  MUHL     Cat.  (1813). 

Lithospermum  hirtum  LEHM.    Asper.  305  (1818). 

Batschia  caroliniana  R.  S.    Syst.  IV,  52  (1819).' 

Lithospermum  decumbens  TORR.    Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  II,  225  (1834). 

L.  bejariense  DC.    Prodr.  X.  88  (1846). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  366;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  342;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  107;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  264;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  352;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  238;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  206;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  205;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Tex.  288. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  L.  Huron  and  N.  Y. ;  S.  to 
Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  waste  or  barren  land. 
HERB.:  Bollard  641,  Chaska;  Bollard  247,  Jordan, 
Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  696,  Waseca;  Bollard  202,  Jordan,  Scott 
Co.;  Taylor  557,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  973,  Sleepy  Eye; 
Kassube  187,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  236,  Minneapolis;  Holzingtr 
172,  Winona  Co.;  Holzinger  173,  Winona;  Sandberg  446,  Can- 
non Falls;  Hammond  28,  Lake  City. 

Lithospermum  canescens  (Micnx.)  LEHM.    Asper.  305  (1818). 
Batschia  canescens  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  130  (1803). 
Anchusa  canescens  MUHL.    Cat.  (1813j. 
Lithospermum  sericeum  LEHM.    Asper.  306  (1818). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  366;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  342;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  332;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  107;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  135;  Britt.,  Fl.  N. 
J.  178;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  264;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  203;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  206; 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  !!,•!,  204. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  Y., 
N.  J.,  Va.  and  Alab. ;  W.  to  Dak..  Neb.,  Ark.,  Arizona  and  N. 
Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  waste  or  gravelly  soil  and 
openings  in  forest. 

HERB.:  Taylor  185,  Janesville;  Herrick  237,  Minne- 
apolis; Sandberg  447,  Red  Wing;  Sandberg  [448,  Cannon  Falls; 
Oestlund  143,  Ramsey  Co.;  Kassube  188,  Minneapolis;  Leonard 
39,  Fillmore  Co.;  Hammond  29,  Lake  City;  Herb.  Wickersheim 
99,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer  191,  Montevideo. 


LIST  OF    HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  439 

Lithospermum  latifolium  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  1, 131  (1803). 
L.  officinale  var.  latifolium  WILLD.    Spec.  I,  751  (1798). 
L.  lutescens  COL.     Cat.  PI.  G.  Rap.  29  (1874). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  365;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  341;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  107;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  203;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  37. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  N.  Y.  to  Minn.;  S.  to  Va.,. 
Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  especially  S.;  edges  of 
woods  and  thickets. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  516,  Waseca;  Taylor  4,  Elysian;  Shel- 
don 127,  Madison  Lake;  Taylor  258,  Janesville;  Sheldon  621, 
Wilton,  Waseca  Co.;  Kassube  185,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  234, 
Minneapolis;  Getty  3,  Wright  Co. 

MYOSOTIS  LINN.     Gen.  102  (1737). 
Exarrhena  R.  BR.    Prodr.  495  (1810). 
Strophiostoma  TURCZ.    Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Mosc.  258  (1840). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  386;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  858;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  284;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  777. 

Living  species :  40  ± ;  temperate  and  cold  regions  of 
N.  hemisphere,  also  in  S.  hemisphere  of  old  world,  extra- 
tropical.  Europe,  16;  Russian  Europe,  10;  N.  America,  4; 
Canada,  4;  Rocky  nits;  1;  California,  2;  E.  Sts.,  3;  S.  Sts.,  2; 
W.  Tex.,  1. 

Fossil  species:  Forest  bed  of  Norfolk  and  Mandesley 
M.  caespitosa  Schultes  (Schenck). 

Myosotis  virginiea  (LINN.).  B.  S.  P.     Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 
Lycopsis  virginica  LINN.    Spec.  139  (1853). 
Myosotis  verna    NUTT.    Gen.  II,  addit.  (1818). 
M.  inflexa  ENGELM.    Am.  Jour.  Sci.  XL VI,  98  (1845). 
M.  stricta  GRAY,    Man.  1  ed.  (1848). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  365;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  178;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  107;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  341;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.,  333;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  I,  522;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  206;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  569  in  var;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  II,  1,  202:  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  287. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Man.  and  to  Brit  Col.  in  var. ; 
S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Oregon,  Tex.,  Mo.  and 
Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  W.  corner;  rare;  dry 
or  waste  places,  or  on  ledges  of  rock. 

Myosotis  arvensis  (LINN.)  WILLD.     Spec.  I,  747  (1797). 
M.  scorpioides  var.  arvensis  LINN.    Spec.  188  (1753). 
M.  intermedia  LINK,    DC.  Prodr.  X,  105  (1846). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  365;  Britt.,  tfl.  N.  J.  178;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  340;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  107;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  281;  Nym., 


440  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Fl.  Eur  ;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  92;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  202:  Hart.,  Fl. 
Scand.  I,  77. 

Northern  Africa;  Europe;  N.  and  W.  Asia  to  India. 

North  America:  N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  L.  Huron,  and  S. 
to  N.  J.  and  La. ;  W.  to  Minn.  ? 

Minn,  valley?:  N.  E.  district;  fields  and  waste  or 
gravelly  places. 

HERB.  :  Herrick  238,  Minneapolis. 

LAPPULA  HALL  (1745).    ex  O.  Kuntze  1.  c.  (1891). 
Echinospermum  SWARTZ,    Lehm.  Asperif.  113  (1818). 
Rochelia  R.  and  S.    Syst.  IV,  11  (1819). 
Guettardia  MANETTI  (1751).    ex  O.  Kuntze  1.  c.  (1891). 
Cynoglossospermum  SIEGESB.    Fl.  Petr.  40  (1736). 
Heterocaryum  A.  DC.    Prodr.  X,  144  (1846). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  372;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  850;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  283;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II.  436. 

Living  species :  50  ±;  all  temperate  regions ;  S.Africa, 
Australia.  Especially  N.  hemisphere  in  old  world.  Europe, 
5;  Russia,  10;  N.  America,  7-8;  Canada,  7-8;  S.  Sts.,  3;  Cali- 
fornia, 4;  E.  Sts.,  4;  Rocky  mts.,  3-4;  PI.  Wheel.,  2;  PL  King, 
3;  W.  Tex.,  1. 

Lappula  virginiana  (LiNN.)  GREENE,     Pittonia  II,  182  (1891). 
Myosotis  virginiana  LINN.    Spec.  131  (1753). 
M.  virginica  LINN.    Spec.  2  ed.  189  (1762). 
Echinospermum  virginicum  LEHM.    Asper.  120  (1818). 
Cynoglossum  morisoni  DC.    Prodr.  X,  155  (1846). 
Echinospermum  virginianum  HITCHCOCK,    Fl.  Ames  509  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  362;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  108;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  336,  568;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J.  177;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  333;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  135;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  205;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  189  and  Suppl.  Syn.  II, 
421. 

North  America:    N.  Br.,  Q.  to  L.  Superior  reg.   and 

Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Va.,  La.  and  Alab.;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  dry  or  sandy  prairies  or 
waste  places. 

HERB.  :  Ballard  590,  Crystal  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard 
399,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Ballard  625,  Chaska;  Ballard  673,  Wa- 
conia;  Taylor  896,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  167,  Madison  Lake;  Shel- 
don 841,  Sleepy  Eye;  Kassube  190,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  174, 
Winona  Co.;  Winchell  18,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1727,  Min- 
neapolis. 

Lappula  deflexa  (\VAHL.)  GARCKE,  var.  americana  (GRAY). 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XVII,  224  (1886). 

Myosotis  deflexa  WAHL.    Act.  Holm.  113  Q810). 


LIST   OF -HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  441 

Echinospermum  deflexum  LEHM.     Asper.  93  (1818)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  363;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1, 189  and 
Suppl.  II,  421;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  335,  567;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. '108;   Hart., 
Fl.  Scand.  I,  81  (spec.);  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  38. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  and  Man.  to  Dak., 
Minn.,  Iowa  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  E.  district  and  far  N.  W. ;  dry  or 
waste  places. 

HERB.:    Taylor  425,  Janesville. 

Lappularedowskii  (HORNEM.)  GREENE,  var.  pilosum  (NUTT.) 
Cynoglossum  pilosum  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  114  (1818). 
Echinospermum patulum  LEHM.      Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  84  (1840). 
E.  strictum  TORR.    Mex.  Bound.  (1858)  not  Ledeb. 
E.  pilosum  BUCKL.    Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  (1861). 
E.  redowskii  var.  occidentale  WATSON,    Bot.  King  Exp.  246  (1871). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  363;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  336;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  259;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  135?;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  529; 
Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1,568;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  158  (spec.);  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp. 
202;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  189  and  Suppl.  Syn.  11^  422;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  285. 
Species  in  N.  Asia  to  Dahuria. 

North  America:  Man.  to  Bear  lake  and  along  Sierras 
to  Nev.  and  Tex.;  E.  to  Minn,  and  Neb.;  Alaska;  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  probably  W.  to  Cotton- 
wood  and  Chippewa  valleys;  dry  plains  and  waste  places. 

HERB.:  Bollard  168,  Shakopee;  Kassube  189,  Minne- 
apolis. 

CYNOGLOSSUM  LINN.     Gen.  100  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  X,  377?  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  848;  Durand, 
2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  282. 

Living  species:  70 ±;  cosmopolitan;  tropical  mts. 
Russian  Europe,  3;  N.  America,  6;  Canada,  4;  S.  Sts.,  1;  E. 
Sts.,  1;  California,  3;  Tex. -Mex.,  3. 

Cynoglossum  virginicum  LINN.     Spec.  193  (1753). 

'   C.  ampkxicaule  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  132  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  362;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  176;   Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  335,  567;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  333;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  108;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  205;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  188. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  S.  Man.  and  Rocky 
mts.?;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Ark.  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  and  N.  E.  districts;  rich,  deep  woods 
and  edges  of  swamps. 

HERB.  :   Sandberg  449,  Cannon  Falls. 


442  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA-  VALLEY. 

XCIII.    VERBENACEAE.    Verbena  Family. 

Emjlicher,  Gen.  PI.  632  (1836-40);  Endlicher,  1.  c.  639  ( Stilbineae}; 
Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  JI,  1131  (1876);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI, 
78  (1892). 

Genera:  65 ±  ;  tropical  regions;  a  few  in  temperate  N. 

and  S.  hemisphere;  S.  rather  than  N. 

Species:    750-800;  1-2,  fossil  in  Tertiary. 

LEPTOSTACHYA  MITCH.     Act.  Med.  Cur.  VIII,  212  (1748). 

Phryma  LINN.    Diss.  Chen.  1092  (1751). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  1137;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  319;  O. 
Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II,  508;  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  82. 

Living  species:   1;  Japan,  E.  Asia  and  N.  America. 

Leptostachya  leptostachya  (LINN.). 

Phryma  leptostachya  LINN.    Spec.  838  (1753). 
Leptostachya  carolinensis  OK.    Kev.  Gen.  II,  508  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  403;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  194:  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  140;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  103;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  378,  574;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  310;  Forbes  and  Hems ,  Fl.  Sin.  II,  251;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  210;  Gray, 
Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  334. 

Japan  to  N.  India,  E.  Siberia  and  Manchuria. 
North  America:    N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Owen  Sound  and 
Minn.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Pla.;   W.  to  Neb.,  Ark.   and 
Miss. 

Minn,  valley:   Throughout;  not  infrequent;  woods  and 

river  banks  or  shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Ballard  890,  St.  Bonifacius;  Bollard  771,  Swan 
lake,  Carver  Co.;  Taylor  821,  Glenwood;  Ballard  403,  Jordan, 
Scott  Co. ;  Ballard  540,  Cleary's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  1095, 
Springfield;  Ballard  425,  New  Prague,  Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  565, 
Waseca;  Sheldon  890,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  665,  Cobb  river,  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  Oestlund  129,  Hennepin  Co.;  Sandberg  421,  Cannon 
Falls;  Kassube  177,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  174,  175,  Chip- 
pewa  river,  near  Montevideo. 

YERBENA  LINN.     Gen.  834  (1737). 
Glandularia  GMEL.    Syst.  920  (1807). 
Billardiera  MOENCH,    Meth.  396  (1794). 
Shuttle worthia  MEISSN.    Gen.  290  (1836). 
Uwarowia  BUNGE,    Bull.  Acad.  Petr.  VII,  278  (1840). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,   Gen.  PI.  II,  1146;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  320; 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  96. 

Living  species:  80 ±  ;  1,  almost  cosmopolitan,  the  rest 
in  tropical  and  extratropical  America,  principally  North;  also 
1  in  Mediterranean  region  and  1  in  Australia.  N.  America,  15; 
S.  Sts.,  9;  E.  Sts.,  7;  Rocky  Mts.,  5;  Canada,  4;  California,  7-8; 
PL  Wheel.,  3;  PL  King,  2;  W.  Tex.,  11. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  443 

Yerbena  bracteosa  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  13  (1803). 
V.  squarrosa  ROTH,    Cat.  Bot.  Ill,  3  (1806). 
V.  canescens  CHAP.    Fl.  S.  St.  370  (1860). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  402;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  J39;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  103;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  379,  574;  II,  349;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  291; 
Brew,  and  Wats., Fl.  Calif.  1,609;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  221,  371;  Wats.,  King. 
Exp.234;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  210;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  366;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  327; 
North  America:  Ont.,  Saskatchewan  to  Brit.  Col.  and 
Oregon;  S.  to  Calif.,  Arizona  and  Tex.;  E.  to  Colo.,  Minn,  and 
Ohio. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  waste  places  or  dry  soil 
in  fields  or  by  roadsides. 

HERB. :  Sheldon  1215,  New  Ulm;  Bollard  745,  Waconia; 
Bollard  239,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Leonard  34,  Minneapolis; 
'Winchell  15,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  218,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger 
159,  Winona  Co. ;  Kassube  176,  Minneapolis ;  Oestlund  128, 
Minneapolis.  The  two  following  are  V  bracteosa  x  stricta? 
(Upham);  Sheldon  1218,  New  Ulm;  Upham  2,  Minneapolis. 

Terbena  stricta  VENT.    Hort.  Cels.  53  (1800). 
V.  rigens  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  14  (1803). 
V.  cuneifolia  RAF.    Med.  Repos.  XI,  260?  (1809). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  402;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  194;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  103;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  139;  Chap.,  Fl.  Colo.  291;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  211: 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  336;  Coult.,  FL  Tex.  327. 

North  America:  Minn.,  Dak.  and  Ohio  to  Neb.,  Ark., 
Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  dry  or  sandy  places  on 
banks  or  hills. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1113,  Springfield;  Sandberg  420,  Good- 
hue  Co. ;  Herrick  217,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  127,  Minneapolis; 
Kassube  175,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1699,  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Moyer  173,  Watson,  Chippewa  Co. 

Yerbena  hastata  LINN.     Spec.  29  (1753). 
V.  paniculata  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  I  (1783). 
V.  hastata  var.  pinnatifida  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  416  (1814). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  402;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J.  194;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  139;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  103;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  291;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  307;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  FL  Calif.  I,  609;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  379;  Both., 
Wheel.  Exp.  221;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  234;  Cov  ,  Fl.  Ark.  210;  Gray,  Syn.Fl. 
II,  1,  336;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  327. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Pla. ; 
W.  to  Minn. ,  Ark. ,  Tex. ,  N.  Mex.  and  Miss.  Sacramento  val- 
ley, Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  prairies,  banks,  barren 
places  and  forest  openings;  common. 


444  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.:  Taylor  776,  Olenwood;  Bollard  726,  Benton, 
Carver  Co. ;  Taylor  515,  Mud  lake,  Waseca  Co. ;  Sheldon  48, 
Elysian;  Taylor  648,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  776,  Sleepy  Eye; 
Holzinger  158,  Winona  Co. ;  Kassube  173,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund 
125,  Minneapolis;  Leonard  33,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  215,  Min- 
neapolis; Sandberg  418,  Goodhue  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1734,  Min- 
neapolis; Herb.  Moyer  171,  Chippewa  river,  near  Montevideo. 

Verbena  angustifolia  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  13  (1803). 
V.  rugosa  WILLD.    Enum.  633  (1809). 
V.  simplex  LEHM.    Pugill.  I,  37  (1828). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  402;  Britt ,  Fl.  N.  J.  194;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  103;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  307;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  379;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
210;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  336. 

North  America:  Q.  and  Ont.  to  Mass.,  N.  J.  and  Fla. ; 
W.  to  Minn,  and  Ark.  . 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  rare;  dry  soil  or  shaded 
banks. 

HERB.  :    Bollard  212,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. 

Yerbena  urticaefolia  LINN.     Spec.  29  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  402;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J.  194;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  139;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  103;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  307;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
I,  378;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  608;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  211;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  II,  1,  335;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  327. 

North  America:  N.  B.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Owen  Sound;  S. 
toN.  Eng.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Ark.,  Tex.  and  California;  S.  in 
Mexico  and  C.  America. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  banks  of  streams 
or  lakes,  woods  and  thickets. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  840,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1575,  Lake 
Benton;  Sheldon  1091,  Springfield;  Bollard  530,  deary's  lake, 
Scott  Co.;  Bollard  667,  Waconia;  Taylor  809,  Glenwood;  Kas- 
sube 174,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  216,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  126, 
Minneapolis;  Sandberg  419,  Goodhue  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1650, 
Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  172,  Montevideo. 

XCIV.     LABIATAE.    Mint  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  607  (1836-40);  Lindl.  Veg.  King.  659  (1846)— 
Lamiaceae;  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  II,  1160  (1876);  Baillon,  Hist. 
PI  XI,  1  (1892). 

Genera:     150±;  cosmopolitan;  129  (Baillon). 

Species:  3000 ±;  particularly  abundant  in  the  Orient; 
2-3  fossil  in  Recent  rocks. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  445 

STACHYS  LINN.     Gen.  485  (1737). 
Betoiiica  LINN.    Gen.  476  (1737). 
Galeopsis  MOENCH,    Meth.  397  (1794). 
Zietinia  GLEDIT.    Syst.  184  (1765). 
Trixago  MOENCH,    1.  c.  398  (1794). 
Tetrahitum  HOFFM.  and  LINK,    Fl.  Port.  103  (1809). 
Eriostomum  H.  and  L.    1.  c.  105  (1809). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  1208;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  328; 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  778;  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  XI,  4. 

Living  species:  200  described;  175  reduced.  Cosmo- 
politan; in  tropical  mts.  Europe,  5U;  Russia,  20;  Russian 
Europe,  6;  North  America,  16;  S.  Sts.,  4;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  E. 
Sts.,  4;  California,  7;  PI.  Wheel.,  6;  several  Tex.  and  Mex. 
region;  W.  Tex.,  4. 

Fossil  species:  Interglacial  at  Mundesley,  S.  palmtris 
Linn.  (Schenck.). 

Stachys  aspera  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  4  (1803). 
S.  arvensis  WA.LT.    Fl.  Car.  162  (1788)  not  Linn. 
S.  hispida  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  II,  407  (1814). 
S.  palustris  var.  aspera  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  358  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  422;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  201;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  106;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  138;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  326;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
391;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  II,  301;  Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  Ill,  214;  Miyabe, 
Fl.  Kur.  256  in  var.;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  213;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  387. 
Japan,  Corea,  Saghalin,  Kuriles,  Kamtk. 
North  America:     W.  Ont.   to  N.   Eng.,   N.   J.   and  S. 
Car.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Ark.     Mexico?,  Oregon?. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co.;  in- 
frequent; wet  ground. 

HERB.:  Holzinger  169,  Winona  Co.;  Holzinger  170, 
Winona;  Bailey  14,  Vermilion  lake;  Kassube  184,  Minneapolis. 

Stachys  palustris  LINN.     Spec.  580  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  422;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  201;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  390;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  106:  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  299;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  606;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  414;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Hook., 
Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  325;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  237;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  224;  Gray, 
Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  387  and  Suppl.  Syn.  II,  462;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  90. 

N.  Europe  to  Caucasus  mts. ;  Ural  and  Altai  Siberia  to 
the  Himalayas. 

North  America:  Newf.  to  Pac.  and  Oregon;  N.  to  Ft. 
Franklin  on  the  Mackenzie;  S.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J. ;  W.  across 
Cont. ;  S.  in  Rocky  mts.  to  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  edges  of  marshes. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  365,  Helena,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  582, 
Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  475,  Janesville;  Taylor  855,  Glenwood; 


446  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Sheldon  864,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1122,  Springfield;  Sheldon 
362,  Madison  Lake;  Sheldon  762,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  642,  Wa- 
seca;  Leonard  37,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  168,  Farmington; 
Sandberg  441,  Goodhue  Co.;  Sandberg  442,  Cannon  Falls;  Rob- 
erts 108,  Spring  Valley;  Herb.  Moyer  188,  Montevideo. 

PHYSOSTEGIA  BENTH.     Bot.  Reg.  t.  1289  (1836). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  1204;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  327; 
Baill(mfJ5R8*.PJ.XI,45. 

Living  species:  3;  N.  America.  Rocky  mts.,  1;  S. 
Sts.,  2;  Canada,  2;  E.  Sts.,  2;  W.  Tex.,  2. 

Physostegia  virginiana  (LiNN.)  BENTH.      Bot.    Reg.   1289 
(1836). 

Dracocephalum  virginianum  LINN.    Spec.  594  (1753). 
Prasium  purpureum  and  concinneum  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  166  (1788). 
Dracocephalum  lancifolium  MOENCII,    Meth.  410  (1794). 
D.  variegatum  VENT.    Hort.  Gels.  44  (1800). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  419;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  201;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  389;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  105;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  325;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  213;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  383;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  342. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont,  Man.  to  49°  N.  lat.,  Minn, 
and  Dak.;  S.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Miss.,  Ark.  and 

Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  and  W.  districts  and  N.  E. ;  proba- 
bly throughout;  wet  banks  and  edges  of  swamps. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1253,  Lake  Benton;  Herrick  230, 
Minneapolis;  Holzinger  164,  Winona  Co,;  Oestlund  139,  Minne- 
apolis; Sandberg  434,  Goodhue  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer  187,  Monte- 
video. 

BRUNELLA  LINN.     Gen.  177  (1737). 

Prunella  LINN.    Gen.  later  eds.  (1767  etc.). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  1203;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  327; 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  43. 

Living  species:  2-3;  cosmopolitan;  in  tropical  mts. 
N.  America,  1. 

Brunella  vulgaris  LINN.     Spec.  837  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  419;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  201;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  105;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  138;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  322;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 

I,  388;   Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  604;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin. 

II,  299;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  392;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  323; 
Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  255;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  477;  Both.,  Wheel.  Exp.  223; 
Wats.,  King  Exp.  236;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  212;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  382;  Hart., 
Fl.  Scand.  I,  87. 

N.  Africa;  Australia;  Europe  to  Baikal  Sib.,  Kuriles 
and  China;  Andes  mts.,  S.  America. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  447 

North  America:  Atl.  to  Pac.  and  Alaska;  S.  to  Yose- 
mite  valley;  S.  to  Neb.,  Minn.,  Ark.,  N.  J.,  Fla.,  Tex.  and 
Mexican  mts. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  infrequent;  woods  and 
thickets. 

HERB.:  Bollard  364,  Helena,  Scott  Co.;  Bailey  188, 
Vermilion  lake;  Oestlund  140,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Roberts  106,  Du- 
luth;  Sandberg  435,  Goodhue  Co.;  Sheldon  1627,  Taylor's  Falls. 

SCUTELLARIA  LINN.     Gen.  493  (1737). 

Cassida  MOENCH,    Meth.  413  (1794). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  1201;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  327; 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  XI,  42. 

Living  species:  100 ±;  cosmopolitan;  in  tropical  mts. 
Europe,  11;  Russia,  15;  European  Russia,  4;  North  America, 
23;  S.  Sts.,  13;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  Canada,  5;  E.  Sts.,  11;  Cali- 
fornia, 7-8;  PL  Wheel.,  3;  PL  King,  2;  W.  Tex.,  8. 

Scutellaria  parvula  MICHX.     FL  N.  Am.  II,  12  (1803). 

S.  ambigua  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  37  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  418;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  138;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  324;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  I,  388;  Upham,  FL  Minn.  105;  Gray,  Syn.  FL 
II,  380;  Mac.,  Fl  Can. I,  574;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  212;  Coult.,  FL  Tex.  342. 

North  America:  Q.,  N.  S.,  Ont.  to  Georgian  bay  and 
Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  Eng.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark. 
and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  frequent;  dry  banks  and 
edges  of  thickets. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1345,  Verdi,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Sheldon  1050, 
Iberia,  Brown  Co.;  Sheldon  1540,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  953, 
Redwood  Falls;  Sheldon  1066,  Springfield;  Taylor  181,  Janes- 
ville;  Sandberg  436,  Sandberg  437,  Goodhue  Co.;  Holzinger  165, 
Winona  Co.;  Kassube  182,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1767,  Ft. 
Snelling. 

Scutellaria  galericulata  LINN.     Spec.  599  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  418;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  201;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  106;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  388;  Coult.,  FL  Colo.  298;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  I,  603;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  324;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  II,  294; 
Led.,  FL  Ross.  Ill,  398;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  324;  Nym.,  FL  Eur.;  Miyabe, 
Fl.  Kur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  102;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  223;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  237;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  381;  Hart.,  FL  Scand.  I,  86;  Webb.,  Appx. 
Neb.  39. 

W.  Europe  to  Japan,  Kamtk.,  China  and  Kuriles  to 
Saghalin;  N.  Africa;  Manchuria. 

North   America:      Newl,  Anticosti   to  Pac.    and   Ft. 


448  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Franklin  on  Mackenzie;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W. 
to  Mont.,  Colo,  and  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  wet  places  in 
woods  and  along  banks. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  730,  Benton,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard  793, 
Goose  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard  665,  Waconia;  Bollard  438, 
Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  377,  Janesville;  Sheldon  1086, 
Springfield;  Taylor  608,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  554,  Waseca; 
Sheldon  715,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  1055,  Glenwood;  Bollard  586, 
Rice  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Holzinger  166,  Winona  Co. ;  Herrick  231 
Minneapolis;  Sandberg  438,  Chisago  Co.;  Boberts  107,  Little 
Marais;  Bailey  76,  Vermilion  lake;  Herrick  232,  Minneapolis; 
Oestlund  141,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  183,  Minneapolis;  Sheldon 
1256,  Lake  Benton. 

Scutellaria  lateriflora  LINN.  Spec.  598  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  418;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  201;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  138;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can  I,  338;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  298;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
106;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  324;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  602;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
212;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,378. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Anticosti,  N.  S.  to  Pac.  and 
Oregon;  N.  to  Athabasca;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.,  Miss.,  N.  Mex.  and  Rockies. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  wet,  shaded 
banks. 

HERB.:  Bollard  710,  Waconia;  Sheldon  1212,  New  Ulm; 
Taylor  904,  Glenwood;  Bollard  820,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co.; 
Taylor  976,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1037,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sandberg  439, 
Goodhue  Co. ;  Holzinger  167,  Winona  Co. ;  Oestlund  142,  Minne- 
apolis; Herrick  233,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  52,  Vermilion  lake; 
Sondberg  440,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1672,  Minneapolis. 

DRACOCEPHALUM  LINN.     Gen.  481  (1737). 
Moldavica  MOENCH,    Meth.  410  (1794). 
Buyschiaiia  MILL.    Diet.  (1768). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  1199;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  326; 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  10  (sub  Nepeta). 

Living  species:  30;  Asia,  18;  Europe,  4;  N.  America,  1. 

Dracocephalum  parviflorum  NUTT.     Gen.  II,  35  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  416;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  105; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  298;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  387;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  378;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  223;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  236. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Pac.,  Ft.  Franklin  on  the 
Mackenzie  and  Yukon  river,  Alaska;  E.  to  N.  Y. ;  S.  to  Minn, 
and  Iowa;  S.  in  Rockies  to  N.  Mex. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  449 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district  and  probably  N.  W. ;  dry 
places  in  woods  or  on  gravelly  banks. 

HERB.:  Sandberg  432,  Tower;  Herrick  228,  Minneap- 
olis; Herrick  229,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  53,  Vermilion  lake;  Sand- 
berg  433,  Cannon  Falls. 

TLECKIA  RAF.     Med.  Rep.  II,  V,  352  (1808). 

Lophantims  BENTH.    Bot.  Reg.  1282  (1829)  not  Adans. 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  1198;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  326;  O. 
Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  II,  511  (sub  Agaslache)',  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  XI,  47. 

Living  species:  6;  N.  America  and  E.  Asia;  extra- 
tropical.  N.  America,  4;  S.  Sts.,  2;  Canada,  3;  E.  Sts.,  3; 
Rocky  mts.,  2;  Pac.  coast,  1;  PL  King,  2;  PL  Wheel  ,  1;  W. 
Tex.,  1. 

Vleckia  foenicula  (PURSH)  RAF.     N.  PL  (1836). 
Stachys  foeniculum  PURSH,     Fl.  407  (1814). 
Hyssopus  anisatus  NJJTT.    Gen.  II,  27  (1818). 
H.  discolor  DESF.    Cat.  Par.  (1829). 
Lophanthus  anisatus  BENTH.    Bot.  Reg.  1282(1829). 
Wats,  and  Coult.  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  415;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  138;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  298;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  105;  Mac.,  Fl.   Can.  I,   386;    Brew,   and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  602;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  236;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  376. 

North  America:  Man.,  Athabasca,  Saskatchewan  to 
Ft.  Franklin  on  Mackenzie;  W.  to  Rockies;  S.  to  Neb.,  Dak., 
Minn,  and  Wise. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  prairies  and 
thickets. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  453,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  774,  Glen  wood; 
Bollard  791,  Swan  Lake,  Carver  Co.;  Sheldon  33,  Sleepy  Eye; 
Herrick  227,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  lOa,  Elk  River;  Oestlund  1$8, 
Minneapolis;  Watson  1,  Farmington;  Leonard  36,  Minneapolis; 
Bailey  49,  Vermilion  lake;  KassubelSl,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg 
431,  Cannon  Falls;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  37,  Brainerd;  Herb.  Sheld. 
1644,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  97,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ; 
Herb.  Moyer  186,  Chippewa  river,  near  Montevideo. 

Vleckia  scrophulariaefolia  (WILLD.)  RAF.     N.  Fl.  (1836). 
Hyssopus  scrophidariaefolius  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  48  (1800). 
Lophanthus  scrophulariaefolius  BENTH.     Bot.  Beg.  1282  (1829). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  415;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  200;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  105;  Chap.,  Ff.  S.  St.  321;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  386;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  212; 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  376. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Vt. ;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Ga. ;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Neb.;  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  infrequent;  borders  of 
woods  or  thickets. 

-29 


450  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.  :    Sheldon  1319,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Bollard  713,  Wa- 
conia;  Sandberg  430,  Vasa. 

Yleckia  nepetoides  (LINN.)  RAF.     N.  Fl.  (1836). 

Hyssopus  nepetoides  LINN.    Spec.  579  (1753). 
Lophanthus  nepetoides  BENTH.    Bot.  Reg.  1282  (1829). 
Wats,  and  Uoult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  415;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  200;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  105;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  138;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St  321;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
386;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  212;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  376;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  340. 

North  America:    Q.,  Ont.  to  Vt. ;   S.  to  N.  Car.;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:   W.  district;  infrequent;  edges  of  woods 
or  thickets. 

HERB.  :    Wickersheim  96,  Lake  Park,  Becker  Co. 

MONABDA  LINN.     Gen.  17  (1737). 

Cheilyctis  RAF.    Journ.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  99  (1819). 
Coryanthus  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  V,  186  (1838). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  1197;   Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  326; 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  XI,  61. 

Living  species:    9;  N.  America.     E.  Sts.,  6;  Canada,  4; 
Rocky  mts.,  3;  S.  Sts.,  4;  PL  Wheel.,  2;  W.  Tex.,  4. 

Monarda  punctata  LINN.     Spec.  22  (1753). 

M.  lutea  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  16  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  414;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  199;  Upham, 

Fl.  Minn.,  105;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  386;   Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  297;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 

St.  320;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  212;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  375;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  339.' 

North  America:    Ont.?  to  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.;  S.  to  Pla. 

and  Miss.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Colo,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:    Central  and  S.  central  districts;   infre- 
quent; banks  and  thickets. 

HERB.  :    Scott  1,  Beaver. 

Monarda  fistulosa  LINN.     Spec.  22  (1753). 
M.  oblongata  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  I,  36  (1789). 
M.  longifolia  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  IV,  256  (1797). 
M.  allophylla  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  16  (1803). 
M.  involucrata  WEND.    Ind.  Sem.  Marb.  (1807). 
M.  varians  BART.    Prodr.  Penn.  I,  34  (1815). 

Wais.  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man,  6  ed.  414;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  199;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  104;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  139;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  385;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
297;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  320;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  222;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  212; 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  374;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  339. 

North  America:    St.  Lawrence  river  to  Brit.  Col.;  S. 
to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  borders  of  woods 
and  thickets. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  451 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1185,  New  Ulm;  Taylor  772,  Glenwood; 
Bollard  871,  Waconia;  Sheldon  1334,  Lake  Benton;  Bollard  617, 
Chaska;  Bollard  573,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Kassube  180,  Min- 
neapolis; Oesilund  137,  Hennepin  Co.;  Winchell  17,  Minneap- 
olis; Leonard  35,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  429,  Cannon  Falls, 
var.  mollis  Benth. ;  Taylor  880,  Glenwood;  Herb.  Sheld.  1665, 
Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  184,  185,  Chippewa  river,  near 
Montevideo. 

HEDEOMA  PERS.     Syn.  II,  131  (1807). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  1188;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  325; 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  XI,  56. 

Living  species:  12;  N.  and  S.  America;  N.  America, 
10;  Canada,  2;  S.  Sts.,  2;  E.  Sts.,  3;  PI.  Wheel.,  2;  several  in 
Texas  and  Mexico;  W.  Tex.,  6. 

Hedeoma  hispida  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  414  (1814). 
H.  hirta  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  16  (1818). 
Cunila  hispida  SPKENG.     Syst.  I,  54  (1825). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  412;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  139;  Mac.r 
Fl.  Can.  I,  385;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  104;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  296;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
211;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  362. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  Dak.,. 
Neb.,  Minn.,  111.,  Ark.  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  dry  knolls  and  headlands 
or  ledges  of  rock. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1449,  Pipestone;  Sheldon  819,  Sleepy 
Eye;  Oestlund  136,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  428,  Cannon  Falls; 
Herrick  226,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  179,  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Moyer  183,  Montevideo. 

ACINOS  MOENCH,     Meth.  407  (1794). 
Calamintha  MOENCH,    1.  c.  408  (1794). 
Clinopoclium  LINN.    em.  Benth.  1.  c.  1191  (1876). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  1190;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  325; 
O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  513:  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  XI,  55. 

Living  species:  40;  temperate  N.  hemisphere;  Russia, 
17;  Europe,  9;  Russian  Europe,  3;  S.  Sts.,  6;  Rocky  mts.,  1; 
Canada,  2;  E.  Sts.,  3;  California,  2;  W.  Tex.,  1. 

Acinos  yulgaris  (Li^N. ). 

Clinopoclium  vulgare  LINN.    Spec.  821  (1753). 
Calamintha  clinopodium  SPENN.    Fl.  Frib.  Ill  (.1829). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  412;  Britt.,  Fl.  U.  J.  198;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  104:  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  384;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  296;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  102;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  211;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  FJ.  Sin.  II,  283  (closely 
related  spec.);  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II.  1,  360;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  8f. 


452  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Northern  Europe  to  Asia,  Corea?  Formosa?  Japan? 
Manchuria? 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Rocky  mts. ;  S.  to  Gt.  Lakes; 
introduced  from  W.  Europe  further  E.  in  U.  S. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  edge;  rare  or  doubt- 
ful; borders  of  woods  and  fields. 

HERB.  :   Bailey  59,  Vermilion  lake. 

KOELLIA  MOENCH,     Meth.  407  (1794). 

Pycnaiithemum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  7  (1803). 
Brachy sternum  MICHX.    1.  c.  5  (1803). 
Tullia  LEAVENW.    Sill.  Journ.  XX,  343  (1831). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  1184;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  325;  O. 
Kuntze,  Bev.  Gen.  520;  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  XI,  51. 

Living  species:  17;  N.  America.  California,  1;  rest 
E.  and  S.  S.  Sts.,  10;  E.  Sts.,  10;  Canada,  4;  Rocky  mts.,  1; 
W.  Tex.,  2;  13  (Gray  Syn.  Fl.)  N.  America. 

Koellia  flexuosa  (WALT.). 

Nepetaflexuosa  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  (1788). 
?  Koellia  capitata  MOENCH,    Meth.  (1794). 
JBrachystemum  lanceolatum  WILLD.    Eniim.  623  (1809)  in  part. 
Pycnanthemum  linifolium  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  409  (1814;. 
P.  flexuosum  B.  S.  P.    Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  410;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  104;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  198;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  315;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1,  574;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
211;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  354;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  334. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Mass,  and  Minn.;  S.  to  N.  J., 
tFla.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  district;  dry 
woods  or  thickets. 

Koellia  virginiana  (LiNN.)   OK.     Rev.  Gen.  II,   520  (1891). 
Satureja  virqiniana  LINN.    Spec.  567  (1753). 
Tfiymus  virginicus  LINN.    Mant.  409  (1767). 
?  Koellia  capitata  MOENCH,    Meth.  (1794). 
Nepeta  virginica  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  56  (1800). 
Pycnanthemum  virginicum  PERS.    Syn.  II,  128(1807). 
Brachystemum  lanceolatum  WILLD.    Enum.  623  (1809)  in  part. 
Pycnanthemum  lanceolatum  PURSH.    Fl.  Am.  409  (1814). 
P.  virginianum  HITCHCOCK,     Fl.  Ames.  512  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  409;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J.  198:  Webb., 
PI.  Neb.  139;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  315;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  382;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
295;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  354:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  211. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.  and  Ga.; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  edges  of  woods  or 
thickets. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  453 

HERB.:  Bollard  626,  Chaska;  Taylor  474,  Janesville; 
Sheldon  772,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  782,  Glenwood;  Winchell  16, 
Cedar  lake.  Hennepin  Co.;  Oestlund  135,  Minneapolis;  Sand- 
berg  427,  Goodhue  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1661,  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Moyer  182,  Montevideo. 

LYCOPUS  LINN.     Gen.  19  (1737). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  1183;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  324: 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  778;  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  49. 

Living  species:  10  described;  perhaps  only  2-3  dis- 
tinct; temperate  regions  of  old  world  and  N.  America.  Europe, 
2;  Russia,  3;  N.  America,  5;  E.  Sts.,  5;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  Cali- 
fornia, 2;  Canada,  3;  S.  Sts.,  3;  PI.  Wheel.,  2;  PL  King,  1;  W. 
Tex.,  1. 

Fossil  species:  Interglacial  at  Beeston,  L.  europaeus 
Linn.  (Schenck). 

Lycopus  simiatus  ELL.     Sk.  I,  187  (1821). 
L.  europaeus  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  (1788). 
L.  vulgaris  and  angustifolius  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  (1818). 
L.  europaeus  var.  sinuatus  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  346  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult,,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  408;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  196;  Brew, 
and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  592;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  295;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  382; 
Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  139;  Chap  ,  Fl.  S.  St.  313;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  104;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  221;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  234;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  211;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  II,  1,  353;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  334. 

North  America:  Atl.  to  Pac. 'in  Can.;  N.  to  Peace 
river;  S.  to  Oregon  and  Calif,  and  throughout  E.  U.  S.  to  Fla. 
and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  wet  places  along  streams 
and  in  woods. 

HERB.:  Bollard  687,  Waconia;  Bollard  785,  Swan 
lake,  Carver  Co.;  Sheldon  897,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1543,  Lake 
Benton;  Bollard  720,  Benton,  Carver  Co.;  Roberts  105,  Baptism 
river;  Oestlund  104,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  426,  Cannon  Falls; 
Holzinger  163,  Winona  Co.;  Herrick  225,  Minneapolis!  Herb. 
Sheld.  1660,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  95,  Idlewild,  Lin- 
coln Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  18 J,  Montevideo. 

Lycopus  lucidus  TURCZ.  var.  obtusifolhis  (BENTH). 
L.  obtusifolius  BENTH.    DC.  Prodr.  XII,  177  (1848;. 
L.  lucidus  var.  americanus   GRAY,    Proc.   Am.  A  cad.  VIII,  286 

(1870). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  408;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  139;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  104;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  382;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  205;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  592;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  II,  282  (spec.);  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  221;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  353. 


454  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Species  ranges  in  Japan,  Siberia  and  Manchuria  to 
China  proper. 

North  America:  Hudson  Bay  and  Saskatchewan  to 
Calif.,  Arizona,  N.  Mex.,  Ark.  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  W.  to  W.  and  S.  central  district; 
wet  places. 

HERB:  Taylor  1054,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1544,  Lake 
Benton;  Taylor  1008,  Glenwood. 

Lycopus  rubellus  MOENCH,     Meth.  Suppl.  446  (1802). 
L.  anqustifalius  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  15  (1818). 
L.  europaem  var.  inlegrifolius  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  408:  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  196;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  104;  Cov.,Fl.  Ark.  211;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  IT,  1,  353. 

North  America:  N.  J.  to  Minn.;  S.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. ; 
W.  to  La.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  rare;  wet  places  in  woods 
or  along  banks. 

Lycopus  virginicus  LINN.     Spec.  21  (1753). 
L.  uniflwus  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  1, 14  (1803). 
L.  pumilus  VAHL,    Enum.  (1806). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  408;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  196;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  294;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  104;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  139:  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
I,  382;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  313;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  592;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  211;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  353. 

North  America:  Labrador  across  Can.  in  forest  reg.  to 
Oregon  and  Brit.  Col.;  S.  to  Neb.,  Ark.,  Mo.  and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  particularly  N.  E. ;  wet 
places  in  woods  or  along  streams. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  796,  Goose  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Roberts 
102,  Grand  Marais;  Oestlund  133,  Hennepin  Co.;  Roberts  103, 
Knife  river;  Roberts  104,  Baptism  river;  Sandberg  425,  Cannon 
Falls;  Herb.  Moyer  261,  Montevideo. 

MENTHA  LINN.     Gen.  478  (1737). 

Menthella  PERARD,    ex  Durand  1.  c.  (1888). 
Pulegium  MILL,    Diet.  No.  8  (1768). 
Audibertia  BENTH.    Bot.  Reg.  1282  (1829). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  1182;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  324; 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  48. 

Living  species:  300  ±,  described;  perhaps  only  20-25 
distinct.  All  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Russia,  9;  Eu- 
rope, 13;  Russian  Europe,  7;  N.  America,  1  end. 

Mentha  canadensis  LINN.     Spec.  577  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  408;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  196;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  294;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  104;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  139;  Brew,  and 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  455 

Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  591;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  381:  Both.,  Wheel.  Exp.  221,  372; 
Wats.,  King.  Exp.  234;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  211;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  352. 

A  very  close  species  ( M.  arvensis)  in  China,  W.  Eur. 
and  Java. 

North  America:  Puget  Sound  to  Mackenzie  reg.  and 
Atl.  coast  in  Can. ;  S.  throughout  continent;  rarer  southward. 

Minn  valley:  Throughout;  common;  wet  places  in 
woods  or  along  streams. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  719,  Benton,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard  505, 
Prior  slake,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  167  a,  Janes  ville;  Bollard  615, 
Chaska;  Sheldon  1296,  Lake  Benton;  Bollard  669,  Waconia; 
Bollard  819,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co.;  Taylor  1004,  Glenwood; 
Bollard  777,  Swan  lake.  Carver  Co.;  Sheldon  865,  Sleepy  Eye; 
Sheldon  1084,  Springfield;  Sheldon  179,  Eagle  lake,  Blue  Earth 
Co.;  Sheldon  21,  Elysian;  Taylor  677,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon 
751,  Sleepy  Eye;  Herrick  221,  Minneapolis;  Kavsube  178,  Min- 
neapolis; Holzinger  162,  Winona  Co,;  Herrick  222,  Minneapo- 
lis; Bailey  3,  Vermilion  lake;  Roberts  101,  Grand  Mar ais;  Her- 
rick 224,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  424,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Wiclc- 
ersheim  94,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  ISO,  Montevideo. 

TEUCBIUM  LINN.     Gen.  467  (1737). 

L.eucosceptrum  SM.    Ex.  Itot.  II,  113  (1805). 
Poliodeiidroii  NOE,    Webb,  Phyt.  Car.  Ill,  106  (1847). 
Scorodonia  MOENCH,    Meth.  384  (1794). 
Scordium  CAV.    Ic.  I,  19  (1791). 
Chamaedrys  MOENCH,    Meth.  383  (1794). 
Folium  MOENCH,    Meth.  385  (1794). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  1221;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  330; 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  75. 

Living  species:  100  ±;  cosmopolitan  except  in  sub- 
arctic and  antarctic  regions.  Europe,  50;  Russia,  9;  N.  Amer- 
ica,^; S.  Sts.,  1;  E.  Sts.,  2;  Canada,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  2; 
California,  2;  PL  Wheel.,  1;  W.  Tex.,  4. 

Teucrium  canadense  LINN.     Spec.  564  (1753). 
T.  virginicum  LINN.    Spec.  564  (1753)  PL  Gronov. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  4C6;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  203;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  103;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  380;  II,  349;   Webb.,  FL  Neb.  138;  Chap., 
FL  S.  St.  328:  Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  Ill,  446;   Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  225;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  213;  Gray,  Syn.  FL  II,  1,  349;  Coult.,  FL  Tex.  333. 
Altai  Siberia? 

North  America:  N.  B  ,  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N. 
J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.,  Tex.  and  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  low  banks  and  edges  of 
thickets. 


456  METASPERMAE    OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1542,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Bollard  463,  Pri- 
or's lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  982,  Glenwood;  Taylor  678,  Minne- 
sota lake;  Oestlund  132,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  160,  Winona, 
Co.;  Herrick  220,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  161,  Winona;  Herb. 
Moyer  178,  179,  Montevideo. 

ISANTHUS  MICHX.     Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  3,  t.  30  (1803). 

Benth.  and  Hook  ,  Gen.  PI.  II,  1220;   Durand.  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  330; 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  76. 

Living  species:    1,  N.  America. 

Isanthus  brachiatus  (LINN.)  B.  S.  P.     Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 
Trichostema  brachiatus  LINN.    Spec.  834  (1753). 
Isanthus  caeruleus  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  30  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  406;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  203;  Uphamy 
Fl.  Minn.  103;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  379;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  327;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
213;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  349;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  332. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Tenn.  and 
N.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn.,  111.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  infre- 
quent; banks  and  sandy  fields. 

XCV.    SOLANACEAE.    Nightshade  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  662  (1836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Genera 
Plant.  II,  882  (1876);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  281  (1888);  v.  Wettstein  MI  Eng- 
ler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  6,  4  (1891). 

Genera:  75;  tropical  and  temperate  regions;  center  in 
C.  and  S.  America.  N.  America,  18  gen.;  Europe,  10;  Asia, 
15  (v.  Wettsl.). 

Species:  1500 ±,  many  doubtfully  of  sp.  rank;  1-2  fos- 
sil, very  doubtful,  Solanites. 

PHYSALIS  LINN.     Gen.  144  (1737). 

Pentaphiltrum  REICH.    Nomencl.  4571  (1841). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  330;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  890:  Du- 
rand, Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  287;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pfianz.  IV,  3  6,  19  (von 
Wettstein). 

Living  species:  45;  warmer  regions  of  the  earth;  es- 
pecially in  N.  and  S.  America.  Europe,  2;  Russia,  1;  Japan, 
3;  Africa,  S.  Asia  and  Australia,  1;  N.  America,  18;  Rocky 
mts.,  6-7;  California  and  L.  Calif.,  6;  S.  Sts.,  5;  E.  Sts.,  7-8; 
Canada,  4;  PL  King,  1;  PL  Wheel.,  2;  W.  Tex.,  12. 

Physalis  lanceolata  MTCHX.     FL  N.  Am.  I,  149  (1803). 
P.  pumila  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  193  (1841). 
P.  pennsylvanica  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  382(1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult,,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  375;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  136;  Mac., 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  457 

Fl.  Can.  I,  350;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  Ill;  Coult.,  Fl.Colo.  270;  Cov.,Fl.  Ark. 
207;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  236;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  301. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  S.  Man. ;  S.  to  N.  Y.  and  Fla. ; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Colo.,  Utah,  N.  Mex.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:   Throughout;  abundant;  waste  places. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1471,  Pipestone  City;  Bollard  468 ; 
Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  858,  Glen  wood;  Bollard  180, 
Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  269,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Oestlund 
146,  Hennepin  Co.;  Kassube  199,  Minneapolis;  Leiberg  52,  Blue 
Earth  Co. ;  Holzinger  184,  Dakota  Co. ;  Herrick  247,  Minneap- 
olis; Gedge  10,  Detroit;  Hammond  32,  Lake  City;  Herb.  Sheld. 
1805,  Minneapolis. 

Physalis  virginiana  MILL.     Diet.  ed.  8,  No.  4  (1768). 
P.  nyctaginea  DUNAL,    DC.  Prodr.  XIII,  450  (1849). 
P.  viscosa  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  382  (1867). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  375;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  182;  Webb.r 
Fl.  Neb.  136;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  Ill;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  349;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  350;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  270;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  207;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  235; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  300. 

North  America:    W.   Ont.    to  L.   Huron  reg.,   Minn., 
Neb.,  Dak.  and  Colo.;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 
Minn,  valley:   Throughout;  common;  waste  places. 
HERB.  :  Bailor d  269,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;   Sheldon  255, 
Turtle  lake,  Le  Sueur  Co. ;   Bollard  375,  Helena,   Scott  Co. ; 
Sheldon  1504,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  911,  Sleepy  Eye;  Hunting- 
ion  12,  Rock  Co.;    Kassube  198,  Minneapolis;    Holzinger  182, 
Tracy,  Lyon  Co. ;  Holzinger  183,  Winona  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1750, 
Minneapolis. 

Physalis  pubescens  LINN.     Spec.  262  (1753). 
P.  pruinosa  LINN.    Spec.  263  (1753). 

P.  obscura  var.  viscido-pubescens  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  149  (1803), 
P.  viscosa  ELL.    Sk.  I,  279  (1821). 
P.  Ursula  DUNAL,    DC.  Prodr.  XIII,  450  (1849). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  375;  Britt.,  F1.N.  J.  182;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  Ill;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  136;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  541; 
Coult.  Fl.  Colo.,  270;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  351;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  349;  Forbes 
and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  II,  174;  Griseb.,  Fl.  W.  I.;   Wats.,  King  Exp.  274; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  207:  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  234;  Engl.  v.  Wetts.,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
IV,  3  b,  19;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  300. 

China;  Barbadoes;  Brazil  and  tropical  America. 
North  America:    N.  Br.   to  Brit.   Col.;    S.   to  Calif., 
Colo.,  Tex.  and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  E.  and  C.  districts;  to  New  Ulm  and 
the  Lac  Qui  Parle  valley;  low,  damp  soil. 


458  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Physalis  angulata  LINN.     Spec.  262  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  375;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  181;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  136;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  Ill;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  269;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  351;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  207;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  234;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  300. 

North  America:  N.  J.  to  Minn,  and  Neb.;  S.  to  Tex. 
and  Fla.  "Widely  diffused  in  the  tropics"  (Gray}. 

Minn,  valley:   N.  E.  district;  infrequent;  waste  places. 

Physalis  philadelphica  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  II,  101  (1786). 

P.  chenopodifolia  WILLD.    Spec.  I,  1023  (1797). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  375;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  181;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  Ill;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  207;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  234;  Engl.  v.  Wetts., 
Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  b,  19;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  300. 

North  America:  N.  J.  to  Minn. ;  S.  to  111.,  Ark.  and 
Texas. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district;  Blue  Earth  valley  to 
Redwood  valley;  low  rich  ground  in  thickets. 

Physalis  grandiflora  HOOK.     Fl.  Bor.  Am.  II,  90  (1840). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  375;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  349;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  Ill;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  233. 

North  America:  St.  Lawrence  river  to  L.  Champlain; 
W.  to  Man.  and  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  edge;  local  or  rare;  clearings  and 
waste  in  forest. 

HERB;  :   Bailey  242,  Vermilion  lake. 

SOLANUM  LINN.     Gen.  145  (1737). 

Aquartia  LINN.    Gen.  ed.  VI,  136  (1764). 

Normaiiia  LOWE,    Man.  Fl.  Mader.  II,  70  (1868). 

Cliocarpus  MIERS.    Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  2,  IV,  141  (1859). 

Nycterium  VENT.    Jard.  Malm.  t.  85  (1804). 

Androcera  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  129  (1818). 

Meloffona  TOURN.    Inst.  151  (1700).' 

Pseudocapsicum  MOENCH,    Meth.  476  (1794). 

Dulcamara  MOENCH,    1.  c.  514  (1794). 

Ceranthera  MOENCH,    Monthl.  Mag.  (1819). 

Cyphomaiiera  SENDT.    Flora,  162  (1845). 

Pionandra  MIERS.    Hook.  Lond.  Journ.  IV,  353  (1845). 

Cyathostyles  SCHOTT.    ex  Meiss.  Gen.  Com.  184  (1843). 

Pallaviciiiia  DENOT.    Flora,  162  (1847). 

Lycopersicum  DUNAL,    Solan,  t.  3,  fig.  3  (1816). 

Psolanum  NECK.    El  em.  708  (1790). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IX,  327;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  888,  889; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  287;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  6,  21 
(von  Wettstein);  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  777. 

Living  species:  lOOO-H  described;  950  distinct;  tropical 
and  subtropical  regions;  extra  tropical  north  rather  than 
south.  Europe,  9;  Russia,  8;  Russian  Europe,  5;  N.  America, 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  459 

15;  Rocky  mts.,  5;  S.  Sts.,  10;  California,   5;    E.    Sts.,   6;    PL 
Wheel.,  6;  Canada,  3;  PI.  King,  2;  W.  Tex.  11. 

Fossil  species:     Solanites,  Oligocene — Aix  (Saporta). 

Solatium  nigrum  LINN.     Spec.  266  (1753). 

S.  pterocaidon  i 

S.  crenato  -  dentatum     j.  DC.    Prodr.  XIII,  359  (1852). 
S.  ptycanthum  \ 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  374;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  181;  Uphani, 
Fl.  Minn.  Ill;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  348;  Chap.,  Fl.  IS.  St.  348;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb. 
136;  Coult,  Fl.  Colo.  268;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  538;  Forbes  and 
Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  II,  171;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  287;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  188; 
Nym.,Fl.  Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  94;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  274;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  207;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  207;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  227;  Hart.,  Fl. 
Scand.  I,  103;  Engl.  v.  Wetts.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  6,  22;  Coult.,  Fl.Tex.297. 

Cosmopolitan,  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

North  America:     Throughout,  except  far  north. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  low  damp  and 
rich  soil;  shaded  places. 

HERB.:  Taylor  903,  Glenwood;  Bollard  494,  Prior's 
lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  778,  Swan  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Sheldon 
1013,  Sleepy  Eye;  Holzinger  180,  Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  459, 
Cannon  Falls;  Holzinger  181,  Winona;  Kassubel97,  Minneapo- 
lis; Herrick  246,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1744,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Sheld.  1673,  Ft.  Snelling;  Herb.  Wickersheim  105,  Ash  lake, 
Lincoln  Co. 

XCVl.      SCROPHULARIACEAE.      Figwort 
Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  670;  DC.,  Prodr.  X,  187  (1846)— Personafae,  Antir- 
rhineae,  Rhinanthaceae;  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  II,  913  (1876); 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IX,  413  (1888,;  v.  Wettstein  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  3  6,  39  (1891). 

Genera:  150 ±,  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  N. 
America,  38  gen.,  380  spec.;  Europe,  30  gen.,  430  spec.  (v. 
Wettst.). 

Species:  2100  ±;  3-4  fossil,  doubtful. 

SCROPHLLARIA  LINN.     Gen.  494  (1737). 

Ceremanthe  REICH.    Sax.  Fl.  230  (1842). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  937;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  293;  Bail- 
lon, Hist.  PL  IX,  430;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  &,  65; 
Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  778. 

Living  species:  114;  extra-tropical  regions  of  N.  hem- 
isphere; especially  abundant  in  the  Mediterranean  region. 


460  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY 

Europe,    40;  Russia,   21;  Russian  Europe,   9;   N.   America,   3; 
Canada,  3;  N.  Mexico,  1;  California,  1;  PI.  Wheel.,  2. 

Fossil  species:  Scrofularina,  1,  Miocene  of  Oeningen 
(Seer). 

Scrophularia  nodosa  LINN.  var.  marylandica  (LINN.)  GRAY^ 
Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  258  (1886), 

8.  marylandica  LINN.    Spec.  863  (1753).  • 
8.  lanceolata  PURSH.    Fl.  Am.  419  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  380;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  184;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  99;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  137;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  289;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
273;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  3^4;  II,  346;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  552; 
Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit,  (spec.)  290;  Led.,  Fl.  Boss,  (spec.)  Ill,  218;  Nym.,  Fl. 
Eur.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  (spec.)  94;  Cov.  Fl.  Ark.  207;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand. 
I,  106  (spec.);  Engler,  v.  Wetts.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IY,  3  6,  65. 

Species  ranges  through  almost  all  Europe  and  Siberia. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  Minn,  and  Oregon;  S.  to 
N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Colo.,  Neb.,  Utah. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  frequent;  thickets  and 
gravelly  banks  of  streams. 

HERB.:  Bollard  103,  Shakopee;  Taylor  588,  Minne- 
sota lake;  Sheldon  974,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  123,  Janes ville; 
Sheldon  51,  Elysian;  Sheldon  128,  Madison  Lake;  Kassube  160, 
Minneapolis;  Herrick  196,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  397,  Cannon 
Falls;  Herb.  Sheld,  1904,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  162,  Monte- 
video. 

CHELONE  LINN.     Gen.  508  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  435;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  11,939;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  293;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  3  6,  65  (von  Wett- 
stein). 

Living  species:  4;  N.  America;  1  in  California  and 
Washington;  E.  Sts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  3;  Carolina,  1. 

Chelone  glabra  LINN.     Spec.  611  (1753). 

C.  alba  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  427  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  381;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  184;  Upham, 
Fl.Minn.  99;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  289;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  354;  Cov.,  Fl;  Ark. 
207;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  258;  Engl.  Wetts.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  &.  65. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  S.  and  W. 
Man.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:     Forest  district;  swamps  and  marshes. 

HERB. :     Herrick  197,  Minneapolis;  Winchell  13,  Duluth; 

Bailey  327,  St.  Louis  river;  Holzinger  144,  Winona  Co. ;  Sandberg- 

398,  Red  Wing;  Roberts  95,  Baptism  river;   Herb.  Sheld.   1668* 

Minneapolis. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.'  461 

PENSTEMON  MITCH.     Act.  Med.  Cur.  VIII,  214  (1748). 

Pentstemoii  L'HER.    ex  Lamb.  Linn.  Trans.  X,  6  ( ). 

Elmteera  REICHB.    Conspect  123  (1828). 
Lepiclostemon  LEME.    111.  Hort.  315  (1844). 
Dasanthera,  RAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  99  (1819). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  435;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL   II,  940;  Du- 
rand,   2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  293;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  .6,  65 
{von  Wettsteiri)  as  Pentastemon  Mitch. 

Living  species:  82-85;  N.  America,  70;  a  few  in  Mexico 
andN.  Asia;  Canada,  15;  California,  35;  E.  Sts.,  9;  S.  Sts.,  3; 
Rocky  mts.,  27-30;  PI.  King.,  19;  PL  Wheel.,  24;  W.  Tex.,  15. 

Penstemon  acuminatus  DOUGL.    Hook.,Fl.  Am.  II,  97  (1840). 
P.  nitidus  DOUGL.    ex  Benth.  DC.  Prodr.  X,  325  (1846). 
P.  fendleri  GRAY,    Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  II,  168  (1855). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  382;    Gray,  Syn.   Fl.   II,   1,  263; 
Upham,   Fl.  Minn.  99;    Coult.,   Fl.  Colo.  275;   Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  355,570; 
Brew,  and  Wats., Fl.  Calif.  I,  599;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  308. 

North  America:  Minn,  and  Saskatchewan  to  Brit. 
Col.  and  Oregon;  S.  to  Colo,  and  Tex.  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  district;  high  knolls  and  dry  plains 
or  banks. 

HERB.  :     Sheldon  1370,  Lake  Benton. 

Penstemon  grandiflorus  NUTT.     Fras.  Cat.  (1813). 
P.  bradburii  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  738  (1814). 
Chelone  grandiflora  SPRENG.    Syst.  II,  813  (1825). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  382;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  137;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  99;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  452;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  264;  Coult.,  FL 
Tex.  308. 

North  America:  111.,  Wise.,  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kan., 
Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  frequent;  particularly 
abundant  in  Renville  Co. ;  banks  and  dry  hills. 

HERB.:  Ballard  243,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  827, 
Cottonwood  river,  near  Sleepy  Eye;  Oestlund  115,  Hennepin  Co. ; 
Herrick  199,  Minneapolis;  Richardson  1,  Goodhue  Co.;  Kassube 
161,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  399,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld. 
1889,  Ft.  Snelling;  Herb.  Wickersheim  90,  Idle  wild,  Lincoln  Co. ; 
Herb.  Moyer  164,  Montevideo. 

Penstemon  teretiflorns  NUTT.     Fras.  Cat.  (1813). 
P.  albidus  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  53  (1818). 

P.  viscidulum  NEES,    Neuwied  A  pp.  18  ( ). 

P.  cristatus  MAC.    Fl.  Can.  I,  355  (1884). 
Chelone  alba  SPRENG.    Syst.  II,  813  (1825). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  382;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  137;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  570;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  276;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  211;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  454;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  266;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  308. 


462  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

North  America:  Red  River  prairie,  49°  N.  lat.  to 
Minn,  valley,  near  Applet  on;  S.  and  W.  to  Dak.,  Col.,  Neb.  and 
Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  district  and  probably  N.  W. ; 
dry  banks  and  knolls. 

HERB.:  Menzel  3,  Pipestone;  Herb.  Moyer 264,  Monte- 
video. 

Penstemon  gracilis  NUTT.     Gen.  II,  52  (1818). 

P.  pubescens  var.  gracilis  GRAY,    Proc.  Am.  Acad.  VI,  57  (1862). 
Chelone  gracilis  SPRENG.    Syst.  II,  813  (1825). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  382;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  267; 
Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  137;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  277;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  356:  Upham, 
Suppl.  Minn.  86. 

North  America:  Minn.,  Man.  and  Saskatchewan  to 
Wyoming  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  infrequent;  open  places, 
banks  and  knolls. 

HERB  :  Menzel  8,  Pipestone;  Bollard  244,  Jordan, 
Scott  Co. ;  Bollard 382,  Jordan;  Taylor  789,  Glenwood;  Sandberg 
609,  Cannon  Falls;  Herrick  341,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  297, 
Winona  Co.;  Kassube  278,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  3^5,  Minne- 
apolis. 

Penstemon  hirsutus  (LiNN.)  WILLD.     Spec.  Ill,  227  (1800). 

Chelone  hirsutus  LINN.    Spec.  849  (1753). 
C.  pentstemon  LINN.    Mant.  415  (1767). 

Pentstemon  pubescens  SOLAND.    Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  II,  360  (1789). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  381;  Mac.,  Fl.Can.  I,  356;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  99;  Chap.,  Fl  S.  St.  290;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  184;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
454;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  207;  Gray,   Syn.  Fl.   II,    1,   268;    Engl.  Wettst.,   Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  3,  65;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  309. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  S.  Man.,  Minn,  and  Iowa;  S. 
to  Maine,  N.  J.,  Fla.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  district;  high  dry  prairies;  also  N. 
E.  and  S.  E. ;  open  places. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1566,  Lake  Benton;  Kassube  161, 
Minneapolis;  Herrick  198,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  91> 
Idlewild;  Gedge  20,  Moorhead;  Wickersheim  136,  Lake  Benton; 
137,  Lake  Benton  (the  last  two  Nos.  are  apparently  intermedi- 
ate forms  between  P.  ieretiflorus  Nutt.  and  P.  hirsutus  (Linn.), 
having  the  foliage  of  the  former  and  the  flowers  and  pubescence 
of  the  latter. — Sheldon. 

MIMITLUS  LINN.     Act.  Ups.  82  (1741). 

Eunaiius  BENTH.    DC.  Prodr.  X,  374  (1846). 
Diplacus  NUTT.    Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  1,  I,  37  (—    ). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  4bd 

Uvedalia  K.  BR.    Prodr.  440  (1810). 

Erytliraiithe  SPACH,    Suit.  Buff.  IX,  312  (1840). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  450;   Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  II,  946,  1245; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  294;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  6,  71 
( ton  Wettsteiri). 

Living  species:  60;  W.  extratropical  America  and  a 
few  in  S.  and  E.  Asia,  Australia  and  E.  Africa.  Russia,  2; 
Europe,  1,  introduced;  Canada,  8;  E.  Sts.,  3;  S.  Sts.,  2;  PI. 
Wheel.,  12;  PI.  King,  12;  Rocky  mts.,  7-8;  California,  30;  W. 
Tex.,  4. 

Mimulns  glabratus  HBK.  var.  jamesii  (T.  and  G.)  GRAY, 
Syn.  Suppl.  II,  447  (1886). 

M.  jamesii  T.  and  G.    Man.  2  ed.  287  (1852). 
M.  glabratus  GRAY,    Bot.  Mex.  Bound  116  (1856). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  383;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  357;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  280;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  99;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.   I,  570;   Wats.,  King. 
Exp.  224;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  276;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  309. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Mich.,  111.,  Minn.,  Neb.  and 
Mont. ;  S.  to  Tex. ,  Arizona,  N.  Mex.  and  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  N.  districts  and  to  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  cool  rills  and  springs;  aquatic. 

HERB.:  Taylor  757,  Glenwood;  Oesilund  117,  Minne- 
apolis; Herrick  201,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  202,  Minneapolis; 
Kassube  164,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  4-01,  Cannon  Falls. 

Mimulus  rinsens  LINN.     Spec.  634  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  383;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  185;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  99;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  137:  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  291;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
357;  Led.  Fl.  Eoss.  Ill,  223;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  253;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1, 
276  and  Suppl.  Syn.  II,  446;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  309. 

Kurile  Islands. 

North  America:  Cape  Breton  to  Hudson  Bay  and 
Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Neb.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  banks  of  streams  and 
shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  948,  Redwood  Falls;  Taylor  1081, 
Glenwood;  Taylor  739,  Glenwood;  Bollard  715,  Ben  ton,  Carver 
Co.;  Sheldon  689,  Waseca;  Bollard  811,  Page'lake,  Carver  Co.; 
Bollard  670,  Waconia;  Bollard  61 1,  Chaska;  Mallard  497,  Prior's 
lake,  Scott  Co.;  Oestlund  116,  Minneapolis;  Roberts  96, Stewart 
river;  Holzinger  145,  Winona  Co.;  Kassube  163,  Minneapolis; 
Herrick  200,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  116,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg 
400,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1676,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer 
165,  166,  Montevideo;  Sheldon  1086%,  Springfield. 


464  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

GRATIOLA  LINN.     Gen.  833  (1737). 

Sophronanthe  BKNTH.    Lindl.  Introd.  ed.  2,  445  (1835). 
Nibora  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  36  (1817). 
Fonkia  PHIL.    Linn.  XXX,  198  (1856). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  448;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  953;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  295;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  6,  75  (von 
Wettstein). 

Living  species:    25;   cosmopolitan,    but  especially  in 

extra-tropical  regions.  Russia,  1;  Russian  Europe,  1;  N. 
America,  13;  S.  Sts.,  10;  Rocky  mts  ,  1;  California,  2;  Canada, 
3;  E.  Sts.  5;  PL  King,  1;  PI.  Wheel.,  1;  W.  Tex.,  6. 

Gratiola  virginiana  LINN.     Spec.  17  (1753). 
G.  officinalis  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  6  (1803). 
G.  carolinensis  PERS.    Syn.  I,  14  (1805). 
G.  negkcta  TOBR.    Cat.  N.  Y.  PL  (1819). 
G.  missouriana  BECK,    Am.  Journ.  Sci.  ser.  i,  X,  258  (1826). 
Conobea  borealis  SPRENG.    Syst.  II,  771  (1825). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  384;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  185;  Coult., 
FL  Colo.  281;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  99;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  292;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  I, 
358;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  FL  Calif. I.  570;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  227;  Roth  ,  Wheel. 
Exp.  214;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  208;  Gray,  Syn.  FL  II,  1,  281;  Engl.  Wettst.,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  3,  75;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  311. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont  to  Man.,  Brit.  Col.  and  N.  W. 
T. ;  S.  to  Oregon  and  Calif. ;  S  to  Minn.,  Dak.  and  Neb.  to  Ark. ; 
E.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Nicollet  Co.;  wet 
places,  marshes  and  peat  bogs. 

HERB.:  Herrick  204,  St.  Louis  river;  Holzinger  146, 
Winona  Co. ;  Holzinger  147  and  148,  Winona  Co. 

ILYSANTHES  RAF.     Ann.  Nat.  13  (1820). 
Bonnaya  LINK  and  OTT.    PL  Sel.  25  (1840). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  458  (sub  Torenia  Linn.);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen. 
PL  II,  955;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  295;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II,  461; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  36,  80  (von  Wettstein). 

Living  species:  17;  tropical  regions,  and  N.  America 
and  Australia;  S.  Africa.  N.  America,  3;  S.  Sts.  3;  Canada, 
1;  California,  1;  E.  Sts.,  1;  W.  Tex.,  1. 

Ilysanthes  gratioloides  (LINN.)  BENTH.     DC.  Prodr.  X,  418 

(1846). 

Capraria  gratioloides  LINN.    Spec.  2  ed.  876*(1762). 
Gratiola  anagallidea  MICHX.    FL  N.  Am.  I,  5  (1803). 
G.  dilatata  MUHL.    Cat.  (1813). 
TAndemia  pyxidaria  PURSH,  FL  Am.  419  (1814). 
Herpestis  caUitrichoides  HBK.    N.  Gen.  et  Spec.  (1818). 
Ilysanthes  riparia  RAF.    Ann.  Nat.  13  (1820). 
?  Gratiola  tetragona  ELL.    Sk.  I,  15  (1821). 
G.  attenuata  SPRENG.    Syst.  I,  39(1825). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  465 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  385;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  186;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  359;  II,  348;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  100;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.294;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  571;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  137;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  208;  Gray.  Syn. 
FL  II,  1,  283;  Engl.  Wettst.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  b,  80;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  311. 

Naturalized  in  Europe;  E.  Asia;  S.  America. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Minn,  and  Ore- 
gon; S.  in  Sierra  Nevada;  U.  S.,  east  of  the  Mississippi, 
throughout. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  wet 
places  and  peat  bogs. 

HERB.:  Bollard  319,  Belle  Plaine;  Herrick  205,  Min- 
neapolis; Holzinger  149,  WinonaCo.;  Sandberg  402,  Red  Wing; 
Hohinger  150,  Winona. 

VERONICA  LINN.     Gen.  10  (1737). 
Hebe  Juss.    Gen.  105  (1786). 
Pygmaea  HOOK.  f.    N.  Zeal.  Fl.  217  (1867). 
Cymbophyllum  F.  MULL.    Hook.  Kew.  Journ.  VIII,  202  (1857). 
Leptandra  NUTT.    Gen.  I.  1  (1818). 

Dlplophyllum  LEHM.    Ges.  Nat.  Berl.  Mag.  VIII,  310(1803). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI  IX,  465;  Eenth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  964;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  297;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  PJlanz.  IV,  3  5,  85  (von  Wett- 
stein}\  Schenck,  Palaeophyt  778. 

Living  species:  200 ±;  temperate  and  colder  regions; 
richly  developed  in  mt.  districts.  Mts.  of  New  Zealand,  59; 
Europe,  75;  Russia,  55;  N.  America,  11;  E.  Sts.,  8;  S.  Sts.,  6; 
Canada,  11;  Rocky  mts.,  6;  California,  5-6;  PI.  Wheel.,  4-5;  PI. 
King,  5;  W.  Tex.,  1. 

Fossil  species:  Veronicites  in  Miocene  of  Oeningen 
(Heer). 

Veronica  peregrina  LINN.     Spec.  20  (1753). 

V.  marilandica  MURR.    Comm.  Gott.  II.  3  (1782). 
V.  caroliniana  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  61  (1788). 
V.  xalipensis  HBK.    N.  Gen.  et  Spec.  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  387;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  187;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb  137;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  295;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  283;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
100;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  362;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  572;  Forbes  and 
Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  II,  199;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  Ill,  249;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  215;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  228;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  208;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
II,  1,  288;  Engl.  v.  Wetts.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  &,  85;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  312. 

Europe;  Asia,  Japan,  China;  S.  America — Chile  to 
Patagonia. 

North  America:  Throughout  continent,  from  Arctic 
sea  to  Mexico  and  C.  America. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  except  far  W. ;  waste 
ground. 

-30 


466  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  517,  Long  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  430, 
Janesville;  Kassube  168,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  120,  Ramsey 
Co. ;  Holzinger  154,  Winona;  Her  rick  208,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg 
408,  Goodhue  Co. 

Yeronica  scutellata  LINN.     Spec.  16  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  387;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  187;  Mac.,  Fl- 
Can.  I,  361;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  100;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  282;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  I,  572;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  244;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt. 
Brit.  302;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  96;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  287;  Hart.,  Fl. 
Scand.  I,  111;  Engl.  v.  Wetts.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  b,  86. 

Europe:  Arctic  to  S.  Russia  and  westward;  Siberia 
and  N.  Africa. 

North  America:  Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Can.  and  N.  to  56°  N. 
lat;  S.  to  Oregon,  N.  Calif.,  Minn.,  Mont.,  N.  Eng.,  and  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:    Forest  district;  rare;  bogs  and  marshes. 

HERB.:  Holzinger  152,  Winona  Co.;  Bailey  99,  Ver- 
milion lake;  Holzinger  153,  Winona. 

Veronica  americana  SCHWEIN.     Herb.  Hook.,  DC.  Prodr. 
X,  460  (1846). 

V.  beccabunga  Auct.  Amer.  Vet. 

V.  intermedia  SCHWEIN.    Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ser.  I,  VIII,  268  (1824). 
V.  anagallis  BONG.    Veg.  Sitka  (1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  386;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  187;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  360;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  137;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  100;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  572;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  282;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  287: 
Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  215;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  227;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  208;  Engl. 
v.  Wetts.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  b,  86. 

North  America:  Anticosti,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Pac.;  N.  to 
Athabasca  and  Sitka;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.;  W.  to  Mont,  Dak., 
Colo.,  N.  Hex.;  S.  in  Calif . 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  frequent;  springs,  rills 
and  ditches. 

HERB.:  MacMillan  14,  Glenwood;  Taylor  754,  Glen- 
wood;  Ballard  107,  Carver;  Bollard  627,  Chaska;  Sheldon  721, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Eoberts  98,  Beaver  bay;  Holzinger  151,  Winona 
Co.;  Sandberg  406,  Cannon  Falls;  Kassube  167,  Minneapolis; 
Herrick  207,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  119,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg 
407,  Chisago  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1760,  Ramsey  Co. 

Veronica  anagallis  LINN.     Spec.  16  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  386;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  187;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  136;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  H60;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  100;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  282;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  572;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1.  287; 
Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  II,  198;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill, 
236;  Hook..  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  302;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Ross.  96;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
227;  Engl.  Wettst.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  6,  86;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I.  111. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  467 

Europe,  except  arctic  reg. ;  Russ.  to  Caucasus,  Sib., 
Dahuria,  Kamtk.  and  China;  N.  Africa;  intro.  ?  in  S.  America. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont. ,  Owen  Sound.  L.  Su- 
perior reg.,  N.  W.  T.,  Rockies  and  coast  of  Brit.  Col.;  S.  to 
Oregon;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  springs,  rills  and  ditch- 
es; aquatic  or  semi-aquatic. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  998,  Long  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Kassube 
166,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  405,  Cannon  Falls. 

Veronica  virginica  LINN.     Spec.  9  (1753). 
V.  sibirica  LINN.    Spec.  2  ed.  12  (1762). 
Leptandra  virginica  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  7  (1818). 
L.  purpurea  RAF.    Med.  Bot.  59  (1830). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  386;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  186;'  Mac.r 
Fl.  Can.  I,  360;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  137;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  100;  Chap.,  Fl.  S, 
St.  295;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  II,  200;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  208;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  II,  1,  286;  Engl.  Wettst.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  b,  85. 
Japan,  China  and  E.  Siberia. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Man.,  Minn,  and  Neb.;  S.  to 
Vt,  N.  J.  and  Alab. ;  W.  to  Kan.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  rich  woods  and 
river  banks. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  764,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  665,  Waseca; 
Sheldon  1096,  Springfield;  Sheldon  1348,  Lake  Benton;  Bollard 
510,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  985,  Glenwood;  Bollard  312, 
Belle  Plaine;  Bollard  691,  Waconia;  Taylor  985a,  Glenwood; 
Herrick  206,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  165,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund 
118,  Minneapolis;  Leonard  32,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  404,  Good- 
hue  Co. ;  Herb.  Sheld.  1645,  Minneapolis. 

SYNTHYRIS  BENTH.     DC.  Prodr.  X,  454  (1846). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  466;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  963;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  296;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  b,  87  (von 
Wettstein). 

Living  species:  7;  mts.  of  W.  N.  America;  1,  in  E. 
Sts.  Rocky  mts.,  4;  California,  2;  Illinois  and  Minn.,  1. 

Synthyris  hougntoniana  BENTH.     DC.  Prodr.^X,  454  (1846). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  386;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  100; 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  286. 

North  America:  Minn,  to  Mich.;  S.  to  111.,  Mo.  and 
Ind. 

Minn,  valley:    N.  E.  districts;  beside  springs  or  edges 
of  bogs;  infrequent.    Not  found  on  "hills  or  ridges"  very  often. 
HERB.  :    Holtz  4,  Cedar  lake,  Hennepin  Co. ;   Sandbery 
403,  Red  Wing. 


468  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

OERARDIA  LINN.     Gen.  503  (1737). 

Virgularia  R.  and  P.    Prodr.  Per.  92  (1794). 
Dasystoma  RAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  99  (1819). 
Otophylla  BENTH.    DC.  Prodr.  X,  515  (1846). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  468;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  972;  Durand, 
2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  298;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  6,  92  (von 
Wettstein). 

Living  species:  30;  N.  and  S.  America,  especially  in 
extra- tropical  regions.  N.  America,  23;  S.  Sts.,  10;  E.  Sts., 
13;  Canada,  6;  PL  Wheel.,  1;  Rocky  mts.,  2;  W.  Tex.,  8. 

Gerardia  pedicularia  LINN.     Spec.  611  (1753). 

Dasystoma  pedicularia  BENTH.    DC.  Prodr.  X,  521  (1846). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  389;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  189;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  363;  Uphani,  Fl.  Minn.  101;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  209;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
II,  1,  291;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  298;  Engl.  v.  Wetts.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  b,  93. 
North  America:    Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W. 
to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  infrequent;  thickets  and 
dry  woods. 

HERB.  :  Herrick  211,  Minneapolis. 

Gerardia    grandiflora    BENTH.      Comp.   Bot.   Mag.   I,  206 
(1835). 

Dasystoma  drummondii  BENTH.    DC.  Prodr.  X,  521  (1846). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  389;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  101;  Cov., 
Fl.  Ark.  208;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  291;  Engl.  v.  Wetts.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3 
6,93;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  314. 

North  America:  Wise.,  S. .Minn.,  Iowa  to  Tenn.  and 
Tex. ;  W.  to  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  rare  or  doubtful;  no 
Minn,  specimens  seen. 

Gerardia  virginica  (LiNN.)  B.  S.  P.     Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Rhinanthus  virginicus  LINN.    Spec.  841  (1753). 
Gerardia  flava  LINN.    Herb. 
G.  quercifolia  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  423  (1814). 
G.  glauca  SPRENGK    Syst.  II,  807  (1825). 
Dasystoma  quercifolia  BENTH.    DC.  Prodr.  X,  521  (1846). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  389;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  189;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  101;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  209?;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  291;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  298. 

North  America:    Ont.  and  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla. ; 

W.  to  Minn.,  111.,  Ark.?  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  edge;  doubtful  or 
rare;  no  Minn,  specimens  seen. 

Gerardia  auriculata  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  20  (1803). 
Seymeria  auriculata  SPRENG.    Syst.  II,  810  (1825). 
Otophylla  michauxii  BENTH.    DC.  Prodr.  X,  512  (1846). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  469 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  389;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  189;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  101;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  208;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  292;  Engler  v. 
Wetts.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  6,  93. 

North  America:  Penn.  to  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W.  to 
Minn. ,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district;  infrequent;  low  or 
moist  ground  near  bases  of  hills. 

Gerardia  aspera  DOUGL.     Benth.  DC.  Prodr.  X,  520  (1846). 

G.  longifolia  BENTH.    Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  I,  208  (1835). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  390;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  136;  Mac.. 
Fl.  Can.  I,  363;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  283;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  101;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
208;  Gray,   Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  292;  Engl.  v.  Wetts.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  36,  92; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  314. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  and  Red  valleys  to 
Minn. ,  Dak. ,  Neb. ,  Ark.  and  Tex. ;  E.  to  Mich,  and  Ind. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  W.  and  W. ;  damp  or  dry  places  on 
prairie. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1074%,  Winona  lake,  Douglas  Co.; 
Sheldon  1363,  Lake  Benton;  Sandberg  410,  Red  Wing. 

tierardia  purpurea  LINN.     Spec.  610  (1753)  in  part. 

G.  mantima  var.  major  CHAP.    Fl.  S.  St.  300  (1860). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  390;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.   J.  138;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  363;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  100;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  136;  Gray,  Syn- 
Fl.  II,  1,  293;  Engl.  v.  Wetts.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  3  b,  92;  Coult.  Fl.  Tex.  314. 
North  America:     S.  Ont.  and  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  N.  J. 
and  Fla.,  also  in  Cuba;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Miss,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  on  higher  levels;  level 
ground  or  hillsides. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1038,  Glenwood;  Kassube  169,  Minne- 
apolis; Herrick  209,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  409,  Red  Wing;  the 
following  are  var.  paupercula  Gray;  Bollard  844,  Patterson 
lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard  807,  Goose  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1659,  Minneapolis. 

Gerardia  tenuifolia  VAHL,     Symb.  Ill,  79  (1807). 

G.  purpurea  LINN.    Spec.  610  (1753)  in  part. 
?  G.  erecta  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  170  (1788). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  390;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  188;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  136;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  364,  571;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  283;  Chap.,  FL 
S.  St.  300;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  101;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  209;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II.  1, 
294  and  Suppl.  Syn.  II,  452. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.  and  Minn.;  S.  to  N. 
J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Mich.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  frequent;  woods  and  hill- 
sides. 


470  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  1066,  Winona  lake,  Douglas  Co. ;  Shel- 
don lJf.68,  Pipestone  City;  Sheldon  1564,  Lake  Benton;  Oestlund 
121,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Holzinger  155  Winona  Co. ;  HerricTc  210, 
Minneapolis;  Winchell  24,  Richfield;  Sandberg  411,  Goodhue 
Co.;  Sandberg  412,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1667,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Moyer  167,  Chippewa  river  near  Montevideo. 

Gerardia  tenuifolia  VAHL,  var.  asperula  GRAY,    Bot.  Gaz. 
IV,  153  (1877). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  390;  Gray,  Syn.  Suppl.  II,  452. 
North  America:     Mich,  and  Ind.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 
Minn,    valley:     Reported  from  E.  edge  and  S.  E.  dis- 
trict; dry  woods  and  hills. 

CASTILLEJA  LINN.  f.     Suppl.  47  (1781). 

Eucliroma  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  54  (1818). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  482;  Benth.and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  973;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  298. 

Living  species:  35-40;  N.  and  S.  America  and  N.  Asia. 
N.  America,  25;  California,  12-15;  S.  Sts.,  1;  Rocky  mts.,  10; 
Canada,  6-7;  E.  Sts.,  3;  PL  Wheel.  7;  PI.  King,  5;  several  sp.  in 
Mexico;  only  2  in  S.  America;  1,  Brazil;  1,  Andes  region;  cen- 
ters in  W.  N.  America;  W.  Tex.,  7. 

Castilleja  sessiliflora  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  738  (1814). 
Euchroma  grandiftora  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  55  (1818). 
Castilleja  grandiftora  SPRENG.     Syst.  II,  775  (1825). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  391;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  366;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  101;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  285;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  457;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
II,  1,  298  and  Suppl.  Syn.  II,  452;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  316. 

North  America :     Assiniboia  to  Wise. ,  Minn. ,  111. ,  Dak. , 
Tex.,  N.  Mex.  and  Mexico;  W.  to  Mont,  and  Calif.  (S.  region). 
Minn,  valley:     Prairie   district,    especially  W. ;    high 
sterile  knolls  and  edges. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1391,  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  831.  Glen- 
wood;  Sandberg  415,  Goodhue  Co.;  Leiberg  46,  "Minnesota;" 
Herb.  W ickersheim  92,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  168, 
Montevideo. 

Castilleja  pallida  (LiNN.)  KUNTH,  var.  acuminata  (PURSH). 
Bartsia  acuminata  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  429  (1814). 
Castilleja  acuminata  SPRENG.    Syst.  II,  774  (1825). 
G.  septentrionalis  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  925(1836-46). 
C.  pallida  var.  septentrionalis  GRAY,    Bot.  Calif.  I,  573  (1876). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  391;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  365,572;  Up- 
ham, Fl.  Minn.  101;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  284;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  297;  Nym., 
Fl.  Eur.  (spec.);  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  (spec.)  89;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross,  (spec.)  Ill,  257; 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  471 

Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  (spec.)  96;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  7,  216;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  229,  456. 

The  species  ranges  through  Siberia  and  N.  Europe. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Arctic  sea,  Rock- 
ies and  Oregon;  S.  to  N.  Eng.  mts. ;  S.  to  Dak.,  Minn.,  Mont.; 
S.  in  Rockies  to  Colo,  and  Utah. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  Leaf  hills  district;  rare 
or  doubtful;  high,  sterile  knolls. 

Castilleja  coccinea  (LINN.)  SPRENG.     Syst.  II,  775  (1825). 
Bartsia  coccinea  LINN,    Spec.  602  (1753). 
Eucliroma  coccinea  NTJTT.    Gen.  II,  55  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  390;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  189;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  364;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  101;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  456;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  209;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  295;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  315. 

North  America:  Ont,  Gt.  lakes  to  Man.  and  Minn.; 
S.  to  Maine,  N.  J. ,  Tenn.  and  W.  to  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  rare  W.  of  this  region; 
openings  in  woodland. 

HERB.:  Taylor  345,  Janesville;  Bollard  257,  Jordan, 
Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  514,  Waseca;  Bollard  462,  Prior's  lake,  Scott 
Co.;  Sandberg  413,  Red  Wing;  Sandberg  414,  Cannon  Falls; 
Oesllund  122,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Kassube  170,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger 
156,  Winona  Co. ;  Herrick  212,  St.  Louis  river;  Bailey  302,  St. 
Louis  river;  Herrick  213,  Minneapolis;  Hammond  26,  Lake 
City;  Herb.  Sheld.  1722,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1761,  Ram- 
sey Co. 

PEDICULABIS  LINN.     Gen.  513  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IX,  477;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  978;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  299. 

Living  species:  135  ±  ;  Europe;  temperate  and  N.  Asia; 
N.  America;  East  Indies.  Russia,  60;  Europe,  45;  Russian 
Europe,  18;  N.  America,  30;  Canada,  19;  E.  Sts.,  3;  California, 
6;  PI,  Wheel.,  6;  PL  King,  3;  Rocky  mts.,  8;  S.  Sts.,  2. 

Pedicularis  lanceolata  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  18  (1803). 
P.  virginica  Pom.    Enc.  Meth.  V,  126  (1804). 
P.  pallida  and  resupinata  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  424  (1814). 
P.  o.uriculata  SM.    ex  Benth.  DC.  Prodr.  x,  577  (1846). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  393;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  190;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  102;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  369,  572:  Chap.,  Fl  S.  St.  301;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  II,  1,  307. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Man.,  Minn.,  Neb.;  S.  to 
Conn.,  N.  J.,  Va.  and  N.  Car?;  W.  to  Iowa  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  especially  W.  and  S.  W. 
districts;  marshes  and  swamps. 


472  MBTASPERMAE    OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.:  Taylor  958,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1036,  Sleepy 
Eye;  Taylor  1022,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1523,  Lake  Benton;  Shel- 
don 1314,  Verdi,  Lincoln  Co.;  Kassube  172,  Minneapolis;  Holz- 
inger  157,  Winona  Co. ;  Leiberg  47,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Oestlund  124> 
Minneapolis;  Sandberg  417,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1669, 
Minneapolis. 

Pedicularis  canadensis  LINN.     Mant.  86  (1767). 
P.  gladiata  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  18  (1803). 
P.  aequinoctialis  HBK.    N.  Gen.  et  Spec.  II,  332  (1817). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  392;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  189;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  1,  369,  572;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  209;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  102;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  287;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  30!:  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  307;  Webb.,  Appx. 
:Neb.  38. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.  and 
Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Dak.,  Neb.,  Colo,  in  mts. ;  S.  to  Ark.  and  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  frequent;  banks  of  streams 
and  edges  of  copses  or  woods. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1313,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  523,  Wa- 
seca;  Sheldon  650,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co. ;  Taylor  113,  Janesville; 
Taylor  113a,  Janesville;  Taylor  769,  Glenwood;  Oestlund  123, 
Minneapolis;  Herrick  214,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  171,  Minne- 
apolis; Sandberg  416,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1712,  Ramsey 
Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1906,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  93, 
Mankato;  Herb.  Moyer  169,  Black  Oak,  Chippewa  Co. 

MELAMPYRUM  LINN.     Gen.  507  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  IX,  483;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  Plant.  II,  679;  Du- 
rand.  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  299. 

Living  species:  10;  Europe;  most  Asia;  1  sp.  N.  Amer- 
ica. Russia,  6;  Japan,  2;  Europe,  6. 

Melampyrum  lineare  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  IV,  23  (1797). 
M.  americanum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  16  (1803). 
M.  latifoUum  MUHL.    Cat.  (1813). 
M.  brachiatum  SCHWEIN.    Keat.  Narr.  115  (1825). 
M.  sylvaticum  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Arn.  II,  106  (1840). 
M.  pratense  var.  americanum  BENTH.    DC.  Prodr.  X,  584  (1846). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  393;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  190;   Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  372;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  102;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  302;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  II,  1,  310;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  209. 

North  America:  Anticosti,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to 
Coast  range,  Brit.  Col.;  S.  to  Minn.,  Iowa  and  Ark.;  E.  to  Atl. 
and  mts.  of  Ga. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  rare  or  local;  rich  woods 
along  streams  or  near  lakes. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PROlJUCING   PLANTS.  473 

HERB.:  Bailey  193,  Vermilion  lake;  Roberts  99,  Duluth; 
Roberts  100,  Minnesota  Point. 

MONNIERA  P.  BR.     Hist.  Jam.  (1756). 

Bramia  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  I,  459  (1783). 

Mella  VAND.    Lusit.  Fl.  43  (1788). 

Septas  LOUR.    CochiDch.  392  (1790). 

Heptas  MEISSN.    Gen.  PI.  293  (1836). 

Mecardonia  and  Calytriplex  R.  and  P.    Prodr.  Per.  95,  96  (1794). 

Caconapea  and  Bavaria  CHAM.    Linn.  VIII,  28,  30  (1834). 

Cardiolophus  GRIFF.    Notul.  IV,  105(1851). 

Anisocalyx  HANCE,     Walp.  Ann.  Ill,  195  (1854). 

Herpestis  GAERTN.    Fmct.  Ill,  186  (1805). 

Ranapalus  KELL.    Gal.  Acad.  Sci.  VII,  113  (1886). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  449;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  951;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  295;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II,  462. 

Living  species :  50  ±  ;  tropical  and  subtropical  regions 
and  extra- tropical  in  N.  America  and  Chile.  N.  America,  6-7; 
S.  Sts.,  5-6;  E.  Tex.,  2;  California,  1;  W.  Tex.,  4, 

Monniera  rotundifolia  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  22  (1803). 
Herpestis  rotundifolia  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  418  (1814). 
Ranapalus  eiseni  KELL.     Proc.  Acad.  Calif.  VII,  113  (1886). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  384;  Chap.,  Suppl.  S.  St.  635;  Gray, 
Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  280;  Suppl.  Syn.  II,  451;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  310. 

North  America:  111.,  Minn,  and  Mo.  to  Tenn.,  Tex.,  S. 
Car.  and  Ga.?  Fresno  Co.,  Calif.;  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:  Local  in  Lac  Qui  Parle  Co.;  wet  places 
in  prairies. 

HERB.  :  Moyer  3,  Cerro  Gordo,  Lac  Qui  Parle  Co. ;  Herb. 
Moyer  170,  Cerro  Gordo,  Lac  Qui  Parle  Co. 


XCVII.    LENTIBULARIACEAE.    Bladderwort 
Family. 

Lindl.,  Veg.  King.  686  (1846);  Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  728  (1836-40); 
Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  PL  II,  986  (1876);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  XI,  347, 
Utriculariaceae  (1892). 

Genera:    4;  temperate  and  tropical  regions;  except  in 
arid  districts. 

Species:    200  ±;  160 ±,  in  Utricularia  alone. 

UTRICULARIA  LINN.     Gen.  15  (1737). 

Lentibularia  VAILL.    ex  Durand  1.  c.  (1888). 
Akentra  BENJ.    Linn.  XX,  319  (1846). 
Diurospermum  EDJW.    Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  351  (1847). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  987;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Plian.  300;  Bail- 
Ion,  Hist.  PL  XI,  352. 


474  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Living  species:  160 ±;  temperate  and  warmer  regions; 
N.  America,  15;  Canada,  8;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  E.  Sts.,  12;  S.  Sts., 
10;  California,  3-4;  PL  King,  2;  W.  Texas,  6;  Europe,  5; 
Russia,  3-4. 

Utricularia  cornuta  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  12  (1803). 

U.  personata  LE  CONTE,    Ann.  Lye.  1ST.  Y.  I,  73  (1824). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  397;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  192;   Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  376;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  98;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  283;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
II,  1,  317  and  Suppl.  II,  455;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  317. 
Cuba  and  Brazil. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Anticosti,  N.  S.  to  L.  Superior 
reg.  and  Minn. ;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Iowa  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district  and  N. 
edge;  forest  pools  or  lakes;  floating  or  rooting  in  the  mud. 

Utricularia  intermedia  HAYNE,    Schrad.  Journ.  I,  18  (1799). 

U.  millefolium  NUTT.    ex  TORR.  Fl.  N.  Y.  II,  21  (1843). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  397;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  191;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  98;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  375,  573;   Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  II, 
223;  Led.,  Fl.Ross.  Ill,  2;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  312;  Herd., 
Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  84;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  316;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  123. 

Northern  Europe  to  Alps;  N.  Asia  to  Japan  and  China. 
North  America:    Newf.,  Anticosti,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont. 
to  S.  Man.,  Brit.  Col.,  Selkirks  and  Rockies;  S.  to  Plumas  Co., 
Calif. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J. ,  and  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

Minn,  valley:    S.   and  S.  W.  districts;   rare;    perhaps 
throughout  forest  district;  floating  on  pools  and  lakes. 
HERB.  :  Sheldon  101,  LakerCustan,  Le  Sueur  Co. 

Utricularia  minor  LINN.     Spec.  18  (1753). 
U.  estacea  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  118  (1840). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  396;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo  290;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  138;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  98;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  586; 
Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  375,  II,  348;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  2;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;.  Hook., 
Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  312;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Kuss.  84;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  215;  Gray, 
Syn.  Fl.  II,  315  and  Suppl.  Syn.  II,  455;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  1,  123. 

Europe,  except  Spain,  Greece  and  Turkey;  N.  Africa; 
N.  Asia  to  Ural  and  Altai  Sib. 

North  America:  Greenland  to  Saskatchewan,  Brit. 
Col.  and  Prince  Edward  Isl. ;  S.  in  mts.  to  Nev.  and  Utah;  S. 
to  E.  Mass,  and  N.  J. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  infrequent;  floating  on 
quiet  pools  and  lakes. 

HERB.  :    Roberts  94,  Duluth. 

Utricularia  vulgaris  LINN.     Spec.  18  (1753). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  396;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  191;  Upham, 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PKODUCING   PLANTS.  475 

Fl.  Minn.  98;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  138;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  282;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
290;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  375;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  586;  Hook.,  Fl. 
Gt.  Brit.  312;  Nym.  Fl.  Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  Ill,  1;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ. 
84;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  214;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark  209;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  315;  Hart., 
Fl.  Scand.  I,  122;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  317. 

Most  Europe;  Russia;  Siberia;  Dahuria;  N.  Africa. 

North  America:  Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Can.  and  far  IS.  on 
Mackenzie;  S.  in  Sierra  Nevada  to  Calif.;  in  Rockies  to  N. 
Mex.  and  Tex. ;  E.  throughout  U.  S. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  perhaps  throughout; 
floating  on  still  pools  or  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  679,  Waconia;  Bollard  435,  Prior's 
lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  810,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Holzinger 
143,  Winona  Co. ;  Sandberg  396,  Vasa;  Oestlund  114,  Minneap- 
olis; Roberis  93,  Stuart  river;  Arthur  62.  Vermilion  lake;  Reed 
1,  Dakota  Co. ;  Sheldon  346,  Smith's  Mill,  Blue  Earth  Co. 


XCVIII.     OROBANCHACEAE.     Broom-Rape 
Family, 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  725  (1836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant. 
II,  980  (1876). 

Genera:  11-12;  extra-tropical  regions  and  a  few  within 
the  tropics. 

Species:  175±;  Europe,  N.  Africa,  Asia  and  America. 

APHYLLON     MITCH.     Act.  Phys.  Med.  Cur.  VIII,  221  (1748). 

Gyinnocaulis  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  59  (1818). 

Anoplanthus  ENDL.    p.  p.  Gen.  727  (1840). 

Anoploii  WALLR.    ex  Durand,  1.  c.  (1888). 

Phillipoea  REUT.    DC.  Prodr.  XI,  11  (1849)  Amer.  Spec. 

Myzorliiza  PHILLIPI.    Linn.  XXIX,  36  (1855). 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  983;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  300. 

Living  species:  N.  America  to  Mexico,  10;  Canada, 
5;  California,  6-7;  S.  Sts.,  1;  Rocky  nits.,  4;  PI.  King,  2; 
Wheel.;  2;  E.  Sts.,  3;  W.  Tex.,  3. 

Aphyllon  ludovicianum   (NUTT.)  GRAY,    Bot.  Calif.   I,  584 
(1876). 

Orobanche  ludovidana  NUTT.    Gen.  II.  58  (1818). 
Phelipoea  ludwiciana  WALP.    Rep.  Ill,  480  (1844-1845). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  395;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  137;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  98;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  373;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.,  289;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
II.  1,  313  and  Suppl.  Syn.  II,  455;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  316. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan,  Assiniboia,  Brit.  Col., 
Vancouver;  S.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  Arizona  and  Tex.;  E.  to  Minn 
and  111. 


476  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Local  in  Nicollet  Co.;  root-parasitic  in 
sandy  ground. 

Aphyllon  fasciculatum    (NUTT.  )  GRAY,      Man.  ed.  1,  290 

(1848). 

Orobanche  fasciculata  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  59  (1818). 
Phelipoea  fasciculata  SPBENG.    Syst.  II,  218  (1825). 
Anoplanthus  fasciculatus  WALP.    Eep.  Ill,  480  (1844-1845). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  395;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  289;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  98;  Webb.,Fl.  Neb,  138;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  584; 
Roth.,  Wheel,  Exp.  176,217;  Wats,,  King  Sxp.  215;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  312. 
North  America:     Assiniboia  to  Brit.  Col.;  S.  to  Calif. 
and  Arizona;  E.  to  Minn.,  Mich,  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  districts;  rooting  on  shrubs  and 
herbs  along  ledges  of  granite;  rare. 

Aphyllon  uniflorum  (LiNN.)  GRAY,     Man.  ed.  1,  290  (1848), 
Orobanche  uniflora  LINN.    Spec.  882  (1753). 
O.  biflora  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  59  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  394;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  190;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  138;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  289;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  372;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
287;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  584;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  215;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  209;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  312;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  316. 

North  America:  Newf.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.,  L.  Superior  reg., 
Brit.  Col.  to  Vancouver;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Va.  and  Fla., 
W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Tex. ;  Pac.  region  to  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  woods;  rare;  a  root- 
parasite. 

HERB.  :    Kassube  159,  Minneapolis. 

XC1X.  PLANTAGINACEAE.   Plantain  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  346  (1836-40);  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant. 
II,  1223  (1876);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  274  (1888). 
Genera:    3;  cosmopolitan. 
Species:    150-175;  all  but  two  in  Plantago. 

PL  ANT  AGO  LINN.     Gen.  77  (1737). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  1224;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  330;. 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  IX,  279. 

Living  species:  200 4-  described;  to  be  reduced;  cos- 
mopolitan. Europe,  43;  Russia,  27;  European  Russia,  10;  N. 
America,  15;  S.  Sts.,  10;  Rocky  mts.,  4-5;  E.  Sts.,  10;  Canada,. 
11-12;  Calif,  and  Pac.  coast,  10;  PL  King,  4;  PL  Wheel.,  2;  W. 
Tex.,  5. 

Plantago   patagonica   JACQ.    var.   gnaphalioides    (NUTT.  > 
GRAY,     Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  391  (1886). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  477 

P.  ynaphalioides  NUTT.    Gen.  I,  100  (1818). 
P.  lagopus  PURSH,    Fl.  99  (1814)  not  Linn. 
P.  purshii  R.  and  S.    Syst.  Ill,  120  (1818). 
P.  hookeriana  F.  and  M.    Ind.  Sem.  Petrop.  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  424;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  393;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  140;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  96;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  300;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  I,  611  (spec.);  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  225;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  213: 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  213;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  391;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  344. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan,  Assiniboia  to  S.  Brit. 
Col.;  S.  to  Calif,  and  Tex.;  E.  to  Neb.,  Ark.,  Ind.,  Minn, 
and  Ky. 

Minn,  valley:  Prairie  districts  especially  in  rocky 
regions;  on  high,  sterile  knolls  or  ledges. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  436,  Smith's  Mills,  Blue  Earth  Co. ; 
Sheldon  214,  New  Ulm;  Bollard  241,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor 
177,  Janesville;  Sheldon  1445,  Pipestone  City;  Leiberg  49,  Blue 
Earth  Co. :  Leiberg  50,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  177,  Rock 
Cut,  near  Montevideo. 

Plantago  rugelii  DECN.     DC.  Prodr.  XIII,  695  (1849). 
P.  major  ELL.    Sk.  I,  201  (1821). 
P.  kamtschatica  HOOK.    Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  II,  61  (1835). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  423;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  203;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  96;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  140;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  392,  574;   Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  277;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  213;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  390;  Coult ,  Fl.  Tex.  344. 
North  America:     Q.,  Ont.  to  Vt.,  Minn,  and  Neb.;  S. 
to  Ga.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  W. ;  banks  of 
streams  and  lakes.  ' 

HERB.  :  Bollard  270,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Herrick  219, 
Minneapolis;  Leiberg  48,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Plantago  major  LINN.     Spec.  113  (1753). 

P.  major  var.  minima  DECN.  DC.  Prodr.  XIII,  695  (1849). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  423;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  203;  Coult.. 
Fl.  Colo.  299;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  96;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  140;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
277;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  611;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  391;  Led.,  FL 
Ross.  Ill,  476;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  288;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Griseb.,  Fl.  W. 
I;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  256m  var.;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  106;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  225;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  213;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1.  389;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand. 
I,  132;  Coult  Fl.  Tex.  344. 

N.  Africa;-  Europe;  N.  and  W.  Asia  to  China?. 

North  America:  L.  Superior  to  Brit.  Col. ;  S.  to  Minn, 
and  Oregon;  intro.  from  W.  Europe  in  E.  U.  S.  and  adventive 
also  in  W.  Indies,  Brazilian  and  other  S.  American  ports. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  moist  soil,  door-yards, 
roadsides  and  edges  of  streams. 


478  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  875,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  367?,  Janes- 
ville;  Taylor  691,  Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  164,  Janesville;  Bal- 
lard  513,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Sheldon  873,  Sleepy  Eye; 
Bollard  681,  Waconia.  (The  last  two  are  perhaps  var.  asiatica 
Decn.)-,  Oesttund  230,  Hennepin  Co.;  Sandberg  422,  Cannon 
Falls;  Oestlund  131,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  258a,  St.  Louis  river; 
Sandberg  423,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Bollard  998,  St.  Paul;  Herb.  Sheld. 
187,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  176,  Montevideo. 

C.     RUBIACEAE.     Madder  Family. 

Encilicher,  Gen.  PI.  520  (1836-40);  Lindl.,  V<y.  King.  761  (1846)— Gin- 
chonaceae;  Lindl.,  1.  c.  768  (1846)— Galiaceae;  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen. 
Plant.  II,  7  (1873);  Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  257  (1880);  Schumann  in  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  4,  1  (1891). 

Genera:  300 ±;  tropical  regions;  sparingly  in  temper- 
ate zones;  N.  rather  than  S.  and  particularly  in  W.  hemisphere; 
343  gen.  (Schumann)',  197  (Baillon)',  337  (B.  and  H.). 

Species:  4500  ±,  a  few  temperate  or  circumpolar. 

HOUSTONIA  LINN.     Gen.  70  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  326  (sub  Oldenlandia  Linn.);  Benth.  and  Hook., 
Gen.  PL  II,  60;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  174;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  4,  27  (Schumann). 

Living  species:  20 ±;  W.  N.  America  and  Mexico.  E. 
Sts.,  6-7;  S.  Sts.  6;  W.  Tex.,  10. 

Houstonia  purpurea  LINN.    var.   ciliolata  (TORR.)  GRAY, 
Man.  5  ed.  212  (1867). 

H.  ciliolata  TORR.    Fl.  U.  S.  I,  174  (1824). 
Hedyotis  ciliolata  TORR.    Sprenp.  Syst.  Cur.  Post.  40  (1827). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  223;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  199;  Upham. 
PL  Minn.  68;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2, 26;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  159? 

North  America:  Ont.,  Niagara  river  and  L.  Huron  to 
Minn,  and  Ky. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  edge;  infrequent; 
woods  and  banks. 

HERB.:  V  Sandberg  264,  Moose  lake;  Sandberg  265, 
N.  Pac.  Junction. 

Houstonia  purpurea  LINN.  var.  longifolia  (GAERTN.)  GRAY, 
Man.  5  ed.  212  (1867). 

H.  longifolia  GAERTN.    Fruct.  I,  226  (1788). 
H.  angustifolia  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  106  (1814)  in  part. 
Hedyotis  longifolia  HOOK.     Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  286  (1833). 
Oldenlandia  purpurea  var.  longifolia  CHAPM.    Fl.  S.  St.  2  ed.  181 
(1887). 

Wats,  and  Coult,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  223;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J.  125;  Mac.,  FL 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  479 

Can.  1,  200,  540;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  67;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  188;  Engl.  Schu- 
mann, Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  4,  27;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  26;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  159?. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Man.  and  Assiniboia. ;  N.  W. 
T. ;  S.  to  Maine,  N.  J,  and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley :  Throughout ;  woods  and  banks  of  streams. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1222,  Red  Stone,  near  New  Ulm;  Bol- 
lard 279,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Bailey  474,  Agate  bay;  Gedge  6, 
Granite  Falls;  Roberts  56,  Kettle  river;  Sheldon  1622,  Taylor's 
Falls;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  20,  Brainerd,  Herb.  Moyer  104,  Granite 
Falls;  105,  Montevideo. 

GALITTM  LINN.     Gen.  65  (1737). 
Aparine  LINN.    Gen.  64  (1737). 

Microphysa  SCHBENK.    Bull.  Acad.  Petr.  II,  115  (1860). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  259  (sub  EuUa  Linn.);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.. 
PI  II,  149;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Pfian.  186;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  785. 

Living  species:  300  described;  175  distinct.  Russia,. 
50;  Europe,  100;  Russian  Europe,  20;  North  America,  35;  Can- 
ada, 15;  Rocky  mts.,  6-7;  S.  Sts.,  9;  California,  13;  E.  Sts.,  13; 
PI.  King,  8;  PL  Wheel.,  4;  W.  Tex.,  9;  all  temperate  and  warmer 
regions. 

Fossil  species:  1;  Greenland,  Tertiary  (Heer). 

Galium  trifiorum  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  80  (1803). 
G.  suaveolens  WAHL.    Fl.  Lapp.  48  (1812). 
G.  cuspidatum  MUHL.    Cat.  15  (1813). 
G.  brachiatum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  103  (1814). 
G.  pennsylvanicum  BART.    Fl.  Phil.  83  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  227;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  126;  Mac.. 
Fl.  Can.  I,  202;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  174;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  127;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb! 
142;  Wats.,Fl.  Calif.  II,  284;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  67;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Led., 
Fl.  Ross.  II,  413;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  62;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  135;  Cov  , 
Fl.  Ark.  188;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  39;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  65. 
Europe;  Asia  to  Japan. 

North  America:  Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Can.;  to  lat.  58°  N. 
on  Peace  river;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  Fla.  and  Miss.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Neb.,  Colo,  and  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  woods  and  along  river 
banks;  rare  far  W. ;  rich  woods. 

HERB.:  Bollard  332,  Belle  Plaine;  Bollard  699,  Wa- 
conia;  Taylor  822,  Glenwood;  Taylor  237,  Janesville;  Sheldon  234, 
"Lake  Washington,  Le  Sueur  Co.;  Sheldon  809,  Sigel  township, 
Brown  Co. ;  Oestlund  82,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Bailey  330,  St.  Louis  river; 
Bailey  210,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  505,  Agate  bay;  Roberts  55, 
Duluth;  Bailey  44,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  261,  Chisago  Co. 


480  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Galium  asprellum  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  78  (1803). 
G.  pennsylvanicum  MUHL.    Cat.  15  (.1813). 
G.  spinulosum  RAF.    Prec.  Decouv.  40  (1814). 
G.  micranthum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  103  (1814)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  227;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  126;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  201;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  142;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  67;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib. 
63  in  var.;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  393;  Gray,  Syn.  PI.  I,  2,  39. 
E.  Sib.;  Japan;  Manchuria. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.  and  N.  Car. ;  W.  to  Man. ,  Minn. ,  Neb.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  damp  thickets  or  edges  of 
wooded  swamps. 

HERB.:  Taylor  234,  Janesville;  Arthur  72,  Vermilion 
lake;  Sandberg  258,  Goodhue  Co.;  Herrick  133,  Minneapolis; 
Bailey  356,  Mud  river. 

(ialiimi  concinnum  T.  and  G.     Fl.  II,  23  (1841). 

?  G.  parviflorum  RAF.    Med.  Repos.  V,  360  (1808). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  227;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  126;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  67;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb,  142;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  188;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I, 
2,38. 

North  America:  N.  J.,  Penn.  to  Va.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Cottonwood  valley 
and  N.  W.  district;  dry  places  in  woods  or  thickets. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  626,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  241,  Tur- 
tle lake,  Le  Sueur  Co. ;  Ballard  299,  Jordan,  Scott  Co, ;  Sheldon 
651,  Waseca;  Ballard  286,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor  439,  Janes- 
ville; Sheldon  296,  Madison  Lake;  Sheldon  747,  Sleepy  Eye; 
Herrick  134,  Minneapolis. 

Galium  trifldum  LINN.     Spec.  105  (1753). 
G.  tinctorium  LINN.    Spec.  106  (1753). 
G.  daytoni  MICHX.    Fl.  I,  78  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  227;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  126;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  67;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  201,  540;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  128;  Wats.,  Fl. 
Calif.  II,  284;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  174;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  142;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.; 
Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  II,  409;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  62;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  135; 
Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  138;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  188;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  38;  Hart., 
Fl.  Scand.  I,  65;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  162. 

Europe;  Siberia,  Dahuria  and  Japan. 
North  America:    Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Can.  and  N.  to  68°  N. 
lat. ;  throughout  U.  S.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Arizona;  Alaska  and 
Aleutian  Islands. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  swamps  and  wet  woodland 
regions. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1037,  Glenwood;  Ballard  800,  Goose 
lake,  Carver  Co.;  Ballard  674,  Waconia;  Sheldon  338,  Smith's 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  481 

Mills,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Bollard  66,  Ohaska;  Taylor  124,  Janes- 
ville;  Taylor  146a,  Janesville;  Sheldon  524,  Waseca;  Sheldon  291, 
Madison  Lake;  Sheldon  245,  Turtle  lake,  Le  Sueur  Co.;  Sheldon 
31,  Elysian;  Leonard  21,  Spring  Valley;  Sandberg  259,  Red 
Wing;  Kassube  118,  St.  Anthony;  Bailey  297,  St.  Louis  river; 
Holzinger  105,  Winona  Co.;  Bailey  73,  Vermilion  lake;  Herrick 
135,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  275,  St.  Louis  river;  Sandberg  260, 
GoodhueCo.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1713,  Minneapolis;  1762,  Ft.  Snelling. 

Galium  trifldum  var.  latifolinm  TORR.     Fl.  U.  S.  165  (1824). 
G.  obtusum  BiGiLL.    Fl.  Bost.  ed.  II,  55  (1824). 
G.  trifidum  LINN.  var.  obtusum  (BiGEL.)    MacM.  MSS.  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  227;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  126;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  142;  Mac..  Fl.  Can.  I,  201;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  174;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn, 
67;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  38;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  162. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Dak,  Neb.,  Colo,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  N.  W.  districts;  local;  swampy 
ground  and  wooded  marshes. 

HERB.:  Taylor  996,  Glenwood;  Ballard  84,  Chaska, 
and  165,  Chaska. 

Galium  boreale  LINN.     Spec.  108  (1753). 
G.  bermudianum  MUHL.    Cat.  (1813). 
G.  septentrionale  R.  and  S.    Syst.  Ill,  253  (1818). 
G.  strictum  TORR.    PL  N.  Y.  23  (1819). 
G.  rubioides  Auct.  Amer. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  227;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  203;  Britt., 
Fl.N.  J.127;  Hook.,Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  194;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  285;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  142;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  67;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  127;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib. 
64?;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  412;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin. 
393;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  62;  Rotn.,  Wheel.  Exp.  138;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
136;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  38;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  65. 

N.  and  C.  Europe  to  Bosnia;  Russ.  to  Caucasus;  Si- 
beria, Dahuria  and  China. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  Rockies  and  68°  N.  lat. ; 
S.  to  Maine,  N.  J.  and  Penn. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Mont.,  Colo., 
N.  Mexico,  Calif.,  Oregon  and  along  Pac.  coast  to  Sitka. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  banks  of  streams 
and  shores  of  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1291,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Ballard  108,  Car- 
ver; Ballard  422,  New  Prague,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  227,  Lake 
Washington,  Le  Sueur  Co.;  Sheldon  277,  Madison  Lake;  Shel- 
don 743,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  84,  Elysian;  Taylor  235,  Janes- 
ville;  Taylor  576,  Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  116,  Janesville;  Tay- 
lor 867,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1179,  New  Ulm;  Leonard  22,  Wikoff ; 
Leonard  23,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  106,  Winona  Co. ;  Kassube 

-31 


482  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

119,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  107,  Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  263, 
Red  Wing;  Hammond  22,  Lake  City;  Herb.  Sheld.  1769,  Ft. 
Snelling;  Herb.  Moyer  103,  Montevideo. 

Galium  lanceolatum  TORR.     PL  U.  S.  168  (1824). 
G.  torreyi  BIGEL.    Fl.  Post.  2  ed.  56  (1824). 
G.  circaezans  var.  lanceolatum  T.  and  G.     Fl.  II,  24  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  226;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  127;    Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  202;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  67;  Chap.,  FL  S.  St.  174;   Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  I,  2,  37. 

North  America:   Q.,  Ont.,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  Penn.,  N. 

Car.  and  Tenn. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:    Reported  from  E.  edge;  rare;  woods. 
HERB.  :  Sandberg  162,  Cannon  Palls. 

Galium  circaezans  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  80  (1803). 
G.  brachiatum  MUHL.    Cat.  15(1813). 
G.  circaeoides  R.  and  S.    Syst.  Ill,  256  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  226;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  127;  Webb., 
FL  Neb.  142;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  174;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  I,  202;  Upbam,  FL 
Minn.  67;  Cov.,  FL  Ark.  188;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  37;  Coult.,  FL  Tex.  162. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla.; 
W.  to  Dak.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  edge,  but  no  Minn, 
specimens  seen. 

Galium  aparine  LINN.     Fl.  Dan.  495  (1757). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  226;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  127;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  200;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  142;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  194;  Coult.,  FL 
Colo.  127;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  284;  Nynu  ,  FL  Eur.;  Led.,  FL  Ross.  II,  419; 
Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  393;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  62;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  134;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  188;  Gray,  Syn.  FL  I.  2,  36;  Hart.,  FL  Scand.  I, 
67;  Coult.,  FL  Tex.  163. 

All  Europe  to  Caucasus;   Sib.,  Dahuria,  China,  Japan. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Vancouver, 
Alaska  and  Aleutian  Isls. ;  S.  to  Calif,  and  Tex. ;  E.  through- 
out U.  S. ;  forms  E.  of  the  Mississippi  are  probably  introduced 
from  W.  Europe. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  to  Chippewa  valley; 
moist  woods  and  copses. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  232,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  49, 
Chaska;  Kassube  117,  Minneapolis;  Holtz.  25,  Minnehaha; 
Herb.  Moyer  102,  Montevideo. 

CI.    CAPRIFOLIACEAE.    Honeysuckle  Family. 

Lindl.,  Veg.  King.  766  (1846);  Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  566  (1836-40)— 
Ivoracereae;  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  II,  1  (1873  ;  Bullion,  Hist. 
PL  VII,  497  (1880)— swb  Rubiaceae. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  483 

Genera:  12;  N.  hemisphere  and  Australia  and  S.  Amer- 
ica; most  in  temperate  regions. 

Species:    200-250;  principally  shrubs  and  small  trees. 

LINNAE1  GRONOV.     Linn.  Gen.  525  (1737). 
Obolaria  SIEG.    Prim.  79  (1736). 
Abelia  R.  BR.    Clarke's  Abel.  Chin.  App.  376  (1818). 
Vesalea  MART,  and  GAL.    Bull.  Brux.  XI,  242  (1843). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  501;   Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  4,  5;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  169,  170. 

Living  species:  Two  well  marked  sections,  Abelia,  10; 
Linnaea,  1 ;  N.  boreal  and  temperate  regions  to  the  Himalayas, 
China  and  Mexico.  N.  America,  1. 

Linnaea  foorealis  LINN.     Spec.  631  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  219;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  123;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  124;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  278;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  64;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  195,  539;  Trautv.,  Fl.  Sib.  63;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  191;  Nym.,  Fl. 
Eur.;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  392;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  13;  Forbes  and  Hems,, 
Fl.Sin.  359;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  238;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  62;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  136;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  132;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  69. 

W.  Europe  to  C.  Asia,  Amurland,  Corea,  China,  Japan 
(Yezo),  Kamtk.  and  Kuriles;  N.  to  Scotland,  Lapland  and  Si- 
beria. 

North  America:  Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Can.;  N.  in  Arctic  cir- 
cle; S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  Md.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Colo., 
Mont.,  Oregon  and  Calif. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  N.  E.  districts,  S.  of  Lake 
Minnetonka;  doubtless  in  N.  W.  district  with  Cornus  cana- 
densis;  mossy  woods. 

HERB.:  Roberts  50,  French  river;  Roberts  51,  Duluth; 
Herrick  125,  St.  Louis  river;  Bailey  48,  Vermilion  lake;  Juni6, 
N.  shore,  Lake  Superior;  Sandberg  241,  Tower. 

SYMPHORICARPOS  Juss.     Gen.  211  (1789). 
Symphoria  PERS.    Syn.  I,  214  (1805). 
Aiiisiinthus  WILLD.    Rel.    R.  and  S.  Syst.  V,  XIV  (1819). 
Symphoricarpa  NECK.    Elem.  220  (1790). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  498;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  4;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  169. 

Living  species:  6±,  N.  America  and  mountains  of 
Mexico;  Canada,  3-4;  E.  Sts.,  3;  California,  4-5;  S.  Sts.,  1; 
Rocky  mts.,  3-4;  PL  King,  2;  PL  Wheel.,  2;  W.  Tex.,  3. 

Symphoricarpos  racemosus   MICHX.      PL   N.   Am.   I,    107 
(1803). 

Symphoria  racemosa  PERS.    Syn.  I,  214  (1805). 

Xylosteum  ciliatum  var.  album  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  161  (1814). 


484  METASPERMAE   OP   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Symphoricarpos  elongata  PRESL,    DC.  Prodr.  IV,  338  (1830). 

8.  heterophylla  PRESL,    DC.  Prodr.  IV,  338  (1830). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  220;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  123;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  125;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  65;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  196;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
I,  279;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  13. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng. 
N.  J,  and  Penn. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Colo.,  Calif,  and  Oregon,  Brit. 
Col.  and  Rockies  ? 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district,  and  perhaps  N.  W.;  edges 
of  thickets  and  woods. 

HERB.  :  Kassube  111,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  243,  Can- 
non Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1689,  Minneapolis. 

Symphoricarpos  racemosus  MICHX.  var.  pauciflorus  ROB- 
BINS,     Gray's  Man.  5  ed.  203  (1867). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  220;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  142;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  196,  539;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  125;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  65;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.1,2, 14. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  W.  T.,  Man.,  Rockies, 
Brit.  Col.  and  Vancouver;  S.  to  N.  Y.,  Penn.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Wise.,  Mont.,  Oregon  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Redwood  river;  rare 
and  local;  edges  of  thickets  and  woods. 

HERB.:  Bailey  65,  Vermilion  lake;  Holzinger  100r 
Winona  Co.-,  Bailey  4-15,  Burntside  lake;  Herb.  Sheld.  1868, 
Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1867,  Ramsey  Co. 

Symphoricarpos  occidentalis  (R.  BR.)HOOK.     Fl.  Bor.-Am. 

I,  285  (1833). 

Symph&ria  occidentalis  R.  BR.    Rich.  App.  Frankl.  Journ.  (1824). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  220;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  142;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  1, 195;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  125;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  65;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I, 
2,13. 

North  America:  Man.  to  Rocky  mts.  and  N.  to  lat  64° ; 
S.  to  N.  Mich.,  Wise.,  Minn.,  111.,  Neb.,  Colo,  and  Mont. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  edges  of  woods  and 
thickets. 

HERB.:  Bollard  313,  Belle  Plaine;  Taylor  759,  Glen- 
wood;  Bollard  171,  Shakopee;  Taylor  619,  Minnesota  lake; 
Taylor  759a,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1101,  Springfield;  Sheldon 
365,  Madison  Lake;  Sheldon  273,  Madison  Lake;  Sheldon 
57 y  Elysian;  Sheldon  774,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  32,  Elysian;  Her- 
rick  126,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  80,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Kassube  110, 
Minneapolis;  Holzinger  99,  Hamilton;  Sandberg  242,  Cannon 
Falls. 


LIST  OF  HIGHEE   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  485 

Symphoricarpos   symphoricarpos   (LINN.)    MACM.      Torr. 
Bull.  XIX,  15  (1892). 

Lonicera  symphoricarpos  LINN.    Spec.  175  (1753). 
Symphoricarpos  orbiculatus  MOENCH,    Meth.  491  (1794). 
S.  vulgaris  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  106  (1803). 
Symphoria  conglomerata  PJERS.     Syn.  I,  214  (1805). 
Symphoricarpos  glomerata  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  162  (1814). 
S.  parviflora  DESF.    Cat.  (1829). 

Wats,  and  Couit.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  220;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  142;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  65;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  123;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  169;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
187;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  13;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  156. 

North  America:  N.  Y.,  Perm.,  N.  J.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Dak. ,  Neb. ,  Ark.  and  Tex. ;  N.  Car.  in  mts. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Chippewa  valley  and 
N.  W.  districts;  banks  and  rocky  woods. 

HERB.:  MacMillan  9,  Glen  wood;  Taylor  438,  Lake 
Helena,  Waseca  Co.;  Oestlund  81,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld. 
1745,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  96,  Montevideo. 

LONICERA  LINN.     Gen.  162  (1737). 
Caprifolium  TOURN.    Inst.  608  (1700). 
Xylosteum  TOURN.    1.  c.  609  (1700). 
Niiitooa  SWEET,    Hort.  Brit.  ed.  II,  258  (1830). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VII,  499;  Benth.  and  Hook..  Gen.  PI.  II,  5;  Durand, 
Jnd.  Gen.  Pkan.  170;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  788. 

Living  species:  100  ±;  temperate  and  tropical  regions 
of  theN.  hemisphere.  Russia,  15;  Europe,  19;  Russian  Europe, 
5;  North  America,  20;  Canada,  11;  E.  Sts.,  9;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  S. 
Sts.,  4;  California,  7;  PI.  King,  3;  PI.  Wheel.,  1;  W.  Tex.,  2. 

Fossil  species:  Upper  Miocene  of  Oeningen  (Heer)-, 
doubtful. 

Lonicera  glauca  HILL,     Hort.  Kew.  446  (1768). 

L.  dioica  LINN.    Syst.  Veg.  215  (1774). 

L.  media  MURR.    Comrn.  Gott.  (1776). 

L.  parviflora  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  I,  728  (1783). 

Caprifolium  glaucum  MOENCH,    Meth.  502(1794). 

C.  bracteosum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  105  (1803). 

C.  parviflorum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  161  (1814). 

C.  dioicum  R.  and  S.    Syst.  V,  216  (1819). 

Lonicera  douglasii  DC.    Prodr.  IV,  332  (1830). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  221;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  124;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.I,  197,  539;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  J42;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  170;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  65;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  187?;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  17. 

North  America:  Man.,  Saskatchewan,  Hudson  Bay, 
N.  W.  T.  to  Montreal;  Brit.  Col.  and  Rockies;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.,  Penn.;  W.  to  Minn.  Dak.  and  Neb. 


486  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Minn  valley:  Throughout  and  abundant;  rocky 
banks  and  edges  of  woods. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  235,  Lake  Washington,  Blue  Earth 
Co.;  Mallard  684,  Waconia;  Taylor  37,  Elysian;  Sheldon  801, 
Sigel  township,  Brown  Co.;  Taylor  37a,  Elysian;  Sheldon  509, 
Waseca;  Bollard  229,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Ballard  386,  Jordan, 
Scott  Co.;  Taylor  908,  Glenwood;  Herrick  127,  St.  Louis  river; 
Leiberg  25,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Sandberg  245,  Cannon  Palls;  Hol- 
zinger  101,  Winona  bluffs;  Sandberg  246,  Red  Wing;  Herb. 
Wickersheim  57,  Mankato;  Herb.  Moyer  97,  Montevideo. 

Lonicera   sullivantii    GRAY,      Proc.   Am.   Acad.    XIX,   76 
(1883). 

L.  douglasii  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  282  (1833). 
L.  flava  var.  B.  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  6  (1841). 
L.  flava  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  204  (1867)  chiefly. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  221;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  197;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  65;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  142;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  170;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  187; 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  17. 

North  America:  Assiniboia  and  Man.  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
111.,  Ohio,  Ark.,  Tenn.  and  N.  Car. 

Minn,  valley:    Reported  from  N.  E.   district  and  E. 
edge;  rare  or  local;  rocky  woods  or  banks. 
HERB.  :     Sandberg  244,  Vasa. 

Lonicera  ciliata  MUHL.  Cat.  22  (1813). 

Vaccinium  album  LINN".    Spec.  350  (1753)  sp.  Kalm. 
Xytosteum  tartaricum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  106  (1803). 
X.  ciliatum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  161  (1814). 
Lonicera  canadensis  E.  and  S.    Syst.  V,  260  (1819). 
Caprifolium  ciliatum  OK.    Rev.  Gen.  I,  274  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  220;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J.  124;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  197;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  65;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2, 15. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.  and  Penn. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Saskatchewan  and  Brit.  Col. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district;  rare; 
rocky  banks  and  woods. 

HERB.:  Roberts  52,  Duluth;  Herrick  128,  St.  Louis 
river;  Bailey  243,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  247,  Cannon  Falls. 

DIERVILLA  LINN.  Gen.  150(1737). 

Weigela  THUNB.    Act.  Holm.  135  (1780). 
Weigelia  PEBS.    Syn.  I,  176  (1805). 
Calysphyrum  BUNGE,    Enum.  PL  Chin.  33  (1831). 
Calyptrostigrma  TRAUTV.  and  MEY.    Midd.  Reise  Okh.  (1847). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VII,  497;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  6;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  170. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  487 

Living  species :  7  ± ;  E.  North  America,  China  and 
Japan;  N.  America,  2;  Canada,  1:  S.  Sts.,  2;  E.  Sts.,  1. 

Diervilla  diervilla  (LiNN.)   MACM.      Torr.   Bull.    XIX,    15 

(1892). 

Lonicera  diervilla  LINN.    Spec.  175  (1753). 
Diervilla  trifida  MOENCH,    Meth.  492  (1794). 
D.  tourmfortii  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  107  (1803). 
I),  humilis  PERS.    Syn.  I,  214  (1805). 
D.  canadensis  WILLD.     Enum.  222  (1809). 
D.  lutea  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  162  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  222;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  124;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  65;  Mac.,Fl.  Can.  I,  198,  540;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  18. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Anticosti,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont. 
to  N.  J.  and  mts.  of  N.  Car. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Ky . ;  Hudson  Bay 
to  Rockies. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district,  infrequent;  rocky 
places. 

HERB.  :  Roberts  53,  Poplar  river;  Kassube  112;  Min- 
neapolis; Roberts  54,  Duluth;  Herrick  129,  Minneapolis;  Bailey 
167,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  248,  Cannon  Falls;  Gedge  4, 
Riverton;  Eoltz  16,  Hennepin  Co. 

TRIOSTEUM  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  V,  211  (1754). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VII,  500;  Benth.  and  Hook  ,  Gen.  PL  II,  4;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  169. 

Living  species:  3;  2,  North  America;  1,  Himalayas; 
Canada,  1;  E.  Sts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  2. 

Triosteum  perfoliatum  LINN.    Spec.  176  (1753). 

T.  majus  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  107  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  219;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J.  123;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  142;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1, 199,  540;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  66;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  170;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  187;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  12. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Alab.; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  woods  and  shaded 
banks  of  rivers  and  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  165,  Madison  lake ;  Ballard  82,  Chaska ; 
Taylor  269,  Janesville;  Holzinger  102,  Winona  Co. ;  Sandberg  %49f 
Center  City;  Herb.  Sheld.  1732,  Minneapolis. 

SAMBUCUS  LINN.     Gen.  247  (1737). 

Tripetalus  LINDL.    Mitch.  Three  Exp.  II,  14  (1839). 
Phyteuma  LOUR.    Fl.  Coch.  Chin.  172  (1790). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  501;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  II,  3;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  169;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  788. 

Living  species:     12 ±  ;  temperate  regions,  except  Cape 


488  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

of  Good  Hope  and  mts.  of  tropics.  Russia,  3;  Europe,  3;  N. 
America,  5;  Canada,  3;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  S.  Sts.,  2;  California, 
2;  PL  King,  3;  PL  Wheel.,  3;  W.  Tex.,  2. 

Fossil  species:     Amber;  Germany  (Conwentz). 

ScimlHiciis  racemosa  LINN.     Spec.  270  (1753). 
S.  pubens  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  181  (1803). 
S.  pubescens  PERS.    Syn.  I,  328  (1805). 
S.  pubescens  var.  B.  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  279  (1833). 
S.  pubescens  var.  arborescens  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  13  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  217;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  193,  538; 
Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  121;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  278;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  171;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  124;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  66;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  338;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.; 
Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  348;    Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  238;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur. 
Russ.  62;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  133;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,8;  Hart.,Fl.Scand.  I, 
555. 

Northern  and  Central  Europe;  Mid.  Russia  to  Sib., 
China,  Japan,  Kamtk  and  Kuriles. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  across  Can.  to  Vancouver  and 
Alaska;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Ga.;  W.  to  Colo.,  Dak.,  Minn.;  S.  in 
Rockies  to  Arizona;  S.  in  Sierras  and  Coast  range  to  Calif, 
and  Utah. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  thickets  and  banks  of 
streams. 

HERB.:  Taylor  44,  Elysian;  Taylor  427,  Janesville; 
Herrick  130,  St.  Louis  river;  Sondberg  252,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Her- 
ricklSl,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  103,  Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  253, 
Tower;  Kassiibe  113,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1869,  Minne- 
apolis; Herb.  Wicker sheim  58,  Mankato;  Herb.  Moyer  99,  Mon- 
tevideo. 

Sam  hue  us  canadensis  LINN.     Spec.  269  (1753). 
S.  niqra  MARSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  141  (1785). 
S.  humilis  RAF.    Ann.  Nat.  13  (1820). 
S.  glauca  GRAY,    PI.  Wright.  II,  66  (1852). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  217;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  121;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  143;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  194;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  66;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  171;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  124;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  134;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  187; 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  9;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  155. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  Eng., 
N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Iowa,  Dak.,  Ark.,  Tex., 
Colo.,  Utah,  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  thickets  and  banks  of 
streams. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1166,  New  Ulm;  Sheldon  1098,  Spring- 
field; Sheldon  336,  Smith's  Mills,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Sheldon  729, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  129,  Chaska;  Bollard  551,  Spring  lake, 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  489 

Scott  Co.;  Sandberg  251,  Cannon  Palls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1688,  Min- 
netonka;  Herb.  Moyer  98,  Montevideo. 

YIBURNUM  LINN.     Gen.  245  (1737). 
Opulus  TOURN.    Inst.  607  (1700). 

Microtiims,    Selenotinus,    Oreinotinus,    Tiiius     OERST. 
Yidd.  Kjob.  (1860). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VII,  502;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  3;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  169;  Schenck.,  Palaeopkyt.  789. 

Living  species:  80 ±  ;  temperate  and  warmer  N.  hem- 
isphere; Andes;  Madagascar;  W.  Indies.  North  America,  14;  S. 
Sts.,  11;  Canada,  8;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  E.  Sts.,  12;  California,  1; 
W.  Tex.,  2. 

Fossil  species:  A  considerable  number  described; 
Cretaceous  (Upper)  and  Tertiary,  America  and  Europe;  Green- 
land and  Spitzbergen  abundant  (Heer).  The  bulk  of  the  species 
are  in  W.  N.  America  ( Saporta,  Ward,  Lesquereaux,  Heer  et  alt. ) 
75  ±  species. 

Yiburnum  opulus  LINN.     Spec.  268  (1753). 
V.  trilobum  MARSH.    Arbust.  Amer.  162  (1785). 
V.  opuloides  MUHL.    Cat.  (1813). 
V.  oxycoccus  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  203  (1814). 
V.  edule  HOOK.    Ft.  Bor.-Am.  I,  281  (1833)  in  part. 
V.  opulus  var.  americanum  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  18  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  217;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  122;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  195;  Uphani,  Fl.  Minn.  66;   Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  189;  Led.,  Fl. 
Ross.  II,  384;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  354;  Miyabe, 
Fl.  Kur.  238:  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  62;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  10;  Hart.,  Fl. 
IScand.  I,  62. 

Europe;  Arctic  Russ.  to  Caucasus;  N.  and  Mid.  Asia  to 
China,  Japan,  Kuriles  and  Kamtk. 

North  America:  Anticosti  and  N.  S.  to  Red  valley  and 
Assiniboia;  W.  to  Brit.  Col.  and  Oregon;  S.  to  Minn.,  Penn. 
and  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  W. ;  edges  of  woods 
and  along  streams. 

HERB.:  Bollard  146,  Chaska;  Taylor  1099,  Glenwood; 
Taylor  940,  Glenwood;  Taylor  549,  Janesville;  Taylor  278,  Janes  - 
ville;  Sheldon  231,  Lake  Washington,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Arthur 
174,  Vermilion  Lake;  Kassube  116 1  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  257, 
Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1768,  Minneapolis. 

Yiburnum  pnbescens  (AiT.)  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  202  (1814). 
V.  dentutum  var.  pubescens  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  I,  372?  (1789). 
V.  subtomentosum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  179  (1803)  in  part. 
V.  villosum  RAF.    Med.  Repos.  V,  361  (1808). 
V.  rafinesquianum  R.  andS.    Syst.  V,  630  (1819). 


490  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  218;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  122;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  194;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  66;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  172;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  I,  2.  11. 

North  America:  Q.  to  Assiniboia;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J. 
and  mts.  of  Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  rocky  places  and  gravelly 
banks. 

HERB.:  Bailey  62,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  256, 
Tower;  Herb.  Sheld.  1778,  Ft.  Snelling;  Herb.  Moyer,  101 
Montevideo. 

Tiburnum  dentatum  LINN.     Spec.  268  (1753). 

V.  dentatum  var.  lucidum  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  I,  372  (1789). 
V.  dentatum  var.  glabellum  MICHX.    Fl.  I,  179  (1803)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.,  6ed.  218;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  122;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  194,  538;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  66;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  172;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  187;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  11. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and  Ga.;  W.  to 
Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  W.  to  Cotton  wood 
valley;  wet  woods  and  edges  of  swamps. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  237,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Sandberg  255, 
Red  Wing;  Kassube  115,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  104,  Ham 
ilton. 

Tiburnum  leiitago  LINN.     Spec.  268  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  219;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  121;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  194;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  66;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  143;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  171;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  187;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  12. 

North  America:  Q.  to  Red  and  Saskatchewan  valleys; 
S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Mo.,  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  thickets  and  edges  of 
woods. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  506,  Waseca;  Sheldon  381,  Madison 
Lake;  Taylor  268,  Janesville;  Sheldon  711,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor 
43,  Elysian;  Bollard  231,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  1295,  Lake 
Ben  ton;  Kassube  114,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  254,  Red  Wing; 
Herrick  182,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  59,  Idlewild,  Lin- 
coln Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1777,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  100, 
Chippewa  river,  near  Montevideo. 

CM.    ADOXACEAE.    Adoxa  Family. 

Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  II,  2  (1873)— sub  Sambuceae; 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  503  (1880)— Adoxeae,  Trib.  XV  of  ttubiaceae. 

Genera:    1;  N.  hemisphere. 

Species :  1 ;  boreal  and  temperate  region  to  Arctic  cir- 
cle; around  the  pole. 


LIST  OP  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  491 

ADOXA  LINN.     Gen.  334  (1737). 

Moschetallina  TOURN.    Inst.  156  (1700). 
Moscatella  CORD.    A  dans.  Fam.  PI.  II,  243  (1763). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VTI,  503;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  2;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  169. 

Living  species:  1;  arctic  and  temperate  regions,  N. 
hemisphere. 

Adoxa  moschatellina  LINN.     Spec.  257  (1753). 
Moschetallina  tetragona  MOENCH,    Meth.  478  (1794). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  216;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  193;  Up- 
ham,  Fl.  Minn.  66;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  123;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  190;  Trautv., 
Fl.  Sib.  63;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  382;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  VI. 
Sin.  347;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  62;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  8,  135;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  I.  2,  8;  Hart.,  Scand.  Fl.  I,  156. 

Northern  Europe  to  Pyrenees  and  Caucasus;  Siberia, 
Kamtk.  and  China. 

North  America:  W.  and  C.  Can.,  Hudson  Bay  reg.  to 
Brit.  Col.  and  to  54°  and  64°  N.  lat.;  S.  to  Colo.,  Minn.,  Iowa 
and  Wise. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  E.  edge;  but  very  doubt- 
ful; banks  of  streams. 

HERB.  :    Sandberg  250,  Vasa. 

CIII.    VALERIANACEAE.    Valerian  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  350(1836-40);  Benthamand  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant. 
II,  151  (1873);  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VII,  504  (1880). 

Genera:  8;  N.  hemisphere  and  S.  America;  principally 
N.  regions., 

Species:  325 ±,  largely  developed  in  temperate  Asia 
and  Europe. 

YALERIANA   LINN.      Gen.   21  (1737)  emend.   Benth.  1.  c. 
(1873). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VII,  517;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  154;  Du- 
rand, Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  187;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  794. 

Living  species:  150±,  all  temperate  and  tropical  reg- 
ions except  Australia.  Russia,  18;  Europe,  21;  Russian  Eu- 
rope, 8;  North  America,  8;  Canada,  4-5;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  E. 
Sts.,  3;  S.  Sts,  2;  California,  1;  PL  King,  2;  PL  Wheel.,  2. 

Fossil  species:  1,  Valerianites,  Oligocene,  Aix  (Sa~ 
porta). 

Yaleriana  edulis  NUTT.     T.  and  G.  PL  II,  48  (1841). 
Patrinia  ceratophylla  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  290  (1833). 
Vakriana  ciliata  T.  and  G.    FL  II,  49  (1841). 
Patrinia  longifolia  MACNAB,    Edin.  Phil.  Journ.  XIX  ( ). 


492  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

Valeriana  ceratophylla  MAcM.    MSS.  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  228;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  205;  Up- 
ham,  Fl.  Minn.  68;  Wats.,  KingExp.  136;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  138;  Gray, 
Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  45. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Brit.  Col.?;  S.  to  Ohio,  Iowa, 
Minn. ,  Colo. ,  Nev. ,  N.  Mex.  and  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  E.  districts  and  perhaps  throughout 
forest  district;  rich  ground  along  streams. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  638,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co. ;  Sheldon  536, 
Waseca;  Sandberg  266,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Holtz  2,  Cedar  lake;  Holz- 
inger  108,  Winona. 

YALER1ANELLA  MOENCH,     Meth.  493  (1794)  emend.  Benth. 
1.  c.  (1873). 

Fedia  GAERTN.    Fruct.  II,  36  (1791). 
Polypremum  ADANS.    Fam.  PI.  II,  152  (1763). 
Odontooarpa  NECK.    Elem.  I.  133  (1790). 
Dufresnia  DC.    Mem  Valer.  8  (1832). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VII,  515;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  156;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  187. 

Living  species:  55  ±;  centers  in  the  Mediterranean 
region;  Europe;  N.  Africa;  W.  Asia;  N.  America.  Europe,  22; 
Russian  Europe,  9;  Russia,  19;  North  America,  12-13;  Canada, 
3;  E.  Sts.,  5-6;  W,  Tex.,  4. 

Valer ianel la  radiata   (WILLD.)  DUFRESNE,    Hist.  Val.   57 
(1811). 

Valeriana  radiata  WILLD.    Spec.  I,  184  (1797). 
Fedia  radiata  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  118  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  229;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.n84;  Upham, 

Fl.Minn.  68;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  188;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  45;  Coult.,  Fl.Tex.  164. 

North  America:     Penn.  to  Minn.,  Ark.,  Tex.  and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  E.  edge;  doubtful;  low, 

rich  ground. 

Valerianella  chenopodifolia  (PuRSH)  DC.     Prodr.  IV,  629 
(1830). 

Fedia  chenopodifolia  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  727  (1814). 
F.  radiata  TORR.    Fl.  U.  S.  I,  35  (1824). 
F.  triquetra  HOCHST.  and  STEUD.    Flora  (1837). 
F.  fagopyrum  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  51  (1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  229;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  68;  Gray 
Syn.Fl.  I,  2,  45. 

North  America:    N.  Y.  to  Minn. ;  S.  to  Va.,  Ind.  and  Ky. 
Minn,  valley:    Reported  from  E.  edge;  rare;  low  and 
rich  grounds. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  493 

CIV.    CUCURBITACEAE.    Gourd   Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PL  934  (1836-40);  Endlicher,  1.  c.  933  (1836-40)— Nan- 
dirhobeae-,  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  I,  816(1862-67);  Baillon,  Hist. 
PL  VIII,  375  (1886);  Muller  and  Pax,  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
IV,  5,  1  (1889). 

Genera:  80-85;  cosmopolitan;  most  richly  developed  in 
the  tropics.  Old  World,  50  ±  ;  New  World,  36-39. 

Species:  650 ±  ;  mostly  tendril-bearing  herbs. 

SICYOS  LINN.     Gen.  739  (1737). 

Sicyoides  TOURN.    Inst.  103  (1700). 
Baclaroa  BERT.    Herb.  838  ex  Endl.  Gen.  (1840). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  428;  Benth.and  Hook.,  Gen.  Pi.  1, 837;  Durand, 
2nd.  Gen.  Phan.  150;  Engl.  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  37  (Muller  and  Pax). 

Living  species:  30;  warmer  America;  Pacific  islands; 
Australia.  Russia,  1;  Russian  Europe,  1;  W.  Tex.,  1. 

Sicyos  angulatus  LINN.     Spec.  1013  (1753). 
Materium  trifoliatum  LINN.    Mant.  123(1767). 
Sicyoides  angulata  MOENCH,    Meth.  513  (1794). 
Sicyos  acutus  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  113  (1817). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  195;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  141;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  59;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  176,  532;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  149;  Britt.,  Fl.  N. 
J.  Ill;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  143;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  52;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  125; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  184;  Engl.  Muller  and  Pax,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  38;  Wats., 
Bibl.  Ind.  I,  395. 

S.  Russia  and  Caucasus  mts. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.,  N.  H.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Neb.,  E.  Kan.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  E.  district;  river  banks  arid  near 
lake  shores;  climbing  over  shrubbery. 

HERB.  :     Sandberg  212,  Red  Wing. 

MICRAMPELIS  RAF.     Med.  Rep.  V,  352  (1808). 
Hexameria  T.  and  G.    Rep.  PI.  N.  Y.  137  (1836). 
Megarhiza  TOKR.    Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  VI,  74  (1857). 
Marali  KELLOGG,    Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  38  (1876). 
Echinocystis  T.  and  G.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I,  542  (1838). 
Echinopepon  NAUD.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ser.  5,  VI,  17  (1866). 
Baillon,  Hist.  Pi.  VIII,  433;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  I,  835;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  150;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  35;  O.  Kuntze, 
Rev,  Gen.  I,  257. 

Living  species :  25;  tropical  S.  America;  warmer  and 
temperate  N.  America.  N.  America  above  Mexico  6±  (see 
Greene,  Pittonia  vol.  II). 

Micrampelis  echinata  (Mum. )  RAF.  Med.  Rep.  352  (1808). 
Momordica  echinata  MUHL.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Ill,  180  (1793). 
Sicyos  lobatus  MICHX.  Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  217  (1803). 


494  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Momordica  lobata  SERINGE,    DC.  Prodr.  Ill,  312  (1828). 
Echinocystis  lobata  T.  anrt  G.    Fl.  I,  542  (1838). 
E.  ecfiinata  B.  S.  P.    Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 
Micrampelis  lobata  GREEN K,    Pittonia  128  (1890). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  195;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  Ill;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  141;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  59;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  109;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
177,  532;  Enpl.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  35;  Wats.,  Bibl.  Ind.  I,  394. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  S.  Man.;  S.  to 
N.  Eng.,  Penn.,  N.  J.,  Del.;  W.  to  Red,  Assiniboine,  Saskatch- 
ewan valleys,  Minn.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Kan.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  less  common  W.  of  Chip- 
pewa  valley;  rich  river  banks  and  damp  places  near  lakes. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1023,  Glen  wood;  Sheldon  1094,  Spring- 
field; Oestlund  64,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  98,  Minneapolis;  Oest- 
Iund65,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  213,  Goodhue  Co.;  Sandberg  214, 
Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1684,  Minneapolis. 

CV.    CAMPANULACEAE.     Blue-Bell  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI.  513  (1836-40);  Endlicher,  1.  c.  509  (1836-40)— Lobe- 
liaceae;  DC.  Prod.  VII,  497  (1838)— Cyphiaceae;  Mart,  in  DC.  Prodr.  I.  c.  548 
(1838)— Sphenockaceae;  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  II,  541  (1876); 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI  VIII,  317  (1886)— excl.  Goodenieae,  Brunonieae,  Phyllach- 
neae;  Schonland  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  40  (1889). 

Genera:  55;  temperate  regions;  a  few  represented  in 
tropical  mts. ;  herbaceous  forms  widely  distributed;  shrubby 
forms  principally  American. 

Species:  1150  ±;  abundant  in  W.  Europe  and  Mediter- 
ranean region. 

CAMPANULA  LINN.     Gen.  129  (1737). 

Roucela  DUM.    Comm.  Bot.  14  (1822). 

Eriiiia  NOUL.    Fl.  S.-Pyr.  407  (1837). 

Depierrea  ANON.    Linn.  XVI,  372  (1842). 

Medium  TOTJRN.    Elem.  Bot.  I,  90  (1694). 

Mariaiitliemum  SCHR.    D.  R.  Ges.  I  ( ). 

Quinquelocularia  KOCH,    Linn.  XXIII,  630  (1849). 

Symphyandra  A.  DC.    Mon.  Camp.  365  (1830). 

Adenophora  FISCH.    Mem.  Mosc.  VI,  165  (1823). 

Floerkea  SPRENG.    Anleit.  II,  523  (1802). 

Heterocodoii  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  VIII,  255  (1842). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  353;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  561;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  240;  Engler  and  Prantl,   Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  49 
(Schonland.) 

Living  species:  250;  temperate  regions,  N.  hemi- 
sphere; especially  Mediterranean  region;  Europe,  100;  Russia, 
56;  Russian  Europe,  15;  North  America,  13;  Canada,  11;  E. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  495 

Sts.,  4;  Rocky  mts.,  4;  S.  Sts.,  5;  California,  5;  PL  Wheel.,  3; 
PL  King,   5;  W.  Tex.,  2. 

Campanula  americana  LINN.     Spec.  233  (1753). 
C.  declinata  MOENCH,    Meth.  (1794). 
C.  obliqua  JACQ.    Hort.  Schoenb.  336  (1798). 
0.  acuminata  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  I.  108  (1803). 
C.  illinoensis  FRES.    flde  Gray. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  309;  Britt.,  Fl.N.  J.  157;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  141;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  289;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  92;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  256;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  199;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  14;  Engl.  Schon.,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  5,  51. 

North  America:  N.  Br.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.;  S.  to  N. 
J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Dak.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  rich  woods  or  thickets 
and  shady  banks. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1096,  Springfield;  Sheldon  788,  Cot- 
tonwood  river,  near  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1163,  New  Ulm;  Bol- 
lard 614,  Chaska;  Oestlund  109,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  370, 
Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Moyer  158,  Montevideo. 

Campanula  aparinoides  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  159  (1814). 

C.  erinoides  MUHL.    Cat.  (1813)  not  Linn. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  309;  Brit.,  Fl.  N.  J.  157;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  141;  Chap.,  Fl,  S.  Sts.  256;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  226;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
I,  288;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  13. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  S.  Man.  and  Sas- 
katchewan; S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  mts.  of  Ga  ;  W.  to  Minn., 
Colo,  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  cold  bogs,  marshes  or 
grassy  shores  of  streams  and  lakes. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  748,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  693,  Waseca; 
Taylor  525,  Mud  lake,  Waseca  Co. ;  Ballard  437,  Prior's  lake, 
Scott  Co. ;  Ballard  585,  Rice  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  824,  Glen- 
wood;  Ballard  666,  Waconia;  Ballard  773,  Swan  lake,  Carver 
Co. ;  Ballard  828,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Ballard  718,  Benton, 
Carver  Co.;  Bailey  272,  St.  Louis  river;  Winchell  12,  Minne- 
tonka;  Bailey  321,  St.  Louis  river;  Roberts  75,  Grand  Marais; 
Kassube  154,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  138,  Winona  Co.;  Bailey 
110,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  369,  Red  Wing;  Holzinger  139, 
Winona;  Herb.  Sheld  1687,  Minneapolis. 

Campanula  rotundifolia  LINN.     Fl.  Dan.  855  (1857). 

C.  petiolata  A.  DC.    Camp.  279,  338  (1830). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  308;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  157;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  141;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  288,  560;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  92;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  226;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  447;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  888; 


496  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Nym,,Fl.  Eur.;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  246:  Miyabe,  Fl.  Xur.  245;  Herd., 
Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  82;  Wats.,  KingExp.  208;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  183;  Engl. 
Schonland,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  50;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  12  and  Suppl.  II, 
395;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  72;  Coult ,  Fl.Tex.  252. 

Circum  polar  and  all  Eur.  except  Lusitania,  Corsica, 
Greece  and  Spanish  Coast;  Asia  to  Himalayas;  Kuriles  and 
Saghalin  to  Japan. 

North  America:  Greenland  at  lat.  64°  N.  to  Alaska; 
S.  in  Rockies  to  Mexico;  E.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ohio?  and  N.  J. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  W. ;  probably 
throughout;  rocky  banks  and  gravelly  places. 

HERB.:  Bollard  95,  Shakopee;  Taylor  861,  Glenwood; 
Leonard  30,  Chatfield;  Bailey  475,  Agate  Bay;  Kassube  J53, 
Minneapolis;  Roberts  74,  Grand  Marais;  Sandberg  368,  Red 
Wing;  Hammond  24,  Lake  City;  Herb.  Sheld.  1888,  Minneapolis. 

PENTAGONIA  SIEG.     Suppl.  14  (1737). 

Speculum  HALL.    Fl.  Jen.  215  (1745). 

Specularia  HEIST.    Syst.  PL  VIII  (1748). 

Legouzia  Dun.    Fl.  Bourg.  II,  26  (1782). 

Apeiiula  NECK.    Elem.  I,  234  (1790). 

Prismatocarpus  L'HER.     Sert.  Angl.  1(1788)  p.  p. 

Triodanis  RAF.    ex  School.  1.  c.  (1889). 

Dysmicocloii  and  Campylocera  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  2, 
VIII,  255-257  (1842). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VIII,  320  (sub  Campanula}',  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen. 
PL  II,  562;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  240;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II,  381; 
Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  52  (Schonland). 

Living  species:  10;  Middle  Europe,  2;  Mediterranean 
region,  6;  North  America,  4;  Canada,  1;  E.  Sts.,  2;  California, 
2;S.  Sts.,  2;  W.  Tex.,  4. 

Pentagonia  perfoliata  (LINN.)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  II,  381  (1891). 
Campanula  perfoliata  LINN.    Spec.  239  (1753). 
C.  ampkxicaulis  MICHX.    Fl.'N.  Am.  I,  (1803). 
Specularia  perfoliata  DC.    Mon.  Camp.  (1830). 
Dysmicodon  californicum  and  ovatum  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 
2,  VIII,  258  (1842). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  308;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  157;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  141;  Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.  92;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  286,  559;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  257;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  225;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  447;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  183;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  209;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  199;  Engl.  Schonl. 
Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  52;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1, 11;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  II,  381 ; 
Coult.,  Fl.Tex.  252. 

South  America:     Chile. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Brit.  Col.  and  Pac. ;  S.  to 
Oregon,  Calif.,  Mexico;  E.  to  Atl.  coast,  Fla.  and  Tex. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  497 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  open,  sterile  places  and 
dry  banks.  .  V 

HERB.  :     Kassube  155,  Minneapolis. 

LOBELIA  LINN.     Gen.  678  (1737). 

Dortmaima,  Stooria,  Ymnostema,  Juehia  NECK.    Elem. 
I,  132  (1790). 

Rapuiitium  GAERTN.    Fruct.  I,  151  (1788). 

Trimeris,  Tyloinium,  Dobrowskia,  Mezleria,  Gramato- 
theca  PRESL,    MOD.  Lob.  Prodr.  7-46  (1836). 

Tupa  G.  DON,    Syst.  Ill,  700  (1834). 

Holostigma  and  Parastranthus  G.  DON,    1.  c.  716  (1834). 

Khyncopetalum  FRESEN.    Mus.  Senk.  Ill,  66  (1845). 

Diastatea  SCHEIDW.    Allg.  Zeit  396  (1841). 

Monopsis  SALISB.    Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  Lond.  (1812?). 

Isolobus  A.  DC.    Prodr.  VII,  352  (1838-39). 

Sclerotlieca  A.  DC.    1.  c  356  (1838-39). 

Dialypetalum  BENTH.    Geo.  PI.  II,  553  (1876). 

Palmerella  A.  GRAY,    Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XI,  80  (1876). 

Hayiialdia  KAN.    Mag.  Nov.  Lapok.  I,  3  (1877). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  362;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  551,  553; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  238,  239;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5, 
66,  68  (Schonland). 

Living  species:  220;  temperate  and  warmer  regions, 
especially  Middle  and  Eastern  Europe  and  Asia;  N.  America, 
25;  Canada,  6;  Rocky  mts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,17;  E.  Sts.,  13;  Caliifornia, 
2-3;  PI.  Wheel.,  3;  W.  Tex.,  8. 

Lobelia  inflata  LINN.     Spec.  931  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  307;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  156;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  91;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  286;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  254;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
199;  Engl.  Schonland,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  67;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  7. 

North  America:  Maritime  provinces  of  Can.  to  Hud- 
son Bay  and  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  J.,  N.  Car.  and  Ga. ;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  especially  S. ;  rare; 
open  places  or  meadows. 

Lobelia  kalmii  LINN.     Spec.  929  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  307:  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  157;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  92;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  286,  559;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  7. 

North  America:  Anticosti;  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Brit.  Col., 
Hudson  Bay,  lat.  60°  N.  and  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  N.  J.  and 
Penn.;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  S.  to  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
peat  bogs  and  mossy  places. 

HERB.:  Bollard  618,  Shakopee;  Taylor 7 53,  Glenwood; 
Bailey  479,  Agate  bay;  Sandberg  366,  Red  Wing;  Roberts  72, 

-32 


498  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Grand  Marais;  Roberts  73,  Agate  bay;  Kassube  152,  Minneap- 
olis; Leiberg  45,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Oestlund  108,  Hennepin  Co.; 
Sandberg  367,  Goodhue  Co. 

Lobelia  spicata  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  Ill,  587  (1786). 
L.  daytoniana  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  153  (1803). 
L.  pallida  MUHL.    Cat.  (1813). 
L.  goodenioides  WILLD.    Hort.  Berol.  30  (1816). 
L.  nivea  RAF.    Ann.  Nat.  15  (1820). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  306;  Britt.,  Fl.  N  J.  156;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  141;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  92;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  286;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  255; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  199;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  6. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  L.  Huron  reg. ;  S.  to  N.  J.  and 
Miss.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  moist  or  dry 
fields  or  sandy  banks  of  lakes  or  streams. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1475,  Pipestone;  Sheldon  1115,  Spring- 
field; Taylor  550,  Janesville;  Taylor  563,  Minnesota  lake;  Tay- 
lor 860,  Glenwood;  She/ don  769,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  766,  Glen- 
wood;  Sheldon  633,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co.;  Bollard  461,  Prior's 
lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Oestlund  107,  Hennepin  Co. ;  Leiberg  44,  Blue 
Earth  Co.;  Herrick  183,  Minneapolis;  Leonard  29,  Minneapolis; 
Holzinger  137,  Winona  Co. ;  Sandberg  364,  Chisago  Co. ;  Kas- 
sube 151,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  365,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld. 
1924,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  U'ickersheim  89,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ; 
Herb.  Moyer  157,  Montevideo.  The  last  three  are  var.  hirtella 
Gray. 

Lobelia  syphilitica  LINN.     Spec.  945  (1753). 

L.  glandulosa  LINDL.    Bot  Reg.  XXXII,  t.  63  (1847). 
L.  syphilitica  var.  ludoviciana  A.  DC.    Prodr.  VII,  377  (1837). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  306;  Britt ,  Fl.  N.  J.  156;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  141;  Mac..  Fl.  Can.  I,  285;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  254;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
91;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  224;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  199;  Engl.  Schonland,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
IV,  5,  67;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  II,  1,  4. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Owen  Sound,  Minn,  and  Dak.; 
S.  to  N.  J.,  Ga.  and  La.;  W.  to  Colo.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  low  meadows  and  thick- 
ets; frequent. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1400,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1322,  Verdi, 
Lincoln  Co. ;  Taylor  1 051,  Glenwood;  Kassube  150,  Minneapolis; 
Huntington  10,  Rock  Co. ;  Holzinger  136,  Winona  Co. ;  Oestlund 
106,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  362 1  Goodhue  Co.;  Sandberg  363, 
Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld.  1662,  Minneapolis. 

Lobelia  cardinalis  LINN.     Spec.  930  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  305;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  156;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  91;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  285;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  254;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  499 

224;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  199;  Engl.  Schonland,  Nat.  Pflaaz.  IV,  5,  67;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  II,  1,  3;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  251. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Owen  Sound,  Wise, 
and  Minn.;  S.  to  Colo.,  Ark.,  Miss.,  Fla,  and  Tex.;  E.  to  Ills, 
and  N.  J. ;  N.  to  Saskatchewan. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  near  Ft.  Snelling;  rare 
and  local;  deep  woods  or  edges  of  bogs. 

HERB.:  Holzinger  135,  Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  361, 
Goodhue  Co. 


CVI.    COMPOSITAE.    Composite  Family. 

Endlicher,  Gen.  PI  355  (1836-40);  Rich.-ex  Endl.  (1801)— Synanth- 
ereae;  Lindl.,  Veg.  King.  702(1846) — Asteraceae ;  Schultz-Bipontius,  Flora 
129(1852)— Cassiniaceae ;  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant.  II,  163(1873); 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  1  (1886);  Hoffmann  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  5,  87  (1889). 

Genera:  500 ±;  400 ±  (Baillon);  766  (B.  and  H.);  cos- 
mopolitan. 6,  fossil  from  Miocene  (Schimper),  doubtful. 

Species:  10,000-12,000;  arborescent  forms  tropical; 
30  ±,  fossil,  doubtful. 

VERNONIA  SCHREB.     Gen.  PL  II,  541  (1774). 

Baccharoides  MOENCH,    Meth.  578(1794). 

Teichostemma  R.  BR.    Salt.  Abyss.  App.  65  (1828). 

Cantlidia  TEN.    Att.  Ac.  Nap.  IV,  104  (1822). 

Hololepis  DO.    Act.  Mus.  Par.  XVI,  189  (1818). 

L<>i bold ia  SCHLECHT.    ex  Walp.  Ann.  I,  388  (1848 '. 

Ascaricida,  Gymnanthemum,  Isonema,  Distephanus 
CASS.  Bull.  Philom.  (1817). 

Lepidoploa,  Achyrocoma,  Centrapalus,  Oligautlies  CASS. 
Diet.  Ill,  VII,  XXVI  (1826). 

Acilepis  DON,    Nep.  169  (1803). 

Sufrago  GAERTN.    Fruct.  II,  402  (1791)  part. 

Stengelia,  Linzia,  Cheliusia  Scn.-Bip.    Flora  (1841). 

Lysistemma,  Ambass^,  Xioholepis,  Crystallopollen,  Pun- 
duana  STEETZ.  Pet.  Moss.  Bot.  345  (1864). 

Brachyleima  R.  BR.    Salt.  Abyss.  Appx.  65(1828). 

Cyanopis,  Webbia,  Monosis  (part),  Chronopappus,  Cen- 
fauropsis,  Stilpnopappus,  Strophopappus  DC.  Prodr.  V,  62  seq. 
(1836). 

Odontoloma,  Oialesta,  Pollalesta  HBK.  N.  Gen.  et  Spec. 
IV,  43,  45,  46(1820). 

Polydora  FENZL.    Flora  312  (1844). 

Vernoneila  SOND.    Linn.  XXIII,  62  (1849). 

Strobocalyx,  Critoniopsis,  Tephrothanmus,  Stenocephal- 
um,  Piptolepis,  Vanillosma,  lodopappus,  Proteopsis  (MART.) 
SCH.-BIP.  Pollichia  (1861  and  1863). 

Cyanthilliuni  BL.    Bij.  889  (1826). 


500  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Claotrachelus  ZOLL.    Geneesk.  Arch.  (1847). 

Llerasia  TRIANA,    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ser.  4,  IX,  37  (1858). 

Turpinia  LLAV.  and  LEX.    Nov.  Veg.  I,  24  (1824). 

Adenocyclus  LESS.    Linn.  IV,  337  (1830). 

Xiphochaeta  FOEPP.  et  ENDL.    N.  Gen.  Ill,  44  (1845). 

Laclinorliix.il  A.  RICH.  .  Cub.  Fl.  II,  34  (1853). 

Carpophyllus  SCHOTT.    Spreng.  Syst.  Cur.  Post.  409  (1828). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI  VIII,  118;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  227;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  189;  Schenck,  Palaeophyt.  794  (Compositae);  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  124  (Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  500 ±;  America,  250;  Africa,  100;  Mad- 
agascar, 50;  Asia,  50;  cosmopolitan,  except  Europe.  Centers 
in  Brazil.  10-12,  U.  S.  Canada,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  2;  E.  Sts.,  6; 
W.  Tex.,  6;  more  numerous  in  Mexico  and  on  the  border. 

Fossil  species:  A  few  seeds  from  the  Miocene  may  be 
referred  here  with  some  hesitation. 

Vernonia  fasciculata  MICHX.     PL  N.  Am.  II,  94  (1803). 
V.  corymbosa  SCHWEIN.    Keat.  Narr.  Miss.  (1825). 
V.  altissima  DC.    Prodr.  V,  15(1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  238;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  150;  Upham, 
FL  Minn.  68;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  141;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  189;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2, 
90;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  175. 

North  America:  Minn.,  Dak.,  Colo,  to  Ohio,  Ky.,  Neb., 
Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  meadows,  prair- 
ies and  river  banks,  wet  places. 

HERD.:  Sheldon  1351,  Verdi,  Lincoln  Co.;  Sheldon  1455, 
Pipestone  Co. ;  Taylor  680,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  1015,  Sleepy 
Eye;  Sandberg  266,  Goodhue  Co.;  Oesilund  83,  Minneapolis;. 
Herrick  136,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  137,  Hennepin  Co.;  Herb. 
Moyer  106,  Montevideo. 

Yernonia  noyeboracensis  (LINN.)  WILLD.     Spec.  Ill,  1632 
(1803). 

Serratula  noveboracensis  LINN.    Spec.  818  (1753). 
S.  praealta  LINN.    Spec.  818  (1753). 
Chrysocoma  tomenlosa  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  196  (1788). 
Vernonia  tomentosa  ELL.    Sk.  II,  288  (1824).    . 
V.  praealta  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  304  (1833). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  238;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J.  128;  Mac.. 
Fl.  Can.  I,  206;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  188;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  68;  COY.,  Fl.  Ark. 
189;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  89;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  44. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Maine  and  N.  J. ;  S.  to  Fla. 
and  Miss. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  E.  Kan. ,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  forest  district r  Ft. 
Snelling  to  Blue  Earth  Co.;  rare;  low  grounds  and  near 
sloughs. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  501 

EUPATORIUM  LINN.     Gen.  638  (1737). 

Osmia  and  Heterolaeiia  SCH.  BIP.    Herb.  Berol. 

Kersteiiia  NECK.    Elem.  I,  81  (1790). 

Cliromolaeiia  DC.    Prodr.  V,  133  (1836). 

Praxelis,   Gyptis  and  Coleosaiitlms    CASS.    Diet.   X,   XX, 
XLIII  (1826-1834). 

Ooclinium,  Cainpulocliniuiii,  Hebecliniuiii,Conocliniuni, 
Critoiiia,  DC.    Prodr.  V,  133,  seq.  (1836). 

Bulbostyles  WALP.    Rep.  VI,  707  (1847). 

Wikstroemia  SPRENG.    Syst.  Ill,  434  (1826 '. 

Batschia  MOENCH,    Meth.  567  (1794). 

Ageratiopsis  SCH.  BIP.    Herb.  Berol. 

IMsynaphia  DC.    Prodr.  VII,  267  (1838). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  128;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  245;  Dir 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  192;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  138. 

Living  species:  600 ±;  400  (Hoffman)',  560  (Durand); 
wanting  in  most  of  Africa  and  in  Australia;  otherwise  cosmo- 
politan; centers  in  Central  and  tropical  America;  United 
States,  50±;  S.  Sts.,  28;  Canada,  3-4;  E.  Sts.,  18;  California, 
2;  Rocky  mts.,  4;  W.  Tex.,  19;  Europe,  2-3;  Russia,  3-4. 

Eupatorium  ageratoides  LINN.  f.     Suppl.  355  (1781). 
Ageratum  altissimum  LINN.    Spec.  839  (1753). 
Eupatorium  altissimum  LINN.    Syst.  Veg.  614  (1774). 
E.  odoratum  WALT.    Fl.  Gar.  200  (1788). 
E.  fraseri  Pom.    Suppl.  II,  600  (1811). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  241;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  130;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  206;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  150;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  70;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  196;  Cov.,Fl.  Ark.  189;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  101;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  179. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  J.,  Fla.  and 
Miss.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.,  Ark.,  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  woods  and 
shaded  banks;  alluvial  terraces  and  near  lake  shores. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  806,  Goose  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Sheldon 
906,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1277,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1209,  New 
Ulm;  Taylor  979,  Glenwood;  Oestlund  88,  Minneapolis;  Holzin- 
ger  109,  Winona  Co. ;  Sandberg  279,  Vasa;  Kassube  124,  Minne- 
apolis; Herb.  Wickersheim  61,  Lake  Benton;  Herb.  Moyer  111, 
Chippewa  river,  near  Montevideo. 

Eupatorium  perfoliatum  LINN.     Spec.  838  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  241;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  130;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  206;  Webb.,Fl.  Neb.  150;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  Sts.  196;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  142;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  70;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  189;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  99. 
North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  S.  Man.;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.,  N.  Car.  and,  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Dak,  and 
La.  to  Ark. 


502  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

MiDn.  valley:  Throughout;  common;  low  grounds 
and  edges  of  thickets. 

HERB.:  Taylor  983,  Glen  wood;  Sheldon  293,  Madison 
lake;  Taylor  650,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  1296,  Lake  Benton; 
Ballard  725,  Benton,  Carver  Co.;  Herrick  142,  Minneapolis; 
Kassube  123,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Sandberg  278,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld. 
1666,  Minneapolis. 

Eupatorium  altissimum  LINN.     Spec.  1171  (1753). 

Kuhnia  glutinosa  DC.    Prodr.  V,  127  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  240;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  150;  Upharu, 
Fl.  Minn.  70;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  195;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  189;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2, 99. 
North   America:     Penn.  to   Minn.,   Neb.,    Ark.,   Ky., 
Tex.,  N.  Car. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  principally  S.  central 
portion;  dry  soil  and  hillsides;  infrequent. 

HERB.:  Leiberg  31,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Sandberg  277, 
Cannon  Falls. 

Eupatorium  serotinum  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  100  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  239;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  196;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  70;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  189;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  97. 

North  America:  Md.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Kan.,  Ark.,  Tex.  and  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  edge;  infrequent; 
along  banks  of  rivers  and  on  terraces. 

Eupatorium  purpureum  LINN.     Spec.  836  (1753). 
E.  trifoliatum  LINN.    Spec.  836  (1753). 
E.  maculatum  LINN.    Amoen.  Ac.  IV.  288  (1759). 
f  E.  fusco-rubrum  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  199  (1788). 
E.  verticillatum  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  760  (1800). 
E.  falcatum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  99  (1803). 
E.  punctatum  WILLD.    Enum.  II,  853  (1809). 
E.  dubium  Pom.    Suppl.  II,  606  (1811). 
E.  laevigatum  TORR.    Cat.  PL  N.  Y.  (1819). 
E.  ternifolium  ELL.    Sk.  II,  306  (1824). 
E.  purpureum  var.  maculatum  DARL.    Fl.  Cestr.  453  (1826).  . 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  239;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  128;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  1,206,541;  Coult^  Fl.  Colo.  142;  Webb.,  Fl.   Neb.   150;    Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  70;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  194;  Roth.,  Wheel  Exp.  139;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
189;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  95,  96;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  177. 

North  America:  Anticosti,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  to  Brit.  Col. 
and  Rocky  mts. ;  to  lat.  57°  N.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Fla.  and 
Miss.;  W.  to  Dak.,  Neb.,  Ark.,  N.  Mex.,  Utah  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  low  grounds  and 
margins  of  bogs. 

HERB.:    Ballard  841,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co.;  Sheldon 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  503 

t  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  818,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1159,  New 
Ulm;  Sandberg  275,  Cannon  Falls;  Herrick  140,  Minne tonka; 
Oestlund  87,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  14-1,  Minneapolis;  Arthur  64, 
Vermilion  lake;  Kassube  122,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  276,  Good- 
hue  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1817,  Minneapolis. 

KUHNIA  LINN.     Gen.  ed.  VI,  237  (1764). 

Carphephorus  CASS.     Bull.  Philom.  198  (1816). 
Aiioiiymos  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  (1788). 

Bailloo,  Hist.  PI.  VIII,  134;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  248;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  192:  Engl.  and  Prantl.  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  142  (Hoff- 
mann). 

Living  species:  3;  N.  U.  S.,  1;  Arizona  and  Mexico,  1; 
Mexico,  1;  W.  Tex.,  2. 

Kuhnia  eupatorioides  LINN.  f.     Dec.  II,  21  (1781). 
Critonia  Jcuhnia  GAERT.    Fruct.  II,  411  (1791). 
Kuhnia  critonia  \\ILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  1773(1803). 
K.  elliptica  and  pubescens  RAF.    N.  Fl.  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  241;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  130;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  149;  Coult.,  FL  Colo.  143;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  193;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn. 
69:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  189;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  142;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  I,  2,  103;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  180. 

North  America:  N.  J.  to  Minn,  and  Mont. ;  S.  to  Colo., 
Neb. ,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  particularly  in  prairie 
district;  dry  or  high  prairies  and  fields. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  924,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  923,  banks  of 
Cotton  wood,  near  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1340,  Lake  Benton; 
Sheldon  1371,  Verdi,  Lincoln  Co.;  Sheldon  1179.  New  Ulm; 
Leiberg  30,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Oestlund  86,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg 
273,  Goodhue  Co.;  Heib.  Moyer  110,  Montevideo. 

Kuhnia    eupatorioides    LINN.   f.    var.    glntinosa     (ELL.) 
HITCH.     PL  Ames,  498  (1891). 

K.  glutinosa  ELL.    Sk.  II,  292  (1824). 
K.  suaveolens  FRES.    Ind.  Sem.  Frank.  (.1838). 
K.  eupatorioides  var.  corymbalosa  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  78  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.241;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  143;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  69;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  149;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  103;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex. 
180. 

North  America:  Dak.,  Minn.,  111.,  to  Neb.,  Alab.  and 
Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  E.  and  probably  W. ;  dry  prairies 
and  high  bluffs. 

HERB.  :    Sandberg  274,  Red  Wing. 


504  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

LACOIARIA  HILL.     Syst.  Veg.  IV,  49  (1762). 
Psilosaiithus  NECK.    Elem.  (1790). 
Liatris  SCHREB.    Gen.  PI.  572  (1791). 
Calostelma  DON,    Sweet.  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  2,  184  (1838). 
Baillon,  Hist   PL  VIII,  135,  footnote-,  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II, 
248;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  192;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  I,  349;  Engler  and 
Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV.  5,  142  (Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  15;  N.  America  and  Mexico.  W.Tex., 
6;  E.  Sts.,  8;  R.  mts.,  3;  S.  Sts.,  15;  Canada,  3. 

Laciniaria  spicata  (LINN.)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  I,  349  (1891). 
Serratula  spicata  LINN.    Spec.  II,  819  (1753). 
8.  compta  DRYAND.    Bibl.  Banks. 
Liatris  macrostachya  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  91  (1803). 
L.  spicata  WILLD.    Spec  III,  1635  (1803). 
L.  resinosa  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  131  (1818). 
L.  sessiliflora    BERTOL.    Misc.  V,  10  (1846). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  243;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  131;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  69;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  192;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  542;  COY,,  Fl.  Ark.  190; 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  111. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Y.,  Mass,  and  N.  J.;  S.  to 
Fla.  and  Miss. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  moist  and  low  prairies  or 
meadows;  abundant. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1353,  Verdi,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Sheldon  1535, 
Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  765,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sandberg  270,  Cannon 
Falls;  Leiberg  28,  Blue  Earth  Co,;  Sandberg  271,  Red  Wing; 
Kassube  121,  Minneapolis. 

Laciniaria  pycnostachya  (Micnx.)  OK.     Rev.   Gen.  I,   349 
(1891). 

Liatris  pycnostachya  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  91  (1803). 
L.  brachystachya  NUTT.    Jour.  Acad.  Phil.  VII,  507  (1837). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  242;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb  149;  Upham, 
Fl. Minn.  69;  Cov.,  FL  Ark.  190;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2, 110;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  182. 
North  America:     Ind.  to  Minn,  and  Neb.,  S.  to  Ark., 
Tex.  and  Miss. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  rather  low  or 
moist  prairies,  but  drier  localities  than  L.  spicata  (Linn.). 

HERB.:     Sheldon  647,  Waseca;  Taylor  569,  Minnesota 
lake;  Sheldon  1118,  Springfield;   Taylor  103%,  Glenwood;   Oest 
lund  85,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  108,  Montevideo. 

Laciniaria  scariosa  (LiNN.)  HILL.     Syst.  Veg.  IV,  49  (1762). 
Serratula  scariosa  LINN.    Spec.  818  (1753). 

Liatris  aspera  and  sphaeroidea  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  92  (1803). 
L.  scariosa  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  1635  (1803). 
L.  borealis  NUTT.    Paxt.  Mag.  V,  27  (1838). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  242;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  131:  Webb., 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED  PRODUCING  PLANTS.  505 

Fl.  Neb.  149;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  208;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  192;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
144;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  140;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  190;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  5,  142;  Gray.  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  110;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  182. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  to  Rocky  mts. ;  N. 
Eng.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Tex.,  Fla.  and  Miss. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  dry  or  high 
places,  prairie  districts  in  particular. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1536,  Lake  Benton ;  Sheldon  978, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1191,  Springfield;  Sheldon  1270,  Lake  Ben- 
ton;  Sheldon  1364,  Verdi,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Sheldon  1278,  Lake  Benton; 
Sheldon  1344,  Verdi,  Lincoln  Co.;  Taylor  1037,  Glenwood;  Tay- 
lor 1070,  Alexandria;  Sheldon  1586,  Lake  Benton;  Herrick  138, 
Minneapolis;  Leiberg  26,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Leiberg  27,  Blue 
Earth  Co. — (proliferated  form}-,  Herrick  139,  Minneapolis;  Oest- 
lund  84,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  268,  Goodhue  Co.;  Kassube  120, 
Minneapolis;  Sandberg  £69,  Red  Wing;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  36, 
Brainerd;  Herb.  Wickersheim  60,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co.;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1813,  Ramsey  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  107,  Montevideo. 

Laciniaria  punctata  (HOOK.  )  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  I,  849(1891). 
Liatris  punctata  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  306  (1833).    . 
L.  cylindrica  TORR.    Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  II,  210  (1835).' 
L.  resinosa  DC.    Prodr.  V,  129  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.242;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  208;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  144;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  149;  Uphani,  Fl.  Minn.  69;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
190;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  110;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  182. 

North  America:  Man.  and  Saskatchewan  to  Rocky 
mts. ;  S.  to  Mont. ,  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Kan. ,  N.  Mex.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  principally  in  prairie 
district  at  higher  level;  dry  soil  with  L.  scariosa  (Linn. ). 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1373$,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1373, 
Lake  Benton  —  (white-flowered  form)*,  Sheldon  1264,  Lake 
Benton;  Sheldon  1326,  Lake  Benton;  Leiberg  29,  Blue  Earth 
Co.;  Sandberg  272,  Red  Wing,  Herb.  Sheld.  1657,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Moyer  109,  Chippewa  river  bottoms,  near  Montevideo. 

Laciniaria  cylindracea   (Micnx.)  OK.      Rev.   Gen.  I,   349 
(1891). 

Liatris  cylindracea  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  93  (1803). 
L.  graminifolia  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  1636  (1803). 
L.  squarrosa  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  306  (1833). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  242;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  207;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  69;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  189;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  109. 

North  America:     W.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 
Minn,  valley:     Throughout;  not  infrequent;  dry,  bar- 
ren, sandy  or  waste  places. 


506  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1031,  Glenwood;  Herrick  137,  Minne- 
apolis; Sandberg  267,  Goodhue  Co.;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  35, 
Brainerd;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  35%,  Brainerd  [forma  solitaria 
(MacM.)];  Taylor  1031%,  Glenwood  (forma  solitaria). 

Lac i ni aria   squarrosa    (LiNN.)    HILL.      Syst.  Veg.   IV,  49 
(1762). 

Serratula  squarrosa  LINN.    Spec.  88  (1753). 
Pteronia  caroliniana  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  292  (1788). 
Liatris  squarrosa  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  1065  (1802). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  242;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  149;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  191;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  144;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  68;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
190;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  542;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  109;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  182. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Penn.  and  Pla. ;  W.  to  Dak., 
Neb.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  as  common  in  all  districts; 
no  Minn,  specimens  seen;  dry  prairies  and  meadows. 

Lac i n i aria  squarrosa  (LiNN.)  HILL,  var.  intermedia  (LiNDL.) 
Liatris  intermedia  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  XX,  t.  948  (1825). 
L.  sQuarrosa  var.  intermedia  DC.    Prodr.  V.  129  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  242;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  68;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  144;- Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  542;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  109;   Coult.,  Fl. 
Tex,  182. 

North  America:   Ont.  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Tex. 
Minn,  valley:    Reported  from  S.   districts;   no  Minn, 
specimens  seen;  dry  prairies  and  hillsides. 

GRINDELI4  WILLD.     Ges.  Nat.  Mag.  Berl.  259  (1807). 
Donia  R.  BR.    Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  V,  82  (1813). 
Demetria  LAGASCA,    Blench.  Matr.  30  (1816). 
Aurelia  and  Astetilia  CASS.     Diet.  XXXVII,    468(1826-1834). 
Chrysophthalmum  PHIL.    Linn.  XXIX,  9  (1855). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VIII,  155  (sub  Hysterionica)-,  Benth.  .and  Hook  ,  Gen. 
PL  II,  250;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  193;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
IV,  5, 148  (Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  25;  N.  America  and  extra- tropical  S. 
America;  S.  America,  from  S.  Brazil  to  Chile  and  Patagonia, 
6-8;  N.  America,  principally  W.  of  the  Mississippi;  California, 
10;  Canada,  3;  Rocky  mts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  1;  E.  Sts.,  2;  PI.  Wheel., 
4;  W.  Tex.,  3;  numerous  in  Mexican  highlands. 

Grindelia  squarrosa  (PURSH)  DUNAL,     DC.  Prodr.  V,  315 

(1836). 

Donia  squarrosa  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  559  (1814). 
Aurelia  amplexicaulis  CASS.    Diet.  XXXVII,  468  (1829). 
Grindelia  subdecurrens  DC.    Prodr.  V,  315  (1836). 
G.  arguta  GRAY,    PI.  Wright.  II,  81  (1852). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  244;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  149;  Mac., 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLAJS  TS.  507 

Fl.  Can.  I,  208;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  145:  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  77;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  163;  Roth.  Wheel.  Exp.  141;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  118;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex. 
184. 

North  America:  64°  N.  lat.  in  Brit.  Col.  to  Red  and 
Saskatchewan  valleys;  S.  to  Colo,  and  Tex.  and  Mex. ;  W.  to 
Sierra  Nevada  mts. ;  E.  to  C.  Minn,  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  and  W.  districts;  prairies,  road- 
sides and  fields. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1433,  Pipestone  Co. ;  Leiberg  35,  Rock 
Co. 

DIPLOGON  RAP.     Am.  Mo.  Mag.  (Jan.  1818). 
Chrysopsis  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  150  (1818). 

Ammodia,  Macronema  (parti,  Pityopsis  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil. 
Soc.  ser.  2,  VII,  321,  592,  317  (1841). 

Hectorea  DC.    Prodr.  V,  95  (1836). 
Heyfeldera  Scn.-BiP.    Flora  35  (1853;. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  155  (sub  Hysterionica)',  Benth  and  Hook.,  Gen. 
PL  II,  252;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5, 149  (Hoffmann);  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  193;  O.  Kuntze,  Kev.  Gen.  I,  333. 

Living  species:  20 ±;  North  America;  12  (Gray);  13 
(Hoffmann);  E.  Sts.,  6;  S.  Sts.,  7-9;  California,  4;  Canada,  1; 
W.  Tex.,  3. 

Diplogon  villosum  (PURSH)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  I,  334  (1891). 
Amellus  viltosus  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  564  (1814). 

Diplopappus  villosus  and  hispidus  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  22  (1840). 
Chrysopsis  villosa  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  317  (1841). 
C.  canescens  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  256  (1841 1. 
C.  echioides  BENTH.    Bot.  Sulph.  25  (1844). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.,  6  ed.  245;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  149;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  217;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  145;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  78;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
I,  209;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  141;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  164,  422;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
190;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  149;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  122; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  185. 

North  America:  Peace  and  Saskatchewan  regions  to 
Ills,  and  Alabama;  W.  to  Brit.  Col.,  Calif.,  Nev.  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  dry  fields,  prairies  and 
forest  openings. 

HERB.  :  MacMillan  7,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1369,  Lake 
Benton;  Bollard  640,  Chaska;  Ballard  377,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ; 
Bollard  181,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  744,  Glenwood;  Herrick 
153,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  308,  Goodhue  Co.;  Kassube  134, 
Minneapolis;  Oestlund  93,  Minneapolis;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  46, 
Brainerd;  Herb.  Wickersheim  78,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb. 
Moyer  130,  Apple  ton. 


508  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY 

SOLIDAGO  LINN.     Gen.  651  (1737). 
Kutliamia  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  162  (1818). 
Chrysoma  NUTT.    Jour.  Acad.  Phil.  VII,  67  (1834). 
Amphirapbis  DC.    Prodr.  V,  343  (1836)  part. 
Virga-aurea  TOURN.    Inst.  483  (1700). 
Doria  ADANS.    Fam.  II,  124(1763). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  153:  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  256;  Du. 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  194;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  I,  311  (sub  Aster);  Engler 
and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  4,  V,  150  (Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  80  ±;  all  North  America  but  3  or  4; 
Russia,  1-2;  Europe,  1-2;  S.  America,  2;  Azores,  1;  S.  Sts., 
45;  E.  Sts.,  42;  Canada,  33;  Rocky  mts.,  14;  California,  7;  PL 
King,  12;  PL  Wheel.,  14;  W.  Tex.,  24. 

Solidago  occidental's  NUTT.     T.  and  G.  Fl.  II,  226  (1841). 
Euthamia  occidentalis  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil .  Soc.  VII,  326  (1841 ). 
Solidago  lanceolata  CHAM,  and  SCHLECHT.     Linn.  VI,  502  (1831) 
not  Linn. 

Aplopappus  baccharioides  BENTH.    Bot.  Sulph.  24  (1844). 
Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  77;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  155;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
I,  318;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  217;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  364;  Wats.,  King  Exp. 
156;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  160. 

North  America:  S.  Brit.  Col.  to  Mont,  and  N.  Mex. ; 
W.  to  Pac.  coast  and  S.  Colo. ;  E.  to  W.  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Local  in  Nicollet  Co.;  perhaps  also  on 
Coteau  des  Prairies;  S.  W. ;  hills  and  high  plains. 

Solidago  graminifolia  (LiNN.)  ELL.     Sk.  II,  391  (1824). 

Chrysocoma  graminifolia  LINN.    Spec.  841  (1753). 
Solidago  lanceolata  LINN.    Mant.  114  (1767). 
Euthamia  graminifolia  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  162  (1818). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  252;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  135;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  149;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  217;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  77;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
214;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  156;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  156;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  190;  Gray, 
Syn,  Fl.  I,  2,  160. 

North  America:  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Rockies;  N. 
to  lat.  64°;  S.  to  Mont,  Colo.,  Neb.,  Ark.;  E.  to  Atl.  coast 
and  Ga. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  prairies,  moist  fields  or 
hillsides. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  960,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1533,  Lake  Ben- 
ton;  Sheldon  1359,  Verdi,  Lincoln  Co.;  Sheldon  1461,  Pipestone; 
Bollard  7S8,  Swan  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard  562,  Prior's  lake, 
Scott  Co.;  Taylor  960,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  993,  Sleepy  Eye; 
Herrick  152,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  92,  Minneapolis;  Kassube 
133,  Ramsey  Co.;  Bailey  255,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  307, 
Goodhue  Co.;  Roberts  62,  Cascade  river;  Roberts  63,  Two 
Harbors. 


LIST  OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  509 

Soliclago  riddellii  FRANK.     Ridd.  Syn.  57  (1835). 

IS.  ampkxicaulte  MART.    hull.  Acad.  Brux.  VIII,  68  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  252;   Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  76;  Gray, 
Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  160. 

North  America:  Ohio  to  Minn,  and  Mo.;  Ft.  Monroe, 
Virginia. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  forest  district,  N.  E.  and 
S.  central  portions;  peat  bogs  and  marshy  places. 

Solidago  rigida  LINN.    Spec.  880  (1753). 

S.  grandiflora  RAF.    Med.  Repos.  V,  359  (1808). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed  252;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  133;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  149;  Coult.,  Fl.Colo.  155;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  210;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
217,  54*;  Cov.s  Fl.  Ark.  191;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  76;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.I,  2, 159; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  190. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and  mts.  of  Ga. ;  W.  to 
Saskatchewan  and  N.  W.  T.,  Colo.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  prairies  and 
copses  or  waste  hillsides,  roadsides  and  embankments. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  56>5,Waseca;  Sheldon  1451, Pipestone; 
Taylor  167,  Janesville;  Taylor  689,  Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  825> 
Glenwood;  Sheldon  1286,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1126,  Spring- 
field; Sheldon  471,  Madison  Lake;  Holzinger  116,  Winona  Co.; 
Kassube  131,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  303,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb. 
Sheld.  1656,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  74,  Ash  lake, 
Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  124,  Montevideo. 

Solidago  radula  NUTT.     Jour.  Acad.  Phil.  VII,   327  (1835). 
S.  rotundifolia  DC.    Prodr.  V.  332  11836). 
S.  scaberrima  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  220  (1841). 
S.  decemflora  GRAY,    PI.  Lindh.  II,  223  (1849). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  251;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  76;  Wats., 
King  Exp.  155;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  191;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  158;  Webb.,  Appx. 
Neb.  43;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  190. 

North  America:  W.  111.,  Minn.,  Kan.,  Neb.  to  N. 
Mex.,  Ark.,  Tex.  and  W.  La, 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  and  W.  dis 
tricts  and  from  N.  edge;  rare;  dry  hills  and  high  plains. 

Solidago  nemoralis  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  213  (1789). 

S.  hispida  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  2063  (1803). 

S.  conferta  Pom.    Enc.  Meth.  VIII,  459  (1808). 

S.  einerascens  SCHWEIN.    Ell.  Sk.  II,  375  (1824). 

S.  decemflora  DC.    Prodr.  V,  322  (1836). 

S.  puberula  DC.    Prodr.  V,  333  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  251;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  135;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  149;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  214;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  216;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
155;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  76;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  191;  Both.,  Wheel,  Exp.  149; 
Wats.,  King  Sxp.  155;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  158;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  190. 


510  METASPEKMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

North  America:  Anticosti  to  Rockies;  S.  to  Fla., 
Nev.,  Tex.,  Mex.,  Arizona,  Utah, 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  more  abundant  W.  than 
E. ;  woodland  and  thickets. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  945,  Redwood  Falls;  Sheldon  1257, 
Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1478,  Pipestone;  Sheldon  1354,  Verdi, 
Lincoln  Co.;  Sheldon  1198,  New  Ulm;  Hero.  Wickersheim  75, 
Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co.;  Sandberq  121$,  Red  Wing;  Roberts  36$, 
Minnesota  Point;  Oestlund  49$,  Hennepin  Co.;  Kassube  126$, 
Minneapolis;  Holzinger  42$,  Winona  Co.;  Holzinger  43$,  Wi- 
nona  Co. 

Solidago  nemoralis  AIT.  var.  mollis  (BARTL.  ). 
8.  mollis  BARTL.    Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Gott.  (1836). 
S.  incana  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  221  (1841)  excl  vyn. 
S.  nemoralis  var.  incana  GRAY,    Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XVII,  197  (1882). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  251;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.,  155;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  217;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  76;    Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  158;  Webb., 
Appx.  Neb.  43. 

North  America:  N.  W.  T.,  49°  N.  lat.  to  Colo.;  E.  to 
Dak.,  Minn.,  Mont.,  Neb.  and  in  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Far  W.  district;  rare;  high  or  dry 
prairies. 

HERB.:     Sheldon  1500,  Lake  Benton. 

Solidago  canadensis  LINN.     Spec.  878  (1753). 
S.  reflexa  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  210  (1789). 
8.  nutans  DESF.    Cat.  3  ed.  402  (1829). 
£  longifolia  SCHRAD.    DC.  Prodr.  V,  330  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  251;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  76;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  135;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  154;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  148;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
214;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  216;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  66;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp. 
147;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  190;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  157;  Coult.,Fl.  Tex.  190. 
Introduced  in  Russia. 

North  America:  Ft.  Franklin  on  Mackenzie  to  Ari- 
zona; E.  to  N.  S.,  N.  J.,  N.  Car.  and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  borders  of 
woods  and  along  railway  embankments 

HERB.:  Ballard  779,  Swan  lake,  Carver  Co.;  Bollard 
728,  Benton,  Carver  Co, ;  Ballard  875,  Waconia;  Sheldon  1478, 
Pipestone  Co.;  Sheldon  1581,  Lake  Benton;  Bailey  533,  Mud 
lake;  Roberts  61,  Poplar  river;  Holzinger  117,  Winona  Co.;  Bai- 
ley 168,  Vermilion  lake;  Herrick  151,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger 
118,  Winona  Co.;  Sandberg  305,  Goodhue  Co.;  Kassube  132, 
Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1727,  Minneapolis;  1643,  St.  Paul; 
Herb.  Wickersheim  77,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  125, 
Chippewa  river,  near  Montevideo;  126,  Montevideo. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  5-11 

Solidago  serotina  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  211  (1789). 
S.  gigantea  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  2056  (1803). 
8.  glabra  DESF.    Cat.  3  ed.  402  (1829). 
S.  fragrans  DESF.    Hort.  Par.  (1829). 
S.  pitcheri  NUTT.    Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  VII,  101  (1834). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  251;   Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  135;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  149:  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  154;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  77;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
214;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  215;    Cov.,   FL  Ark.  191;    Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  5,  150:  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  156;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  190. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan, 
N.  W.  T.  and  49°  N.  lat.  on  Red  river;  S.  from  Oregon  to  Tex. ; 
E.  to  Atl.  coast  and  Alabama. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  edges  of  woods  and  open 
places  or  sunny  banks  of  streams. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  471,  Madison  Lake;  Taylor  J018,  Glen- 
wood;  Sheldon  1268,  Lake  Benton;  Holzinger  119,  Winona  Co. ; 
Sandberg  306,  Red  Wing;  Sheldon  1527,  Lake  Benton;  Herb. 
Moyer  127,  128,  129,  Montevideo. 

Solidagro  serotina  AIT.  var.  gigantea  (AiT. )  GRAY,     Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  XVII,  179,  196  (1882). 

8.  gigantea  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  211  (1789). 
8.  serotina  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  2056  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.6  ed.  251;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1,  216;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  135;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  214;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  76;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  156;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  156;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  43;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Tex.  190. 

North  America:     Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Pac. ;   N.   to 
59°  on  Peace  river;  S.  to  Tex.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Nev.  on  plains. 
Minn,  valley:     Throughout;  especially  W.  and  N.  W. ; 
copses,  thickets  and  embankments  on  river  banks. 
HERB.  :     Taylor  986,  Glenwood. 

Solidago  missoiiriensis  NUTT.     Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  VII,  32 

(1834). 

8.  serotina  HOOK.    Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  I,  97  (1835). 
S.  glaberrima  MART.     Bull.  Acad.  Brux.  VIII,  68(1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  251;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  149;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  76;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  215;   Coult.,   Fl.  Colo.  154;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  147;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  191;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  155;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  190. 
North  America:     Assiniboia  to  Colo.,  Neb.,  Ark.,  Tex., 
Wise.,  Ind.  and  Tenn. 

Minn,  valley:  Prairie  district,  especially  W. ;  re- 
ported from  N.  E.  districts;  doubtful;  high  plains  and  head- 
lands. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1441,  Pipestone;  Sheldon  947,  Red- 
wood Falls;  Sheldon  1178,  New  Ulm;  Sheldon  1280,  Lake  Benton; 


512  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Taylor  768,  Glenwood;    Sheldon  1125,  Springfield;    Huntington 
5,  Luverne;  Herb.  Wickersheim  76,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. 

Solidago  juncea  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  213  (1789). 
S.  ciliaris  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  2056  (1803). 
S.  arguta  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  214  (1841). 
S.  arguta  var.  juncea  GRAY,    Man.  ed.  V,  243  (1867;. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  250;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  134;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  215;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  76;  Gray,  Syn.  FL  I,  2,  155. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Rockies,  44°,  54° 
and  64°  N.  lat.  and  Hudson  Bay  reg. ;  S.  to  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  S. 
Car. ;  W.  to  Tenn.  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  districts;  rare  further  S.  in  forest 
district;  banks  of  streams  and  edges  of  woods. 

HERB.  :  Bailey  31,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  304,  Good- 
hue  Co. 

Solidago  neglecta  T.  and  G.     Fl.  II,  213  (1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  250;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  133;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  76;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  214;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  154. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.,  N.  J.  toMd.;W. 
to  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  districts;  doubt- 
ful; swamps. 

Solidago  rugosa  MILL.     Diet.  ed.  8  (1768). 
S.  aspera  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  212  (1789). 
8.  altissima  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  212  (1789). 
?  S.  rigidula  Bosc.    Hort.  Par.  (1808). 
S.  asperata  HERB.  Banks  (Solander), 
S.  hirta  WILLD.    Enum.  891  (1809). 
S.  villosa  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  II,  537  (1814). 
S.  humilis  DESF.    Cat.  ed.  3,  402  (1829). 
S.  asperula  DESF.    Cat.  ed.  3,  403  (1829). 
S.  altissima  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  216  (1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  249;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  135;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  212?;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  214;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  76;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
191;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  153;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  189.. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Thunder 
bay;  S.  to  Fla.,  Mo.  and  Ark.;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  district;  rare; 
fields  and  borders  of  thickets. 

Solidago  patula  MUHL.     Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  2059  (1803). 
S.  asperata  PURSH,    Fl,  Am.  II,  538  (1814). 
S.  angulata  SPRENG.    in  herb.  Willd. 
S.  frankii  HOCHST.  and  STEUD.    in  Dist. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  249:  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  214;  Gray, 
Syn.  Fl.  1,2,  152;  Chap.,  FL  S.  St.  211;  Upham,  FL  Minn.  76;  Britt.,  Fl.  N. 
J.  134;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  189. 


LIST    OP   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING    PLANTS.  513 

North  America:    Ont.  to  Minn. ;  S.  to  Ga. ,  Mo.  and  Tex. 
Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  S.  E.  district;  doubtful; 
swamps  and  wet  meadows. 

Solidago  speciosa  NUTT.     Gen.  II,  160  (1818). 

S.  sempervirens  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  119  (1803)  in  part. 
S.  petiolaris  MUHL.    Cat.  79  (1813). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  249;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  133;  Chap., 

Fl.  S.  St.  210;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  214;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  75;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 

191;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  152:  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  43;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  189. 

North  America:     N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Fla.   and  Miss.;  W. 

to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:     Forest  district  and  W.   to  Chippewa 
valley;  rare;  edges  of  woods  and  thickets. 

HERB.:     Sandberg  302,  Red  Wing;    Taylor  946,  Glen- 
wood. 

Solklago  speciosa  var.  rigidiuscula  T.   and  G.     Fl.  II,  205 

(1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  249;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  149;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  153:  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  75;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  191;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2, 
152:  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  189. 

North  America:     Minn.,  Neb.,    Colo,  to  Arizona  and 
Texas. 

Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  S.  W.  districts;  doubt- 
ful; copses  and  edges  of  woods. 

Solidago  speciosa  NUTT.  var.  erecta  (PURSH). 

S.  erecta  PURSH,    Fl.  Arn.  542  (1814). 
S.  speciosa  var.  angustata  T.  and  G.     Fl.  II,  205  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  249;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  133;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  149;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  210;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  75;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
I,  2,  152;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  189. 

North  America:     N.  Eng,,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Tex. 

Minn,    valley:      Reported    from    S.    edge;     doubtful; 
copses  and  edges  of  woods. 

Solidago  latifolia  LINN.     Spec.  879  (1753). 
S.  flexicaulis  LINN.    Spec.  879  (1753\ 
S.  flexicaulis  var.  latifolia  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  2064  (1803). 
S.  macrophylla  BIGEL.     Fl.  Bost.  2  ed.  305  (1824). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  247;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  132;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  75;   Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St   208;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  211;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  I,  2,  145. 

North  America:     N.  S.,  N.  Br.,   Q.,  Ont.  to  Georgian 
bay;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Tenn.,Ga. 

Minn,   valley:     Throughout;  edges  of  woods  and  along 
shaded  banks  of  streams  and  lakes. 
-33 


514  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  23,  Elysian;  Sheldon  656,  Waseca; 
Sheldon  1276,  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  1043,  Glenwood;  Sandberg 
300,  Vasa;  Kassube  130,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  1  ^.Minneapolis; 
Taylor  1164,  Glenwood;  Herb.  Wickersheim  72,  Lake  Park, 
Becker  Co.,  75,  Lake  Benton;  Herb.  Moyer  123,  Montevideo. 

Solidago  caesia  LINN.     Spec.  879  (1753). 

8.  Jkxicaulis  LINN.     Herb. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  247;  Britt.,  Fl.N.  J.  132;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  75;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  209;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  211;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
190;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2.  145;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  188. 

North  America:  Ont.  toFla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  111.,  Ky., 
Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  infrequent;  moist  woods 
and  banks. 

HERB.:  Sandberg  301,  Red  Wing;  Herrick  150,  Minne- 
apolis. 

HAPLOPAPPUS  CASS.     Diet.  56,  168  (1834). 

Prionopsis  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  VII,  329  (1843). 

Pyrrocoma  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Ara.  I,  306  (1833). 

Homopappus  NUTT.    1.  c.  330  (1843). 

Hoorebekia  CORNELISS.    ex  DC.  Prodr.  V,  346  (1836). 

Stenotus  NUTT.    1.  c.  334  (1843). 

Isopappus  T.  and  G.     Fl.  Am.  II,  239  (1841). 

Chroilema  BERXH.    Hort.  Erf.  (1840). 

Macronema  NUTT.    1.  c.  331  (1843). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VIII,  156  (sub  Hysterionica  Willd.);  Benth.  and 
Hook.,  Gen.  PI  II,  253;  Durand.  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  193;  Engler  and  Prantl. 
Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  150  (Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  100 ±;  60  (B.  and  H. );  Western  N. 
and  S.  America,  Canada  to  Patagonia.  Especially  abundant 
in  Chile.  N.  America  and  Mexico,  50  ±,  E.  Sts.,  3;  Canada,  6; 
Rocky  mts.,  18;  California,  22;  PI.  King,  14;  PI.  Wheel.,  15; 
W.  Tex.,  9 

Haplopappus  spinulosus  (PURSH)  DC.     Prodr.  V,  347- (1836). 
Amellus(?)  spinulosus  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  564  (1814). 
Starkea  pinnata  NUTT.     Gen.  II,  169(1818). 
Diplopappus  pinnatifidus  HOOK.     Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  22  (1840). 
Dieteria  spinulosa  NUTT.    Trans,  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  301  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  245;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  149;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.,  148;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  209;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  77;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  143;  Wats.,  King  Exp  422;  Engl.  Hoffmann.  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  151; 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  130;  Gray,  Suppl.  Syn.  I,  2,  446;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  186. 

North  America:  Rockies  in  Can.  to  54°  N.  lat. ;  S.  to 
Colo.,  Neb.,  Arizona,  Tex.  and  Mex. ;  E.  to  Saskatchewan, 
Dak.  and  Minn. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  515 

« 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  district;  infrequent;  plains  and 
high  knolls. 

BOLTONIA  L'HER.     Sert.  Angl.  27  (1788). 
Asteromoea  BLUME,    Bij.  901  (1826). 
Hisutsua  DC.     Prodr.  VI,  44  (1837). 
Dichaetophora  A.  GRAY,    PI.  Fendl.  73  (1849). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VIII,  34  (sub  Aster i;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  II, 
269;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  196;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5, 
161  (Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  7  in  N.  America  and  Malay  Archi- 
pelago to  Japan  and  China;  U.  S.,  4;  E.  Asia,  3;  Canada,  3;  E. 
Sts.,  3;  S.  Sts.,  3;  S.  Tex.,  1;  W.  Tex.,  1. 

Boltonia  asteroides  (LiNN.)  L'HER.     Stirp.  (1788). 
Matricaria  asteroides  LINN.    Mant.  116  (1767). 
M.  glastifolia  HILL.     Hort.  Kew.  19  (1768). 
Boltonia  glastifolia  L'HER.    Stirp.  (1788). 
Chrysanthemum  carolinianum  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  204  (1788). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  254:  Webb.,  Fl.  TSTeb.  148;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  208;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  74:   Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  II,  332;   Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  I,  2,  166. 

North  America:  Man.  and  Minn,  to  Neb.  and  Mo.;  E. 
to  Penn. ,  N.  Car.  and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  especially  W.  and  S.  W. 
districts;  rich  soil  and  edges  of  woods. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1421,  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  1186,  Glen- 
wood;  Juni  8,  Alexandria;  Oestlund  91,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg 
299,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Wickersheim  71,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. ; 
Herb.  Moyer  122,  Montevideo. 

ASTER  LINN.     Gen.  652  (1737). 

Sericocarpus  NEES,    Gen.  Ast.  148  (1818). 

Biotia,  Heliastrum,  Heterochaeta,  Arctogeron,  Turczaii- 
inowia,  Noticastrum,  Galatella  DC.    Prodr.  V  ( 1836). 

IMplopappus,  Galatea,  Linosyris,  Crinitaria  CASS.     Diet. 
XIII,  seq.  (1834). 

Xylorliiza  and  Bucephalus  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  VIII, 
298  (1841). 

Symphyotrichum,  Machaeranthera,  Doelliiigera,  Tripol- 
ium,  Calliiiieris  NEES,    Ast.  (1832). 

Dieteria  NUTT.    1.  c.  300  (1841). 

Rhinactina  LESS.    Linn.  VI,  149  (1832). 

Homostylium  NEES,    Linn.  XVIII,  513  (1844). 

Bellicliastrum  MICHELI,     Nov.  Gen.  29  (1729 '. 

Margarita  GAUD.    Helv.  V,  335  (1829). 

H*rsilea  KLOTXSCH,     Waldem.  Reis.  Bot.  75  (1843?). 
?  Psychrog-eton  Boiss.    Fl.  Or.  Ill,  156  (1843). 

Amellus  ADANS.     Fam.  PL  II,  124  (1763). 


516  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Pinardia  NECK.    Elem.  I,  5  (1790). 

Crinita  MOENCH,    Meth.  (1794). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  135;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  270,  271; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  196;  O.  Kuntze  (includes  Solidago),  Rev.  Gen.  I, 
309;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  161  (Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  350  described,  250  reduced.  N.  and  S. 
America,  Europe,  Asia,  S.  Africa,  and  closely  related  forms 
perhaps  to  be  referred  to  the  genus  in  Australia.  Russia,  20; 
Europe,  10;  North  America  150,  (124,  Gray  Syn.);  Canada,  60- 
70;  Rocky  mts.,  50;  E.  Sts.,  60;  S.  Sts.,  50;  California,  20; 
PL  Wheel.,  20;  PL  King,  20;  W.  Tex.,  25. 

Aster  ptarmicoides  (NEES)  T.  and  G.     Fl.  II,  160  (1841). 

Doellingeria  ptarmicoides  NEES,    Syn.  Ast.  183  (1818). 
Chrysopsis  alba  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  152  (1818). 
Heliastrum  album  DC.    Prodr.  V,  264  (1836). 
Diplopappus  albus  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  21  (1840). 
Aster  albus  EAT.  and  WRIGHT.    Man.  146  (1840). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  264;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  228;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  165;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  73;  Cov..  Fl.  Ark.  192;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I, 
2,  198. 

North  America:    Ont.  and  N.  Eng.  to  Saskatchewan, 

Assiniboia  and  N.  W.  T.  to  49°  N.  lat.;  S.  to  Minn.,  Colo,  and 
Arkansas. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  at  higher  levels;  fields, 
prairies,  high  bluffs  and  rocky  headlands. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1254,  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  1007,  Glen- 
wood;  Juni  7,  Knife  river;  Juni  8,  Little  Marais;  Kassube  126, 
Minneapolis;  Bailey  517,  Agate  bay;  Roberts  59,  Little  Marais; 
Leiberg  32,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Holzinger  112,  Winona  Co. ;  Sand- 
berg  292,  Goodhue  Co.;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  19,  Brainerd;  Herb. 
Wickersheim  69,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  116,  Min- 
nesota bluffs,  near  Montevideo. 

Aster  umbellatus  MILL.     Diet.  ed.  8,  2  (1768). 
A.  amygdalinus  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  I,  305  (1783). 
Chrysopsis  amygdalina  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  153  (1818). 
Diplopappus  umbellatus  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  183  (1841). 
D.  amygdalinus  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  153  (1841)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  263;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  140;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  207;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  229;  Cov.,  FL  Ark.  192;  Gray,  Syn.  FL  I,  2i 
196;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  196. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Anticosti,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  N. 
J. ,  Tenn.  and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Saskatchewan,  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  principally  W.  districts; 
moist  woods  and  shaded  banks  of  streams  and  lakes. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  991,  Glenwood;  Taylor  1015,  Glen  wood; 
'  Taylor  1045,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1157,  New  Ulm;— all  in  var. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER    SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  517 

pubens  Gray;  Leiberg  33,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Bailey  473,  Agate 
Bay; — Type;  Bailey  190,  Vermilion  lake;  Arthur  66,  Vermilion 
lake — also  var.  pubens  Gray. 

Aster  puniceus  LINN.  Spec.  875  (1753). 
A.  hispidus  LAM.  Enc.  Meth.  I,  306  (1783). 
A.  amoenus  LAM.  Enc.  Meth.  I,  306  (1783). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  263;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  139;  Chap.r 
Fl.  S.  St.  204;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  73;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  226;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
164;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  192;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  195;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  43. 

North  America:   Atl.  to  Pac.  in  Can.;  S.  in  E.  U.  S.  to 
N.  Car.  and  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Mont,  to  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:   Especially  in  W.  districts,  but  probably 
throughout;  low  places  and  edges  of  swampy  woods. 

HERB.:     Taylor  1092,  Glenwood;    Sheldon  15  J4,  Lake 
Ben  ton;   Sheldon  1554,  Verdi,  Lincoln  Co. ;   Herb.  Wicker  sheim 
65,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co.;    Wickersheim  137,  Ash  lake,  Lin 
coin  Co. 

Aster  puniceus  LINN.  var.  lucidus  (WEND.). 
A.  lucidus  WEND.    Ind.  Sem.  Marb.  (1832). 
A.  puniceus  var.  vimineus  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  140  (1841). 
A.  puniceus  var.  lucidulus  GRAY,    Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  195  (1886). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  263;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  73;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  333. 

North  America:    E.  Q.  to  N.  Eng.;   W.  to  Ills.,  Wise, 
and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:    W.   and  S.  W.  districts;   rare;   wet  or 
low  places. 

HERB.  :   Sheldon  1335,  Lake  Benton. 

Aster  novabelgii  LINN.     Spec.  877  (1753). 
A.  serotinus  MILL.    Diet.  (1768). 
A.  floribundus  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  2048  (1803). 
A.  laxus  T.  and  G.     Fl.  II,  134  (1841). 
A.  longifolius  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  233  (1867). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  262;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  138;  Webb., 

Fl.  Neb.  148;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  225,  545;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  203;  Upham,  Fl. 

Minn.  72;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV.  5,  163;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.l,  2, 189. 

North  America:     N.  S.  ?,  N.  Br.?  and  Bow  river  reg. 

to  Ga.  and  S.  Car.;  N.  J.  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:     S.   central  districts  and  W.  to  Dakota 
line;  rare;  low  places  along  streams  and  in  meadows. 

Aster  longifolius  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  I,  306  (1783)  chiefly. 
A.  paniculatus  LAM.    in  Herb.  Par. 
A.  aestivus  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  203  (1789). 
A.  salicifolius  WILLD.    Herb. 
A.  Jloribundus  WILLD.    Herb.  Par.  (18 14). 


518  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

?  A.  hiemalis  NEKS,    Ast.  77  (1832). 
A.  viryineus  NEES,    Ast.  88  (1832). 
?  A.  squarrulosus  NEES,    Ast.  86  (1832). 
A.  laxifolius  HOOK.    Fl.  I,  (1833). 

A.  longifolius  var.  villicaulis  GRAY,    Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  189  (1886). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  262;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  188; 
Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  72;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  161,  partly;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  226. 
North  America:     Labrador,  N.  N.  Eng,  to  Ont.,  Man. 
and  Great  Slave  lake;  8.  to  Mont.,  Minn,  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  districts,  E.  and  W. ;  woods  and 
edges  of  thickets. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1115,  Glenwood;  Bollard  823,  Page 
lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard  795,  Goose  lake,  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard 
716,  Benton.  Carver  Co. ;  Bollard  840,  Patterson  lake,  Carver 
Co.;  Bailey  266,  St.  Louis  river;  Sandberg  608,  Red  Wing; 
Oesilund  352,  Minneapolis. 

Aster  junceus  ATT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  204  (1789). 
A.  saUcifolius  RICH.    App.  Frankl.  Journ.  478  (1823). 
A.  bellidiflorus  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  2  (1840). 
A.  laxifolius  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  10(1840). 
A.  laxifolius  \ar.  borealis  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  138  (1841). 
A.  laxifolius  var.  laetiflorus  T.  and  G.     Fl.  II,  138(1841). 
A.  borealis  PROVANCH.    Fl.  Can.  I,  308  (1862). 
A.  aestivus  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  233  (1867)  mainly. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  262;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  139;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  161:  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  72;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  545;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
I,  2,  188. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  to  N.  S.  and  Brit.  Col. 
to  lat.  64°  N.  and  at  Hudson  Bay;  S.  to  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. ;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Ohio  and  Mich. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  as  occurring  throughout; 
rare;  shaded  places  and  along  streams. 

Aster  salicifolius  LAM.?    Enc.  Meth.  I,  306  (1783). 
?  A.  eminens  WILLD.    Enum.  886  (1809). 
A.  praealtus  Pom.    Suppl.  I,  493  (1810). 
A.  rigidulus  DESF.    Cat.  122  (1815). 
A.  obliquus  NEES,    Syn.  Ast.  76(1818). 
?  A.  carneus  NEES,    Syn.  Ast.  96  (1818). 
A.  stenophyllus  LINDL.    DC.  Prodr.  V,  242  (1836). 
A.  laxifolius  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  10  (1840)  proparte. 
A.  greenei  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  134  (1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  261;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  138;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  161;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  148;  Upham.,  Fl.  Minn.  72;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
I,  224;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  188;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  554?;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex. 
196?. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Ont.,  Man.  and  Saskatchewan 
to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Mont.,  Neb.  and  Tex. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  519 

Minn  valley:  Reported  in  W.  districts,  both  N.  and 
S. ;  rare;  moist  or  low  fields  and  meadows. 

Aster  paniculatus  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  I,  306  (1783). 
A.  salicifolius  SCROLL.    Fl.  Barb.  Suppl.  328  (1785). 
A.  salignus  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  240  (1800). 
A.  dracunculoides  WILLD.     Spec.  Ill,  2050  (1803). 
A.  simplex  WILLD.    Enum.  887  (1809). 
A.  laxus  WILLD.    Enum.  886  (1809). 
A.  strictus  Pom.    Suppl.  498  (1810). 
A.  carneus  NEES,     Syn.  Ast.  27  (1818). 
A.  lamarckianus  KEES,    Syn.  Ast.  100  (1818). 
A.  recurvatus  WILLD.    in  Herb. 
A.  parviflarus  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  11  (1841). 
A.  tenuifolius  T.  and  G.     Fl.  II,  131  (1840). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  261;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  138;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  203;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  224;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  161;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  150;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  140;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  192;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  187; 
Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  43. 

North  America:  N.  Br.  to  Saskatchewan  and  Mont.; 
S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  La.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  principally  in  W.  dis- 
tricts; shaded  banks  or  edges  of  woods. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1425,  Lake  Benton;  Roberts  58,  Stew- 
art river;  Sandberg  290,  Red  Wing;  Bailey  217,  Vermilion  lake; 
Taylor  1091,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  925,  Sleepy  Eye;  Herb.  Moyer 
265,  Montevideo. 

Aster  lateriflorus  (LiNN.)  BRITT.     Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  IX, 

(1889). 

Solidago  laterifiwa  LINN.    Spec.  879(1753). 
Aster  diffusus  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  205  (1789). 
A.  tradescanti  MICHX.    Fl.  II,  115  (1803). 
A.  miser  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  158  (1818). 
A.  parviflorus  DARL.    Fl.  Cestr.  446  (1840). 
A.  divergens  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  11  (1840). 
A.  pendulus  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  12  (1840). 
A.  glomeretlus  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  129  (1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  261;  Upharn,  Fl.  Minn.  72;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  203?;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  138;  Mac.,Fl.  Can.  I,  224;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
I,  2,  186;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex."  196. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  and  Minn,  to 
Fla.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  as  occurring  throughout; 
fields,  edges  of  woods  and  along  streams. 

HERB.:  Sandberg  289,  Red  Wing;  Roberts  57,  Beaver 
bay. 

Aster  vimineus  LAM.     Enc.  Meth.  I,  306  (1783). 

A.  tradescanti  LINN.    Herb.  Cliff?. 


520  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

A.  secundiflorus  DESF.    Hort.  Par.  (1815). 
A.  multiflorus  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  155  (1818). 
A.  fragilis  NEES,    Ast.  101  (1818). 
A.  tenuifolius  ELL.    Sk.  II,  347  (1824). 
A.  diffusus  DC.    Prodr.  V,  242  (1836)  in  part. 

Wats,  and  Coult.  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  260;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  138;  Chap.r 
Fl.  S.  St.  203?;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  226?,  546;  Cov.  Fl.  Ark.  192;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  I,  2,  186. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Eng.  and  Va. ;  W.  to 
Minn.,  Mo.,  Ark.  and  Fla. 

Minn  valley:  Reported  from  N.  edge  and  said  to  ex- 
tend W.  and  S. ;  doubtful;  moist  banks  and  edges  of  woods  or 
marshes. 

Aster  dumosus  LINN.  Spec.  873  (1753). 
A.  sparsiflorus  MICHX.  Fl.  II,  112  (1803). 
A.  fragilis  LINDL.  DC.  Prodr.  V,  246  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  260;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  138;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  224,  546;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  203;  Cov..  Fl.  Ark.  191;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  I,  2,  185;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  196. 

North  America:  N.  Eng.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.;  S.  to 
Fla.,  Tex.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  S.  E.  and  S.  central  dis- 
tricts; rare;  woods  and  thickets;  banks  of  streams. 
HERB.  :     Sandberg  288,  Red  Wing. 

Aster  multiflorus  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  203  (1789). 
A.  ciliatus  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  2024  (1803). 
A.  ericoides  var.  multiflorus  PERS.    Syn.  II,  443  (1807). 
A.  scoparius  DC.    Prodr.  V.  242  (1836). 
A.  hebecladus  DC.    Prodr.  Y,  242  (1836  -. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  260;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  223,  544; 
Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  148;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  138;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  161;  Chap.,  Fl. 
S.  St.  202;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  150;  Wats.,  King.  Exp.  191;  Cov.,  Fl.  Arlr. 
192;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2, 185;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  195. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  and  Brit.  Col.?  to 
Mont.,  Arizona  and  Mexico;  E.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Ont.,  N.  Y.,  N. 
J.,  Va.,  Ga.  and  Tex. 

Minn  valley:  Throughout;  dry  places,  banks  of 
streams,  shores  of  lakes;  gravelly  or  sandy  soil. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1106,  Springfield;  Taylor  1068,  Glen- 
wood;  Sheldon  1331,  Lake  Benton;  Sandberg  287,  Red  Wing; 
Herb.  Sheld.  1815,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  64,  Idle  wild, 
Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  114,  Montevideo. 

Aster  ericoides  LINN.  var.  villosus  (Micnx.)  T.  and  G.     Fl. 
II,  123  (1841). 

A.  villosus  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  113  (1803). 
A.  pilosus  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  2055  (1803). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  521 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  260;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  71;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  223;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  202;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  544;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
I,  2,  184. 

North  America:     Ont.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa;  E.  to  N.  Y., 

Ohio,  Fla.  and  Miss.  ? 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district  and  E.  edge;  rare; 
dry  places  and  sunny  banks  of  streams. 

HERB.  :     tBolzinger  110  Winona  Co. 

Aster  polyphyllus  WILLD.     Enum.  888  (1809). 

A.  tenuifolius  NEES,     Syn.  Ast.  119  (1818)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  216;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  203;  Upham, 
FL  Minn.  72;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I.  2,  184. 

North  America:  N.  Vt.  to  Wise,  and  Minn.;  S.  to  N. 
Car. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  W.  and  S.  central 
districts;  low  places  and  along  streams. 

Aster  laevis  LINN.     Spec.  876  (1753). 

A.  rubricaulis  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  I,  305  (1783). 
A.  ampkxicaulis  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  2046  (1803). 
A.  cyaneus  HOFFM.    Phyt.  Blatt.  71  (1803 '. 
A.  pennsylvanicus  Pom.    Suppl.  I,  498  (1810). 
A.  glaucescens  and  impolitus  NEES,    Syn.  23  (1818). 
A.  concinnus  HOOK.    Fl.  II,  13  (1840). 

A.  strictus  var.  angustifolius  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  13  (1840). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  259;  Britt  ,  Fl.  N.  J.  137;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  148;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  221;  Upham,  Fl.Minn.  71;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
160;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  200;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  192;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  183. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan  and  Rocky 
mts.  to  lat.  58°  N.  on  Peace  river;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Va. ; 
W.  to  Minn. ,  Kan. ,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  at  higher  levels;  dry  woods 
and  thickets. 

HERB  :  Taylor  1124,  Glenwood;  Sandberg  282,  Red 
Wing;  Sandberg  283  Red  Wing;  Herrick  143,  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Wickersheim  63,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  113,  Monte- 
video; WincheU  21,  Lake  Minnetonka. 

Aster  drummoiidii  LINDL.     DC.  Prodr.  V,  246  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  259;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  148;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  71;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  191:  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  182;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Tex.  195. 

North  America:     111.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Kan.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  district;  no  Minn, 
specimens  seen. 

Aster  sagittawfolins  WILLD.     Spec.  Ill,  2035  (1803). 
A.  paniculatus  MUHL.    Cat.  (1813). 
A.  hirtellus  and  urophyllus  LINDL.     DC.  Prodr.  V,  233  (1836). 


522  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  259:  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  71;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  ]38;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  222;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  148;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
202;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  160;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  192;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  182. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Ont.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Penn. 
to  Ky.  and  Fla  ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  edge,  N.  E.  and  N.  W.  districts; 
higher  levels;  dry  places  a.nd  edges  of  woods. 

HERB.:  Sandberg  286,  Red  Wing;  Bailey  458,  Mud 
lake;  Bailey  269,  Vermilion  lake;  Bailey  270,  Vermilion  lake; 
Herrick  144,  Minneapolis;  Holtz  17,  Minneapolis. 

Aster  cordifolius  LINN.     Spec.  875  (1753). 

A.  paniculatus  and  heterophyllus  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  2035  (1803). 
A.  paniculatus,  heterophyllus  and  cordifolius  NEES.    Ast.  (1818). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  259;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  148;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  137;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  222;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  202;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  7];  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  191;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  182. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Georgian 
bay;  S.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  Neb.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  the  forest  district;  woods 
and  thickets. 

HERB.  :    Sandberg  285  Red  Wing. 

Aster  mid  ill  at  us  LINN.     Spec.  875  (1753). 
A.  paniculatus  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  56  (1818). 
A.  sagittaefolius  ELL.    Sk.  II,  362  (1824). 
A.  diversifolius  DC.    Prodr,  V,  234  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  258;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  148;  Upham. 
Fl.  Minn.  71;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  222;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  201;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J. 
137;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  544:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  192;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  181. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Ont.  to  N.  J.,  N.  Car.,  Fla.; 
W.  to  Minn.,  Ky.,  Ark.  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district  and  N.  W. ;  rare; 
dry  woods  and  thickets. 

HERB.:     ? Taylor  1014,  Glenwood. 

Aster  azureus  LTNDL.    DC.  Prodr.  V,  244  (1836). 

A.  oolentangiensis  EIDD.    Cat.  PI.  W.  S.  (1835). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  258;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  71;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  221;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  201;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  544;  Webb,;  Appx. 
Neb.  43;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  195. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  Y.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Ohio, 
Mo.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughou';  prairies  and  borders  of 
woods. 

HERB.:  Sandberg  284,  Red  Wing;  ^Bailey  507,  Agate 
bay;  Taylor  1183,  Glenwood. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  523 

Aster  patens  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  201  (1789). 
A.  arnplexicaulis  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  11,  114  (1803). 
A.  undulatus  ELL.    Sk.  II,  361  (1824). 
A.  patentissimus  LINDL.    DC.  Prodr.  V,  232  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  258;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  137;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  148;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  I,  221;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  200;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  192: 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl,  I,  2, 180;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  195. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Mass.,  N.  J.,  Va. 
and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  N.  edge  and  forest  dis- 
trict to  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  rare ;  dry  places  and  banks  of  streams. 
HERB.  :     Sandberg  281,  Red  Wing. 

Aster  sericeus  VENT.    Hort.  Gels.  33  (1800). 
A.  argenteus  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  111  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  257;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  148;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  71;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  220:  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  190;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
192;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  179;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  194. 

North  America:  S.  Man.,  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Wise.;  S.  to 
Ky.,  N.  Car.,  Tenn.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  prairies,  dry 
hillsides  and  banks. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  735,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  742,  Glen- 
wood;  Sheldon  1457.  Pipestone;  Taylor  1097,  Glen  wood;  Sheldon 
1323,  LakeBenton;  Leonard  24,  Minneh aha  Park;  Kassubel25, 
Minneapolis;  Sandberg  280,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Wickersheim  62, 
Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  112,  Montevideo. 

Aster  Doyae-angliae  LINN.     Spec.  875  (1753). 
A.  amplexicaulis  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  I,  304  (1783). 
A.  spurius  WILLD.    Spec.  III.  2032  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  257;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  139;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  148;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  159;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  205;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
226,  545;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  73;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  192;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat. 
Pflanz.  IV,  5,  163:  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  178. 

North  America:  Man.,  Georgian  Bay  and  Q.  to  Minn., 
Dak.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Ark.,  Tenn.  and  S.  Car. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  abundant;  moist  woodland, 
river  banks  and  around  lake  shores. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  955,  Glenwood;  ShMon  1503,  Lake  Ben- 
ton;  Sandberg  291,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Sheld.  1816,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Wickersheim  68,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. 

Aster  oblongifolius  NUTT.     Gen.  II,  156  (1818). 
A.-  biennis  TORR.    Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  II,  122  (1834). 
A.  multiceps  LINDL.    DC.  Prodr.  V,  237  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  257;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  148;  Coult., 


524  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Fl.  Colo.  160;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  73;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  192;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I, 
2,  178;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  194. 

North  America:  Penn.  and  Va.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Dak., 
Colo.,  Kan.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  but  local;  more  abundant 
W.  than  E. ;  banks  and  hillsides. 

HERB.:  Holzinger  111,  Winona  Co.;  Sheldon  1444%, 
Pipestone  City;  Sheldon  1324,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Herb.  Wickersheim 
66,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co.;  67,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co.;  Herb. 
Moyer  115,  Montevideo. 

Aster  macrophyllus  LINN.     Spec.  2  ed.  1232  (1762). 
Eurybia  macrophylla  CASS.    Diet.  XXXVII.  487  (1826). 
E.  jussiei  CASS.    Diet.  XXXVII,  487  11826). 

Biotia  schroeberi,  latifolia,  glomerata,  macrophylla  DC.     Prodr.  Vr 
265  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  256;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  136;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  70;  Webb.,  FL  Neb.  148;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  219;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
198;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  162;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  175. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  S.  Man.;  S. 
to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Kan.  \ 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district  and  prob- 
ably in  Leaf  hill  district;  woods  and  aloiig  streams. 

HERB.:  Bailey  297,  Vermilion  Lake;  Bailey  462,  Agate 
bay;  Bailey  503,  Agate  bay. 

Aster  asteroides  (LINN.). 

Conyza  asteroides  LINN.    Spec.  861  (1753). 
Aster  conyzoides  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  2043  (1803). 
A.  manlandicus  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  108  (1803). 
Sericocarpus  conyzoides  NEES,    Ast.  148(1832). 
S.  asteroides  B.  S.  P.    Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  254;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  197;  Gray, 
Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  171;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  146. 

North  America:  Maine  to  Ga.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Ohio 
and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  New  Ulm;  S.  central  reg- 
ion; local;  dry  soil  and  sunny  banks. 

Aster  divaricatus  LINN.     Spec.  873  (1753). 
A.  corymbosus  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  207  (1789). 
A.  cordifolius  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  114  (1803). 
Eurybia  corymbosa  CASS.    Diet.  XXXVII,  487  (1826). 
Biotia  corymbosa  DC.    Prodr.  V,  265  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  255;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  136;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  219;  Upham/Fl.  Minn.  70;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  198;  Engl.  Hoff- 
mann, Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  162;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  174. 

North  America:  W.  Q.  to  S.  Man.;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Ga.; 
W.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  525 

Minn,    valley:     Reported   from   N.    E.   district;    rare; 
wooded  banks  and  in  glades. 

ERIGERON  LINN.     Gen.  653  (1737). 

Trimorphoea  CASS.    Bull.  Phil.  (1817). 

Leptostelma  DON,    Sweet.  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  2,  38  (1829). 

Stenactis  NEES,    Gen.  Ast.  273  U832). 

Woodvillea  DC.    Prodr.  V,  318  (1836). 

Pbalacroloma  CASS.    Diet.  XXXIX,  404  (1834). 

Polyactis  and  Polyactidinm  LESS.    Syn.  Comp.  188  (1832). 

Conyzella  EUPR.    Sert.  Tsch.  51  ( ). 

Heterochaeta  DC.    Prodr.  V,  282  (1836). 

Gusmania  REMY,    C.  Gay,    Fl.  Chil.  IV,  12  (1845). 

Astradelphus  REMY,    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ser.  3,  XII,  185  (1849). 

Terranea  COLLA,    Mem.  Acad.  Tur.  XXXVIII,  11  (1835). 

Vittadinia  A.  RICH.    Fl.  N.  Zeal.  250  (1834). 

Microgyne  LESS.    Syn.  190(1832).  ' 

Eurybiopsis  DC.    Prodr.  V,  260  (1836). 

Tetramolopium  NEES,    Ast.  202  (1832). 

Brachyactis  LED.    Fl.  Ross.  II,  495  (1846). 

Laclmoplijllum  BUNGE,    Rel.  Lehm.  151  (1848). 

Nidorella  CASS.    Diet.  XXXVII,  469(1834). 

Conyza  LINN.    Gen.  950  (1737)  part. 

Ksclieiibaeliia  MOENCH,    Meth.  573  (1794). 

Fimbrillaria  CASS.    Diet.  XVII,  54  (1826). 

I>i mot-pliant  1ms  CASS.     1.  C.  XIII,  254  (1826). 

Laennecia  CASS.    1.  c.  XXI,  91  (1834). 

Achaetogeron  A.  GRAY,    PI.  Fendl.  72  (1849). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  143;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  279,  280, 
282:  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  197;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5, 
164  (Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  200±;  100  (B.  and  H.);  110  (Durand); 
150  (Hoffmann);  about  half  of  these  are  in  N.  America,  most  of 
the  remainder  are  S.  American.  The  rest  are  S.  African, 
Australian,  Oceanic  and  old  world.  It  is  not  clear  what  should 
be  the  limits  of  this  genus.  North  America,  80  ±  ;  Canada,  30; 
Rocky  mts.,  35;  S.  Sts.,  10;  E.  Sts.,  10;  California,  25;  PI. 
King,  19-20;  PL  Wheel.,  20-21;  W.  Tex.,  11. 

Erigeron  philadelphicus  LINN.     Spec.  863  (1753), 
E.  purpureum  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  186  (1789). 
E.  pulchellus  var.  a.    HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  19  (1840). 
E.  purpureus  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  19  (1840). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  266;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  140;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  148;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  206;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  74;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
233:  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  173;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  331;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  192:  Gray, 
Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  217;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  198 

North  America:  Calif,  and  Oregon  across  continent 
to  Pla.  and  Tex.  and  N.  to  Arctic  circle. 


526  METASPERMAE   OF    THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  moist  places  and  in  edges 
of  woodland. 

HERB.:  Bollard  35  Carver;  Taylor  137,  Janesville; 
Taylor  795,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1395,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Taylor  646, 
Minnesota  lake;  Taylor  M,  Elysian;  Taylor  346,  Janesville; 
Sheldon  896,  Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  292,  Madison  Lake;  Sheldon 
526,  Waseca;  Sandberg  296,  Chisago  Co.;  Kassube  128,  Minne- 
apolis; Herrick  .147,  Minneapolis;  Arthur  65,  Vermilion  lake; 
Bailey  285,  Vermilion  lake;  Herb.  Sheld.  1807,  Ramsey  Co. ;  1795, 
Ft.  Snelling;  Herb.  Wickersheim  70,  Idlewild;  Herb.  Moyer  117, 
Montevideo;  118,  Montevideo. 

Erigeron  pulchellus  MICHX.     PL  N.  Am.  II,  124  (1803). 

E.  bellidifolius  MUHL.     Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  1958  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  266;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  140;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St  206;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  233,  547;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  74;  Wats.,  King 
Exp.  151;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  192;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  216. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  N.  J.,  Tenn.  and  S.  Car. ;  W. 
to  Q. ,  Ont. ,  Man. ,  Minn,  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  infrequent;  banks  and 
edges  of  low  woodland. 

HERB.:  Kassube  127,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  1^6,  Min- 
neapolis; Sandberg  294,  Washington  Co.;  Sandberg  295,  Chisago 
lake. 

Erigeron  glabellus  NUTT.     Gen.  II,  147  (1818). 

E.  asper  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  147  (1818). 
E.  pulchellus  HOOK.     Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  19(1840)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man  6  ed.  265;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  74;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  232;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  169;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  150;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
I,  2,  209. 

North  America:  Man.  and  Saskatchewan  to  Rocky 
mts.  and  Alaska;  64°  N.  lat.;  S.  to  Wise.,  Minn.,  Dak.,  Mont., 
Colo,  and  S.  Utah. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  district;  rare  or 
doubtful;  fields  and  dry  prairies 

Erigeron  ramosus  (WALT.)  B.  S.  P.     Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 
Doronicum  ramosum  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  205  (1788). 
Erigeron  strigosus  MUHL.     Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  1956  (1803). 
E.  nervosum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  II,  148  (1814). 
E.  ambiguus  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  147  (1818). 
E.  philadelphicus  BART.    Mat.  Med.  20  (1820). 
E.  integrifolius  BIGEL,    Fl.  Bost.  ed.  2,  302  (1824). 
Phalacroloma  obtusifolmm  CASS.    Diet.  XXXIX,  405  (1826 .'. 
Stenactis  ambigua  DC.    Prodr.  V,  299  (1836). 

E.  strigosus  var.  discoideus  ROBBINS,      Gray's  Man.  5  ed.  237  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  265;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.    140;  Mac., 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED -PRODUCING   PLANTS.  527 

Fl.  Can.  I,  234;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  148;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  200;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  74;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  331;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  173;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  192; 
Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV.  5,  164;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  219;  Coult., 
Fl.  Tex.  199. 

North  America:  N.  S.  to  Man.,  Saskatchewan  and  N. 
W.  T.  to  49°  N.  lat. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Tex. ;  W.  to  Minn., 
Dak.,  Mont.,  Oregon,  California,  Neb.,  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:     Throughout;  waste  places  and  fields. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  464,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard 
3^6,  Belle  Plaine;  Sheldon  1481,  Pipestone  City;  Sheldon  649, 
Waseca;  Sheldon  750,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  354,  Janesville;  Tay- 
lor 705,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  530,  Waseca;  Sheldon  1124,  Spring- 
field; Winchell  9,  Minneapolis;  Oesilund  90,  Minneapolis.  Kas 
sube  129,  Minneapolis;  Holzingtr  113,  Winona  Co.;  Bailey  161, 
Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  29S,  Cannon  Falls;  Holzinger  114, 
Winona  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  2195,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Sheld.  1814, 
Cedar  lake;  Herb.  Moyer  120,  Montevideo;  121,  Montevideo. 

Erigeron  animus  (LiNN.)  PERS.     Syn.  II,  431  (1807). 
Aster  annuus  LINN.    Hort.  Cliff,  and  Spec.  875  (1753). 
Pulicaria  annua  GAERTN.    Fruct.  II,  462  (1791). 
Erigeron  heterophyllus  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  1956  (1803). 
Diplopappus  dubius  CASS.    Bull.  Philom.  (1817-1818). 
Erigeron  strigosus  BIGEL.    Fl;  Bost.  2  ed.  302  (1824). 
Phalacroloma  acutifolium  CASS.    Diet.  XXXIX,  405  (1826). 
Stenactis  duUa  CASS.     Diet.  XXXY1I,  485  (1826). 
Stenactis  annua  and  strigosa  DC.    Prodr.  V,  299  (1836). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  265;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  140;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  74;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  234;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  147;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
II,  331;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  192;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  164;  Gray, 
Syn.Fl.  I,  2,  219. 

Introduced  in  Germany. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  W.  Ont;  S.  to  N. 
Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Va. ;  W.  to  Mont.,  Oregon,  California,  Neb.  and 
Ark. 

Minn,   valley:     Reported  from  S.   E.  edge  and  N.  E. 
district;  absent  elsewhere;  waste  places  and  roadsides. 
HERB.  :     Sandberg  297,  Gopdhue  Co. 

Erigeron  divaricatus  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  123  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  265;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  147;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  174;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  74;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  192'.  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  ],  2, 
221;  Coult,  Fl.  Tex.  198. 

North  America:     Colo,  to  Minn.,   Neb.,  Ind.  and  Tex. 
Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  S.  E.  and  S.  edges;  rare; 
doubtful;  localities  of  E.  canadensis  Linn. 

Erigeron  canadensis  LINN.     Spec.  863  (1753). 
E.  paniculatus  LAM.    Fl.  Fr.  (1778). 


528  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Senecio  ciliatus  WALT.     Fl.  Car.  208  (1788). 
Erigeron  pusillm  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  138  (1818). 
E.  strictum  DC.    Prodr.  V,  289  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  265;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  140;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  147;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  206;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  74;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
235;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  174;  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  II,  331;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  205: 
Gris.  Fl.  W.  I.;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  418;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  487; 
Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  66;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  152;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  147; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  192;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  164;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
I,  2,  221;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  554;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  198. 

Europe  to  Caucasus;  Siberia  and  China;  intro,  in  S. 
Africa;  Malay  archipelago?. 

North  America:     Throughout  continent  to  Jamaica. 
Minn,    valley:     Throughout;   waste   places,  roadsides 
and  railway  embankments. 

HERB.:  Taylor  801,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1591,  Lake 
Ben  ton;  Bollard  758,  Waconia;  Bailey  271,  St.  Louis  river; 
Oestlund  89,  Minneapolis;  Roberts  60,  Grand  Marais;  Herrick 
lJi-5,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  293,  Goodhue  Co. 

ANTENNARIA  GAERTN.     Fruct.  II,  410  (1792). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  169;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  301;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  200;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  186. 

Living  species:  15-20;  Alpine  regions,  Europe,  Asia, 
N.  and  S.  America  and  Australia;  extra-tropical.  Russia,  5; 
Europe,  4;  Russian  Europe,  3;  North  America,  12;  Canada,  7; 
Rocky  mts.,  7;  E.  Sts.,  1;  California,  7;  S.  Sts.,  1;  PL  King,  4; 
PI.  Wheel.,  2;  W.  Tex.,  .1. 

A 11  ten n aria  plantaginifolia  (LiNN.)  HOOK.     Fl.  Bor.  Amer. 
I,  329  (1833). 

Gnaphalium  plantaginifolium  LINN.    Spec.  882  (1753). 
G.  plantagineum  MURR.    Syst.  748  (1774). 

G.  dioicum  var.  plantaginifolium  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  128  (1803). 
Antennaria  plantaginea  DC.    Prodr.  VI,  269  (1837). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  267:  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  141;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  147;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  86;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  235;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
243;  Coult.,  FL  Colo.  177;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  338;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark- 
193;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  233;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  202. 

North  America:  Anticosti,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  toPac. ;  N. 
to  Slave  lake  and  Hudson  Bay;  S.  to  Oregon  and  N.  Mex. ;  E. 
to  Atl.  coast  and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  grassy  knolls  or  plains; 
openings  in  forest;  prairies. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  $10,  Lake  Washington,  Blue  Earth  Co. ; 
Sheldon  627,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co.;  Sheldon  919,  Sleepy  Eye; 
Taylor  218,  Janesville;  Taylor  9,  Elysian;  Sheldon  1589,  Lake 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  529 

Benton;  Herrick  171,  Minneapolis;  Leiberg  42,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Kassube  141,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  218,  Vermilion  lake;  Sand- 
berg  343,  Red  Wing;  Holzinger  132,  Winona  Co. ;  Holzinger  IBS, 
Winona  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1716,  Ramsey  Co.;  1810,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Wickersheim  82,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  150, 
Montevideo. 

ANAPHALIS  DC.     Prodr.  VI,  271  (1837). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VIII,  171;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.IV,  5, 186; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  200;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  303. 

Living  species:  30;  tropical  and  temperate  Asia;  1  sp. 
in  N.  hemisphere  throughout,  and  in  N.  America  (United 
States).  N.  America,  1. 

Anaphalis  margaritacea  (LiNN.)   B.  and  H.      Gen.  PL  II, 
303  (1873). 

Gnaphalium  margaritacea  LINN.    Spec.  850  (1753). 
Antennaria  margaritacea  R.  BR.    Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  XII  (1817). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  268;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  141;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  237;   Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  86;   Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  243;   Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  177;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  341;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.Sin. 
425;  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  613;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  209;  Miyabe,  Fl.  Kur.  241; 
Wats.,  King  Exp.  185;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  186;   Gray, 
Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  233. 

N.  Asia  to  Amur. ,  Kamtk. ,  Japan,  Saghalin  and  Kur- 
iles;  in  var.  to  Ceylon.  Intro.?  in  Europe. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Anticosti,  N.  S.  and  N.  Br.  to 
Alaska  and  Pac. ;  S.  to  Oregon  and  Mid.  Calif. ;  E.  to  Atl.  coast, 
N.  Eng.  and  Del. ;  S.  to  mts.  of  N.  Car. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  local  and  rare;  dry  hills, 
thickets,  woods  and  knolls. 

HERB.:  Boberts69,  Beaver  bay;  Leiberg  41,  Blue  Earth 
Co.;  Bailey  160,  Vermilion  lake;  Sandberg  342,  Chisago  Co.; 
MacM.  and  Sheld.  39,  Brainerd. 

GNAPHALIUM  LINN.     GEN.  645  (1737),  emend.  Benth.  1.  c. 
(1873). 

Gamochaeta  WEDD.    Chlor.  And.  I,  151  (1855). 
Euchiton  CASS.    Diet.  LVI,  215  (1834). 
Omalotheca  CASS.    1.  c.  218  (1834). 
Belloa  REMY,    Gay  Fl.  Chile  III,  336  (1845). 
Lncilia  CASS.    Bull.  Philom.  (1817). 
Merope  WEDD.    Chlor.  And.  I,  160  (1855). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  168:  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  305;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  200:  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5, 187(Hoff- 
rnann). 

Living  species:    120;  cosmopolitan.     Europe,  6;   Rus- 

-34 


530  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

sia,  6;  N.  America,  15;  Canada,  10-11;  S.  Sts.,  2;  E.  Sts.,  5; 
Rocky  mts.,  4;  California,  6;  PL  Wheel.,  3;  PL  King,  3;  W. 
Tex.,  7. 

(wiiaplialiuni  uliginosum  LINN.     FL  Dan.  859  (1757). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  268;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  142;  Mac.r 
Fl.  Can.  I,  238;  Upham,  FL  Minn.  86;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  FL  Sin.  428; 
Nym.,  FL  Eur.:  Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  II,  609;  Hook.,  FL  Gt.  Brit.  208;  Herd., 
Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  70;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  185;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IT 
5,  187;  Gray,  Syn.  FL  I,  2,  235;  Hart.,  FL  Scand.  1, 12. 

Northern  Europe  to  Sicily  and  Sardinia;  N.  Asia  to 
Amurland  and  China. 

North  America:  Greenland  and  N.  S.  to  Saskatchewan, 
Oregon  and  Brit.  Col.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J.,  and  adventive 
further  south;  S.  to  Minn,  and  Dak. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  and  N.  W.  districts  at  higher  lev- 
els; woods  and  sandy  places;  rare. 

HERB.  :    Sheldon  1610,  St.  Anthony  Park. 

Gnaphalium  decurrens  IVES,     Am.  Jour.  Sci.  I,  380  (1820). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  268;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  142;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  178;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I.  237;  Upham,  FL  Minn.  86;  Cov.,  FL  Ark. 
193;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  235;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  203. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  Brit. 
Col.  and  Washington;  S.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J.;  W.  to  Colo., 
Tex.  and  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  central  district;  rare 
or  doubtful;  woods  and  hillsides  in  sandy  soil. 

Gnaphalium  obtusifolium  LINN.     Spec.  851  (1753). 
G.  polycephalum  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  127  (1803). 
G.  conoideum  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  II,  755  (1786). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.,  6  ed.  268;  Britt.,  FL  N.  J.  142;  Mac., 
FL  Can.  I,  238;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  86;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  243;  Gray,  Syn.  FL 
I,  2,  234;  Coult.,  FL  Tex.  203. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  S.  Man. ;  S.  to  Minn., 
Mo. ,  and  E.  to  Atl.  and  Fla. ;  Tex.  and  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co.;  open 
woods  or  thickets,  sandy  soil;  infrequent. 

HERB.  :  Holtz  5,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  341,  Goodhue 
Co. 

ADENOCAULON  HOOK.     Bot.  Misc.  I,  19  (1849). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI  VIII,  239;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  344;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  206;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  206. 

Living  species:  2;  1,  N.  America,  Japan  and  Hima- 
layas; 1,  Chile  to  Magellan. 


LIST   OP  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  531 

Adenocaulon  bicolor  HOOK.     Bot.  Misc.  I,  119  (1849). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  269;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  70;  Mac., 
FL  Can.  I,  239;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  206;  Gray,  Syn.  FL 

1,  2,  237. 

Himalayas  to  Japan. 

North  America:  N.  of  L.  Superior  to  lat.  52°  N. ;  W. 
to  Rockies,  Cascade  range,  Brit.  Col.,  Vancouver;  S.  to  Calif, 
and  C.  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  edge;  rare;  moist  or 
deep  woodland. 

HERB.  :  Bailey  296,  St.  Louis  river. 

POLYMNIA  LINN.     Diss.  Chen.  1181  (1751). 
Alymnia  NECK.    Elem.  I,  31  (1790). 
Polymniastrum  LAM.    111.  712  (1793;. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI  VIII,  234  (sub  Silphium);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL 
II,  346;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  206;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV, 
5,  217  (Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  10-12;  Buenos  Ayres  to  Brit.  CoL 
Canada,  1;  E.  Sts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  2;  W.  Tex.  1. 

Polymnia  c  amid  ens  is  LINN.     Amoen.  Ill,  15  (1756). 

P.  canadensis  var.  dtecoidea  GRAY,    Man.  3  ed.  248  (1857). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  269;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  78;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  219;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  239;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  193;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I, 

2,  238. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  Conn,  to  mts.  of  N.  Car.;  W. 
to  Minn. ,  Kan. ,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  E.  district;  rare;  ravines,  woods  and 
damp  edges  of  thickets. 

HERB.:  Sandberg  309,  Bed  Wing;  Holzinger  1%0,  Wi- 
nona  Co. ;  Sandberg  310,  Red  Wing;  Holzinger  121,  Winona  Co. ; 
and  in  variety  radiata  Gray,  Sheldon  653,  Waseca. 

SILPHIUM  LINN.     Gen.  Corr.  981  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  234  (incl.  Philoglossa  DC.,  Berlandiera  DC., 
Engelmannia  T.  and  G.,  Schizoptera  Turcz.,  Polymnia  Linn.);  Benth.  and 
Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  350;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  207;  Engler  and  Prantl, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  218  (Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  12-13;  N.  America.  E.  Sts.,  6-7;  S, 
Sts.,  8-9;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  Canada,  2;  W.  Tex.,  6. 

Silphium  perfoliatum  LINN.     Spec.  2  ed.  1301  (1762). 
S.  connatum  LINN.     Mant.  574  (1767). 
S.  tetragonum  and  scabrum  MOENCH,    Meth.  606  (1794). 
S.  conjunctum  WLLU>.    Enum.  633  (1809). 
S.  hornemanni  SCHKAD.    Hort.  Gott.  (1809). 
S.  erythrocaulon  BERNH.    Spreng.  Syst.  Ill,  630  (1826). 


532  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  271;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  147;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  78;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  221;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  239,  549;  Cov.,  FL 
Ark.  193;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  218;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2, 
240. 

North  America:  Detroit  river  to  Minn,  and  Neb. ;  S. 
to  Ark.,  mts.  of  Ga.  and  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  gullies  and  ravines,  edges 
of  woods  and  thickets;  wet  places. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1298,  Lake  Benton;  Tay lor  723,  Min- 
nesota lake;  Bollard  391,  Jordan,  Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  772,  Swan 
lake,  Carver  Co.;  Taylor  702,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  901, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  374,  Lake  Ballentyne,  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
Sheldon  768,  Sleepy  Eye;  Kassube  135,  Minneapolis;  Herrick 
155,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  312,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  131, 
Minnesota  valley,  near  Montevideo. 

SilpMum  integrifolium  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  146  (1803). 
S.  laevigatum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  II  (1814). 
S.  speciosum  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  341  (1841). 
8.  integrifolium  var.  laeve  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  279  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  271;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  147;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  78;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  193;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  240;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex. 
205. 

North  America:    Mich,  to  Minn,  and  Neb.;   S.  to  Mo., 

Ark.,  Tex.  and  W.  Ga. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  E.  district;  rare  or 
local;  prairies  and  hillsides  or  embankments. 

Si lp Iii u  11 1    terebinthinaceum    JACQ.      Hort.  Vindob.  I,  43 
(1762). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  270;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  239;  Cov., 
Fl.  Ark.  193;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  218;  Gray,  Syn.  FL  I, 
2,  242. 

North  America:  Ohio,  Mich.,  Wise.,  Minn,  and  Dak. 
to  Neb.,  Tex.,  Ark.,  Ga.,  La. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district;  rare;  prairies  and 
banks. 

Silphium  laciniatum  LINN.     Spec.  919  (1753). 
S.  spicatum  Pom.    Suppl.  V,  157  (1811). 
S.  gummiferum  ELL.    Sk.  II,  426  (1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  270;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  147;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  78;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  179;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  220;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
193;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  218;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  242: 
Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  205. 

North  America:  Minn.,  Wise,  and  Dak.  to  Neb.,  Colo., 
Ark.  and  Tex. ;  E.  to  Alabama. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  and  S.  W.  districts;  E.  to 
Waseca;  banks,  hillsides  and  prairies. 


\ 
LIST   OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  533 

HERB.:    Sheldon  637,  Waseca;    Taylor  473,  Janesville; 
Taylor  683,  Minnesota  lake;  tiandberg  311,  Cannon  Falls. 

PARTHENIUM  LINN.     Gen.  675  (1737). 

Villanova  ORT.    Dec.  47  (1800). 

Argyrocliaeta  Cav.    Ic.  IV,  54  (1797). 

Bolophyta  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  VII,  347  (1841). 

Partheniastrum  NISSOL.    Act.  Par.  (1711). 

Hysterophorus  VAILL.    Act.  Par.  335  (1720). 

Trichospermum  P.  BEAUV.    ex  DC.  Prodr.  V  (1836). 

Aiolotheca  DC.     Prodr.  V,  508  (1836). 

Parthenlce  T.  and  G.    PI.  Wright.  II,  85  (1845). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  233;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  351,  352; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  207;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  219 
(Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  11-12;  N.  America,  Mexico,  C.  Amer- 
ica and  W.  Indies;  1  also  in  S.  America  and  introduced  in 
Mauritius.  U.  S.,  5;  E.  Sts.,  1;  S.  Sts.,  2;  PI.  Wheel.,  1;  W. 
Tex.,  5. 

Parthenium  integrifolium  LINN.     Spec.  988  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  272;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  222;  Up- 
ham,  FL  Minn.  78;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  194;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  245;  Coult.,  FL 
Tex.  208. 

North  America:    Ind.  to  Alabama;   W.   to  Minn.,  Ills. 

and  Texas. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  the  S.  E.  district;  rare  or 
local;  dry  places  in  edges  of  woods  or  thickets. 

CYCL1CHAEN1  FRESEN.     Ind.  Hort.  Frank.  (1836). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  287  (sub  /yet);  Benth.  and  Hook.  Gen.  PL  II, 
353;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  221  (Hoffmann);  Durand,  Ind. 
Gen.  Phan.  207. 

Living  species:  3,  W.  United  States.  (Possibly  better 
combined  as  a  separate  section  with  Iva  Linn.) 

Cyclachaena  x  ant  Mi  folia  (NUTT.)  FRESEN.     Ind.  Sem.  Hort. 
Frank.  (1836). 

Iva  xanthiifolia  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  185  (1818). 
Euphrosyne  xanthiifolia  GRAY,    PL  Wright.  II,  85  (1852). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  273;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  240;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  147;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  78;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  179;  Engl.  Hoffmann, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  221;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  246. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  to  Idaho  and  Washing- 
ton; S.  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  especially  S.  central  and 
S.  W.  districts;  roadsides,  banks  and  waste  places. 

HERB.  .  Sandberg  131,  Goodhue  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  132, 
Montevideo. 


534  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

AMBROSIA  LINN.     Gen.  718  (1737). 
Franseria  CAV.    Ic.  II,  78  (1793). 
Hemiambrosia  DELP.    Stud.  Art.  57  (1871). 
Hemixanthidium  DELP.    1.  c.  62  (1871). 
Xaiithidium  DELP.    1.  c.  62  (1871). 
Hymenoclea  T.  and  G.    PI.  Fendl.  79  (1849). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  286;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  354;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Ptian.  207;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  221 
(Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  35 ±;  Mediterranean  region,  Africa, 
N.  and  C.  America,  Sandwich  Isls.  U.  S.,  24;  Canada,  6;  S. 
Sts.,  4;  California,  13;  Rocky  mts.,  7;  W.  Tex.,  5. 

Ambrosia  psilostachya  DC.     Prodr,  V,  526  (1836). 
A.  peruviana  DC.    Prodr,  V.  526  (1836). 
A.  coronopifolia  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  291  (1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  273;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  181;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  147;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  240;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  79;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  344;  Griseb.,  Fl.  W.  I.;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  165;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  158;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  194;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  250;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Tex.  210. 

North  America:  49°  N.  in  N.  W.  T.  and  Saskatche- 
wan to  Minn. ,  Wise. ,  111. ,  Neb. ,  Tex.  and  Mex.  to  Calif. ,  Nev. 
and  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  habitat  as  in  A.  artemis 
iaefolia  Linn. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  1146,  Starbuck,  Pope  Co  ;  Sheldon 
1522,  Lake  Benton;  Oestlund  95,  Hennepin  Co.;  Sandberg  316, 
Red  Wing. 

Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia  LINN.     Spec.  987  (1753). 
A.  elatior  LINN.    Spec.  988  (1753). 
Iva  monophylla  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  233  (1788). 
Ambrosia  absinthifolia  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  183  (1803). 
A.  paniculata  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  183  (1803). 
A.  heteroptylla  MUHL.     Willd.    Spec.  IV,  378  (1805). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  273;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  143;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  147;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  79;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  240;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  223;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  180;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  344;  Griseb., 
Fl  W.  L;   Wats.,   King  Exp.  165;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  194;  Engl.  Hoffmann, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  222;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  249;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  210. 
Introduced  in  W.  Europe;  Brazil  and  W.  Indies. 
North  America:     Across  continent  to  Mex.  and  Hud- 
son Bay,  N.  W.  T.  and  Labrador. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  hillsides,  fields,  roads, 
thickets  and  forest  openings. 

HERB.:  Taylor  753%,  Elysian;  Bollard  891,  St.  Boni- 
facius;  Oestlund  94,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  95,  Hennepin  Co.; 
Holzinger  122,  Winona  Co. ;  Sandberg  315,  Red  Wing. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  535 

Ambrosia  triflda  LINN.     Spec.  987  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  273;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  145;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  147,  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  240;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  223;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
180;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  79;  Mac.,  Fl.Can.  I,  549;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  158; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  194;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  249;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  209. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.  and  Colo. ;  S.  to  Mo., 
Tex.,  Ark.  and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  gullies,  ravines  and  thick- 
ets or  along  roads. 

HERB.:  Bollard  84.0,  Page  lake,  Carver  Co.;  Taylor 
1029,  Gleiiwood',.Sandberg  3 14,  Goodhue  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer  133, 
Montevideo. 

Ambrosia  triflda  LINN.  var.  integrifolia  (MUHL.)  T.  and  G 
Fl.  II,  354  (1841). 

A.  integrifolia  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  IV,  375  (1805). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  273;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  143;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  79;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  240;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  223;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
I,  2,  249. 

North  America:  With  species;  westward;  Ills,  to  N. 
Y.  and  Va. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  at  higher  levels;  local  or 
infrequent;  habitat  with  the  species. 

HERB.:    Sheldon  1332,  Lake  Benton. 

XANTHIUM  LINN.     Gen.  717  (1737). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  287;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  355;  Eng- 
ler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  222;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  207. 

Living  species:  3-4;  temperate  and  warmer  regions, 
around  the  world.  Russia,  3;  Europe,  3;  Russian  Europe,  2; 
N.  America,  3-4;  Canada,  1-2;  California,  1;  Rocky  mts.,  1; 
E.  Sts.,  1-2;  W.  Tex.,  2-3. 

Xanthium  canadense  MILL.     Diet.  ed.  8  (1768). 
X.  orientale  LINN.    Spec.  (1753)  in  part. 
X.  carolinense  DILL.    Elth.  II,  432  (1774). 
X.  americanum  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  231  (1788). 
X.  macrocarpum  var.  gldbratum  DC.    Prodr.  V,  523  (1836). 
X.  strumarium  var.  canadense  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  294  (1841). 
X.  strumarium  AUCT.  AMEB. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  274;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.,  182;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  147;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  241;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  79;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  224;  Both.,  Wheel.  Exp.  159;  Wats,,  King  Exp.  166;  Engl.  Hoffmann, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  223;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  252;  Coult  Fl.  Tex.  211. 

North  America:  N.  W.  T.  to  Tex.;  W.  to  Calif,  and 
Nev. :  E.  to  Saskatchewan,  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Ark.  ?  Ga. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  especially  N.  E. ;  sterile 
places,  banks  and  fields. 


536  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.  :  ? Bollard  IJ^n,  Chaska;  Sandberg  317,  Cannon 
Falls. 

X  ant  hi  ii  m    can ad ens 9    MILL.    var.    echinatum     (MURR.  ) 
GRAY,     Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  252  (1886). 

X.  echinatum  MURR.    Comm.  Gott.  VI,  32  (1792). 
X.  maculatum  RAF.    Am.  Joarn.  Sci.  I,  151  (1820). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  274;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  143;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  224;  Mac.,Fl.  Can.  I,  241;   Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  79;   Coult.,  Fl. 
Tex.  211. 

South  America:  Chile. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Man.  to  Minn.;  S.  to 
N.  J.,  Penn.  and  N.  Car. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  E.  and  W.  edges  of  valley;  roadsides, 
fields  and  banks. 

HERB  :  Sheldon  1588,  Lake  Benton;  Holzinger  123, 
Winona  Co. ;  Holzinger  124,  Winona  Co. 

HELIOPSIS  PERS.     Syn.  II,  473  (1807). 
Kallias  CASS.    Diet.  XXIV,  326  (1834). 
Andrieuxia  DC.    Prodr.  V,  559  (1836). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  220;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  358;  Du- 
rand,  Ind:  Gen.  Phan.  208;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  226. 

Living  species:  7;  N.  and  C.  America,  6;  C.  America 
and  Peru,  1;  Canada,  2;  R.  mts.,  1;  E.  Sts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  1;  PL 
Wheel.,  1. 

Heliopsis  scabra  DUNAL.     Mem.  Mus.  V,  55  (1818?). 

H.  laevis  var.  scabra    T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  303  (J841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  275;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  242;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  147;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  79;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  143;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
549;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  194;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  255. 

North  America:  N.  Br.  ?  to  Red,  Saskatchewan,  As- 
siniboine  valleys;  N.  to  49°  N.  lat.;  S.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  W. 
to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  Mo. ,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  banks  and  thickets  or 
hillsides  in  woods. 

HERB.:  Ballard  736,  Waconia;  Sheldon  1590,  Lake 
Benton;  Taylor  476,  Mud  lake,  Waseca  Co.;  Taylor  589,  Minne- 
sota lake;  Sheldon  1175,  New  Ulm;  Ballard  197,  Jordan,  Scott 
Co.;  Taylor  314,  Janesville;  Ballard  632,  Chaska;  Ballard  320, 
Belle  Plaine;  Taylor  779,  Glenwood;  Oestlund  96,  Minneapolis; 
Holzinger  124,  Winona;  Sandberg  318,  Goodhue  Co.;  Herb. 
Sheld,  1920,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  134,  Montevideo. 

RUDBECKIA  LINN.  Gen.  669  (1737). 
Echinacea  MOENCH,  Meth.  591  (1794). 
Brauneria  NECK.  Elem.  I.  17  (1790). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  •  537 

Helichroa  RAF.    Neogen.  35  (1825). 
Obeliscaria  CASS.    Diet.  XXXV,  272  (1825). 
Lepacbys  RAF.    Jour.  Phys.  LXXXIX,  100(1819). 
Itatibida  RAF.    1.  c.  (1819). 
Dracopsis  CASS.    Diet.  1.  c.  (3825). 
Centrocarpha  DON,    Sweet.  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  2,  87  (1832). 
?  Heliophthalmum  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  72  (1817). 
?  Bobartia  PETIV.    herb. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VI1T,  218;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  233; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  209;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  II,  365. 

Living  species:  30 ±;  N.  America  to  Mexico;  S.  Sts., 
15;  E.  Sts.,  11;  Rocky  mts.,  6;  Canada,  4;  Calif.,  1-2;  PL 
Wheel.,  4-5;  W.  Tex.,  8. 

Rudfoeckia  columnaris  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  575  (1814). 
Ratibida  sukata  RAF.    Journ.  Phys.  LXXXIX  100  (1819). 
Obeliscaria  columnaris  DC.    Prodr.  V,  558  (1836). 
Lepachys  columnaris  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  313  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  277;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  243;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  146;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  183;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  80;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  160  in  var.;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  233;  Gray,Syn.  Fl.  I, 
2,  264. 

North  America:     N.  W.  T.  and  Saskatchewan  to  Colo., 

Minn.,  Neb.,  Arizona  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  district  at  higher  levels;  prairies 
and  sunny  banks. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1438,  Dakota  line,  near  Elk  ton;  Shel- 
don 1585,  Lake  Ben  ton;  Taylor  863,  Glenwood;  Gedge  7,  Glyn- 
don,  Clay  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer  737,  Montevideo. 

Budbeckia  pinnata  VENT.     Hort.  Gels.  71  (1800). 
Rudbeckia  digitata  WILLD.    Spec.  HI,  2247  (1803). 
Lepachys  pinnatifida  RAF.    Journ.  Phys  LXXXIX  (1819). 
L.  angustifolia  RAF.    Journ.  Phys.  LXXXIX  (1819). 
Rudbeckia  tomentosa  ELL.    Sk.  II,  453  (1824) 
Obeliscaria  pinnata  CASS.    Diet.  XL VI,  401  (1825). 
Lepachys  pinnata  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  313  (1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  277;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  228;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  80;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  146;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  195;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I, 
2,  263. 

North  America:     Minn.,   Neb.,   Kan.  and  Tex.   to  N. 

Y.  and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  banks,  hillsides,  edges  of 
thickets  and  along  roads. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  641,  Waseca;  Taylor  649,  Minnesota 
lake;  Sheldon  1055,  Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  561,  Minnesota  lake; 
Bollard  774,  Swan  lake,  Carver;  Co.;  Sheldon  1463,  Pipestone; 
Ballard  539,  Cleary's  lake,  Scott  Co, ;  Herrick  158,  Minneapolis; 
Oestlund  97,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  323,  Goodhue  Co. 


538  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Rudbeckia  hirta  LINN.     Spec.  907  (1753). 
?  E.  gracilis  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  178  (1818). 
?  E.  discolor  ELL.    Sk.  II,  453  (1824). 
E.  serotina  NUTT.    Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  VII,  80  (1834). 
E.  strigosa  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  354  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  276;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  144;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  146;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  80;  Mac.,Fl.  Can.  I,  242;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
227;  Coult., Fl.  Colo.  183;  Both.,  Wheel.  Exp.  160;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  195;  Gray. 
Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  260;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  215. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Saskatchewan  and  Colo.;  S. 
to  N.  Y.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  Neb.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  dry  places  on  hills  or  in 
fields. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1275,  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  790,  Glen- 
wood;  Sandberg  221,  Cannon  Falls;  Leonard  25,  Minneapolis; 
Bailey  303,  Vermilion  lake;  Huntington  8,  Rock  Co.;  Kassube 
136,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  J57,  Minneapolis;  Ankeny  2,  Still- 
water;  Sandberg  322,  Goodhue  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1923,  Minne- 
apolis. 

Rudbeckia  subtomentosa  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  575  (1814). 
E.  triloba  var.  a.  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  144(1803). 
E.  tomentosa  ELL.    Sk.  II,  453  (1824). 
Centrocarpfia  triloba  DON,    Sweet.  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  61  (1826). 
Eudbeckia  odorata  NUTT.    Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  VII,  78  (1834). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  276;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  80;  Cov., 
Fl.  Ark.  195;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  260;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  215. 

North  America:  Wise,  and  Minn,  to  111.,  Mo.,  Ark. 
and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  district;  infre- 
quent; prairies  or  hillsides. 

Rudbeckia  laciniata  LINN.     Spec.  906  (1753). 
E.  quinata  and  digitata  MILL.    Diet.  ed.  8  (1768). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  276;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  141;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  146;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  80;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  242:  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
183;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  227;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  549;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  160; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  195;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  233;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  I,  2,  262. 

North  America:  Q.,  Ont.  to  Assiniboia  and  Mont.;  S. 
to  N.  J.  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Colo. ,  Arizona  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  thickets  and  edges  of 
woods. 

HERB.;  Taylor  802,  Glenwood;  Taylor  977,  Glenwood; 
Bollard  749,  Waconia;  Sheldon  1267,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  18, 
Elysian;  Herrick  156,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  320,  Goodhue 
Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  136,  Montevideo. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  539 

Rudbeckia  angustifolia  (DC.)B.  and  H.     Gen.  PI.  II,  365 
(1873). 

Echinacea  angustifolia  DC.    Prodr.  V,  554  (1836). 
E.  pallida  and  sanguinea  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  354 
(1841), 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  275;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  147;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  182;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  80;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  226;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
I,  243,  549;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  194;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  258. 

North  America:  Man  to  49°  N.  lat. ;  S.  to  , Minn., 
Wise.,  111.,  Neb.,  Colo.,  Ark.,  Alab.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  districts;  New  Ulm  to  Stearns  Co.; 
prairies  and  hillsides. 

HERB.:  Taylor  748,  Glen  wood;  Sheldon  737,  Sigel 
township,  Brown  Co.;  Sheldon  1176,  New  Ulm;  Sheldon  1330, 
Lake  Benton;  Taylor  748a,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1138,  Spring- 
field; Sandberg  319,  Red  Wing;  Huniington  7,  Rock  Co.;  Herb. 
Moyer  135,  Montevideo. 

HELIANTHUS  LINN.     Gen.  668  (1737). 

Harpalium  CASS.    Bull.  Philom.  (1818). 

Echinomeria  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  VII,  356  (1841). 

Flourensia  DC.    Prodr.  V,  585  (1836). 

Diomedea  BERT,  and  COLL.    Mem.  Tur.  XXXVIII,  35  (1835). 

Iiinsecomia  BUCKL.    Proc.  Phil.  Acad.  451  (1861). 

Corona-solis  TOURN.    Inst.  489  (1700). 

Chrysis  KEN.    ex  Endl.  Gen.  2538  (1840). 

Vosacan  ADANS.    Fam.  II,  130  (1763). 

Discomela  RAF.    Neogen.  3  (1825)  part. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  201;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  376;  Du- 
rand-,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  210;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  PJlanz.  IV,  5,  235 
(Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  55-60;  principally  N.  America;  some, 
C.  America;  a  few  in  Peru.  Canada,  13;  Rocky  mts.,  9-10; 
E.  Sts.,  22-23;  California,  5-6;  S.  Sts.,  25;  PI.  Wheel.,  5;  PI. 
King,  5;  W.  Tex.,  15. 

Helianthus  tuberosus  LINN.     Spec.  905  (1753). 
H.  doronocoides  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  327  (1841)  in  part. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  280;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  230;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  82;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  187;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  245,  540;  Webb.,  Fl. 
Neb.  146;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  145;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  66;  En^l.  Hoffmann, 
Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  236;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  280;  Hart.,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  553. 
Introduced  in  Russia  and  Scandinavia. 
North  America:     N.  S.,  N.  Br.,    Q.,  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and 
Penn.  and  Mid.  Ga. ;  W.  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  alluvial  soil  along  streams 
or  around  lakes. 


540  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1413,  Lake  Benton;  Huntington  9, 
Rock  Co. 

He  Man  thus  tuberosus  var.  subcanescens  GRAY,      Syn.  PL 
I,  2,  280  (1886). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  280;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  187;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  82. 

North  America:     Minn.,  Dak.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  prairies  of  S.  W.  district. 

Helianthus  decapetalus  LINN.     Spec.  905  (1753). 
H.  frondosus  LINN.    Amoen.  IV,  290  (1759). 
H.  strumosus  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  2422  V1804). 
H.  tenuifolius  ELL.    Sk.  II,  420  (1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  280;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  145;  Upham. 
Fl.  Minn.  82;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  245,550;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  231;  Gray,  Syn.  FL 
I,  2,  280;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  44. 

North  America:  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Georgian  bay  and 
Minn. ;  S.  to  Ga.  in  mts. ;  W.  to  111.,  Neb.  and  Ky. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  local  or  rare;  thickets, 
banks  of  streams  or  copses. 

HERB.:  ?  Herrick  161,  Minneapolis;  Taylor  928,  Glen- 
wood;  Herb.  Moyer  141,  Montevideo. 

Helianthus  tracheliifolius  WILLD.      Spec.  Ill,  2241  (1804). 

H.  prostratus  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  2242  (1804). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  280;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  82;  Cov., 
Fl.  Ark.  195;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  280. 

North  America:     Penn.  ?,  Ohio  to  Minn.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 
Minn,  valley:     Reported  from  N.  E.  district;    infre- 
quent or  doubtful;  thickets  and  edges  of  woods. 

Helianthus  strumosus  LINN.     Spec.  905  (1753). 

H.  laevis  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  215  (1788). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  280;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  145;  Mac.,  FL 
Can.  I,  244;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  82;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  231;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  195; 
Engl.  Hoffman,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  236;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  279. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  W.  T.;  S.  to  Minn.,  Mo. 
and  Ark.;  E.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Va.  and  Ga. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  rare  or  local;  banks, 
thickets  and  ravines. 

HERB.  :     ?  Kassube  JS8,  Minneapolis. 

Helianthus  hirsutus  RAF.     Ann.  Nat.  141  (1820). 
?H.  diversifolius  ELL.    Sk.  II,  416  (1824). 
?H.  hispidulus  ELL.    Sk.  II,  416  (1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  280;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  146;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  82;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  231;  Cov.,  FL  Ark.  195;  Gray,  Syn.  FL  I,  2, 
279. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PKODUCING   PLANTS.  541 

North  America:  Ohio  to  Wise,  and  Minn. ;  S.  toVa., 
Tenn.,  Ga.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:     W.  districts;  prairies  and  sunny  banks. 
HERB.  :     Wickersheim  79,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. 

Helianthus  divaricatus  LINN.     Spec.  906  (1753). 

H.  truncatus  SCHWEIN.    Ell.  Sk.  II,  416  (1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  280:  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  145;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  146;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  82;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  245;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
231;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  279. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  S.  Man.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N. 
J. ,  Fla. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Dak. ,  Neb. ,  Kan.  and  La. 

Minn  valley:  Throughout;  local  or  infrequent;  thick- 
ets and  copses. 

HERB.:  Bollard  711,  Waconia;  Taylor  927,  Glenwood; 
Sheldon  472,  Madison  Lake;  Holzinger  127,  Winona  bluffs;  Her- 
rick  '160,  Minneapolis. 

Helianthus  maxmiliani  SCHRAD.    Ind.  Sem.  Gatt.  (1835). 

H.  maxmiliani  var.  asperrimus  GRAY,    PI.  Lindh.  I,  41  (1845). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  279;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  146;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  81;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  245,  550;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  187;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
I,  2,  277;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  219. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  and  Man.  to  Minn., 
Neb.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  and  S.  W.  districts;  alsoN.  E. ;  local; 
low  places  and  edges  of  swamps. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1454,  Pipestone;  Sheldon  12S1,  Lake 
Benton;  Sandberg  327,  Red  Wing;  Oestlund  99,  Minneapolis; 
Oestlund  100,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer,  139,  Montevideo. 

Helianthus  giganteus  LINN.     Spec.  905  (1753). 
H.  altissimus  LINN.    Spec.  2  ed.  1278  (1762). 
H.  gigas  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  IE,  141  (1803). 
H.  tuberosus  PARRY,    Ow.  Rep.  Minn.  Surv.  614  (1849). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  279;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  145;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  146;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  244;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  81;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  230;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  169;  Roth.,Wheel.  Exp.  162  invar.;  Engl.  Hoff- 
mann, Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  236;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  276;  Coult  ,  Fl.  Tex.  219. 
North   America:     Ont.  to   Man.    and   Rockies;    S.    to 
Minn.,  Neb.  and  Mo.;  E.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Va.,  Alab.  and  La. 
Minn,  valley:     N.  E.  district;  rare;  woods  and  thickets 
or  shaded  banks. 

HERB.  :  Bailey  456,  Mud  lake;  Roberts  64,  Beaver  bay; 
Sandberg  328,  Red  Wing. 

Helianthus  grosse-serratus  MART.     Sel.  Sem.  Hort.  Lovan. 


542  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  279;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  146;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  81;  Coult,  Fl.  Colo.  187;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  195;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2. 
276;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  219. 

North  America:  Ohio  to  Minn.,  Dak.  and  Colo.;  S.  to 
Texas. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  and  central  districts;  moist  prai- 
ries and  open  banks  of  streams. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1282,  Lake  Benton;  Holzinger  126,  Wi- 
nona  Co.;  Sandberg  329,  Red  Wing;  Herb.  Moyer  140,  Monte- 
video. 

Helianthus  laetiflorus  PERS.     Syn.  II,  476  (1807). 

H.  atrorubens  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  Ill,  86  (1789). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  278;  Webb.  Fl.  Neb.  146;  Chap.,  FL 
S.  St.  230;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  195?;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  275. 

North  America:  Ohio  to  W.  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Dak., 
Neb.,  Ark.  ?  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district;  dry  open  places  and 
edges  of  woods. 

HERB.:     ? Sandberg  326,  Red  Wing. 

Relianthus  rigidus   (CASS.)  DESP.     Hort.  Par.  3  ed.   184 

(1829). 

H.  atrorubens  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  140  (1803)  in  part. 

H.  diffuses  SIMS,    Bot.  Mag.  2020  ( ). 

Harpalium  rigidum  CASS.    Diet.  XX,  200  (1826). 

Helianthus  missuricus  SPRENG.    Syst.  Ill,  618  (1826). 

H.  scaberrimus  ELL.    Sk.  II,  423  (1824). 

H.  missouriensis  and  crassifolius  NUTT.     Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc- 
VII,  366(184)). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  278;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  146;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  81;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  244;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  186;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I, 
2,  274;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  218. 

North  America :    Saskatchewan  to  Rockies ;  E.  to  Minn 
and  Mich.;  S.  to  Dak.,  E.  Colo,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  fields,  banks  of  streams 
and  roadsides  or  embankments. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1336,  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  1021,  Glen- 
wood;  Taylor  944,  Glenwood;  Taylor  1021,  Glenwood;  Sheldon 
1283,  Verdi,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Sheldon  1394,  Lake  Benton — flowers 
all  ligulate;  Kassube  137,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  98,  Minneapo- 
lis; Oestlund  99,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  125,  Winona  bluffs; 
Sandberg  325,  Goodhue  Co.;  Herb.  Moyer  138,  Montevideo; 
Sheldon  1601%,  Minneapolis. 

Helianthus  petiolaris   NUTT.     Jour.    Acad.    Phil.   II,    115 

(1821). 

H.  patens  LEHM.    Ind.  Sem.  Hamb.  (1828). 

H.  integrifolius  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  636  (1841). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  543 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  278;  Gray,  Syn.  PI.  I,  2,  272;  Up- 
ham,  Fl.  Minn.  80;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  186;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1,  244;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  353;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  146;  Coult.,  FL  Tex.  217. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and 
Tex. ;  W.  to  Oregon  and  Arizona. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central  district  and  S.  W.  on  prairies 
or  sterile  hillsides. 

HERB.  :     Sheldon  1191,  New  Ulm. 

Helianthus  animus  LINN.     Spec.  904(1753). 
H.  tubaefm-mis  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  177  (1818). 
H.  ovatus  LEHM.    Irid.  Sem.  Hamb.  (1828). 
H.  knticularis  DOUGL.     Bot.  Keg.  XV,  t.  1225  (1825). 
H.  multiflorus  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  313  (1833). 
H.  macrocat-pus  DC.    Prodr.  V,  586  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  278;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  80;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  243;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  146;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  144;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
232;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  186;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  353;  Herd.,  Fl. 
Eur.  Euss.  66;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  162;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  169;  Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  195;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  236;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  272; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  217. 

Introduced  in  Russia. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  to  Washington;  S.  to 
Nev.,  Calif.,  Colo.,  Tex.  and  Mex. ;  E.  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  Ark., 
and  intro.  further  E.  to  Atl.  coast. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  E.  district  and  doubtless  N.  W. ; 
waste  ground. 

HERB.  :  Sandberg  324,  Red  Wing. 

COREOPSIS  LINN.     Gen.  670  (1737). 

Chrysostemma  LESS.    Syn.  Comp.  227  (1832). 
Diodonta  and  Heterodonta  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  VII, 
360  (1841). 

Acispermum  NECK.    Elem.  I,  34  (1790). 
Electra  DC.    Prodr.  V,  630  (1836). 
Tucker nianiiia  NUTT.    1.  c.  363  (1841). 
Leachia  CASS.    Diet.  XXV,  388  (1825). 
Chrysomelea  TAUSCH.    Hort.  Canal.  (1823). 
Coreopsides  MOENCH,    Meth.  594  (1794). 

Anacis  SCHRANK,    Denkschr.  Acad.  Mun.  V,  5  ( ). 

Calliopsis  REICH.    Ic.  and  Descr.  70  (1822). 
Diplosastera  TAUSCH.    Hort.  Can.  ex  Flora  (1824). 
Prestioaria  Sen.  BTP.    Walp.  Rep.  VI,  162  (1847). 
Epilepis  BENTH.    PI.  Hartw.  17  (1839). 

Campylotheca  and  Dolicotheca  CASS.    Diet.  LI,  476  (1826) 
?  Peramibus  RAF.    Ann.  Nat.  I,  14  (1820). 
Leptosyne  DC.    Prodr.  V,  531  (1836). 
Agarista  DC.    1.  c.  569  (1836). 
Pugiopappus  TORR.    Whipple  Exp.  48  (1856). 
Epilepis  BENTH.    PI.  Hartw.  (1839). 


544  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VIII,  221  (sub  Bidens);  Benth.  and  Hook,  Gen.  PL 
II,  385;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen,  Phan.  212;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV, 
5,  242  (Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  70-75;  N.  and  S.  America,  tropical 
Africa  and  Sandwich  Islands;  N.  America,  30 ±;  Canada,  7; 
Rocky  mts.,  2;  E.  Sts.,  18;  S.  Sts.,  20;  PI.  Wheel.,  2;  W.  Tex.,  9. 

Coreopsis  aristosa  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  140  (1803). 
G.  aristata  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  2253  (1804). 

Diodonta  aristosa  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  360  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  283;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  83;  Cov., 
Fl.  Ark.  196;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  295. 

North  America:    Ohio  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Ark.  and  W.  La. 
Minn,  valley:   S.  central  district;  rare;  peat  bogs. 

Coreopsis  trichosperma  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  139  (1803). 
C.  aurea  LINDL.    Bot.  Eeg.  XV,  1. 1228  (1829). 
Diodonta  coronata  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  360  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  283;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  234;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  246  and  550  in  var  ;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  83;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  146; 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  295. 

North  America:  Detroit  river  to  Mass.;  S.  to  N.  Car.; 
W.  to  111.  and  Minn.  ? 

Minn,  valley?:   Reported  from  N.  E.  district;  doubtful. 

Coreopsis  palmata  NUTT.     Gen.  II,  573  (1818). 
Calliopsis  palmata  SPBENG.    Syst.  Ill,  611  (1826). 
Coreopsis  pauciflora  LEHM.    Ind.  Sem.  Hamb.  (1833). 
C.  praecox  FRESEN.    Ind.  Sem.  Frankf.  (1838). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  282;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  82;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  146;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  551;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  196;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1,2, 
293;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  223. 

North  America:  Man.?  Mich,  and  Minn,  to  Neb.,  Ark. 
and  W.  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  hillsides,  copses,  edges  of 
woods  and  thickets,  or  prairies. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  170,  Janesville;  Taylor  556,  Minnesota 
lake;  MacMillan  16,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  643,  Waseca;  Sheldon 
1030,  Sleepy  Eye — form  with  upper  leaves  entire;  Sheldon  900, 
Cottonwood  river,  near  Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  384,  Jordan,  Scott 
Co.;  Sheldon  11 32,  Springfield;  Ankeny  3,  Stillwater;  Kassube 
139,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  162,  Minneapolis;  Arthur  1000,  Elk 
river;  Sandberg  330,  Red  Wing;  Herrick  163,  Minneapolis;  Oesi- 
lund  101,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Moyer  142,  Chippewa  Co. 

Coreopsis  tinctoria  NUTT.     Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  II,  114  (1821). 

Calliopsis  bicolor  REICH.    Mag.  t.  70  (1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  282;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  246;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  82;  Webb.,  Fl.  ^eb.  146;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  189;  Roth.  Wheel. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  545 

Exp.  164;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  196;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  243; 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  291;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  222. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  and  lat.  49°  N.  to  Ark. 
and  Tex. ;  W.  to  Colo,  and  Arizona;  E.  to  La. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  moist  prairies  of  S.  W. 
and  W.  districts. 

BIDENS  LINN.     Gen.  641  (1737). 

Pluriclens  and  Edwardsia  NECK.    Elem.  I,  86,  87  (1790). 
Kerneria  MOENCH,    Meth.  595  (1794). 
Ceratocephalus  VAILL.    ex  DC.  Prodr.  V,  594  (1836). 
Delucia  DC.    Prodr.  V,  633  (1836). 
Adenolepis  LESS.    Linn.  VI,  510  (1832). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  221;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  387;  Du- 
rand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  212:  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  214 
(Hoffmann) 

Living  species:  60-90;  all  temperate  and  warmer  reg- 
ions, especially  in  America;  Russia,  3;  Europe,  4;  Russian  Eu- 
rope, 3;  North  America,  15;  E.  Sts.,  6;  Canada,  6;  Rocky  mts., 
5;  S.  Sts.,  5;  California,  2;  PI.  Wheel.,  3;  W.  Tex.,  5. 

Bidens  beckii  TORR.     Spreng.  Neu.  Entd.  II,  135  (1824). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  285;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  147;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  83;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  247;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5, 
245;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  298. 

North  America:  St.  Lawrence,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  Red 
valley  and  Porcupine  mts.;  S.  to  E.  Mass,  and  N.  J.,  and  to 
Minn,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.  district;  aquatic,  in  ponds,  lakes 
and  sluggish  streams 

HERB.:  Holtz  2,  Minneapolis;  Herrick  166,  Minneap- 
olis; Herrick  167,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  541,  Long  lake. 

Bidens  laevis  (LiNN.)  B.  S.  P.     Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Helianthus  laevis  LINN.    Spec.  906  (1753). 
Coreopsis  bidens  and  perpoliata?  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  215  (1788). 
Bidens  chrysanthemoides  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  136  (1803). 
B.  helianthoides  HBK.    Nov.  Gen.  et.  Spec.  IV,  230  (1820). 
B.  quadriaristata  DC.    Prodr.  V,  593  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  285;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  147;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  146;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  83;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  237;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
190;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  357;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  247;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
196;  Gray.  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  296;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  223. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Man.  and 
Calif. ;  S.  to  Pla.  and  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  swamps  and  shaded  wet 
banks  of  streams  or  by  springs. 

-35 


546  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1470,  Pipestone;  Wincliell  10,  Rich- 
field; Herrick  165,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  128,  Winona;  Sand- 
berg  333,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Moyer  144,  Montevideo. 

Bidens  cernna  LINN.     Spec.  832  (1753). 
Coreopsis  bidens  LINN.    Spec.  908  (1753). 
Bidens  cernua  var.  elata  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  352  (1841) 
B.  quadriaristata  var.  dentata  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  VII, 
368  (1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  285;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  147;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  247:   Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  83;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  145;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Colo.  189;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  357;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Syn. 
435;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  210;  Led.,  Fl.  Boss.  II,  517;    Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.: 
Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  66;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  196;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz. 
IV,  5,  244;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  296;  Hart,  Fl.  Scand.  I,  2. 
N.  Eur.  to  Caucasus;  N.  Asia  to  China. 
North  America:    N.   S.,   N.   Br.   to  Hudson  Bay  and 
Saskatchewan  to  Mont,  and  Oregon;  S.  to  Va.,  Mo.  and  Colo. 
Minn,  valley:     Throughout;  infrequent;  wet  places  or 
shaded  banks  near  water's  edge. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1515,  Lake  Benton;  Taylor  1154,  Glen- 
wood;  Roberts  65,  Stewart  river;  Leiberg  36,  Blue  Earth  Co. 

Bideus  connata  MUHL.     Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  1718  (1803). 
B.  tripartite  BIGEL.    Fl.  Bost.  2  ed.  294  (1824). 
B.  petiolata  NUTT.    Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  VII,  99  (1834). 
B.  connata  var.  comosa  GRAY.    Man.  5  ed.  261  (1867). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  284;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  247;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  83:  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  236;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  145;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J. 
147;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  296. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Saskatchewan  and 
Nebr.;  S.  to  111.,  Mo.,  Ga.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co.; 
damp  places  and  near  streams  or  pools. 

HERB.:  Bollard  712,  Waconia;  Herrick  164,  Minne- 
apolis; this  is  the  var.  pinnata  Watson.  Sandberg  332,  Red 
Wing. 

Bidens  frondosa  LINN.     Spec.  832  (1753). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  284;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  146;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  145;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  Sts.  236;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  247,  551;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  83;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  189;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  196;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2, 
296;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex,  223. 

North  America:  N.  S.,  N.  Br.  to  Saskatchewan  and 
Colo. ;  S.  to  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Fla.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  frequent;  moist  shady 
places  or  along  roads. 

HERB.:     Sheldon    1414,   Lake    Benton;    Taylor  1082, 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  547 

Glenwood;  Bailey  72,  Vermilion  Lake;   Sandberg  331,  Cannon 
Falls;  Herb.  Moyer  143,  Montevideo. 

HELENIITM  LINN.     Gen.  664  (1737). 

Tetrodus  and  Dougaldia  CASS.    Diet.  LV,  264,  270  (1834). 

Mesodetra  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  141  (1817). 

Brassavola  ADANS.    Fam.  II,  127  (1763). 

Oxylepis  BENTH.    PI.  Hartw.  87  (1839). 

Leptapoda  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  174  (1818). 

Ambliolepis  DC.    Prodr.  V,  667  (1836). 

Espeletiopsis  Sen.    Bip.  Herb. 

Cephalophora  CAV.    Ic.  VI,  79  (1801). 

Actinea  Juss.    Ann.  Mus.  II,  425  (1804). 

Graemia  HOOK.    Exot.  Fl.  189  (1823). 

Actiuella  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  173  (1818). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VIII,  241;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  II,  413,  414; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  216;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV.  5,  216 
(Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  30 ±;  N.  America,  especially  west- 
ward; E.  Sts.,  2;  S.  Sts.,  4;  Canada,  1;  W.  Tex.,  9. 

Helenium  antumnale  LINN.     Spec.  866  (1753). 
H.  pubescens  AIT.    Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  287  (1789). 
H.  canaliculatum  LAM.    Journ.  Hist.  Nat.  II,  213  (1792). 
H.  pumilum  WILLD.    Enum.  Suppl.  60  (1813J. 
H.  longifolium  SM.    Rees  Cycl.  (1817?). 
H.  tubuliflorum  DC.    Prodr.  V,  666  (1836). 
H.  altissimum  and  commutatum  LINK,    Ind.  Sem.  Berol.  (1840). 
H.  grandiflorum  and  montanum  NUTT.     Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 
VII,  384  (1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  287;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  196;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  84;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  239;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  249,  552;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  393:  Roth.,  Wheel  Exp.  172;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  175; 
Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  197;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  263;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  I,  2,  349;  Webb.,  Appx.  Neb.  41;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  232. 

North  America:  Q.  to  L.  Huron,  Arctic  circle  and 
Pac. ;  S.  to  Oregon,  Nev.,  Arizona,  Minn.,  Ark.,  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  river  banks,  lake  shores 
and  edges  of  swamps. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1017,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1312,  Lake 
Benton;  Sheldon  14$4,  Pipestone;  Taylor  1087,  Glenwood; 
Sandberg  334,  Goodhue  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1811,  Minneapolis; 
Herb.  Moyer  145,  146,  Montevideo. 

GAILLARDIA  POUGER.     Mem.  Ac.  Sci.  Par.  (1786). 
Galardia  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  II,  590  (1786). 
Calonnea  BUCHOZ.    Icon.  t.  126  (1786). 
Virgilia  L'HER.     Diss.  (1789). 

Agassizia  GRAY  and  ENGELM.    Jour.  Bost.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  VI, 
229  (1850). 


548  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Gmit her ia  SPRENG.    Syit.  Ill,  356  (1826). 

Cerrostylos  LESS.    Syn.  Comp.  239  (1832). 

Polypteris  LESS     Linn.  VI,  218  (1832). 

Galorida  REUSCH.    Norn.  251  (1797). 

Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI  II,  414;  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VIII,  241; 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  216;  Engl.  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  263 
(Hoffmann). 

Living  species:  12;  N.  and  C.  America  to  S.  America 
and  Patagonia.  N.  America,  10;  S.  America,  1;  Texas,  Ari- 
zona and  Utah,  10;  Canada,  1-2;  S.  E.  Sts.,  2-3;  S.  and  W. 
Tex.,  7. 

Gaillardia  aristata  PURSH,    PL  Am.  573  (1814). 
G.  Mcolor  HOOK.    Fl.  I,  315  (1833). 
G.  bicolor  var.  aristata  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  175  (1818). 
G.  rustica  Ciss.    Diet  XVIII,  20(1825). 
G.  lanceolata  DC.    Prodr.  V,  362  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  288;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  352: 
Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  83;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  197;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif. 
I,  392;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  250;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  233. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  and  Brit.  Col.  to 
Oregon  and  California;  S.  to  Minn.,  Colo,  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  W.  and  S.  W.  dis- 
tricts; rare  or  local;  prairies. 

HERB.  :     Gedge  18,  Riverton. 

DY8SODIA  CAV.     Ann.  Cienc.  Nat.  VI,  334  (1803). 

Boebera  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  2125  (1804). 

Clomenocoma  CASS.    Diet.  IX.  416  (1825). 

Coniacliiiiiiiu  SCHEIDW.    PL  Series,  756  ( ). 

Itosilla  LESS.    Syn.  Comp, 245  (1832). 

L,ebetina  CASS.    Diet.  XXV,  394  (1825). 

Adenophyllum  PERS.    Syn.  II,  458  (1807). 

Willdenowa  Cav.    Ic.  61  (1791). 

Schlechtendahlia  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  2125  (1804). 

Boebera  LESS.    Syn.  Comp.  237  (1832). 

llymeiiatlieruni  CASS.     Bull.  Philom.  (1817). 

Aciphyllaea  A.  GRAY,    PI.  Feudl.  91  (1849). 

Gnaphalopsis  DC.    Prodr.  VII,  258  (1839). 

Thymophylla  LAG.    Elench.  Matr.  25  (1816). 

Lowellia  A.  GRAY,    PI.  Fendl.  89  (1849). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  253  (sub  Tagetes  Linn.);  Benth.  and  Hook  , 
Gen.  PL  II,  408,  410;  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  265;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  215. 

Living  species:  35 ±;  Central  and  S.  W.  N.  America; 
1  sp.,  Peru  to  Patagonia.  U.  S.,  16;  all  in  W.  and  S.  W. 
region  except  D.  papposa  (Vent. ). 

Dyssodia    papposa    (VENT.)    HITCHCOCK,      Fl.   Ames.    503 
(1891). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  549 

Tagetes  papposa  VENT.    Hort.  Gels  (1800). 
Boebera  chrysanthemoides    WILLD.     Spec.  Ill,  2125  (1804). 
Dyssodia  chrysanthemoides  LAG.     Nov.  Gen.  et  Spec.  29  (1816 j. 
Boebera  glandulosa  PERS.    Syn.  II,  459  (1807). 
Dyssodia  fastigiata  DC.     Prodr.  V,  639  (1836). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6ed.  288;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  145;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  83;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  2,  251;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  197;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
197;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  265;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  356; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  236. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  Minn.;  S.  to  N.  Y.,  Ga.,  La.; 
W.  to  Neb.,  Colo.,  Tenn.,  Ark.,  Arizona  and  Mex. 

Minn  valley:  S.  W.  edge;  infrequent;  banks  of 
streams  or  cool  roadsides. 

HERB.  :    Leiberg  W,  Rock  Co. 

ACHILLEA  LINN.  Gen.  661  (1737). 
Ptarmica  NECK.  Elem.  I.  15  (1790). 
Millefolium  TOTJRN.  Inst.  460  (1700). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  279  (sub  Santolina);  Durancl,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan. 
217:  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  272  (Hoffmann);  Benth.  and 
Hook.,  Gen.  PI  II,  419. 

Living  species:  80  ±;  N.  temperate  regions,  especially 
in  old  world.  Russia,  20;  Europe,  30;  Russian  Europe,  11;  N. 
America,  3;  Canada,  3;  S.  Sts.,  1;  E.  Sts.,  1;  California,  1;  PL 
Wheel.,  1;  W.Tex.,  1. 

Achillea  mil  lef oil  urn  LINN.     Spec.  1267(1753). 

A.  tomentosa  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  319  (1814'. 

A.  setacea  SCHWEIN.    Long.  Exp.  II,  119  (1825). 

A.  millefolium  var.  nigrescens  E  MEY.     PL  Lab.  (1830). 

A.  lanulosa  NUTT.    Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  VII,  36  (1834). 

A.  gracilis  and  occidentalis  DC.    Prodr.  VI,  27  (1837). 

Ptarmica  borealis  DC.    Prodr.  VI,  27  (1837). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  289;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  147;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  145;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  197;  Upham,  FL  Minn.  84;  Mac.,  FL  Can.  I, 
251,  552,  in  var.',  Coult.,  FL  Colo.  198;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  FL  Calif.  I,  400; 
Chap.,  FL  S.  St.  242;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  FL  Sin.  436;  Led.,  FL  Ross.  II, 
531;  Nym.,  FL  Eur.;  Hook.,  FL  Gt.  Brit.  212;  Miyabe,  FL  Kur.  241  in  var.', 
Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  66;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  179;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  174, 
366;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,272;  Gray,  Syn.  FL  1,2,  363;  Hart., 
Fl.  Scand.  I,  5;  Coult.,  FL  Tex.  239. 

All  N.  hemisphere  in  old  world;  Azores  to  Manchuria 
and  in  tropical  mt.  ranges;  Shetland  and  Arct.  Russ.  to  Cau- 
casus; China;  Kuriles  and  Himalayas;  Australasia. 

North  America:  Greenland  to  Alaska;  S.  to  Fla., 
Tex.  and  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  common;  hills,  fields,, 
edges  of  woods,  shores  of  lakes. 


550  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  360,  Madison  Lake;  Sheldon  1187, 
Lake  Ben  ton;  Taylor  564.,  Minnesota  lake;  Bollard  178,  Jordan, 
Scott  Co. ;  Bollard  735,  Waconia;  Taylor  868,  Glenwood;  Taylor 
564,  Minnesota  lake;  Roberts  66,  Grand  Marais;  Kassube  140, 
Minneapolis;  Roberts  67,  Poplar  river;  Leonard  26,  Duluth; 
Leonard  27,  Spring  Valley;  Bailey  159,  Vermilion  lake;  Roberts 
68,  Grand  Marais;  Sandberg  335,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Wicker - 
shiem  80,  Idle  wild;  Herb.  Moyer  146,  Montevideo. 

ARTEMISIA  LINN.     Gen.  644  (1737). 
Oligosporus  CASS.     Bull.  Philom.  (1817). 
Absinthium  GAE&T.    Fruct.  II,  393(1791). 
Picrothamnus  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  VII,  417  (1841). 
Bailion,  Hist.  PI  VIII,  285;  Benth.  and  Hook..  Gen.  PI.  II,  435;  Durand, 
Ind.  Gen.   Phan.  220;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  281. 

Living  species:  200 ±  described;  150 —  reduced  (Du- 
rand); N.  hemisphere;  S.  America;  Sandwich  Islands.  Europe, 
50;  Russia,  85;  Russian  Europe,  30;  North  America,  40;  Canada, 
22-25;  E.  Sts.,  11;  Rocky  mts.,  23;  S.  Sts.,  3;  California,  14; 
PI.  King,  13;  PL  Wheel.,  10;  W.  Tex.,  8. 

Artemisia  frigida  WILLD.     Spec.  Ill,  1838  (1803). 
A.  sericea  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  143  (1818). 
A.  virgata  RICH.     Frankl.  Journ.  (1823*. 

A.  frigida  var.  gmeliniana  BESS.    Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  1, 321  ( 1833). 
Wats,  and  Coult ,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  291;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  144;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  259;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  86;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  201;  Wats.,  Kin£ 
Exp.  184;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  176,  217;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  369;  Gmel.,  Fl. 
Sib.  63;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  240. 
N.  Asia. 

North  America:  Man.  and  Saskatchewan  to  Rocky 
mts.  and  N.  to  58°  on  Mackenzie;  S.  to  Minn,  and  Tex.;  W.  to 
Idaho,  Nev.  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  banks  and  hillsides  or  on 
rocky  ledges  and  high  ridges. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1480,  Pipestone;  Holzinqer  131.  Wi- 
nona  Co.;  Herrick  170,  Minneapolis;  Leiberg  40,  Pipestone  Co.; 

Sandberg  340,  Red  Wing;  MacM.  and  Sheld.  47,  Brainerd. 

• 

Artemisia  biennis  WILLD.     Phytogr.  11  (1794). 

A.  hispanica  JACQ.    Ic.  Rar.  172  (1781)  not  Lam. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  291;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  149;  Webb., 
FJ.  Neb.  144;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  85;  Mac.,  PI.  Can.  I,  259;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
201;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  183;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.l,  2,  370. 
Kamstk.  and  N.  India,  fide  Gray. 
North  America:    Hudson  Bay  to  Mackenzie  and  Pac. 


LIST  OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  551 

coast;  S.  to  Oregon  and  S.  Calif.;  E.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  Mo.,  Tenn. 
and  spreading  also  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Penn. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  districts  especially,  but  probably 
throughout;  sandy  or  gravelly  banks. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1592 1  Lake  Benton;  Sandberg  339,  Red 
Wing;  Herb.  Moyer  149,  Montevideo. 

Artemisia  guaphalodes  (NUTT.)     Gen.  II,  143  (1818)  emend. 
A.  integnfolia  PUKSH,    Fl.  Am.  (1814)  in  part. 
A.  ludovidana  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  143  (1818) pro parte. 
A.  ludovidana  NUTT.    T.  and  G.  Fl.  II,  420  (1841).     • 
A.  purshiana,  douglasiana,  hookeriana  BESS.    Abrot.  59  (1834). 
A.  vulgans  vars.  ludovidana  and  gnaphalodes  OK.     Eev.  Gen.  I, 
309  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  291;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  257;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  145;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  85;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  202;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  I,  404;  Both.,  Wheel.  Exp.  176,  366;  Wats.,  King Exp.  183;  Gray, 
Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  372;  Engl.  Hoffmann,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  282;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex. 
240. 

North  America:     Red  and  Milk  valleys  to  Pac.  coasli 

and  49°  N.  lat. ;  S.  in  Calif,  to  Monterey;  E.  to  Saskatchewan, 
Mich. ,  Minn. ,  111. ,  Tex.  and  Mexico. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  dry  or  sterile  banks  and 
along  sparsely  wooded  ridges. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  720,  Minnesota  lake;  Sheldon  935,  Red- 
wood Falls;  Sheldon  1131,  Springfield;  Sheldon  469,  Madison 
Lake;  Taylor  1125,  Glen  wood;  Taylor  834,  Glen  wood;  Gedge  8, 
Detroit  City.  The  last  four  are  forma  glabrata;  Sheldon  1511, 
Lake  Benton;  Taylor  145,  Janesville;  Oestlund  102,  Minneapolis; 
Gedge  9t  Moorhead;  Holzinger  130,  Winona;  Sandberg  338,  Can- 
non Falls;  Herb.  Moyer  147,  148,  Montevideo;  Herb.  Wicker  - 
sheim  81,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. 

Artemisia  longifolia  NUTT.     Gen.  II,  142  (1818). 

?  A.  inte^rifolia  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  (1814)  in  part. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  291;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  145;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minu.  85;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  202;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  372;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can. 
1,256. 

North  America:     Saskatchewan  and  Minn,  to  Neb., 

Colo,  and  Mont. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  S.  W.  Minn.;  banks  and 
ledges;  rare. 

Artemisia  serrata  NUTT.     Gen.  II,  142  (1818). 

A.  ludovidana  var.  serrata  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  420  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  291;  Upham.  Fl.  Minn.  85;  Gray, 
Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  372. 

North  America:     111.,  Minn,  and  Dak. 


METASPEKMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  Coteau  des  Prairies; 
moist  depressions  and  near  sloughs. 

Artemisia  dracunculoides  PURSH,     Fl.  Am,  742  (1814). 
A.  dracunculus  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  521  (1814). 
A.  cernua  NTJTT.    Gen.  II,  143  (1818). 
A.  nuttalliana  BESS.    Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I.  326  (1833). 
A.  inodora  HOOK,  and  ABN.    Bot.  Beech.  150  (1841). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  290;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  144;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  255,  553;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  85;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  200;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  404;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  176;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  181; 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  369;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  240. 

North  America:  Man.  to  Rockies,  Brit.  Col.  and  Peace 
river  reg. ;  S.  to  Minn.,  Colo.,  Tex.,  Arizona  and  Calif,  in 
Sierras;  E.  to  111.  and  Neb 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  banks  of  streams,  waste 
places,  edges  of  sandy  thickets. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  817,  Glenwood;  Taylor  614,  Minnesota 
lake;  Holzinger  129,  Winona;  Sandbar g  336,  Cannon  Falls;  Her- 
rick  167,  Minneapolis. 

Artemisia  canadensis  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  129  (1803). 
A.  peucedanifolia  Juss.    in  herb. 
A.  campestris  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  521  (1814). 
A.  desertoi-um  BESS.    Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  325  (1833)  in  part. 
A.  commutata  BESS.    Dracun.  68  (1835). 
?  A.  pacifica  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  399  (1841). 
?A.  lewisii  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II.  417  (1841)  in  pan. 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  290;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  256;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  85;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  144;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  200;  Roth.,  Wheel. 
Exp.  176;   Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  197?;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  368  and  369:  Engl. 
Hoffm.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  282;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  240. 
N.  W,  Asia;  fide  Gray. 

North  America:  Can.  throughout  to  64°  N.  lat. ;  S.  to 
Utah,  Arizona  and  N.  Mex.  in  Rockies;  to  Washington  and  to 
Minn.,  Colo.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  and  N.  edges; 
sandy  shores  of  lakes  and  streams. 

Artemisia  caudata  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am,  II,  129  (1803). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  290;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  ,T.  148;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  85;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  256;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  242;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I, 
2,368;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  239. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  N.  H.  to  N.  J.  and  N.  Car. ; 
W.  to  Minn. ,  Man.  and  Mich. ;  S.  to  Kan.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  waste  or  sandy  places; 
edges  of  thickets  and  along  streams. 

HERB.:     Sheldon  1392,   Lake  Benton;    Sheldon  1046, 


LIST   OF  HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  553 

Sleepy  Eye;  Taylor  114%,  Glenwood;  Herrick  168,  Minnetonka; 
Leiberg  38,  Blue  Earth  Co.;  Herrick  169,  Minneapolis;  Sand- 
berg  337,  Goodhue  Co.;  Leiberg  39,  Rock  Co.;  Oestlund  103, 
Minneapolis. 

ERECHTITES  RAF.     PI.  Lud.  65  (1817). 

Neoceis  CASS.    Bull.  Philom.  (1820). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  260  (sub  Senecio)',  Benth.and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL 
II,  443;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  221;  Engl.  Hoifm.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5, 291. 
Living  species:  12 ±;  tropical  and  subtropical  Amer- 
ica; warmer  N.  Amer. ;  Australia  and  New  Zealand;  introd.  in 
Asia.  N.  America,  1  sp. 

Ereehtites  hieracifolia  (LINN.)  RAF.     DC.  Prodr.  VI,  294 

(1837). 

Senecio  hieracifolius  LINN.    Spec.  866  (1753). 
Cineraria  canadensis  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  207  (1788). 
Ereehtites  praelonga  and  erecta  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  65  (1817). 
Wats,  and  Coult,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  295;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J.  149;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  262;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  144;  Uphain,  Fl.  Minn.  86;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  244;  Griseb.,  Fl.  W.  I;  Cov.,Fl.  Ark.  197;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  396;  Engl. 
Hoffm.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  291. 

S.  America;  W.  Indies  to  Buenos  Ayres;  nat.  in  Mau- 
ritius. 

North  America:    Newf.  to  Saskatchewan;  S.  to  Gulf 
of  Mexico  and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:     Forest  and  S.  central  districts;   clear- 
ings and  waste  places  in  woodland  or  thickets. 
HERB.  :    Sandberg  344,  Red  Wing. 

SENECIO  LINN.     Gen.  647  (1737). 
Cacalia  LINN.    Gen.  649  (1737)  p.  p. 
Cineraria  LINN.    Gen.  957  (1737). 
Tephroseris  SCHUB.    Transsylv.  343  (1866). 
Jacobaea  THUNB.    Prodr.  Cap.  (1794). 
Obaejaca  CASS.    Diet.  XXXV,  270  (1826). 
Anecio  NECK.    Elem.  I.  28  (1790). 
Herbichia  ZAWADSK.    Enum.  Galic.  198  (1835). 
Farobaea  SCHR.    ex  Col.  Hort.  Rip.  App.  IV  (1828). 
Eiulorus  CASS.     Diet.  XLI,  166  (1826). 
Aspelina  CASS.    1.  c.  (1826). 
Sclerobasis  CASS.    Philom.  (1818). 
Acleia  DC.    Prodr.  VI,  340  (1837). 

Hubertia  BONG.    Voy.  Afr.  I,  334  ( ). 

Synarthron  CASS.    Diet.  LI,  457  (1834). 
Cissampelopsis  MIQ.    Ind.  Bat.  II,  102  (1859). 
Betheiicourtia  CHOIS.    Buch.  Can.  (1819). 
Pericallis  WEBB,    Phyt.  Can.  103,  106  (1838). 
Mesogramma  DC.    Prodr.  VI,  304  (1837 j. 


554  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Madaractis  DC.    Prodr.  VI,  322  (1837). 

Doronica  WIGHT.    Ic.  1124,  1129  (1843). 

Madocarpus  WIGHT.    Ic.    1152  (1843). 

BrachyrhyDCOS  LESS.    Syn.  Comp.  392  (1832). 

Lachanodes  DO.    Guill.  Arch.  Bot.  II,  332  (1833). 

Pladaroxylon  ENDL.    Gen.  461  (1840)  in  part. 

Traversia  HOOK.  f.    Handb.  N.  Z.  Fl.  163  (1867). 

Centropappus  HOOK.  f.    Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  VI,  124  (1846). 

Carderina  CASS.    Diet.  XXXV,  272  (1826). 

Delaira  LEM.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3,  I,  379  (1844). 

Dorobaea  CASS.    Diet.  XLVIII,  453  (1834). 

Koldana  LLAV.  and  LEX.    Nov.  Mex.  Veg.  II,  10  (1826). 

Haplosticha  PHILLIPI,    Linn.  XXX,  193  (1856). 

Adenotrichia  LINDL.    Bot.  Reg.  XIV,  t.  1190  (1828). 

Danaa  COLLA,    Mem.  Tur.  XXXVIII,  27  (18J5). 

Brachypappus  SCH.  Bip.    Flora.  "119  (1855). 

Metazanthus  MEYEN,    Reise  I,  356  (1834). 

Liigularia  CASS.    Bull.  Philom.  (1816). 

Hoppea  REICH.    Ic.  Ex.  I,  8,  10  (1827). 

Ery throe baete  S.  and  Z.    Fam.  Nat.  Jap.  II,  64  (1843). 

Farfugium  LINDL.    Gard.  Chron.  4  (1857). 

Senecillis  GAERTN.     Fruct.  II,  453  (1791). 

Pericalia,     Psacalium,    Peutacalia,    Aetheolaena    CASS. 
Diet.  1.  c.  (1834). 

Pentanthus  HOOK,  and  ARN.    Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  I,  32  (1835). 

Odontotrichum  Zucc.    Baier.  Acad.  311  (1832). 

Sciadioseris  KUNZE,    Bot.  Zeit.  349  (1851). 

Rugelia  SCHUTTLEW.    Chap.  Fl.  S.  St.  246  (1860). 

Syneilesis  MAX.    Prim.  Amur.  165  (1859). 

Pithosilum  CASS.    Diet.  XLI,  164  (1834). 

Kleinia  HAW.    Syn.  Succ.  312  (1812). 

Microchaete  BENTH.    Hartw.  209  (1841). 

Gynoxys  DC.    Prodr.  VI,  326  (1837). 

Cladopogon  SCH.  BIP.    Sem.  Hamb.  (1852). 

Pterosenecio  SCH.  BIP.    ex.  Dur.  Ind.  Gen.  1.  c.  (1888). 

Willkommia  SCHULTZE,    ex.  Dur.  Ind.  Gen.  1.  c.  (1888). 

Cacalianthemum  DILL.  Elth.  I,  54  (1732). 

Notonia  DC.    Guill.  Arch.  Bot.  II,  518  (1833). 

Bedfordia  DC,    1.  c.  332  (1833). 

Brachyglottis  FORST.    Char.  Gen.  91  (1776). 

Gynura  CASS.    Diet.  XXXIV,  391  (1826). 

Crassocephalum  MOENCH,    Meth.  516  (1794). 

Cremocephalum  CASS.     Diet.  XXXIV,  390  (1826). 
?  Xenocarpus  CASS.    1.  c.  LIX,  108  (1834). 

Emilia  CASS.    1.  c.  XIV,  405  (1825). 

Stilpnogyne  DC.    Prodr.  VI,  293  (1837). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VIII,  258;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  446  seq.\ 
Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  221;  Engl.  Hoffrn.,  Nat.  Pflanz.  IV,  5,  296. 

Living  species:  1250+ ;  cosmopolitan.  N.  America, 
75±;  Rocky  mts.,  21;  California,  20;  PI.  King,  13;  PL  Wheel., 
17;  E.  Sts.,  10;  W.  Tex.,  7.  Principally  S.  and  W. 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  555 

Senecio  ovatus  (WALT.). 

Cacalia  ovata  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  196  (1788). 
C.  tuberosa  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  138  (1818). 
C.  paniculata  and  pteryantha  RAF.    Ann.  Nat.  14  (1820). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  294;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  268,  555; 
Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  86;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  144;  Chap.,   Fl.  S.  St.  244;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  II,  335;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  198;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  396;    Coult.,  Fl. 
Tex.  242. 

North  America:     Ont.  to  Lake  Huron  and  Minn. ;  S.  to 

Neb.,  Ohio,  Ark.,  Alab.,  Ga.  and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  W.  to  Cottonwood  and 
Chippewa  valleys;  damp  prairies  and  openings. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  1187,  New  Ulm;  Sheldon  687,  Waseca; 
Taylor  565,  Minnesota  lake;  Sandberg  346,  Cannon  Falls. 

Senecio  atriplicifolius  (LINN.)  HOOK.     Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  332 
(1833). 

Cacalia  atriplicifolia  LINN.    Spec.  835  (1753). 

Senecio  atriplicifolius  var.  reniformis   HOOK.     Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  332 
(1833). 

Cacalia  yigantea  NEES,    Ind.  Sem.  Vratisl.  (1842). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  294;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  150;  WTebb., 
Fl.  Neb.  144;  Upham.,  Fl.  Minn.  86;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  268;  Chap.,  Fl.  S. 
St.  244;  Cov.  FL  Ark.  198;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  395. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla.;  W.  to  Minn., 
Neb.  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  E.  edge,  Rice  Co. ;  rich  woodland  and 
moist  banks  or  shores. 

HERB.  :    Sandberg  345,  Goodhue  Co. 

Senecio  reniformis  (MUHL.). 

Cacalia  reniformis  MTJHL.     Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  1735  (1803). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  294;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  150;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  244;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  86;  Gray,  Syn.  FL  I,  2.  395. 

North  America:  N.  J.  to  N.  Car.  and  Tenn. ;  W.  to 
Ills,  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:    S.  E.  edge;  rare;  rich,  deep  woods. 
HERB.  :   Leonard  28,  Sumner. 

Senecio  lugens  RICH.     Frankl.  Jour.  2  ed.  31  (1825). 

8.  lugens  vars.  hookeri  and  parryi  EAT.    King.  Exp.  188  (1871). 

Cineraria  pratensis  HERD.    PL  Radd.  II,  127  ( ). 

Cacalia  lugens  MAcM.     MSS.  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  294;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  144;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  87;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  263,  554;  Coult.,  FL  Colo.  209;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,   FL  Calif.  I,  413;   Led.,   FL  Ross.  II,  644;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  188; 
Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  177;  Gray,  Syn.  FL  I,  2,  388;  Coult.,  FL  Tex.  242. 
Circumpolar. 
North  America:    Rocky  mts.,  Fraser  river,  66°  N.  lat. 


556  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

to  Kotzebue  Sound  and  Bon  Esperance,  Alaska;  S.  in  mts.  to 
Mexico;  W.  to  Calif,  and  Pac.  coast;  E.  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  Neb., 
Dakota. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  districts;  swampy  or  moist  places 
in  prairie,  edges  of  lakes. 

HERB.:  Leiberg  43,  "Minnesota";  Herb.  Wickersheim 
84,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  153,  Granite  Falls. 

Senecio  integerrimus  NUTT.     Gen.  II,  165  (1818). 

Cacalia  inteyerrima  MACM.    MSS.  (1891). 

Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  388;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  554;  Upham,  Fl.  Mian.  87. 
North  America:   Dak.  and  Minn,  to  Saskatchewan. 
Minn,  valley:    Reported  from  S.  W.  district;  doubtful; 
prairies  and  ridges. 

„  Senecio  tomentosus  MICHX.     Fl.  Am.  II,  119  (1803). 
Cineraria  lieterophylla  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  528  (1814). 
Senecio  integrifolius  var.  heterophyllus  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  165  (1818). 
S.  aureus  UPHAM,    Fl.  Minn.  87  (1883)  as  to  specs.  Kassube. 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  293;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  390;  Britt.. 
Fl.  N.  J.  150;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  245. 

North  America:  N.  J.,  Del.  and  Penn.  to  Fla. ;  W.  to 
Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:    N.  E.  edge;  open  and  moist  places. 
HERB.:   Kassube  279,  Minneapolis;  280,  Minnehaha. 

Senecio  aureus  LINN.     Spec.  870  (1753). 

8.  gracilis  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  529  (1814). 
8.  fastigiatus  SCHWEIN.    Ell.  Sk.  II,  331  (1824). 
Cacalia  aurea  MACM.    MSS.  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  293;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  150;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  144;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  87;  Chap.  Fl.  S.  St.  245;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  I,  411;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  210;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  189;  Roth., 
Wheel.  Exp.  366?;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  391;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  197;  Coult.,  FL 
Tex.  242. 

North  America:    Newf. ?,  N.  S.,   N.  Br.,  Rocky  mts. 

and  Pac.  caast  to  49°  N.  lat.;  S.  to  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.,  and  W. 
to  Nev.  and  Pac.  coast  of  California. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  moist,  marshy  or  swampy 
places;  abundant. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  18,  Chaska;  Taylor  47,  Elysian;  Bol- 
lard 475,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Sheldon  309,  Madison  Lake, 
Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Herrick  173,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  348,  Cen- 
ter City;  Kassube  142,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  349,  Tower-,  Herb. 
Sheld.  1808,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wickersheim  83,  Idlewild,  Lin- 
coln Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  152,  Montevideo. 

Senecio  aureus  LINN.  var.  pauperculus  (Micnx.). 
S.  pauperculus  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  120  (1803). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  557 

S.  balsamitae  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  1999  (1804). 
S.  plattensis  NUTT.    Trans  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  413  (1841). 
8.  aureus  var.  balsamitae  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  443  (1841). 
Cacalia  aurea  var.  paupercula  MAcM.     MSS.  (1891). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  293;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  150;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  144;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  265,  554;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  245;  Upham,  Fl. 
Minn.  87;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  412;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  391;  Gray, 
Syn.  Suppl.  454. 

North  America:  Anticosti,  N.  S.,  N.  Br.,  Q.,  Ont.  to 
Brit.  Col.  and  Selkirk  mts. ;  S.  to  N.  J.,  Va.  and  Tenn.;  W.  to 
Neb.,  Tex.,  Colo,  and  Oregon. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  high  dry  knolls  and  rocky 
ledges;  headlands  and  ridges. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  1479,  Pipestone  City;  Ballard  142, 
Chaska;  Ballard  518,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  229,  Janes- 
ville;  Sheldon  148,  Madison  Lake,  Blue  Earth  Co. ;  Taylor  1156, 
Glen  wood;  Her  rick  174,  St.  Louis  river;  Arthur  50,  Vermilion 
lake;  Sheldon  1399,  Lake  Benton. 

Senecio  aureus  LINN.  var.  obovatus  (MUHL.)  T.  andG.     Fl. 
II,  442  (1841). 

S.  obovatus  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  1999  (1804). 
S.  aureus  var.  gracilis  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  333  (1833). 
S.  elliottii  T.  and  G.     Fl.  II,  443  (1841). 
Cacalia  auwa  var.  obovata  MACM.    MSS.  (1891). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  293;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  150;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  265;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  87;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  391;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Tex.  242. 

North  America:    N.  S.  to  Brit.  Col.;  S.  to  Minn.,  Ind. 

and  Georgia. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout  forest  and  N.  W.  district; 
drier  places  and  damp  prairies. 

HERB.:  Taylor  761,  Glenwood;  Kassube  143,  Min- 
neapolis. 

Senecio  palustris  (LiNN.)  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.  Am.  I,  334  (1833). 
Cineraria  palustris  LINN.    Spec.  ed.  2,  1243  (1762). 
C.  congesta  R.  Br.     Parr.  Voy.  (1823). 

Senecio  palustris  var.  congestus  HQOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  334  (1833). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  293;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  263:  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  86;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  554;  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  219;  Trautv.,  Fl. 
Sib.  75;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  394;  Hart..  Fl.  Scand.  I,  9. 

N.  Europe  to  France  and  Austria;  N.  Asia. 
North  America:   N.  S.  and  Greenland  to  Saskatchewan 
and  far  N.  to  Kotzebue  Sound  and  Wainright  Inlet,  Alaska;  S. 
to  Minn.,  Dak.  and  Iowa. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  N.  W.  districts; 
edges  of  swamps,  streams  or  lakes. 


558  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  519,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Ballard 
499,  Scott  Co. ;  Taylor  383,  Janesville;  Taylor  316,  Janesville; 
Sheldon  106%,  Elysian;  Herrick  172,  Sandy  lake;  Sandberg  347, 
Center  City;  Herb.  Moyer  151,  Stevens  lake,  Chippewa  Co. 

CNICUS  LINN.     Gen.  633  (1737). 

Picnomon  ADANS.    Fam.  II,  116  (1763). 

Breea  LESS.    Syn.  Comp.  9  (1832). 

Onopordum  LINN     Gen.  927  (1737). 

Acanos  ADANS.    Fam.  II,  116  (1763). 

L.amyra,  Platyraphium,  Ptilostemon,  Orthocentron,  Lo- 
phiolepis,  Eriolepis,  Notobasis  CASS.    Diet.  XXV-XLIV  (1826). 

Echenais  CASS.    Bull.  Philom.  (1818). 

Spanioptilon  LESS.    Comp.  Syn.  10  (1832). 

Xylanthena,  Cephalonoplos  NECK.    Elem.  67,  68  (1790). 

Chamaepeuce  DC.    Prodr.  VI,  657  (1837). 

Ancathia  DC.    Guill.  Arch.  Bot.  II,  331  (1833). 

Picnocomon  and  Acarna  YAILL.    Acad.  Par.  (1718). 

Epitrachys  K.  KOCH,    Linn.  XXIV,  396(1850). 

Ornitrophis  CASS.    ex  Dur.  1.  c.  (1888). 

Cirsium  DC.    Fl.  Fr.  IV,  110  (1805). 

'   Baillon.  Hist.  PI  VIII,  5  (sub  Carduus)',  Benth.  and  Hook.,   Gen.  PL 
II,  468;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  225. 

Living  species:  175 ±  ;  Europe;  Asia;  Africa;  N.  and  S. 
America;  extra-tropical.  Introduced  elsewhere.  Europe,  65; 
Russia,  55;  Russian  Europe,  22;  North  America,  35;  Rocky 
mts.,  12;  Canada,  13;  E.  Sts.,  7;  S.  Sts.,  9;  California,  12-14;  PL 
King,  5;  PI.  Wheel.,  8;  W.  Tex.,  6. 

Cnicus  odoratus  (MuHL.)  B.  S.  P.     Cat.  N.  Y.  (1888). 

Carduus  odoratus  MUHL.      Cat.  70  (1813).* 
Carduus  pumilus  and  var.  hystrix  NTJTT.    Gen.  II,  130  (1818). 
Cirsium  pumilum  SPRENG.    Syst.  Ill,  375  (1826). 
Cnicus  pumilus  TORR.    Compend.  282  (1826). 

Wats,  and  Couft.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  296;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  151;  Mac.,  Fl. 
Can.  I,  269;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  88;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  401. 

North  America:  Maine  to  Penn.  and  N.  J. ;  W,  to 
Man.  and  Minn. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  E.,  N.  andN.  W.  districts;  dry  fields 
or  sparsely  wooded  ridges. 

HERB.:  Ballard  574,  Prior's  lake,  Scott  Co.;  Taylor 
1013,  Glenwood;  Sandberg  351,  Cannon  Falls. 

Cnicus  muticus  (Micnx.)  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  506  (1814). 
Cirsium  muticum  MICHX.    Fl.  Am.  II.  89  (1803). 
Carduus  muticus  and  glaber  (?)  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  129  (1818). 
Cnicus  glutinosus  BIGEL.    Fl.  Bost.  2  ed.  291  (1824). 
Cirsium  Mgelovii  DC.    Prodr.  VI,  640  (1837). 
Wats,  and  Coult,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  296;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  151;  Upham, 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED  PRODUCING  PLANTS.  559 

Fl.  Minn.  88:  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  247;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  270;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I, 
2,  405. 

North  America:     Newf.,  Anticosti,  N.   S.,   N.  Br.   to 

Saskatchewan  and  Minn.;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.,  Va.,  Fla.  and 

La. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  swamps  and  near  lake 
shores. 

HERB.:      Bailey  33,    Vermilion    lake;    Sandberg    350, 

Goodhue  Co. ;  Taylor  700,  Minnesota  lake. 

Cnicus  discolor  MUHL.     Willd  Spec.  Ill,  1670  (1803). 
Cardans  discolor  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  130  (1818). 
Cirsium  discolor  SPRENG.    Syst.  Ill,  373  (1826). 
Cnicus  altissimus  var.  discolor  GRAY,    Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XIX,  57 
(1883). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  296;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  247;  Mac.. 
Fl.  Can.  I,  270;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  144;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  88;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J. 
151;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  198;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  404. 

North  America:  N  Eng.  and  Ont.  to  Minn,  and  Neb.; 
S.  to  N.  J.,  111.,  Mo.,  Ark.  and  Va. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  districts;  meadows,  fields,  copses 
and  low  thickets. 

HERB.:  Bollard  761,  Waconia;  Taylor  741,  Glenwood; 
Herrick  175,  Minneapolis;  Oestlund  104,  Minneapolis;  Kassube 
144,  Minneapolis. 

Cnicus  altissimus  (LINN.)  WILLD.     Spec.  Ill,  1671  (1803). 
Carduus  altissimus  LINN.    Spec.  824  (1753). 
Cirsium  diversifolium  DC.    Prodr.  VI,  640  (1837). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  296;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  151,  in  var.', 
Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  144;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  88;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  270  in  war.; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  214;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  247;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  198;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
I,  2,  404;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  243. 

North  America:  Mass,  to  Minn,  and  Neb.;  S.  to  Miss., 
N.  Car.,  Fla.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  central,  S.  W.,  W.  and  N.  W.  dis- 
tricts; fields  and  borders  of  thickets  or  streams. 

HERB.  :  Taylor  1026,  Glenwood;  Taylor  728,  Glenwood; 
Herb.  Wickersheim  85,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Herb.  Moyer  154, 
Chippewa  river,  near  Montevideo. 

Cnicus  undulatus  (NUTT.).GRAY,      Proc.  Am.  Acad.  X,  42 
(1874). 

Carduus  undulatus  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  130  (1818). 
C.  discolor  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I  (1833)  in  part. 
C.  douglasii  DC.    Prodr.  VI,  643  (1837). 
C.  hookerianum  HOOK.    Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  VI,  253  (1854). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  296;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  144;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  269;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  88;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  214;  Brew,  and 


560  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  418;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  204,  422;  Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp. 
179;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  403;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  243. 

North  America:  Man.  to  Rockies,  N.  W.  T.  and  Brit. 
Col.;  W.  to  limit  of  prairies;  S.  to  Oregon,  Gt.  lakes,  Minn., 
Kan.  and  N.  Mex. 

Minn  valley:  Reported  from  plains  of  W.  district; 
doubtful  or  rare;  fields  and  prairies. 

HERB.  :     ? Roberts  70,  Grand  Marais. 

LACTUCA  LINN.     Gen.  622  (1737). 

Brachyramphus  DC.    Prodr.  VII,  176  (1838-39). 

Phaenixopus  CASS.    Diet.  XXXIX,  391  (1826). 

Phaenopus  DC.    Prodr.  VII,  176  (1838-39). 

Cyanoseris  SCHUR.    Transsylv.  369  (1866). 

Pyrrhopappus  A.  RICH.    Abyss.  Fl.  I,  463  (1847). 

Cicerbita  WALLR.    Sched.  Grit.  Halle,  433  (1822). 

Mulgedium  CASS.    Diet,  XXXIII,  296  (1826). 

Galathenium  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  VII,  442  (1841). 

Agathyrsus  DON,    Edin.  Phil.  Journ.  310  (1828-29). 

Melanoseris  DECAISNE,    Jacqm.  Voy.  Bot.  101  (1844). 

Lactucopsis  Sen.  BIP.     Vis.  and  Pane.  Fl.  Serb.  II,  5  (1870). 

Cephalorhyncus  Boiss.     Diag.  Or.  IV,  28  (1859). 

Dubyaea  DC.    Prodr.  VII,  247  (1838-39). 

Steptoramplms  BUNGE,    Bel.  Lehm.  205  (1851). 

Mycelis  and  Ixeris  CASS.    Diet.  XXIV,  49  (.1826). 

Chorisma  DON,    Edin.  Phil.  Jour.  308  (1828-29). 

CiiorisiK  DC.    Prodr.  VII,  177  (1838-39). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  115;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  524;  Du- 
rand.  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  235. 

Living  species:  75-100;  Europe;  Asia;  Africa;  N. 
America.  Europe,  22;  Russia,  17;  Russian  Europe,  10;  N. 
America,  9;  Canada,  7;  S.  Sts.,  1;  Rocky  mts.,  3;  California,  1; 
E.  Sts.,  8;  PI.  Wheel.,  1;  PL  King,  1;  W.  Tex.,  4. 

Lactuca  spicata  (LAM.)  HITCHCOCK,     Fl.  Ames  506  (1891). 

Sonchus  spicata  LAM.    Enc.  Meth.  Ill,  401  (1786). 

S.  floridanus  AIT.     Hort.  Kew.  Ill,  116  (1789). 

S.  biennis  MOENCH,     Meth.  545  (1794). 

S.  Uucophaeus  WILLD.'  Spec.  Ill,  1520(1803). 

S.  acuminatus  BIGEL.    Fl.  Bost.  2  ed.  290  (1824). 

8.  pallidus  TORR.    Compend.  279  (1826). 

S.  multiflorus  DESF.    Cat.  Par.  (1829). 

Agathyrsus  leucophaeum  BECK,     Bot.  170  (1833). 

Mulgedium  leucophaeum  DC.    Prodr.    VII,  249  (1838). 

Lactuca  leucophaeum  GRAY,    Proc.  Am.  Acad.  XIX,  73  (1872). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  305;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  154;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  281;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  224;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  253;  Brew,  and 
Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  442;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  444. 

North  America:     Newf.,  Anticosti,  N.  Br.,   U.  S.,   Q., 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  561 

Ont:  to  Brit.  Col.  and  coast  region;  S.  to  Oregon  and  N.  Calif. ; 
E.  to  Minn. ,  N.  J. ,  Iowa,  Tenn.  and  N.  Car. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district  and  W.  to  Cottonwood 
valley;  low  grounds  near  thickets  or  along  streams. 

HERB.:  Bollard  64.5,  Chaska;  Sheldon  1184,  NewUlm; 
Sheldon  894,  Sleepy  Eye;  Bailey  4o7,  Mud  lake;  Roberts  71, 
Stewart  river;  Sandberg  $60,  Red  Wing;  Oesllund  105,  Minne- 
apolis. 

Lactuca  floridana  (LiNN.)  GAERTN.     Fruct.  II,  262  (1791). 
Sonchus  floridanus  LINN.    Spec.  II,  795  (1753). 
Mulgedium  lyratum  CASS.    Diet.  XXXIII,  297  (1826). 
Mulgedium  floridanum  DC.    Prodr.  VII,  249(1839). 
Galathenium  floridanum  NUTT.     Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  441 
(1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  304:  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  154:  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  143;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1,281;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  91;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St. 
253;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  199;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  443;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  249. 

North  America:  Detroit  river  and  Minn,  to  N.  J., 
Penn. ,  Carolinas  and  Fla. ;  W.  to  Ills. ,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  and  E.  edges; 
local  or  doubtful;  borders  of  woods  or  thickets. 

Lactuca  pulchella  (PURSH)  DC.     Prodr.  VII,  134  (1838). 
Sonchus  pulchellus  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  502  (1814). 
Lactuca  integrifolia  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  (1818). 
Sonchus  sibiricus  RICH.    Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  293  (1833). 
Mulgedium  pulchellum  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  497  (1841). 
M.  heterophyllum  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  441  (1841), 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  304:  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  143;  Uphamy 
Fl.  Minn.  91;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  442;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  223; 
Roth.,  Wheel.  Exp.  182;  Wats.,  King  Exp.  208,  422;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  443. 
North  America:     L.  Huron  throughout  C.  Can.  to  66° 
N.  lat.,  Mackenzie  river  reg.  and  Alaska;    S.  to  N.  Mex.  and 
Calif.;  E.  to  Neb.,  Minn,  and  Mich. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  local  or  infrequent;  prai- 
ries and  edges  of  woods. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  491,  Madison  Lake;  Bollard  682,  Wa- 
conia;  Taylor  415,  Janesville;  Taylor  1040,  Glenwood;  Taylor 
883,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  IVl^  Lake  Benton;  Juni  9,  Lake  Car- 
los; Bailey  4,  Vermilion  lake. 

Lactuca  ludoviciana  (NUTT.)  DC.     Prodr.  VII,  141  (1838). 

Sonchus  ludovicianus  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  125  (1818). 

Galathenium  ludovicianum  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  433 
(1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  304;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  443; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  223;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  143;  Upham,  Minn.  Suppl.  86; 
Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  249. 

-36 


562  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

North  America:  Minn,  and  Dak.  to  Iowa,  Neb.,  Ark. 
and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  S.  W.  district;  local?;  thicket  edges 
and  borders  of  woods,  or  in  openings. 

HERB.  :     Sheldon  894,  Sleepy  Eye. 

Lactuca  hirsuta  MUHL.     Cat.  (1813). 

L.  sanguined  BIGBL.    Fl.  Bost.  2  ed.  287  (1824). 
L.  sagittaefolia  ELL.    Sk.  II,  253  (1824). 

L.  elongata  var.  sanguinea  and  albiflora  T.  and  G.      Fl.  II,  496 
(1841). 

Galathenium  sanguineum  and  floridanum  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.  VII,  443  (1841). 

Lactuca  canadensis  GRAY,    Man.  5  ed.  (1867). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  304;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  280;  Britt., 
Fl.  N.  J.  154;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  91;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  199;  Gray,  Syn.Fl.  I,  2, 
442;  Coult,  Fl.  Tex.  249. 

North  America:  Ont.  to  E.  Mass.,  N.  J.  and  La.;  W. 
to  Minn.,  Ark.  and  Tex. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  and  W,  district;  doubtless  N. 
W. ;  borders  of  woods  and  thickets. 

HERB.  :    Sheldon  1304,  Lake  Benton. 

Lactuca  canadensis  LINN.     Spec.  796  (1753). 
L.  caroliniana  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  193  (1788). 
L.  longifolia  MICHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  85  (1803). 
L.  elongata  MUHL.    Willd.  Spec.  Ill,  1523  (1803). 
Sonchus  pallidus  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  1521  (1803). 
Galathenium  elongatum  NUTT.    Trans,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  443 
(1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  304;  Britt..  Fl.  N.  J.  154;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  143;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  280;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  91;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark. 
199;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  442. 

North  America:  Anticosti  to  Assiniboia  and  Sas- 
katchewan; S.  to  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J.  to  Ga.;  W.  to  Minn.,  Neb. 
and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  borders  of  thickets  and 
open  places  in  woods. 

HERB.:  Bollard  616,  Chaska;  Bollard  744,  Waconia; 
Sheldon  1010,  Sleepy  Eye;  Bollard  580,  Rice  lake,  Scott  Co.; 
Taylor  1021,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1181,  New  Ulm;  Bailey  196, 
Vermilion  lake;  Kassube  149,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  359,  Can- 
non Falls. 

TARAXACUM  HALL.     Stirp.  Helv.  I,  23  (1742). 
Leoiitodoii  ADANS.    Fam.  II,  112  (1763). 
Lasiopus  DON,    Sweet.  Brit.  Fl.  Gard.  2,  346  (1836). 
?  Caramanaca  TINEO,    PI.  Rar.  Sic.  (1846). 
Dens  Leonis  TOURN.    Inst.  468  (1700). 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  563 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI,  VIII,  110  (sub  Leontodon)',  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen. 
PL  II,  522;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  235. 

Living  species:  40  described;  10  reduced;  N.  hemi- 
sphere and  a  few  introduced  or  rarely  indigenous  in  S.  hemi- 
sphere. Russia,  14;  Europe,  10;  Russian  Europe,  9;  North 
America,  1-4;  PI.  King,  3  descr. 

Taraxacum  taraxacum  (LiNN.)  MACM.     Torr.  Bull.  XIX, 

1891). 

Leontodon  taraxacum  LINN.    Spec.  (1753). 
Taraxacum  officinale  WEBB.    Prim.  Fl.  Hoist.  56  (1780). 
T.  dens-leonis  DESF.    Fl.  Atl.  II,  228  (1800). 

Wats,  and  Coul*,.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  303;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  154;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  9];  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  252;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  222;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
279;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  439;  Forbes  and  Hems.,  Fl.  Sin.  478; 
Led.,  Fl.  Ross.  11,812:  Hook.,  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.  240;  Nym.,  Fl.  Eur.;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  558  in  war.;  Griseb.,  Fl.  W.  I;  Herd.,  Fl.  Eur.  Russ.  78;  Wats., 
King  Exp.  206;  Cov..  Fl.  Ark.  198;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  440;  Hart.,  Fl. 
Scand.  I,  58;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  248. 

All  Europe  and  N.  Asia  to  China  and  in  temperate 
stations  in  S.  hemisphere  (probably  adventive). 

North  America:  Canada  throughout,  to  Alaska,  Baf- 
fins  bay  and  Greenland;  throughout  U.  S.  and  in  Mex. ;  forms 
E.  of  Minn,  are  probably  introduced  from  Europe. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  fields,  banks,  roadsides 
and  grassy  places. 

HERB.:  Taylor  82,  Elysian;  Taylor  184,  Janesville; 
Sandberg  358,  Red  Wing;  Kassube  148,  Minneapolis;  Hammond 
23,  Lake  City;  Herb.  Sheld.  1791,  Minneapolis;  Herb.  Wicker  - 
sheim  88,  Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. 

NOTHOCALAIS  GREENE,      Bull.  Acad.  Calif.  II,  54  (1886). 
Troximon  AUCT.    in  part. 
Eutroximon  GRAY,    (Sect.)  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  437  (1886)  p.  p. 

North  America:  4-5;  California  and  Pac.  coast  region; 
1  extending  eastward. 

Nothocalais    cuspidatum    (PURSH)   GREENE,      Bull.    Calif. 
Acad.  II,  54  (1886). 

Troximon  cuspidatum  PUKSH,     Fl.  Am.  472  (1814). 
1.  marqinatum  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  128  (1818). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  302;  Mac.,  Fl.Can.  1, 277;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  89;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  143;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  221;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I, 
2,  437. 

North  America:     N.  W.  T.  to   Dak.   and  Neb.;    E.  to 

Saskatchewan,  Minn.,  Wise,  and  111. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  especially  in  prairie  dis- 
trict; plains  and  hills  or  sunny  banks. 


564  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

HERB.:  Herrick  178,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  352, 
Welsh,  Goodhue  Co.;  Herb.  Sheld.  1809,  Minneapolis;  Herb. 
Wickersheim  86,  Idlewild;  Herb.  Moyer  156,  Montevideo. 

AGOSERIS  RAF.     Fl.  Lud.  58  (1817). 

Macrorhyncus  LESS.    Syn.  Comp.  139  (1832). 
Ammogeton  SCHRAD.    Cat.  Goett.  1  (1833). 
Cryptopleura  and  Stylopappus  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil.  See.  ser. 
2,  VII,  431  (1841). 

Troximon  AUCT.    in  part. 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VIII,110  (sub  Leontodon  Linn.);  Benth.  and  Hook., 
Gen.  PI.  II,  522;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  234;  O.  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  I,  304. 
Living  species:    23 ±    (Greene,   Pittonia  II,   176);    N. 
America  and  Chile;  all  in  western  and  Pac.  coast  regions. 

Agoseris  glauca  (PURSH)  GREENE,    Pittonia  II,  176  (1891). 
Troximon  glaucum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am.  495,  505  (1814). 
Macrorhyncus  glaucus  EAT.    Bot.  King  Exp.  204  (1871). 
Wats,  and  Goult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  303;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  277;  Up- 
ham,  Fl.  Minn.  89;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  221;  Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I, 
437;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  437. 

North  America:  Man.  and  Saskatchewan  to  Pac. ;  S. 
in  Sierras  to  Calif.,  Utah,  Nev.  and  E.  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

Minn,  valley:  W.  edge;  infrequent;  plains  and  high 
ridges  or  headlands. 

HERB.  :    Sheldon  1278,  Lake  Benton. 

ADOPOGON  NECK.    Elem.  I,  55  (1790). 
Krigia  SCHREB.    Gen.  532  (1791). 
Cynthia  DON,    Edin.  Phil.  Journ.  309  (1828-29). 
Luthera  Sen.  BIP.    Linn.  X,  275  (1836). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  20  (sub  Cichorium};  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL 
II,  507;  O.  Kuntze,  Jtev.  Gen.  I,  304;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  232. 

Living  species:     4-5;    N.   America;    S.  Sts.,   4;    E.   Sts.,   3; 
Canada,  2;  Rocky  mts.,  1;  W.  Tex.,  3. 

Adopogon  virginicum  (LiNN.)  OK.     Rev.  Gen.  I.  304  (1891). 

Tragopogon  virginicum  LINN.    Spec.  789  (1753). 

Hyoseris  biftora  WALT.    Fl.  Car.  194  (1788). 

J3".  ampkxicaulis  MTCHX.    Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  87  (1803). 

H.  prenanthoides  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  1618  (1803). 

Cynthia  virginica  DON,    Edin.  Phil.  Jour.  XII,  305  (1828-29). 

Krigia  amplexicaulis  NUTT.    Gen.  II,  127  (1818). 

C.  ampkxicaulis  BECK,    Bot.  168  (1833). 

Cynthia  griffithii  NUTT.    Jour.  Acad.  Phil.  VII,  69  (1834). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  298;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  152;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  273;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  89;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  215;  Chap.,Fl.  S.  St. 
249;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  198;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,412. 


LIST  OF   HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  565 

North  America:  Ont.  to  S.  Man.,  Dak.  and  Colo.;  S. 
to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Conn.,  Ga.  and  W.  to  Iowa,  Minn,  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  particularly  in  the  prairie 
districts;  grassy  places  or  sunny  banks. 

HERB.  :  Sheldon  626,  Wilton,  Waseca  Co. ;  Sheldon  534, 
Waseca;  Herrick  .176,  Minneapolis;  Holzinger  133,  Winona  Co.; 
Herrick  177,  Minneapolis;  Kassube  14-5,  Minneapolis. 

LTGODESMIA  DON,     Edin.  Phil.  Jour.  311  (1828-29). 

Erythremia  NUTT.    Trans.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  VII,  455  (1841). 
Baillon,  Hist.  PL  VIII,  113  (sub  Scorzonera)',  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen. 
PL  II,  530;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  235. 

Living  species:  5-6;  N.  America;  especially  S.  W. 
Rocky  mts.,  3;  E.  Tex.  and  Fla.,  1;  California,  2;  S.  Sts.,  1; 
E.  Sts.,  1;  PI.  King,  2;  Wj  Tex.,  3. 

Lygodesmia  juncea  (PURSH)  DON,     Hook.  PI.  Bor.-Am.  I, 
295  (1833). 

Pren anthes  juncea  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  498  (1814). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  302;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  143;  Coult., 
Fl.  Colo.  220;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  1, 283;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  90;  Brew,  and  Wats., 
Fl.  Calif.  I,  441;  Wats.,  KingExp.  200;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  435;  Coult.,  Fl. 
Tex.  248. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  and  Man.  to  Rockies, 
49°  N.  lat;  S.  to  Wise.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  N.  Mex.  and  Nev. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  sandy  and  waste  places 
or  on  gravelly  banks. 

HERB.:  Sheldon  950,  Redwood  Falls;  Sheldon  1014, 
Sleepy  Eye;  Sheldon  1510,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  703,  Minne- 
apolis; Taylor  869,  Glenwood;  Bollard  255,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.; 
Bollard  634,  Chaska;  Sandberg  357,  Vasa;  Herrick  182,  Minne- 
apolis; MacM.  and  Sheld.  48,  Brainerd;  Herb.  Moyer  155,  Min- 
nesota valley,  near  Montevideo. 

PREN ANTHES  LINN.   Gen.  609  (1737)  p.  p.  BENTH.      1.  c. 

(1873). 

Nabalus  CASS.    Diet.  XXXIV,  94  (1836). 

Harpalyce  DON,    Edin.  Phil.  Jour.  (1828-29). 

Esopon  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  146  (1817). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VIII,  116  (sub  Lactuca);  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI. 
II,  527;  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  235. 

Living  species:  20  ±;  S.  Europe  to  India  and  Japan; 
Canary  Isls. ;  N.  America.  Europe,  6;  rest  mostly  American; 
S.  Sts.,  7;  E.  Sts.,  9;  Rocky  mts.,  2;  Canada,  5;  Russia,  4; 
Russian  Europe,  1-2. 


566  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Prenanthes  serpentaria  PURSH,     Fl.  Am.  499  (1814). 
?  Nabalus  glaucus  RAF.    Fl.  Lud.  57  (1817). 

N.  fraseri  and  trilobatus  DC.    Prodr.  VII,  242  (1837-1839). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  301;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  155;  Mac., 
Fl.  Can.  I,  282,  559;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  90;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  251;  Gray,  Syn. 
Fl.  I,  2,  434. 

North  America:     Newf.,  Anticosti,  Q.,  Ont.  to  Minn.; 
S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and  Fla. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  N.  E.  and  N.  edges 
borders  of  woods  and  thickets,  or  shady  banks. 

Prenanthes  alba  LINN.     Spec.  (1753) 

P.  rubicunda  WILLD.    Spec.  Ill,  2537  (1804). 
P.  suavis  SALISB.    Parad.  Lond.  85  (1806-1807). 
P.  miamensis,ovataa,nd.proteophyllaR,iiH).  Syn.W.  PI.  (1835)  in  part. 
Nabalus  albus  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  II,  294  (1840). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  301;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  155:  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  90;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  250;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  282,  559;    Cov.,  Fl. 
Ark.  199;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  434. 

North  America:  Newf.,  Anticosti  to  Saskatchewan; 
S.  toGa.,  111.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout;  borders  of  thickets  and 
on  shaded  river  banks. 

HERB.  Sheldon  1156,  New  Ulm;  Taylor  1094,  Glen- 
wood;  Taylor  1121,  Glenwood;  Herrick  179,  Minneapolis;  Win 
cheU  11,  Richfield;  Herrick  180,  Minneapolis;  Bailey  481,  Agate 
bay;  Bailey  399,  Mud  lake;  Kassube  147,  Minneapolis;  fferrick 
181,  Minneapolis;  Sandberg  354,  Cannon  Falls;  Herb.  Sheld. 
1812,  Minneapolis. 

Prenanthes  aspera  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  84  (1803). 
P.  illinoensis  PEBS.    Syn.  II,  366  (1807). 
Chondrilla  illinoensis  POIR.     Suppl.  II,  331  (1811). 
Nabalus  illinoensis  DC.     Prodr.  VII,  242  (1837-1839). 
N.  asper  T.  and  G.    Fl.  II,  483  (1841). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.301;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  90;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  143;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  433:  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  199. 

North  America:  Ohio  to  Minn. ,  Iowa,  Neb. ,  Mo.  and  La. 
Minn,  valley:     W.  and  N.  W.  districts;  dry  or  sterile 
fields  and  prairies. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1064,  Glenwood;  Sheldon  1349,  Verdi, 
Lincoln  Co.;  Sheldon  1325,  Lake  Benton;  Sheldon  1437,  Dakota 
line,  near  Elkton;  Sandberg  356,  Cannon  Falls. 

Prenanthes  racemosa  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  84  (1803), 

Nabalus  racemosus  DC.    Prodr.  VII,  242  (1837-1839). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  301;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  155;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  90;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  282,  559;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  220;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
I,  2,  433. 


LIST   OF  HIGHER  SEED-PRODUCING  PLANTS.  567 

North  America:  Anticosti,  Newf.,  Q.,  Ont.,  Gt.  lake 
reg.  to  Saskatchewan  and  49°  N.  lat. ;  S.  to  N.  Eng.,  N.  J.  and 
Penn. ;  W.  to  Minn. ,  Colo,  and  Mo. 

Minn,  valley:  Throughout,  especially  west;  prairies 
and  borders  of  sloughs. 

HERB.:  Taylor  1065,  Alexandria;  Sheldon  1354%,  Verdi, 
Lincoln  Co. ;  Taylor  1148,  G-lenwood;  Sheldon  1593,  Lake  Ben- 
ton;  Sheldon  1305,  Lake  Benton;  Sandberg  355,  Red  Wing;  Herb. 
Wickersheim  87,  Ash  lake,  Lincoln  Co. 

Prenanthes  crepidinea  MICHX.     Fl.  N.  Am.  II,  84  (1803). 

Nabalus  crepidineus  DC.    Prodr.  VII,  241  (1837-1839). 
Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  301;  Upham,  Fl.  Minn.  90;  Chap., 
Fl.  S.  St.  251;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  433. 

North  America:  N.  Y.  to  Penn.  and  Minn.;  S.  to  S. 
Car.  and  Tenn. 

Minn,  valley:  Reported  from  W.  edge;  rich,  damp 
soil  along  streams  or  in  prairie  sloughs. 

CREPI8  LINN.     Gen.  621  (1737). 

Catonia  and  Barkhausia  MOENCH,    Meth.  535,  537  (1794). 

Uostia  MOENCH,    Meth.  Suppl.  221  (1802). 

Lepicaune  LAP.    PI.  Pyren.  478  (1813). 

Omalocline,  Aetbiorhiza,  Paleya,  Anisoderis,  Nemau- 
chenes,  Gatyona,  Bracliyderea,  Intybellia,  Phaecasium  CASS. 
Diet.  XVIII,  XXXIV,  XXXIX,  XXIII,  XLVIII  (1826). 

Youngria  CASS.    Op.  Phyt.  Ill,  86  (1834). 

Pterotheca  CASS.    Bull.  Philom.  (1816). 

Sclerophyllum  GAUD.    Fl.  Helv.  V,  47  (1829). 

Idianthes  DESVX.    Fl.  Anjou,  199  (1827). 

Calliopea  and  Haplostepbium  DON,  N.  Edin.  Phil.  Jour. 
307,  309  (1828). 

Soyeria,  Aracium,  Tntybella  MONN.    Ess.  Hier.  75  (1829). 

Derouetia,  Psammoseris,  Cymboseris  Boiss.  Diagn.  Or. 
2,  V,  114,  XI,  52,  50(1843). 

Heteroseris  Botss.    FL  Or.  Ill,  793  (1870). 

Intybus  FRIES,    N.  Fl.  Suec.  ed.  2,  244  (1828). 

Geracinm  REICH.    Moessl.  Fl.  Deutsch.  (1834). 

Anthochytrum  REICH.     Ic.  Germ.  XIX,  39  ( ). 

Crepinea  REICH.    Fl.  Germ.  Exc.  269  (1830). 

Anisorampbus,  Eindoptera,  Phalacroderis  DC.  Prodr. 
VII,  97,  178,  251  (1838). 

Barkhausenia  HOPPE,    Flora  512  (1829). 

Lagoseris,  Borkbausia  LINK,  Enum.  Berol.  II,  289,  290 
(1822). 

Billotia  SCH.  BIP.     Flora  707  (1859). 

Vigineixia  POM.    N.  Mat.  Fl.-Atl.  12  (1874). 

Ceramiocephalum  SCH.  BIP.    Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Fr.  IX,  284  ( ). 

Crepidium  TAUSCH.    Flora  80  (1828). 


568  METASPERMAE   OF    THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Crepidium  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  VII,  435  (1841). 

Psilocaeuia  NUTT.    Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  2,  VII,  437  (1841). 

Berinea  BRIGN.    PI.  Forojul.  50  (1810). 

Trichocrepi*  Vis.    St.  Dalm.  19  (1826). 

Rodigia  SPRENG.    Neil.  Entd.  I,  275  (1820)  part. 
Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.  II,  513,  515,  516;  Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VIII, 
108  (sub  Picris  Linn.);  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  233. 

Living  species:  160 ±;  N.  hemisphere;  N.  America, 
9-10;  center  in  Europe  and  Asia.  In  N.  America,  principally 
N.  and  W. 

Crepis  runcinata  (JAMES)  T.  and  G.     Fl.  II,  (1841). 
Hieracium  runcinatum  JAMES,    Long  Exp.  I,  453  (1825X 
Crepidium  runcinatum  NUTT.     Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  VII,  436 
(1841). 

Crepis  biennis  var.  B.  HOOK.    Fl.  I,  297  (1833)  not  Linn. 
C.  biennis  var.  americana  DC.    Prodr.  VII,  163  (1837). 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  431;   Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  219;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  274; 
Brew,  and  Wats.,  Fl.  Calif.  I,  436;  Upham,  Suppl.  Minn.  47. 

North  America:  Saskatchewan  to  Minn.,  Mont.,  Colo, 
and  California, 

Minn,  valley:  W.  to  S.  W.  districts;  infrequent; 
prairies  and  moist  fields. 

HERB.:  Huntington  14,  Rock  Co.;  Wickersheim  131, 
Idlewild,  Lincoln  Co. ;  Moyer  244,  Montevideo. 

HIERACIUM  LINN.     Gen.  620  (1737). 
Pilosella  Sen.  BIP.    Flora  417  (1862). 

Schlagintweitia  GRISEB.    Comm.  Hierac.  76  ( ). 

Chlorocrepis  GRISEB.    1.  c.  75  ( ). 

Stenotheca  MONN.    Ess.  Hierac.  71  (1829). 
Mandonia  Sen.  BIP.    Linn.  XXXIII,  757  (1859). 
Crepidospermum  FRIES,    Epic.  Hierac.  153  (1848). 
Heteropleura  Sen.  BIP.    Flora.  434  (1862). 

f  Apatanthus  Viv.    Fl.  Lib.  Spec.  54  ( ). 

Andryala  LINN.    Gen.  915  (1737). 
Forneum  ADANS.    Fam.  II,  112  (1763). 

Voightia  ROTH,    Roem.  and  Ust.  Mag.  IV,  17  ( ). 

liothia  SCHREB.    Gen.  531  (1791). 

Baillon,  Hist.  PI.  VIII,  109;  Benth.  and  Hook.,  Gen.  PL  II,  516;  Du- 
rand, Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  233. 

Living  species:  500  described;  200  reduced  (B.  and  H.); 

Europe,  185;  Russia,  50?;  Russian  Europe,  46;  N.  America,  25; 
Canada,  15;  Rocky  mts.,  8;  E.  Sts.,  7;  S.  Sts.,  4;  Calif.,  5-6; 
PI.  King,  3;  PI.  Wheel.,  1;  W.  Tex.,  2. 

Hieracium  longipilum  TORR.     Hook.  PL  Bor.-Am.  I,  298 
(1833). 

H.  barbatum  NUTT.    Journ.  Phil.  Acad.  VII,  70  (1834). 


LIST   OF   HIGHER   SEED-PRODUCING   PLANTS.  569 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  299;  Webb.,  Fl.  Neb.  143;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  90;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  276;  Cov.,  Fl.  Ark.  198;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo. 
217;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I,  2,  426  and  Suppl.  455;  Coult.,  Fl.  Tex.  248. 

North  America:  Ont..  and  Mich,  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and 
Tex. 

Minn  valley:  Forest  district  to  Blue  Earth  Co.;  rare; 
openings  and  damp  meadow-land. 

HERB.  :     Sandberg  353,  Red  Wing. 

Kieraciiim  venosum  LINN.     Spec.  800  (1753). 
H.  gronovii  LINN.    Spec.  802  (1753). 
H.  subnudum  FROEL.     DC.  Prodr.  VII,  218  (1837)  chiefly. 
Stenotheca  venosa  MONN.    Ess.  Hier.  72  (1829). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  299;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1, 2, 425;  Webb., 
Fl.  Neb.  144;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  153;  Chap.,  Fl.  S.  St.  250;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I, 
276;  Upharn,  Fl.Minn.  90. 

North  America:  Ont.  and  N.  J.  to  Saskatchewan, 
Minn,  and  Mont. ;  S.  to  Ga. ,  Tenn. ,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

Minn,  valley:  Forest  district;  and  N.  W.  district;  in- 
frequent; woods  and  plains. 

HERB.  :  Bollard  577,  Rice  lake,  Scott  Co. ;  Ballard  167, 
Shakopee;  Ballard  259,  Jordan,  Scott  Co.;  Sandberg  607,  Red 
Wing;  Holzinger  296,  Winona  Co. 

Hieracium  canadense  MICHX.     PI.  N.  Am.  II,  86  (1803). 

H.  virgatum,fasciculatum,  macrophyllum  PURSH,    Fl.  Am. 504  (1814). 
H.  scabriusculum  SCHWEIN.    Long's  Exp.  (1825). 
H.  kalmii  SPRENG.    Syst.  Ill,  646  (1826). 
H.  prenanthoides  HOOK.    Fl.  Bor.-Am.  I,  300  (1833). 
H.  helianthifolium  FROEL.    DC.  Prodr.  VII,  198  (1838-1839). 
U.  corymbosum  FRIES,    Symb.  Hier.  185  (1848). 
H.  auratum  FRIES,    Symb.  Hier.  181  (1848). 

Wats,  and  Coult.,  Gray's  Man.  6  ed.  299;  Britt.,  Fl.  N.  J.  153;  Upham, 
Fl.  Minn.  90;  Mac.,  Fl.  Can.  I,  275;  Coult.,  Fl.  Colo.  217;  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  I, 
2,  425. 

N.  Europe. 

North  America:  Greenland  bo  S.  Man.;  N.  S.  to  N.  J. ; 
N.  Y.,  Penn.;  W.  to  Mackenzie,  Oregon  and  Brit.  Col.;  S.  to 
Minn,  and  Colo. 

Minn,  valley:  N.  districts,  and  perhaps  throughout 
forest  district;  dry  woodland  or  thickets. 

HERB. :  Holzinger  134,  Hancock;  Bailey  522,  Agate  bay; 
Kassube  146,  Minneapolis. 


570  METASPERMAE    OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY 


SUMMARY. 


TOTAL  NUMBER  OP  FAMILIES,  106 

TOTAL  NUMBER  OF  GENERA,    -  407 

TOTAL  NUMBER  OF  SPECIES  AND  VARIETIES,    1174 


THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  MINNESOTA  RIVER. 


Location  of  the  valley.  The  basin  occupied  by  the  Minnesota 
river  and  its  various  tributary  streams  is  a  tract  of  country 
approximately  16,600  square  miles  in  extent,  and  lying  between 
the  93d  and  97th  meridians  west  of  Greenwich,  and  between 
43°  20'  and  46°  20'  of  north  latitude.  It  comprises  portions  of 
the  states  of  Minnesota,  Iowa  and  South  Dakota,  but  of  its 
total  area  15,706  square  miles  is  within  the  borders  of  Minne- 
sota. It  includes  in  Iowa  portions  of  Winnebago  and  Kossuth 
counties,  and  in  South  Dakota  portions  of  Roberts,  Grant, 
Deuel  and  Codington  counties.  In  Minnesota  it  includes  the 
whole  of  the  counties  of  Swift,  Lac  Qui  Parle,  Chippewa,  Yel- 
low Medicine,  Redwood,  Brown,  Watonwan,  Nicollet  and  Blue 
Earth,  together  with  larger  or  smaller  areas  in  Big  Stone, 
Stevens,  Grant,  Pope,  Douglas,  Otter-Tail,  Kandiyohi,  Ren- 
ville,  Sibley,  Carver,  Hennepin,  Dakota,  Rice,  Le  Sueur,  Wa- 
seca,  Steele,  Freeborn,  Faribault,  Martin,  Jackson,  Cotton- 
wood,  Murray,  Pipestone,  Lyon  and  Lincoln  counties.  The 
general  outline  of  the  basin  is  that  of  a  somewhat  elongated 
and  bent  ellipse,  the  convexity  facing  southward,  and  its 
greatest  diameter  is  in  a  direction  northwest  by  southeast. 

At  Brown's  Valley,  between  lake  Traverse  and  Big  Stone  lake, 
is  the  divide  between  Hudson  Bay  and  Gulf  of  Mexico  drain- 
age. Lake  Traverse  is  one  of  the  head  lakes  of  the  Red  river 
of  the  North,  the  waters  of  which,  by  way  of  lake  Winnipeg 
and  the  Nelson  river,  empty  into  Hudson  Bay.  In  Itasca 
county,  one  hundred  and  fifteen  miles  northeast  from  the 
north  west  extension  of  the  Minnesota  valley,  lies  Bow-String 
lake,  of  which  the  waters  drain  into  the  Rainy  river. 
Between  Bow-String  lake  and  the  head  waters  of  the 
Pomme  de  Terre  and  Chippewa  rivers,  tributaries  of  the  Min- 
nesota, lie  the  head  waters  of  the  Mississippi.  On  the  south- 
west of  the  Minnesota  valley,  just  over  the  divide  in  Lincoln 
county,  the  streams  are  tributary  to  the  Missouri  river.  As  an 


572  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

area  of  drainage,  then,  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota  is  one  of 
central  location.  Its*  continental  position  is  no  less  central.  If 
the  50th  meridian  west  of  Greenwich  be  taken  for  the  eastern 
boundary  of  the  solid  portion  of  the  North  American  continent 
and  the  140th  meridian,  passing  near  Mount  St.  Elias  and  cut- 
ting off  the  great  Alaskan  peninsula,  for  the  western,  the  inter  - 
mediate  meridian  will  be  the  95th  west  of  Greenwich,  and  this 
meridian  passes  squarely  through  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota, 
cutting  the  counties  of  Jackson,  Cottonwood,  Brown,  Redwood, 
Renville  and  Kandiyohi.  Or  if  the  meridian  of  20°  west  be 
be  taken  for  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  North  American  con- 
tinent, thus  including  the  whole  of  Greenland,  and  the  merid- 
ian of  170°  west  be  taken  for  the  western  boundary,  thus  in- 
cluding the  Alaskan  peninsula  and  passing  through  Berings 
straits,  the  intermediate  meridian  as  before  is  the  95th  west. 
In  like  manner,  if  the  parallel  of  70°  north  latitude,  passing 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie  river,  and  the  parallel  of  20° 
north  latitude  passing  near  the  city  of  Mexico  be  adopted  as 
the  northern  and  southern  boundaries,  respectively,  of  the 
solid  portion  of  the  North  American  continent,  the  intermedi- 
ate parallel  will  be  the  45th  of  north  latitude  and  this  passes 
through  Hennepin,  Kandiyohi,  Chippewa  and  Lac  Qui  Parle 
counties  of  the  valley  in  Minnesota,  and  through  Grant  and 
Codington  counties  in  South  Dakota.  The  same  45th  parallel 
becomes  the  intermediate  one  if  80°  north  latitude  be  selected 
for  the  northern  boundary  and  10°  north  latitude  for  the  south- 
ern. The  95th  meridian  and  the  15th  parallel  intersect  in  Kan- 
diyohi county  just  at  the  north  edge  of  the  valley. 

The  continental  and  hydrographic  position  of  the  Minnesota 
basin  is  seen  to  be  peculiarly  central  and  this  adds  much  to  the 
interest  of  determining  the  character  of  its  plant  inhabitants. 

General  topographical  features.  Big  Stone  lake  which  is 
the  head  lake  of  the  main  stream  lies  at  an  altitude  of  962  feet 
above  the  sea.  Into  the  northwestern  part  of  this  lake,  near 
the  town  of  Brown's  Valley,  the  head  stream  enters  after 
running  for  about  twenty -two  miles  in  a  southeastern  direction 
from  the  Coteau  des  Prairies  of  South  Dakota.  This  head 
stream  drains  land  that  lies  at  an  elevation  of  2,000  feet  above 
the  sea  level.  The  two  principal  tributaries  from  the  north 
are  the  Pomme  de  Terre  and  the  Chippewa  rivers,  both  of 
which  arise  in  the  high  morainic  hills  of  southern  Otter  Tail 
county.  Some  of  these  hills  reach  an  altitude  of  1,750  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lake  Stalker  which  is  the  head 


VALLEY    OP   THE   MINNESOTA   RIVER.  573 

lake  of  the  Pomme  de  Terre  stands  at  a  level  of  about  1,340 
feet.  The  Leaf  hills  are  in  part .  drained  towards  the  south- 
west by  the  Chippewa  river  and  in  part  towards  the  northwest 
by  the  Red  river  of  the  North.  Some  of  these  hills  reach  the 
altitude  given  above,  of  1,750  feet.  On  the  other  side  of  the 
Minnesota  basin,  more  than  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  miles 
to  the  southwest,  lies  the  Coteau  des  Prairies,  forming  the 
southwestern  boundary  of  the  valley  and  reaching  at  different 
points  an  elevation  of  from  1,900  to  1,950  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  Lake  Benton  which  is  the  head  lake-  of  the  Red- 
wood river  lies  at  an  elevation  of  1,754  feet  above  the  sea  level. 
From  these  extremes  of  elevation  northwestward,  westward 
and  southwestward,  the  basin  inclines  gently  toward  the  east. 
At  low  water  the  mouth  of  the  Minnesota  river,  where  it  dis- 
charges its  waters  into  the  Mississippi  at  Fort  Snelling,  lies 
at  an  altitude  of  688  feet  above  sea  level  and  the  flood-plane  at 
this  point  is  710  feet.  In  Hennepin  county  some  of  the  lands 
drained  by  Nine  Mile  creek,  which  empties  from  the  north  into 
the  Minnesota,  near  its  mouth,  lie  at  an  altitude  of  about  1.000 
feet,  while  just  across  the  basin,  in  Dakota  county,  the  south- 
ern edge  attains  in  places  an  altitude  of  about  1,100  feet. 

Character  of  the  basin.  The  main  stream  of  the  basin— 
the  Minnesota  river — from  the  head  of  Big  Stone  lake  to  Fort 
Snelling,  runs  in  a  gorge  varying  in  width  from  half  a  mile  to 
four  miles,  and  about  230  miles  in  length.  The  sides  of  this 
gorge  rise,  with  slopes  of  from  twenty  to  forty  degrees,  to 
from  one  hundred  to  two  hundred  and  thirty  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  river,  and  to  the  general  country  level.  The  river 
itself  is  nowhere  a  large  stream  and  except  at  a  few  points 
does  not  wash  the  bases  of  its  bluffs,  but  flows  in  a  trench 
through  alluvial  deposits.  From  the  edges  of  this  trench 
level  country,  diversified  with  many  ponds,  extends  to  the 
bases  of  the  bluffs,  broken  in  many  places  by  exposures  of 
gneissic  and  gabbroid  rocks.  Not  far  from  the  town  of  Morton, 
a  notable  diabasic  dyke,  175  feet  wide,  cuts  across  the  gorge. 
Besides  this  very  large  dyke  there  are  upwards  of  twenty 
others  in  the  region  of  the  crystalline  rocks.  In  general  there 
are  few  exposures  of  rock  below  the  town  of  Beaver  Falls,  but 
above  this  point  the  whole  floor  of  the  gorge  is  often  broken 
for  miles  with  the  outcrops. 

The  average  width  of  the  Minnesota  valley  is  not  far  from 
100  miles.  On  the  north  it  extends  among  the  morainic  hills 
of  the  belt  which  stretches  from  Lake  Minnetonka  to  Otter 


574  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Tail  county  and  sparingly  into  Dakota.  On  the  south  it  is 
bounded  by  the  high  land,  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies.  The 
greater  portion  of  the  basin  consists  of  rolling  prairies  inter- 
sected by  numerous  sluggish  streams,  but  along  the  northern 
edge  and  in  a  considerable  part  of  the  far  northwestern  and 
the  eastern  and  southeastern  areas  the  basin  includes  the 
characteristic  hills  of  a  terminal  or  median  moraine,  and  for 
the  most  part  these  hills  are  clothed  with  growths  of  hard- 
wood timber.  The  Minnesota  valley  lies  outside  of  the  great 
lake  belt  of  the  state,  which  runs  just  north  of  its  border,  but 
a  large  number  of  lakes  are  found  within  its  limits.  These 
lakes  are  most  abundant  in  the  far  northwestern,  eastern  and 
southeastern  portions  of  the  basin  and  are  least  abundant  in 
the  western,  central  western  and  southwestern  portions. 

Distribution  of  forest  and  prairie.  The  streams  of  the 
basin  are  generally  wooded  along  their  courses  and  the  great 
gorge  of  the  river  is  heavily  timbered  as  far  up  as  Montevideo. 
The  northern  bluffs  are  much  more  sparsely  clothed  with  forest 
than  the  southern  and  for  long  distances  between  Mankato 
and  Montevideo  are  either  altogether  bare  of  timber  or  but 
scantily  covered  in  comparison  with  the  bluffs  across 
the  river.  The  headwater  regions  of  the  Pomme  de 
Terre  and  Chippewa  rivers  are  wooded  and  the  northern 
edge  of  the  basin  shows  frequent  incursions  of  the  northern 
forest  belt.  The  only  coniferous  tree  which  reaches  the  valley 
is  the  larch  or  tamarack — Larix  americana — and  only  a  few  of 
the  characteristic  tamarack  swamps  occur  in  the  valley.  The 
northeastern  and  eastern  portions  of  the  valley  are  within  the 
limits  of  the  hardwood  forest.  Such  portions  of  the  basin  as 
lie  in  the  counties  of  Hennepin,  Carver,  Scott,  Rice,  Le  Sueur 
and  Sibley  are  for  the  most  part  timbered  and  a  part  of  the 
area  in  Blue  Earth,  Waseca  and  Nicollet  counties  belongs  to 
the  same  forest  belt.  This  belt  extends  somewhat  more  than 
ten  miles  southwest  of  Mankato  and  up  the  Le  Sueur  river  be- 
yond Waseca.  It  gradually  fades  out  into  the  prairie  regions 
south  and  west. 

Such  being  the  general  distribution  of  forest  and  prairie  it 
is  apparent  that  the  various  intermediate  conditions  will  pre- 
vail along  the  demarcation  lines  between  the  two  main  plant 
physiognomic  formations.  Meadows,  marshes,  swamps  and 
bogs  are  not  infrequent,  being  especially  abundant  in  the  bot- 
tomland of  the  main  stream  in  that  portion  lying  between 
Mankato  and  Fort  Snelling.  In  the  prairies  of  the  valley 


VALLEY   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   RIVER.  575 

sloughs,  marshes  and  occasional  swamps  break  the  general 
monotony.  In  spite  of  the  preponderance  of  the  rolling 
prairie  the  diversity  of  conditions  in  the  valley  as  a  whole 
permits  it  to  maintain  a  fairly  diversified  flora. 

Soils.  In  view  of  the  lack  of  any  systematic  analyses  of 
soils  in  the  Minnesota  valley  it  is  possible  to  speak  only  in 
general  terms  of  the  various  conditions  that  may  be  discovered. 
Practically  the  whole  of  the  valley  is  covered  with  glacial 
drift  and  this  consists  of  a  mixture  of  sand,  gravel,  clays  and 
boulders.  Cretaceous  clay  is  the  most  abundant  component  of 
the  soil.  This  matrix  is  covered  over  with  a  mantle  of  black 
soil,  resulting  from  the  decay  of  unnumbered  generations  of 
plants,  and  from  six  inches  to  three  feet  in  thickness. 
Throughout  the  bottomland  of  the  main  gorge  the 
general  thickness  and  fertility  of  the  soil  is  most  noteworthy. 
In  the  region  of  metamorphic  rocks  above  Fort  Ridgely  this 
thickness  diminishes  in  places,  but  to  the  head  of  the  gorge 
areas  of  maximum  thickness  may  be  discovered.  On  the  roll- 
ing prairies  the  soil  is  scarcely  different  in  general  character, 
so  far  as  concerns  the  growth  of  plants.  The  matrix  is  for 
the  most  part  of  unmodified  drift,  while  in  the  main  gorge  and 
at  other  points,  the  substratum  often  consists  of  modified  or 
stratified  drift.  Boulders  are  very  rare  in  the  basin  of  the 
Minnesota,  their  area  of  frequency  being  confined  to  the  north- 
ern and  morainic  portions.  The  clays  are  of  the  ordinary  sort 
found  in  Minnesota  glacial  till.  Blue  and  red  clays  are  predom- 
inant. In  some  portions  of  the  valley  saline  and  alkaline  soils 
are  found,  but  such  areas  are  small  and  are  confined  for  the 
most  part  to  the  western  and  southwestern  areas.  No  char- 
acteristic saline  or  alkaline  marsh  occurs  in  the  valley,  al- 
though several  in  which  the  water  is  somewhat  brackish  have 
been  noted.  The  saline  or  alkaline  areas  are  commonly 
marked  enough  to  favor  the  development  of  characteristic 
plants,  such  as  various  Chenopodiacece  and  Polygonacece. 

The  soils  are  classified  by  N.  H.  Winchell  into  seven  groups 
as  follows:  (1)  Red  till  soil;  (2)  gray  till  soil,  timbered;  (3) 
gray  till  soil,  prairie;  (4)  loam  with  gravelly  subsoil;  (5)  lami- 
nated clay  soil  and  subsoil;  (6)  sandy  soil  with  sand  or  fine 
gravel  as  subsoil;  (7)  alluvium.  This  is  a  geological  classifica- 
tion, but  may  serve  in  the  absence  of  any  based  on  other  char- 
acters. From  a  chemical  point  of  view  the  data  are  not  at 
hand  to  make  the  classification  which  would  be  the  most  useful 
to  the  botanist.  Of  the  groups  of  soils  named  above  the  gray 


576 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


till  soil  is  the  most  prominent  in  the  Minnesota  valley  and  oc- 
curs in  both  prairie  and  forest  region.  It  is  somewhat  more 
fertile  than  the  red  till  and  second  as  a  subsoil  only  to  the  al- 
luvium. The  fertility  of  any  soil  is,  however,  secondary  so  far 
as  concerns  the  subsoil  and  it  is  to  the  layer  of  loam  which 
covers  the  till  that  the  productive  qualities  must  largely  be  re- 
ferred. The  loam  varies  in  its  per  cents,  of  nitrogenous  sub- 
stance, but  in  general  maintains  a  high  average. 

Climate.  Owing  to  the  short  time  during  which  meteorolog- 
ical observations  have  been  made  in  the  valley  of  the  Minneso- 
ta it  is  not  possible  to  get  all  the  data  that  are  desirable  for  an 
explanation  or  its  climate.  From  the  statistics  compiled  for 
the  Smithsonian  Institution,  by  Schott,  I  am  able  to  present 
the  following  table  of  mean  annual  and  seasonal  precipitation 
at  certain  pc'ats  of  interest. 

TABLE   OF    PRECIPITATION. 

In  this  table  the  figures  are  means  arranged  from  observa- 
tions extending  over  various  periods.  The  precipitation  is 
given  in  inches  and  fractions. 


1 

IjAT. 

IX>NG. 

EL.EV. 

SP'NG 

SUM. 

AUT. 

WINT 

YEAR. 

EXTENT 
OF 

OBSER'N 

Ft    Ridgely 

44°  30' 

94°  45' 

1230 

6.48 

9.11 

5  86 

4  02 

25.47 

13  years 

Ft   Snelling       

44°  53  ' 

93°  10  ' 

820 

6.20 

10.14 

6.40 

2.57 

25.31 

38  years 

Lac  Qui  Parle  

45°.  00' 

95°.  30' 

946 

7.78 

11.84 

6.47 

2.98 

29.07 

5  years 

NewUlm  

44°.  00' 

94°.  30' 

1007 

6.55 

11.38 

5.49 

2.53 

25.95 

10  years 

Madelia  

44°.  19' 

94«.30' 

821 

7.41 

9.87 

7.39 

4.21 

28.88 

2  years 

St.  Paul  

449.58' 

93°.  03' 

693 

7.81 

12.14 

7.09 

3.01 

30.05 

17  years 

At  Ft.  Snelling  the  maximum   annual  precipitation    during 
the  period  was  in  1849  when  49.69  inches  of  water  was  precipi- 
tated.    The  minimum  was  in  1852  when  15.07  inches  was  pre 
cipitated.     The  observations  extend  from  1837  to  1874. 

At  St.  Paul  the  maximum  was  in  1865  when  38. 14  inches  fell. 
The  minimum  was  in  1864  when  14.86  inches  fell. 

The  mean  yearly  precipitation,  as  indicated  upon  the  iso- 
hyetal  maps  prepared  by  Schott,  varies  in  the  Minnesota  valley 
from  20  to  32  inches.  It  is  greatest  in  the  region  around  Ft. 
Snelling  and  least  in  the  high  land  of  the  western  boundary. 

For  the  spring,  summer  and  autumn  the  mean  precipitation  in 
the  delta  region  of  the  Mississippi  is  respectively  18  inches, 
and  for  the  same  region  the  winter  precipitation. is  16  inches, 
making  a  total  mean  precipitation  of  70  inches. 


VALLEY   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  RIVER. 


577 


Through  the  kindness  of  Director  Harmon  of  the  Minnesota 
Weather  Service,  I  have  been  able  to  compile  from  records  pre- 
served on  file  in  his  office  at  Minneapolis  the  following  tables 
of  precipitation  and  temperature  of  three  important  points  in 
the  valley  of  the  Minnesota.  St.  Paul  is  near  the  mouth  of  the 
main  stream.  Mankato  is  in  the  southern  central  region. 
Morris  is  in  the  northwestern  region.  Thus  the  points  are 
fairly  illustrative.  The  figures  represent  averages  of  monthly 
means  and  summations  of  averages  for  the  average  yearly 
mean.  The  period  covered  by  the  observations  is  six  years. 

TABLE   OF   PRECIPITATION. 


1886-1891. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Year 

Morris  — 

.35 

.38 

.81 

1.55 

1.81 

4.00 

4.12 

2.43 

2.58 

1.09 

.38 

1.03 

20  53 

St.  Paul... 

1.13 

.64 

.93 

2.76 

2.50 

3.25 

2.98 

3.22 

2.29 

1.29 

.90 

1.31 

23.20 

Mankato.. 

1.46 

1.05 

1.16 

2.80 

2.94 

2.74 

2.91 

1.87 

2.23 

1.06 

1.00 

1.82 

23.04 

Morris:     lat.  45°  30';  long.  95°  58';  alt.  1,129  feet. 
St.  Paul:     lat.  44°  58';  long.  93°  03';  alt.  693  feet. 
Mankato:     lat.  44°  06';  long.  94°  01';  alt.  791  feet. 

TABLE   OF   TEMPERATURE. 


188<J-1891. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Year 

Morris  

6.91 

7.03 

22.76 

44.76 

55.23 

66.58 

69.93 

66.36 

58.16 

44.18 

27.0 

16.75 

40.47 

St.  Paul.  .  . 

10.85 

12.68 

25.48 

46.22 

56  45 

66.96 

71.28 

67.38 

58.98 

46.25 

29.91 

21.55 

42.83 

Mankato.. 

11  52 

14.75 

27.61 

48.28 

56.90 

68.47 

72.12 

67.40 

59.88 

47.15 

31.66 

23.71 

44.12 

From  these  tables  it  is  seen  that  the  range  of  temperature 
is  somewhat  higher  in  the  eastern  than  in  the  western  portion 
of  the  valley  and  somewhat  higher,  too,  in  the  southern  than  in 
the  northern.  The  precipitation  is  greater  in  the  north- 
eastern corner  than  elsewhere.  This  is,  however,  the  prin- 
cipal position  of  the  forest  area  of  the  valley.  It  is  probable 
that  forest  and  rainfall  have  a  reciprocal  influence  upon  each 
other. 

So  far  as  the  data  of  prevailing  winds  have  been  examined 
it  is  impossible  to  make  any  valuable  generalisations  from  them 
except  that  the  shape  of  the  valley  produces  some  diversions  in 
different  portions.  What  these  diversions  are  or  what  law 
governs  them,  I  am  unable  to  say. 

Average  cloudiness  is  unfortunately  not  a  matter  of  record 
to  such  an  extent  that  anything  can  be  done  with  it. 

-37 


578  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

The  climate  is  a  characteristic  inland  North  American  one. 
The  rainfall  has  its  source  almost  entirely  in  the  G  ulf  of  Mexico 
vapors  which  extend  up  the  Mississippi  valley,  precipitating 
themselves  in  less  and  less  amount  as  they  pass  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Minnesota  river  to  its  headwaters.  A  summer 
maximum  of  precipitation  is  conspicuous.  The  temperature 
is,  of  course,  less  than  that  of  points  on  the  same  parallels  in 
the  old  world,  such  as  Marseilles,  Florence  or  Odessa.  It  pre- 
sents conspicuous  summer  maxima  and  winter  minima. — 40° 
Fahr.  is  reached  occasionally  during  the  months  of  January  or 
February,  and — 30°  Fahr.  frequently.  In  the  summer,  95°  Fahr. 
is  reached  occasionally  and  90°  Fahr.  during  almost  every 
summer.  The  variations  are  more  excessive  in  the  western 
and  prairie  regions  than  in  the  eastern  and  forest  regions, 
where  the  range  of  maxima  and  minima  is  least.  The  shelter- 
ing effects  of  the  forest,  the  lower  altitude,  and  possibly  the 
smaller  width  of  the  valley,  by  interfering  with  cold  or  hot 
winds,  have  much  to  do  with  this  difference.  The  snow-fall  is 
greatest  in  the  northwestern  portion.  The  first  frosts  usually 
occur  near  the  middle  of  September,  and  the  ice  breaks  up  in 
the  streams  late  in  March  or  early  in  April. 

Phaenological  observations.  No  reliable  phaenological  ob- 
servations have  been  made  in  the  valley  of  ttie  Minnesota.  In 
general,  as  elsewhere  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  the  plants 
of  the  northern  range  are  first  to  flower,  and  those  of  most 
southern  range  last.  The  time  of  flowering  of  any  species  is  a 
useful  indication  of  its  history,  and  observations  along  this  line 
are  much  needed.  The  first  shrub  to  put  forth  leaves  is  usually 
Artemisia  dracunculoides,  the  first  trees  to  flower,  the  various 
species  of  Salix.  In  the  autumn  a  characteristic  composite- 
flowering  is  seen  in  the  golden- rods,  asters  and  sunflowers  of 
both  prairie  and  forest  region.  The  mid- summer  season  finds 
the  prairies  gay  with  the  purple  of  Laciniaria  and  Astragalus  or 
Spiesia.  The  oaks  are  usually  among  the  last  trees  to  drop 
their  leaves,  and  the  cotton  woods  among  the  first.  Among 
herbaceous  plants  chlorophyll  persists  the  longest  in  the 
grasses. 

Geological  history  of  the  Minnesota  valley.  The  Minne- 
sota river  of  today  occupies  an  ancient  gorge  which  was  evi- 
dently formed  previous  to  the  Cretaceous  period,  for  Creta- 
ceous clays  are  found  in  eroded  hollows  of  the  Shakopee  lime- 
stone in  Le  Sueur,  Nicollet  and  Blue  Earth  counties  and  Cre- 
taceous sandstones,  clays  and  shales  in  the  Cottonwood  and 


VALLEY   OF   THE    MINNESOTA    RIVER.  579 

Redwood  valley  districts,  and  near  Port  Ridgely.  This  indi- 
cates that  some  ancient  stream  had  cut  a  gorge  in  the  Lower 
Magnesian  rocks  and  had  drained  northern  Minnesota  into  the 
great  Cretaceous  Mediteranean.  Since  no  Tertiary  deposits 
are  found  in  Minnesota  it  may  be  concluded  that  they,  with 
most  of  the  Cretaceous  strata,  were  torn  up  by  the  ice- sheet  of 
the  first  glacial  epoch.  In  this  way  the  ancient  gorge  was 
filled  with  debris  and  while  this  does  not  consist  altogether  of 
unmodified  drift,  it  is  in  some  part  of  such  nature.  The  pres- 
ence of  beds  of  sand  and  gravel  deep  in  the  till  indicates  that 
streams  must  have  carried  on  their  work  during  the  subsi- 
diary interglacial  epochs  and  doubtless  vegetation  re-estab 
lished  itself  during  some  or  all  of  these  interglacial  periods, 
for  vegetable  debris  is  found  in  the  lower  forest  beds  of  the 
till.  By  this  ploughing  up  before  the  first  great  ice-sheet  of 
the  Quaternary  age,  the  Cretaceous  deposits  and  the  Tertiary,, 
if  any  existed,  were  mingled  together  into  a  layer  of  till  from 
265  feet  thick,  in  places,  down  to  somewhat  less  than  a  hundred,, 
on  higher  levels.  This  layer  of  till  persists  over  most  of  the 
Minnesota  valley  to  the  present  time.  During  the  epoch  of 
the  deposition  of  this  first  layer  of  till  the  ice- sheet  extended 
south  to  Cincinnati  and  northern  Kentucky,  and  into  Missouri. 
Almost  the  whole  of  Minnesota  was  covered  by  it.  As  re- 
cession began,  exposing  the  surface  of  the  country  once  more, 
the  melting  ice  and  snow  sought  out  the  gorge  of  the  Minne- 
sota and  it  served  as  a  drainage -trough  for  vast  quantities  of 
water.  In  this  epoch  it  was  the  outlet  channel  of  a  large 
glacial  lake  which  occupied  the  valley  of  the  Red  river  and 
must  have  been  somewhat  similar  in  extent  and  character  to 
the  later  glacial  lake  Agassiz.  During  this  period  excava- 
tion of  the  till  which  had  filled  the  gorge  was  carried  on  and 
doubtless  a  large  river  occupied  the  present  bed  of  the  Minne- 
sota. 

Later  a  second  principal  encroachment  of  the  ice  began  and 
extended  south  to  Des  Moines,  Iowa.  During  its  recession  it 
piled  up  the  Leaf  hills  moraine  which  bounds  the  Minnesota 
valley  on  the  north.  As  the  ice  retreated  from  the  morainic 
area  the  valleys  of  the  Red  and  Saskatchewan  were  occupied 
by  the  glacial  lake  Agassiz  and  from  the  southern  boundary  of 
the  lake  its  waters  were  drained  through  lake  Traverse, 
Brown's  Valley  and  Big  Stone  lake  along  the  present  gorge 
of  the  Minnesota  river.  Under  the  erosive  energy  of  this 
large  stream,  which  filled  the  gorge  from  bluff  to  bluff,. 


580  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

much  of  the  glacial  till  of  both  epochs  was  washed  away  thus 
exposing  the  older  crystalline  rocks  of  the  upper  region  as 
they  are  now  seen  protruding  from  the  floor  of  the  valley.  In 
this  region  of  the  crystalline  rocks  it  is  easy  to  imagine  how 
turbulent  must  have  been  the  river  Warren,  as  Upham  has 
named  it,  in  its  flow.  When  the  ice  finally  retreated  beyond 
Hudson  Bay  the  drainage  of  the  lake  Agassiz  region  set 
towards  the  north,  as  it  remains  to  the  present.  A  divide 
appeared  in  the  old  gorge  of  the  river  Warren  and  the  extreme 
upper  portion  now  occupied  by  lake  Traverse  served  as  a 
head  lake  for  the  northern  trending  waters,  while  the  great 
extent,  from  the  head  of  Big  Stone  lake  to  the  mouth  of  the 
present  river,  was  used  by  a  much  diminished  stream,  the 
Minnesota  river  of  modern  times. 

During  both  the  first  and  second  post-glacial  periods,  when 
the  Minnesota  gorge  was  draining  to  the  sea  large  bodies  of 
fresh  water  which  had  resulted  from  the  melting  ice,  it  was 
eroded  to  a  much  greater  depth  than  to-day.  The  gorge  of 
modern  times  is  about  one-half  filled  with  the  more  or  less 
modified  till  of  the  two  epochs  and  the  alluvial  deposits  of  the 
interglacial  and  final  post-glacial  periods.  At  Belle  Plaine,  for 
example,  as  reported  by  A.  Winchell,  in  a  well  dug  on  the 
bottom-lands  of  the  gorge  the  rock  was  found  170  feet  below 
the  present  surface  of  the  river.  This  indicates,  then,  an 
erosive  action  having  made  itself  felt  at  almost  four  hundred 
feet  below  the  present  general  country  surface.  The  river 
Warren,  after  its  waters  had  ceased  to  carry  and  deposit  modi- 
fied drift  became,  as  Upham  has  shown,  '  *a  powerful  eroding 
agent,"  and  doubtless  at  this  period  the  gorge  was  cut  to  its 
greatest  depth.  Since  the  diminution  of  the  stream  owing  to 
the  disappearance  of  lake  Agassiz,  the  tributaries  haVe 
brought  in  considerable  silt  and  by  the  deposition  of  this  silt 
by  the  different  streams  the  gorge  has  come  again  to  be  partly 
filled  with  alluvium.  The  Lac  Qui  Parle  river  has  thrown  a 
dam  of  sediment  across  the  channel  of  the  present  Minnesota 
and  this  has  formed  the  back-water  lake  known  as  Lac  Qui 
Parle.  The  sluggishness  of  the  Minnesota  at  its  mouth,  and 
for  thirty  miles  up  stream,  is  in  a  like  manner  due  to  the  sedi- 
ment thrown  across  its  mouth  by  the  Mississippi. 

In  Blue  Earth  county  a  smaller  glacial  lake  existed  which 
drained  into  the  Des  Moines  river  by  Union  slough,  and  perhaps 
also,  at  other  times,  into  the  river  Warren  by  way  of  the  Blue 
Earth  river  gorge.  Whether  the  river  Warren  at  any  time 


VALLEY   OF    THE   MINNESOTA  RIVER.  581 

flowed  through  the  old  Blue  Earth  lake  is  doubtful.  Rather 
is  it  probable  that  the  lake  was  formed  earlier  than  lake 
Agassiz  and  was  bounded  like  lake  Agassiz  by  the  northern 
ice  sheet. 

Since  the  final  recession  of  the  ice  from  the  valley  of  the 
Minnesota  fluvial  action  has  been  going  on,  building  up 
meadow  land.  Many  of  the  lakes  left  by  the  glacial  period 
have  either  filled  or  have  become  much  restricted  in  size.  The 
successive*  generations  of  plants  which  have  lived  and  decayed 
upon  the  surface  of  the  country  have  contributed  to  the  soil 
and  this  in  varying  extent  has  been  redistributed  by  the  action 
of  water  and,  very  slightly,  by  the  winds.  The  prairie  has 
been  steadily  encroaching  on  the  forest  and  probably  the 
forest  of  today  is  much  more  limited  in  its  extent  over  the 
valley  than  formerly.  Under  the  general  forces  at  work,  then, 
the  valley  as  it  is  seen  to-day  is  the  product  of  a  long  evolution 
and  it  has  reached  its  present  characters  of  topography,  as  of 
climate,  geography,  plant  and  animal  population,  by  the  con- 
stant interworking  of  definite  and,  to  some  extent,  calculable 
forces.  The  impressive  history  of  the  river  valley  is,  however, 
to  be  matched  with  the  equally  impressive  story  of  the  varying 
fortunes  and  the  long  struggle  of  its  pi  ant- inhabitants  with 
each  other,  and  of  the  general  conditions  under  which  and 
through  which  they  have  come  to  present  the  characters,  dis- 
tribution, prevalency  and  habits  that  are  to  be  discovered  in 
them  by  the  study  of  the  modern  flora. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Upham:  The  Minnesota  Valley  in  the  Ice-Age.  Proc.  Am.  Assn.  Adv. 
Sci.  vol.  XXXII,  pp.  213-231  (1883). 

Upham:  Geology  of  Blue  Earth  Co.,  and  other  chapters,  in  Fin.  Sep. 
Minn.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  vols.  I  and  II  (1884-1888). 

Hall:  Physiographic  conditions  of  Minnesota.  Proc.  Minn.  Hort.  Soc. 
(1884),  pp  391-405. 

Winchell:  Geology  of  Hennepin  Co.,  and  other  chapters  in  Fin.  Rep. 
Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  vols.  I  and  II  (1884-1888). 

Upham:  Catalogue  of  the  Flora  of  Minnesota.  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  and 
Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Minn,  part  VI  (1884). 

Warrpn:  Phys.  Features  of  Minn.  Valley.  Rep.  U.  S.  Chief  Eng.  pt.  II. 
Appx.  (1874). 

Schott:  Tables  and  Charts  of  Precipitation  etc.  Smith.  Cont.  Knowl. 
vols.  XVIII  and  XXII  (1872-1882). 

Harmon,  Payne,  etal.:  Rep.  Minn,  Weath.  Serv.  (1886-1891). 

Hall:  Notable  Dyke  in  the  Minn.  Valley.  Proc.  Am.  Assn.  Adv.  Sci. 
vol.  XXXVIII  (1889). 


KELATIONSHIPS  OF  THE  METASPERMIC  FLORA 
OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 


Statement  of  the  problems.  As  has  been  explained  above, 
the  evidence  is  conclusive  that  within  times  geologically 
recent  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota  was  encroached  upon  by  a 
continental  glacier  which  doubtless  destroyed  all  the  metasper- 
mic  plants  that  hal  previously  established  themselves  within 
the  borders  of  the  basin.  To-day,  as  indicated  in  the  list  pre- 
ceding, 1,174  species  and  varieties  of  metaspermic  plants  are 
known  to  exist  where  previously  there  were  none.  This  im- 
pressive fact  at  once  suggests  a  multitude  of  questions :  How 
did  the  present  plant  inhabitants  enter  the  Minnesota  valley? 
In  what  order  did  they  enter?  Which  are  the  old  settlers  and 
which  the  comparatively  recent  immigrants?  What  relation 
does  this  modern  plant-population  bear  to  the  more  ancient  one 
which  was  overwhelmed  by  the  glacial  detritus  piled  250  feet 
thick  over  the  old  level  of  the  country?  How  is  it  that  some 
kinds  of  plants  are  established  more  abundantly  than  others? 
What  has  determined  the  various  habitats  of  the  different 
species?  Why  are  the  individuals  more  numerous  in  some 
species  than  in  others?  How  long  did  the  immigration  take? 
Along  what  routes  did  the  incoming  plants  travel  ?  What  rela- 
tion does  the  present  metaspermic  flora  bear  to  those  of  ad- 
jacent or  more  distant  regions?  Under  what  laws  did  the 
repopulation  of  the  valley  progress?  Does  this  immigration 
still  continue?  What  is  the  trend  of  evidence  derived  from  the 
present  and  from  the  past  concerning  the  future  movements  of 
plant-population  in  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota?  These  are 
but  illustrative  of  the  problems  that  press  for  solution  when 
the  plants  of  any  natural  region  are  given  systematic  study. 
To  answer  some  of  them  is  the  purpose  of  these  pages.  * 

The  dynamic  inter-relations  of  plants.  It  is  necessary  first 
of  all  to  call  attention  to  a  fact  well  known  but  not  universally 
apprehended.  The  plant-population  of  the  globe  is  nowhere 
in  a  static  condition  but  is  always  undergoing  flux  and  modifi- 
cation. This  shifting  about  of  plants  is  recognised  at  once  in 
those  cases  where  the  agency  of  man  has  intervened.  The 


RELATIONSHIPS   OP   METASPERMAE.  583 

presence  of  the  harmful  foreign  weed  is  heralded,  and  measures 
are  taken  to  prevent  its  securing  a  foothold,  for  it  is  understood 
that  if  it  be  a  plant  of  robust  habit  it  will  conquer  for  itself  an 
abiding  place  at  the  expense  of  other  weaker  plants  with  which 
it  may  come  in  contact  during  its  struggle  for  existence.  Every 
individual  plant  must  make  its  way  in  the  world.  It  must  either 
win  new  territory,  maintain  wrhat  it  has  already  won,  or  cede 
its  place  of  abode  and  growth  to  some  plant  better  fitted  to 
cope  with  the  conditions  peculiar  to  that  particular  spot.  It 
thus  happens  that  the  flora  of  any  region — that  is  to  say  the 
plant  society  of  the  region — is  in  the  same  condition  of  mutual 
interdependence  and  mutual  competition  that  we  discover  in 
human  society.  Complex  inter-relations  of  individual  with  in- 
dividual, species  with  species,  formation  with  formation  arise 
and  the  plant- population  of  any  area  so  far  from  being  stable 
in  its  composition  is  in  a  continual  state  of  battle  for  soil,  light, 
moisture,  heat  and  useful  alliances,  both  in  the  physical  and 
biological  sense  of  the  word.  Thus,  in  a  forest,  the  pine- 
trees  compete  with  each  other  for  light,  each  taller  one  than 
the  rest  gaining  a  distinct  advantage;  hard- wood  timber  an- 
tagonises the  coniferous  and  along  the  forest  skirmish-line  will 
be  found  slowly  working  its  way  up  the  streams,  gradually 
isolating  the  coniferous  trees  into  separate  groves,  ready 
at  the  first  sign  of  misfortune  or  weakness  in  the  opposing 
species  to  seize  and  occupy  its  territory.  Again  forest  and 
prairie — the  two  most  notable  plant  formations  of  the  Minne- 
sota valley — each  tenanted  by  hundreds  of  species  characteris 
tic  if  not  peculiar — carry  on  a  silent  warfare  with  each  other 
and  as  the  chance  of  battle  swings  in  the  favor  of  the  one,  the 
other  is  imperceptibly  but  surely  driven  back. 

It  happens  then,  to  return  to  the  illustration,  that  we  find 
plants  organised  much  as  is  human  society.  The  individuals 
of  each  species  compete  with  each  other  for  favorable  habi- 
tats and  for  the  optimum  of  growth-materials  and  energising 
forces.  Each  species  competes  with  those  around  it  and  in 
this  competion  the  individuals  might  be  said  to  stand  shoulder 
to  shoulder  against  the  common  foe,  as  may  be  seen  in  the 
united  efforts  of  a  human  tribe  or  nation  against  some  warring 
body.  And  again  groups  of  species,  having  perhaps  a  common 
line  of  movement  or  a  common  need  to  be  supplied,  band  them- 
selves together  and  find  arrayed  against  them  other  united 
groups  of  species  competing  for  the  same  necessity  or  striving 
to  move  in  the  opposite  direction. 


584  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

By  the  assistance  of  this  fact  of  organised  and  stratified  com- 
petition in  the  realm  of  plant  society  the  dynamic  relations  of 
plants  to  one  another  are,  in  general,  to  be  explained.  We  no 
longer  permit  ourselves  to  look  at  a  grove  standing  in  the  midst 
of  the  prairie  as  stable  or  even  as  quiescent,  but  we  picture  to 
ourselves  the  complex  condition  of  strain  which  exists  in  vary- 
ing degree  and  under  different  degrees  of  organisation,  between 
the  different  plants,  species  and  groups  of  species.  Such  a  dy- 
namic condition  should  perhaps  be  recognised  in  terminalogy 
more  than  it  is  and  instead  of  speaking  of  the  northern  group 
of  plants  one  should  name  such  a  floral  element  the  south-bound 
group  and  instead  of  calling  by  the  name  of  "southern"  those 
plants  which  occupy  a  southern  range  one  should  refer  to  them 
as  north-bound.  For  certainly  the  exigency  of  existence  is 
such  for  every  creature  that  it  welcomes  an  expansion  of  op- 
portunity for  development.  Room  for  growth  is  an  important 
factor  of  such  an  opportunity,  and  for  the  plant  already  estab- 
lished in  high  northern  latitudes  this  room  for  growth  is  to  be 
found  only  by  a  southward  extension. 

General  features  of  plant-distribution.  The  total  number 
of  flowering-plant  species  at  present  occupying  the  crust  of  the 
earth  is  estimated  by  De  Candolle  to  be  in  the  vicinity  of 
250,000.  The  mean  area  of  each  species  is  about  Tfo  of  the 
surface  of  the  globe  or  45,500  square  leagues.  Of  this  number 
the  valley  of  the  Minnesota  with  its  16,600  square  miles  of 
country  contains  1,174  species  or  about  -^  of  the  whole  num- 
ber. The  relationships  of  this  flora  can  be  understood  only 
after  a  general  survey  of  the  distribution  of  plants  over  the 
whole  earth. 

If  one  should  follow  any  parallel  of  latitude  that  might  be 
selected  until  he  returns  to  his  starting  point  he  would  pass 
through  regions  characterised  by  diversities  of  plant-popula- 
tion. As  he  crossed  rivers,  mountain  ranges  and  oceans,  the 
familiar  plants  of  one  region  would  become  fewer  in  the 
adjacent  region  and  very  likely  disappear.  When  half  way 
around  the  earth  from  the  point  of  departure  our  hypothetical 
traveler  would  find  himself  in  a  floral  region  distinctly  different 
from  the  one  of  his  starting  point.  This  difference  would  in 
general  increase  in  amount  and  distinctness  inversely  with  the 
height  of  the  latitude.  At  the  equator  or  near  it  the  difference 
would  be  great,  while  on  the  parallel  of  70°  N.  lat.  or  70°  S 
lat.  the  differences  both  in  amount  and  distinctness  would  be 
less.  The  increase  in  differences  as  the  latitude  decreased 


RELATIONSHIPS    OF   METASPERMAE  585 

would,  however,  be  proportional  to  the  increase  in  the  length 
of  the  parallels,  so  that,  in  point  of  position  by  longitude,  the 
differences  in  plant  groups,  species  and  formations  vary 
directly  with  the  distances  they  are  from  each  other.  In  this 
case,  thus  generally  stated,  the  differences  in  elevation,  trend 
of  isotherms,  direction  of  prevailing  winds,  etc.,  which  might 
be  found  on  the  same  parallel  of  latitude,  are  disregarded  in 
order  to  simplify  the  statement.  Such  differences  would  have 
only  a  modifying,  not  a  fundamental  effect  on  the  facts  of 
distribution. 

But  if  the  traveler  selected  some  meridian  for  the  line  of  his 
journey  around  the  earth,  the  changes  in  the  plant-inhabitants 
as  he  passed  from  region  to  region  would  be  greater  in  amount 
and  very  much  more  conspicuous  than  in  the  former  case 
where  a  parallel  of  latitude  was  selected.  In  circling  the 
northern  hemisphere  one  may,  at  a  moderate  degree  of  latitude, 
pursue  almost  the  entire  journey  in  a  coniferous  forest  over 
the  land  areas,  and  in  a  region  of  distinctive  fucoid  and  red 
algae  over  the  water  areas  of  the  journey.  No  such  uniformity 
of  floral  aspect  would  be  maintained  if  a  meridian  be  selected. 
Prom  the  sphagnum  and  tundra  region  of  the  pole,  one 
would  pass  into  coniferous  forest,  hardwood  forest,  evergreen 
tropical  forest,  and  into  the  deserts,  savannahs  and  virgin 
forest  of  the  equatorial  region.  Then  in  inverse  order  the 
same  changing  panorama  with,  however,  an  almost  entirely 
new  series  of  forms  would  unfold  itself  as  the  traveler  neared 
the  opposite  pole.  In  the  course  of  his  journey  he  would  find 
that  the  greatest  differences  of  all  are  those  that  exist  between 
the  plant-inhabitants  of  the  north  temperate  and  south  temper- 
ate regions.  The  difference  between  the  United  States  and  the 
Argentine  Republic  is  far  more  conspicuous  than  the  difference 
between  the  United  States  and  Siberia  or  Europe.  And  in  like 
manner  the  difference  between  Asia  and  Australia  is  greater 
than  that  between  Australia  and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  or 
Chile. 

In  general,  in  either  the  northern  or  the  southern  hemis- 
phere, in  point  of  position  by  latitude,  the  differences  in  plant 
groups,  species  or  formations  varies  directly  with  the  differ- 
ences in  humidity.  As  the  equator  is  approached  the  average 
annual  precipitation  progressively  increases  over  most  of  the 
surface  of  the  earth.  This  is  due  either  directly  or  indirectly 
to  the  progressive  increase  of  temperature.  While  this  suffices 
to  explain  the  differences  between  two  more  or  less  distant 


586  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

points  on  a  meridian  in  either  the  northern  or  southern  hemis- 
phere it  does  not  explain  the  fact  of  the  greatest  average  dif- 
ference that  exists  between  north  temperate  and  south  temper- 
ate regions.  To  form  an  explanation  of  this,  further  examina- 
tion is  necessary. 

The  equatorial  or  tropical  regions  of  the  earth,  since  in 
point  of  humidity  and  temperature  they  present  the  most  fav- 
orable conditions  for  plant-growth,  are  crowded  with  a  luxuri- 
ant vegetation.  This  crowding  of  the  favorable  region  might 
be  likened  to  the  congestion  by  men  of  a  rich  gold-field  where 
the  opportunity  of  acquiring  wealth  is  most  favorable.  Under 
such  conditions  the  struggle  for  existence  becomes  most  bitter 
and,  as  in  countries  overcrowded  with  humanity,  an  escape  is 
made,  when  practicable,  by  emigration.  The  equatorial  region, 
then,  is  a  perennial  fountain-head  from  which  there  is  a  con- 
stant stream  of  emigration  into  northern  and  southern  lati- 
tudes. With  such  migration  there  must,  under  the  stress  of 
natural  selection,  originate  and  develop  modifications  in  the 
migrating  forms,  which  in  course  of  time  arise  to  specific 
rank.  What  these  modifications  may  be  in  any  particular  case 
depends  upon  the  complicated  intermingling  of  the  various 
particular  conditions  of  climate,  nutrition  and  competition. 
Further  it  happens  that  cyclical  changes  in  the  mean  tempera 
ture  of  polar  or  subpolar  regions  have,  at  different  times,  ini- 
tiated glacial  epochs  of  longer  or  shorter  duration.  In  the 
northern  hemisphere  the  glaciers  have  extended  south  in  Asia 
to  the  Himalaya  mountains  and  in  North  America  at  least 
to  latitude  39°,  in  Missouri.  The  effect  of  secular  ice  in- 
vasions upon  a  highly  developed  plant-population,  could  not 
be  other  than  disastrous.  Before  the  advancing  glacier  there 
must  have  been,  among  plants  as  among  animals,  a  stern  race 
for  lower  latitude  and  more  congenial  temperature.  In  this 
way  periodic  returns  to  the  equatorial  belt  have  been  chara- 
acteristic,  in  a  general  manner,  of  plant  migration-phenomena. 
Evidently,  under  the  competition  and  struggle  of  the  return, 
natural  selection  would  operate  as  before  in  the  development 
of  new  characters  and  the  emergence  of  so-called  new  species. 

From  the  outline  above  it  is  apparent  that  a  third  and  bio- 
logical factor  must  be  added  to  the  two  already  given,  if  one  is 
to  explain  the  differences  between  two  regions  supporting  dis- 
tinct plant-populations.  This  factor,  since  it  includes  the  ele- 
ment of  time,  might  be  called  the  time-factor,  or  better,  simply 
"history." 


RELATIONSHIPS   OF  METASPERMAE  587 

The  general  factors  in  fioral  differences.  These  are,  as 
indicated,  three  in  number.  In  order  of  their  importance  they 
are  history,  humidity,  distance.  The  third  is  geographical,  the 
second  geographical  and  cosmical,  the  first  biological.  The 
first  is  the  most  complex,  upon  analysis;  the  third  is  least 
complex.  It  is  apparent,  then,  that  if  the  explanation  of  such 
a  series  of  phenomena  as  is  presented  by  the  plant-population 
of  a  natu  ral  district  like  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota  is  to  be 
attempted,  it  must  be  through  a  knowledge  of  geographical, 
climatological  and  biological  conditions.  Not  only  present 
conditions  but  past  conditions  must  be  comprehended  in  such 
an  explanation.  The  knowledge  of  past  geography,  past 
climatology  and  past  biologic  phenomena  is  as  essential  as  the 
knowledge  of  these  factors  as  they  exist  today.  Geographical 
distribution  of  plants  is  therefore  based  upon  geology  as  well 
well  as  upon  topography,  upon  development  as  well  as  upon 
classification,  upon  embryology  as  well  as  upon  anatomy.  It 
is  a  study  in  evolution  no  less  than  in  systematics.  Thus  the 
difficulty  of  the  problems  pressing  for  solution  is  seen  to  be 
greater  as  they  come  to  be  comprehended.  The  position  of 
an  individual  plant  in  one  locality  rather  than  in  another  be- 
comes a  matter  for  historic  study,  and  such  is  the  interde- 
pendence of  all  portions  of  the  universe  that  the  final  explana- 
tion of  what  is  apparently  a  single  and  simple  phenomenon  is 
after  all  an  explanation  of  phenomena  in  the  highest  degree 
multiple  and  complex.  In  the  scientific,  as  in  the  poetic  sense, 
a  knowledge  of  the  violet  is,  at  the  same  time,  a  knowledge  of 
everything  else. 

In  the  present  stages  of  our  knowledge  it  is  apparent  that 
final  explanations  are  remote  and  that  inquiry  must  pause 
before  its  limitations.  Partial  answers  are  all  that  may  be 
offered  by  partial  information. 

In  naming  the  three  factors  of  floral  differences  it  will  be  ob- 
served that  no  classification  of  the  methods  by  which  these 
differences  arose  is  attempted.  Indeed  examination  a  little 
more  intimately  will  show  that  the  three  factors  may  be  re- 
solved into  terms  of  the  first.  Distance  and  humidity,  in  their 
relations  to  the  plant-population  of  the  globe,  become  biological 
in  their  significance,  and  the  distances  and  climate  of  to-day, 
considered  quite  apart  from  vegetation,  are  themselves  phe- 
nomena of  evolution.  The  geological  history  of  the  earth  has 
had  much  to  do  with  determining  its  topography,  geography 
and  climate.  Therefore  the  problems  of  plant  distribution  be- 


588 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


come  in  their  final  analyses,  like  other  problems  of  biology, 
studies  in  evolution.  The  understanding  of  relationships  is 
prior  to  the  understanding  of  juxtapositions,  separations  or 
isolations  of  species,  individuals,  families  or  formations.  The 
knowledge  of  embryology,  phylogeny,  comparative  anatomy, 
classification,  help  to  a  knowledge  of  relationship.  By  the  study 
of  buried  plants,  fossil  in  the  rocks  of  former  ages,  by  the  inti- 
mate observation  of  developmental  stages  in  the  plants  of  to- 
day, by  the  systematic  examination  and  enlightened  arrange- 
ment of  all  forms  of  plants  and  animals  living  within  the  range 
of  human  observation,  and  by  the  critical  comparison  of 
results  in  each  of  these  three  departments  of  scientific  botany, 
lies  the  method  of  reconstructing  the  past  history  of  vegeta- 
tion. Such  a  reconstruction  must  perforce  be  general  in  its 
character,  tentative  in  its  statement  of  details.  Nevertheless 
there  are  some  conclusions  that  present  themselves  and  these 
will  be  discussed  in  their  proper  place. 

NATURAL  VEGETATION  REGIONS  OF  THE  EARTH. 

Grisebach :  Under  the  notions  of  separate  centers  of  devel- 
opment the  most  important  classification  of  the  land  areas  of 
the  globe  into  vegetation- regions  is  that  of  Grisebach.  By 
this  writer  twenty  four  regions  are  recognised,  as  follows: 


I.    Arctic  region.  XIII. 

II.    Forest  region  of  the  Eastern         XIV. 

Continent.  XV. 

III.  Mediterranean  region.  XVI. 

IV.  .Region     of     the     Asiatic       XVII. 

Steppes. 

V.    Chinese-Japanese  region.          XVIII. 
VI.    Indian- Malayan  region. 
VII.    Sahara  region.  XIX. 

VIII.    Soudan,  or  Central  African  XX. 

region.  XXI. 

IX.    Kalahari  region.  XXII. 

X.    Cape  of  Good  Hope  region.      XXIII. 
XI.    Australian  region.  XXIV. 

XII.    Forest  region  of  the  West- 
ern Continent. 

Engler :  Under  the  notions  of  general  development  and  mi- 
gration the  most  important  classification  is  that  of  Engler.  By 
this  writer  the  surface  of  the  globe  is  divided  into  four  princi- 
pal realms  (Florenreichen),  each  of  these  into  regions  and  eacli 
region  into  provinces.  The  realms  and  regions  are  as  follows: 
A.  Northern  Extra-Tropical  Realm. 

(1)  Arctic  region. 

(2)  Sub-Arctic,  or  Conifer  region. 


Prairie  region. 

Californian  Coast  region. 

Mexican  region. 

West  Indies  region. 

Cisequatorial  South  Am- 
erican region. 

Hylaea,  or  Amazonian  re- 
gion. 

Brazilian  region. 

Tropical  Andes  region. 

Pampas  region. 

Chilean  transition  region. 

Antarctic  forest  region. 

Oceanic  Island  region. 


RELATIONSHIPS   OF   METASPERMAE.  589 

(3)  Middle  Europe  and  Aral-Caspian  region. 

(4)  Central  Asian  region. 

(5)  Macaronian  transition  region. 

(6)  Mediterranean  region. 

(7)  Manchurian-Japanese  region. 

(8)  Pacific  North  American  region. 

(9)  Atlantic  North  American  region. 

B.  Tropical  Old  World  Realm. 

(1)  West  African  forest  region. 

(2)  African-Arabian  steppe  region. 

(3)  Malagassian  region  (Madagascar,  Mascarenes,  Seychelles). 

(4)  Lower  Indian  region. 

(5)  Tropical  Himalaya  region. 

(6)  East  Asian  tropical  region. 

(7)  Malayan  region. 

(8)  Araucaria  region     (tropical  East  Australia,  New  Caledonia, 

northern  New  Zealand,  Kermadec  and  Chatham  Isles). 

(9)  Polynesian  region. 

(10)  Sandwich  Island  region. 

C.  South  American  Realm. 

(1)  Mexican  highland  region. 

(2)  Tropical  American  region. 

(3)  Andes  region. 

(4)  Galapagos  region. 

(5)  Juan-Fernandez  region. 

D.  Old  Oceanic  Realm  (dominant  plants  of  more  ancient  types  than 
elsewhere). 

(1)  Antarctic  forest  region  of  South  America. 

(2)  New  Zealand  region. 

(3)  Australian  region. 

(4)  Kerguelen  region. 

(5)  Amsterdam  Island  region. 

(6)  Cape  of  Good  Hope  region. 

(7)  Tristan  d'Acunha  region. 

(8)  St.  Helena  region. 

The  regions  of  the  North  American  continent  come  under 
two  realms,  as  is  noted  above.  Mexican  highlands  and  Central 
America  botanically  belong  rather  with  South  than  with  North 
America.  In  the  regions  which  are  placed  under  the  northern 
extratropical  realm,  and  contain  North  American  areas,  the 
following  divisions  into  provinces  are  established: 

(1)    Sub-Arctic,  or  Conifer  region. 

(a)  Northern  European  province. 

(b)  Northern  Siberian  province. 

(c)  North  American  Lake  province.    (Described  as  sub-arctic 
and  alpine,  uniting  on  the  north  with  the  Arctic  region  and  on  the  south 
with  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  regions  of  North  America.    Three  zones 
are  recognised — I,  the  Algonquin  zone,  lying  between  Hudson  Bay,  New- 
foundland and  Lake  Superior,  characterised  by   Thuja  occidentalis  and 
Taxus  canadensis;  II,  Athabasca  zone,  bounded  on  the  south  by  a  line  from 


590  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY 

Hudson  Bay  to  the  Rocky  mountains  and  characterised  by  Pinus 
ana,  Abies  balsamea,  Picea  nigra,  Larix  pendula,  Picea  alba;  III,  Canadian 
2one,not  clearly  delimited,  lying  southward  of  the  other  two  and  between 
them,  including  Manitoba,  western  Ontario,  northern  Minnesota,  Wis- 
consin and  Michigan,  characterised  by  Pinus  strobus,  Pinus  resinosa  and 
Abies  canadensis.) 

(2)  Pacific  North  American  Region.    (Reaching  from  the  sea  to  the 
foot  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  south  to  the  Mexican  highlands.) 

(a)  Californian  coast  province.between  the  Coast  Range  and  the 
sea.     Characteristic  conifers,  Sequoia  sempervirens,  Pinus  insignis,  Pinus 
muricata,  Pinus  tuberculata,  Pinus  coulteri,  Picea  bracteata,  Torreya  califor- 
nica,  Cupressus  macnabiana,  Cupressus  macrocarpa. 

(b)  Oregon  province.    (Including  area  west  of  Cascade  moun- 
tains.   Four  zones  are  recognised;  I,  Kaloschen  zone,  to  52°  north  latitude, 
characterised  by  Thujopsis  borealis;  II,  Douglas  zone,  to  43°  north  latitude, 
characterised  by  Abies  douglasii;  III,  Umpqua  zone,  between  42°  and  43° 
north  latitude,  characterised    by  Cupressus  fragrans',    IV,   Sierra  zone, 
characterised  by  Pinus  lambertiana  and  Sequoia  gigantea. 

(c)  Rocky-mountain  province.    (Characterised  by  Pinus  flexilis, 
Pinus  monophylla,  Larix  occidentalis,  etc. ) 

(d)  Colorado  province.     (Reaching   from   Cascade  to  Rocky 
mountains,  open  country.) 

(3)  Atlantic  North  American  region. 

(a)  Appalachian  province.    (The  forest  district  of  the  Atlan- 
tic North  American  region,  south  of  the  lake  province  includes  three 
zones.    I,  Allegheny  zone,  characterised  by  Pinus  inops,  Pinus  pungens,  Pinus 
rigida,  Picea  fraseri,  Juniperus  virginiana;  II,  Carolina  zone,  including  New 
Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  Georgia;  III,  Mis- 
sissippi zone,  including  the  forest  district  of  the  Mississippi  valley.) 

(b)  Prairie  province.    (The  western  central  and  central  prairies 
of  the  Atlantic  drainage,  including  also  the  Saskatchewan  and  Assini- 
boian  prairies  of  Arctic  ocean  drainage.) 

Drude:  The  most  recent  and  most  generalised  division  of 
the  earth  into  botanical  regions  is  that  of  Drude.  By  this  wri- 
ter three  main  regions  are  recognised.  These  are: 

A.  Northern  realm. 

B.  Tropical  realm. 

C.  Southern  realm. 

These  three  principal  regions  are  subdivided  as  follows: 

A.  Northern  realm. 

(1)  Arctic  region. 

(2)  Northern  region. 

(3)  Middle  North  American  region. 

(4)  Mediterranean-Oriental  region. 

(5)  Lower  Asian  region. 

(6)  East  Asian  region. 

B.  Tropical  realm. 

(1)  Tropical  American  region. 

(2)  Tropical  African  region. 

(3)  Indian  region. 

(4)  Malayan-New  Zealand  region, 


RELATIONSHIPS   OF   METASPERMAE.  591 

C.    Southern  realm. 

U)    Andes  region. 

(2)  South  African  region. 

(3)  Australian  region. 

(4)  Antarctic  region. 

None  of  these  regions  are  very  sharply  limited  but  are  de- 
fined so  as  to  indicate  the  transitions.  Of  Realm  A,  the  last 
four  regions  are  tropical  as  well  as  northern  in  their  character. 
In  all  regions  of  Realm  B  there  are  to  be  observed,  especially 
at  higher  altitudes,  elements  transitional  between  A  or  C.  In 
Realm  C,  only  the  fourth  region  is  comparatively  uninfluenced 
by  the  plants  of  Realm  B. 

The  region  of  the  Minnesota  valley,  according  to  the  classifi- 
cation of  Drude,  lies  partly  in  the  Middle  North  American 
region  and  partly  in  the  transitional  region  between  the  Middle 
North  American  and  the  Northern.  Its  principal  characters 
are  derived  from  the  commingling  of  a  group  of  north  bound 
generally  endemic  plants  with  a  south-bound  group  of  less 
generally  endemic  plants.  Its  old-world  character  is  given 
rather  by  the  influence  of  the  Northern  region — and  this  in- 
fluence is  most  distinctly  felt  in  the  upper  latitudes  of  the 
valley — than  by  the  southern.  As  will  be  shown  later,  the 
species  of  plants  common  to  the  Minnesota  valley  and  to  the 
old  world  are  generally  more  northern  than  southern  in  their 
North  American  distribution. 

General  position  of  the  Minnesota  valley  as  a  botanical 
district.  From  the  different  classifications  given  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  Minnesota  valley,  in  the  botanical  sense,  is  first 
of  all,  northern- extratropical;  second,  North  American;  third, 
middle  North  American.  This  order  corresponds  with  the 
geographical  order.  It  will  now  be  necessary  to  note  the  gen- 
eral methods  by  which  the  melange  of  plants  found  growing 
in  such  a  region  becomes  possible. 

Greater  compositeness  of  the  Northern  realm.  In  any  of 
the  classifications  of  the  botanical  regions  of  the  earth  it  will 
be  noted  that  a  greater  homogeneity  is  to  be  seen  in  the  regions 
of  the  northern  hemisphere  than  in  those  of  the  southern,  The 
reasons  for  this  difference  are  both  geographical  and  geologi- 
cal. The  Antarctic  region  consists  of  a  series  of  isolated  areas 
such  as  Kerguelen,  New  Zealand,  Patagonia  and  the  lower 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  district.  The  Arctic  region  on  the  other 
hand  consists  of  a  compact  circle  of  land  surrounding  the  un- 
known polar  area  and  broken  only  by  narrow  inlets  such  as 
Berings  straits  or  Davis  strait.  Spitzbergen  is  the  only  rela- 


592  METASPEKMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

lively  isolated  island  in  this  region  and  its  distance  from  Nova 
Zembla  on  the  one  side  and  Greenland  and  Iceland  on  the  other 
is  slight  compared  with  the  distances  between  Kerguelen,  the 
Cape,  Terra  del  Fuego  and  New  Zealand  and  Chatham  Islands. 
The  distances  being  less  between  the  continental  or  island 
areas  of  the  northern  hemisphere  than  between  such  areas 
in  the  southern,  we  are  prepared  to  expect  smaller  differences 
between  regions  on  different  meridians  of  the  northern  than  in 
the  case  of  regions  similarly  situated  in  the  southern  extratrop- 
ical  regions.  The  facilities  for  migration  and  commingling  are 
evidently  much  more  favorable  along  parallels  of  latitude  in 
the  northern  than  in  the  southern  hemisphere.  It  happens, 
then,  that  while  in  the  southern  hemisphere  the  Antarctic  re- 
gion is  the  only  one  including  land  in  both  eastern  and  western 
hemispheres,  in  the  northern  hemisphere  the  next  region  south 
of  the  Arctic  region  is  likewise  common  to  both  eastern  and 
western  hemispheres.  This  region  is  the  Conifer  region  of  En- 
gler  and  the  Northern  region  of  Drude.  Further,  in  the  north- 
ern hemisphere  there  is  from  Arctic  circle  to  the  equator  a 
generally  greater  latitudinal  mixing  of  plants  than  in  the 
southern  and  this  is  apparent  even  when  there  is  too  little  of 
it  to  permit  grouping  the  regions  affected  under  the  same  di- 
vision. For  example,  as  pointed  out  by  A.  Gray  and  later  by 
Miquel,  the  Japanese -Manchurian  region  presents  striking  re- 
semblances to  that  of  the  Appalachians;  the  Calif ornian  and 
Mediterranean-Oriental  have  much  in  common,  and  the  Prairie 
province  of  North  America  is  not  unlike  the  Central- Asian 
steppes  in  its  plant-population.  Isolation  of  regions  is  there- 
fore characteristic  rather  of  the  Southern  than  of  the  North- 
ern realm  and  the  difference  in  degree  of  isolation  has  had 
much  to  do  with  the  differences  which  have  arisen  between  the 
characteristic  elements  of  the  Northern  and  the  Southern  bo- 
tanical realms. 

Beside  the  geographical  character  of  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere certain  important  geological  characters  have  had  an 
interesting  effect  upon  the  mixing  of  the  plants  in  the  Northern 
realm.  First  should  be  noted  that  the  evidence,  geological 
and  biological,  is  in  favor  of  supposing  a  closer  union  of 
Alaska  with  eastern  Asia,  in  Tertiary  times.  The  sharp  dis- 
tinction between  the  plants  of  Greenland  and  the  Scandinavian 
peninsula  compared  with  the  almost  imperceptible  differences 
between  the  floras  of  Alaska  and  Kamtschatka  or  Saghalin  is 
interestingly  explained  by  this  ancient  continuity  between  the 


RELATIONSHIPS   OP   METASPERMAE.  593 

two  continents.  Second,  it  is  important  to  observe  the  effect 
of  the  profounder  glaciation  of  the  northern  hemisphere 
than  of  the  southern.  The  largest  continuous  area  of  glaciation 
is  that  of  the  North  American  continent.  Here  it  comprises  most 
of  the  land  east  of  long.  97°  W.  of  Greenwich  and  north  of  lat. 
42°,  although  it  extends  south  to  39°.  The  next  largest  is  the 
area  of  western  and  central  Europe  where  it  comprises  the 
territory  east  of  western  Russia  and  north  of  Poland  and 
Germany.  In  the  eastern  hemisphere  it  extends  south  to  51° 
N.  lat.,  or  to  a  region  of  temperature  approximately  equal  to 
that  of  southern  Illinois,  in  North  America.  Other  drift-areas 
in  the  northern  hemisphere,  such  as  those  of  the  Alps,  the 
Pyrenees,  the  Carpathians,  the  Himalayas,  the  Cordilleran 
range  or  the  Tennessee  mts.  are  more  strictly  local,  but  have 
played  their  part  in  the  commingling  of  plant  forms.  The 
effect  of  the  glaciation  of  the  North  American  and  western 
European  areas  has  been  productive  of  a  distribution  of  dis- 
tinctively northern  plants  ("glacial  plants")  southward,  as 
one  of  the  more  simple  results.  More  indirectly  it  has  been 
productive  of  diversity  in  the  flora  of  the  northern  extra- 
tropical  regions  by  the  forced  origin  of  new  forms  during  the 
earlier  southward  movements  and  the  succeeding  northward 
returns.  As  has  been  noticed  by  many  writers  this  diversity 
is  greater  in  the  western  hemisphere  than  in  the  eastern, 
evidently  on  account  of  the  different  continental  positions  of 
the  principal  mountain  ranges.  In  North  America  the  Rocky, 
Sierra,  Coast  and  Appalachian  systems  all  run  from  north 
to  south  and  present  to  north-bound  or  south-bound  plants  no 
barrier,  but  rather  an  appreciable  assistance  by  way  of  pro- 
viding different  altitudes  at  which  acclimatisation  might 
progress  most  comfortably.  In  the  old  world,  the  Pyrenees, 
Alps,  Apennines,  Carpathians,  Caucasus  and  Himalaya  moun- 
tains maintain  a  generally  east  and  west  direction,  and  to  plants 
migrating  southward  before  the  glaciers  would  have  presented 
an  impassable  barrier.  Decimation  of  old-world  species 
would  thus  result  in  the  conditions  of  difference  as  seen  to-day 
between  the  old  world  and  North  America,  where  the  migra- 
tions were  not  opposed  by  the  topography  of  the  country. 
In  both  the  proximate  and  remote  movements  of  plants  under 
the  influence  of  widespread  continental  glaciation,  the  higher 
mountain  ranges,  by  presenting  a  wider  range  of  temperature 
in  latitude,  to  be  compared  with  the  range  of  temperature 

-38 


594  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY 

in  latitude,  would  favor  the  southward  and  northward  move- 
ments more  distinctly  than  would  the  lower  mountain  range. 
The  writer  has  shown  elsewhere  that,  of  genera  which  reach 
their  maximum  number  of  species  in  Canada,  about  twice  as 
as  many  species  are  distributed  south  to  lat.  30°,  and  there- 
abouts, in  the  Rocky  and  Sierra  ranges  as  in  the  Appallachian. 

PRESSURES  AND  TENSIONS. 

General  considerations  of  equatorial  pressure.  We  have 
already  seen  that  the  plants  of  tropical  regions  may  be  con- 
sidered as  striving  to  migrate  to  higher  latitudes.  In  this  way 
a  general  pressure  of  plant-population  is  set  up  along  the  cen- 
tral regions  of  the  earth's  surface.  This  pressure  diminishes 
as  one  approaches  the  equator,  but  becomes  greater  through 
cumulative  additions  as  one  passes  into  extra  tropical  regions. 
A  similar  north  and  south  polar  pressure  of  population  is  set 
up  by  the  plants  of  northern  and  southern  regions.  It  thus 
happens  that  two  lines  of  tension  might  be  run  around  the  earth 
in  northern  and  southern  extra-tropical  regions,  and  these  lines 
would  be  marked  by  transitional  floras  and  by  more  or  less  or- 
ganised competition  between  the  northern  and  southern  forms. 
Under  the  positive  equatorial  pressure  opposed  by  the  negative 
polar  pressures  a  segregation  of  metaspermic  plants  would  take 
place  in  such  a  way  that  gradually  the  weaker  and  older  forms 
of  plants  would  find  themselves  pushed  out  between  the  inter- 
stices, as  it  were,  of  the  stronger,  and  would  thus  be  compelled 
to  content  themselves  with  conditipns  of  existence  progres- 
sively more  difficult.  In  the  northern  hemisphere  then,  the 
Monocotyledones  form  a  large  percentage  of  the  northern,  and 
the  Metachlamydeae  a  large  percentage  of  the  southern  species. 
For  the  Monocotyledones  as  a  group  are  lower  in  the  scale  of 
organisation  than  the  Archichlamydeae  or  Metachlamydeae.  The 
result  of  what  I  have  named  here  equatorial  pressure  has  this 
peculiar  effect  upon  the  construction  of  plant- zones — or  to  em- 
ploy a  different  comparison,  plant- armies — that  the  weaker  are 
always  forced  to  fight  in  the  front.  In  the  case  of  the  trees  of 
the  Archichlamydeae  in  North  America,  those  with  undivided 
leaves  are  more  northern  in  general  than  those  with  divided 
leaves.  The  range  of  Populus,  Betula,  Salix,  Acer  is  in  general 
more  northern  than  that  of  Fraxinus,  Gymnocladus,  Gleditsia, 
Sophora  or  Lysiloma.  But  the  compound  leaf  is  a  tropical  char- 
acter, as  indicated  by  Grisebach,  and  marks  a  development 
from,  and  improvement  over  the  simple  leaf.  It  is  important 


RELATIONSHIPS   OF  METASPERMAE.  595 

to  notice  that  this  state  of  tension  which  has  been  described, 
while  of  a  purely  biological  nature,  serves  to  produce  results 
quite  analogous  with  similar  physical  tensions.  In  the  mutual 
pressure  of  solids  the  liquid  that  may  be  contained  in  their 
pores  is  crowded  to  the  surface  of  the  mass.  In  the  same  way 
we  may  figure  to  ourselves  the  weaker  plants  of  a  formation 
crowded  to  its  periphery  where  they  meet  and  struggle  with 
the  weaker  plants  of  an  adjacent  formation.  This  is  excel- 
lently seen  in  the  line  between  forest  and  prairie  in  such  a  dis- 
trict as  the  Minnesota  valley.  It  is  not  the  characteristic  grass 
of  the  prairie  that  grows  close  up  to  the  characteristic  tree  of 
the  forest,  but  between  the  two  there  is  a  zone  of  plants  not 
perfectly  established  in  either  forest  or  prairie.  This  transi- 
tional formation  between  forest  and  prairie  is  generally  com- 
posed of  species  weaker  than  the  characteristic  plants  of  either 
formation. 

Movement  of  tensions.  Again  it  is  apparent  that  under  the 
present  climatological  conditions  of  the  earth  the  equatorial 
pressure  must  increase  and  that  the  polar  pressure  must  di- 
minish. Under  such  a  generalisation  of  plant- dynamics  it 
becomes  apparent  that  with  all  the  complex  interdependences 
and  competition  of  individuals  with  individuals,  species  with 
species,  formations  with  formations  there  is,  more  fundamental 
and  more  general,  a  competition  between  the  centrally  and  the 
distally  located  individuals,  species  and  formations.  Further 
it  is  apparent  that  the  line  of  tension  as  it  has  been  termed  will 
progressively  move  to  higher  and  to  higher  latitude.  Thus  as 
the  cumulative  equatorial  pressure  increases  while  the  cumula- 
tive polar  pressure  at  the  same  time  decreases,  the  line  of  ten- 
sion, other  things  being  equal,  will  manifest  progressive 
acceleration  in  its  movement  from  lower  to  higher  latitudes.  A 
number  of  conditions  intervene  to  retard  this  movement  of  the 
line  of  tension  and  in  consequence  it  is  less  rapid,  actually 
than  hypothetically.  Among  these  retarding  conditions  are 
the  increased  difficulty  of  acclimatisation  of  north-bound  plants 
as  they  extend  further  northward  and  the  increased  solidarity 
and  consequently  increased  resistance  of  northern  plants.  And 
beside  these  two  general  factors  in  the  retardation  are  the 
factors  in  the  special  cases  as  they  might  be  named — the 
various  conditions,  topographical,  nutrimental,  biological,  which 
confront  each  individual  or  species  as  it  increases  its  range  in 
any  direction.  The  most  important  visible  results  of  these 
retarding  influences  are  to  be  looked  for  in  the  changes  of 


596  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

habit  of  growth  or  habit  of  nutrition  in  the  plants  in  question. 
Under  these  retarding  influences  the  gradual  development  of 
monocarpic  into  polycarpic  forms,  of  herbaceous  into  shrubby 
and  of  shrubby  into  arborescent  types  may  be  brought  in  evi- 
dence. As  the  distribution  of  the  herb  is  more  rapid  than  that 
of  the  shrub  and  the  distribution  of  the  shrub  more  rapid  than 
that  of  the  tree,  any  influences  that  induce  the  emergence  of 
shrubby  or  arboreal  characters  maybe  deemed  distinctly  re- 
tarding in  their  general  effect.  That  such  a  difference  of 
mobility  actually  exists  is  derived  from  the  testimony  both  of 
experience  and  of  a  priori  reasoning.  The  adventive  plants 
and  the  escaped  plants  in  any  region  are  always  in  large  part 
herbaceous,  because  it  is  more  easy  for  plants  of  small  size  and 
rapid  maturation  to  gain  a  foothold  than  for  plants  of  large 
size  and  slow  maturation.  But  in  the  internal  competition  for 
light — the  important  energising  force  of  plants — the  emer- 
gence of  the  shrubby  or  arboreal  character  may  be  expected 
and  precisely  as  it  becomes  more  prominent — unless  other 
modifications  arise  to  maintain  the  general  equilibrium — 
will  the  rate  of  distribution  decrease.  In  general  we  see  that 
the  higher  forms  of  archichlamydeous  trees  such  as  the  linden, 
the  maple,  the  walnut,  are  heavier  seeded  than  the  lower  forms 
such  as  the  willow  or  the  poplar.  The  increased  size  of  the 
seed  is  necessary  to  provide  for  the  increased  difficulties  that 
surround  the  establishment  of  the  seedling,  So  thus  it  is 
evident  that  the  development  of  the  arboreal  type  exerts  a 
retarding  influence  upon  distribution. 

Fluctuation  in  tensions.  Fluctuations  in  equatorial  pres- 
sure may  arise  in  several  ways.  Beside  the  general  accelera- 
tion due  to  the  increased  extension  of  the  central  groups  of 
species  and  formations  and  the  general  retardation  due  to  the 
causes  mentioned,  there  will  arise  fluctuations  which  may 
originate  in  widely  diverse  conditions.  These  conditions  may 
be  topographical,  climatological,  geological — in  the  widest 
sense — or  biological.  The  erosive  action  of  streams,  by  re- 
ducing the  general  altitude  of  a  tract  of  country,  brings  about 
alterations  in  the  rates  of  plant  movement  over  such  a  tract. 
And  by  the  reduction  in  altitude,  changes  in  annual  rainfall, 
annual  temperature,  mean  direction  of  winds,  and  in  maxima 
or  minima  of  each  of  thes3,  are  brought  about.  Or  again  secu- 
lar changes  in  the  general  level,  due  to  orogenic  movements  in 
the  crust  of  the  earth,  may  induce  greater  or  less  fluctuations 
in  the  rate  of  movement  of  the  line  of  tension,  as  they  are 


RELATIONSHIPS   OF   METASPERMAE.  597 

themselves  of  greater  or  of  less  magnitude.  This  effect  may 
be  either  mediate  through  the  modification  of  climate  or  imme- 
diate by  the  alteration  of  topography.  And  still  again,  the 
countless  variations  in  those  conditions  which,  from  their  com- 
plexity, are  given  the  name  of  biological,  have  marked  and 
ample  influence  upon  the  general  rate  of  progression.  The 
entrance  and  acclimatisation  of  some  alien  species  of  plant  or 
animal,  the  activity  of  man  in  burning  or  felling  the  forest  and 
in  tilling  the  meadow-land  or  prairie,  the  movement  of  herds 
of  ruminating  animals,  such  as  the  now  almost  extinct  bison, 
the  flight  of  migrating  birds,  invasions  of  destructive  insects 
or  of  parasitic  fungi — all  these  and  many  other  kindred  phe- 
nomena may  and  do  affect  the  movement  of  the  line  of  tension, 
by  distributing  seeds,  destroying  rival  plants,  introducing  new 
competitors  and  altering  the  dynamic  equilibrium  either  gener- 
ally or  locally,  and  either  continuously  or  discontinuously. 

Influence  of  equatorial  pressure  on  habitat.  The  general 
existence  of  equatorial  pressure,  of  tension-lines  and  the  laws 
of  the  progression  of  the  tension-line,  having  now  been  noted 
briefly,  it  remains  to  observe  what  is  the  influence  of  equatorial 
pressure  on  the  selection  of  habitats.  Under  the  relentless 
ejection  of  the  weaker  plants  from  the  more  favorable  locali- 
ties, and  the  increasing  solidarity  of  the  stronger  plants  in 
characteristic  formations,  it  is  apparent  that  greater  and 
greater  specialisation  of  form  and  physiology,  together  with 
increasing  specialisation  of  habitat,  must  arise.  It  is  therefore 
interesting  to  observe  that  the  highly  special  habitat  is  com- 
monly occupied  by  the  highly  specialised  plant.  The  epiphy- 
tic orchids  which  have  accommodated  themselves  to  a  condi- 
tion considerably  removed  from  the  original  aquatic  condition 
of  plants,  are  themselves  members  of  the  highest  family  of  the 
monocotyledons.  The  cacti  of  the  arid  regions,  the  dodders 
that  entwine  themselves  about  the  stalks  of  other  plants,  the 
bladderwort  which  floats  upon  the  surface  of  stagnant  pools 
and  feeds  itself  with  minute  Crustacea  that  it  has  learned  to 
capture  in  its  bladdery  weirs,  are  all  plants  high  in  their  re- 
spective divisions.  On  the  other  hand  the  cat- tail  (Typha 
la.tifolia),  one  of  the  lower  plants  of  its  division,  is  less  special- 
ised in  habitat  The  least  specialised  habitat,  the  aquatic,  is 
peculiarly  the  region  of  the  lower  groups  of  the  Metaspermae. 
A  most  general  result  then,  of  the  equatorial  pressure  is  seen 
in  the  specialisation  of  habitats.  This  is  a  result  of  the  com- 
petition following  the  ejection  of  the  weaker. 


598  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Again  the  equatorial  pressure  has  an  indirect  influence  upon 
habitat,  under  the  law  termed  by  Herbert  Spencer  the  multipli- 
cation of  effects.  As  one  plant  is  forced  into  a  new  and  gener- 
ally poorer  habitat,  to  which  it  becomes  more  or  less  exactly 
accommodated,  it  exerts  a  constantly  widening  influence  upon 
other  plants  some  of  which,  already  established  in  its  new 
habitat,  are  brought  into  a  new  phase  of  the  struggle  for  ex- 
istence by  the  recent  addition,  and  others  competing  for  the 
abandoned  territory  are  in  turn  exposed  to  the  modifying  in- 
fluence of  natural  selection.  Thus  it  happens  that  the  general 
effect  of  what  has  been  termed  equatorial  pressure  has  an  in- 
calculably wide  and  profound  influence  upon  the  plant  physi- 
ognomy of  any  district.  In  this  analysis  it  will  be  seen  that 
general  answers — partial,  it  is  true,  but  capable  of  extension — 
are  provided  for  some  of  the  questions  propounded  in  the 
opening  pages  of  this  chapter.  Conditions  in  the  Minnesota 
valley  must  be  explained  by  conditions  elsewhere.  This  area 
in  the  line  of  tension  must  be  studied  with  an  eye  directed 
towards  the  dynamic  centers  which  make  it  possible  for  such 
a  line  of  tension  to  exist. 

Secondary  longitudinal  tensions.  Besides  the  general  line 
of  tension  to  which  notice  has  been  directed  there  exist  at  least 
six  other  principal  secondary  longitudinal  tension- lines  in  the 
North  American  continent.  The  influence  of  these  is  felt  but 
slightly  in  the  Minnesota  valley,  in  comparison  with  the 
lateral  line.  The  origin  of  the  six  principal  longitudinal 
tensions  is  to  be  referred  to  the  three  meridianally  extending 
mountain  ranges  that  arise  in  the  eastern,  western-central 
and  western  regions  of  the  continent.  Between  the  Sierras 
and  the  Pacific  coast  occurs  the  western  tension-line;  between 
the  Sierras  and  the  Rockies  what  may  be  termed  the  Sierra 
and  western  Rocky  mountain  tension-lines;  between  the 
Rockies  and  the  Appalachians,  what  may  be  termed  the 
central  and  Appalachian  tension-lines,  and  between  the 
Appalachians  and  the  Atlantic  coast,  the  eastern  tension -line, 
The  origin  of  these  tension-lines  is  precisely  similar  to  that 
of  the  main  continental  tension-line  that  runs  in  a  direction 
generally  east  and  west.  They  arise  from  the  fact  that  the 
alpine  summits  and  elevations  serve  for  southward  extensions 
of  the  northern  group  of  plants,  and  these  nor  them  plants  are 
brought  into  competition  with  the  plants  of  lower  levels  which 
are  crowded  laterally  as  well  as  longitudinally,  and  tend  to 
expand  their  areas  of  distribution  from  meridian  to  meridian 


RELATIONSHIPS   OF   METASPERMA.E.  599 

as  well  as  from  parallel  to  parallel.  As  there  was  before  to 
be  distinguished  a  progressive  movement,  with  attendant  ac- 
celerations and  retardations,  to  higher  latitudes,  so  here  there 
is  a  similar  movement  towards  higher  altitudes,  and  as  fluctua- 
tions arose  before  in  the  rate  of  progression,  so,  too,  similar 
fluctuations  will  here  arise  from  similar  conditions.  In  general 
these  longitudinal  tensions  are  to  be  studied  under  the  laws  of 
the  lateral  tensions. 

So  far  as  concerns  the  Minnesota  valley  the  central  tension - 
line  lies  far  to  the  west  of  it  and  this  fact  will  be  seen  to  have 
an  evident  effect  upon  its  floral  population  when,  in  the  next 
chapter,  more  particular  and  detailed  attention  is  given  to  the 
character  of  that  population.  And  so,  too,  the  Appallachian 
tension- line  lies  far  to  the  east  of  the  valley.  Its  influence  like 
that  of  the  central  tension-line  is  slight.  Indeed  the  influence 
of  these  two  longitudinal  tensions  is  felt  only  indirectly  in  a 
region  so  remote  from  either  as  is  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota. 
Such  indirect  influence  is  however  appreciable,  and  is  apparent 
on  the  one  hand  in  the  presence  of  plants  like  Gollomia  and  on 
the  other  by  the  presence  of  the  different  species  of  Rhus. 

Minor  tensions.  In  an  area,  considerable  in  extent  and 
diversified  in  topography,  as  is  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota, 
there  are  to  be  distinguished  what  I  may  be  permitted  to  term 
minor  tensions t  By  this  there  is  not  meant  the  forest  and 
prairie  delimitation,  for  that  is  to  be  referred  in  large  part  to 
the  principal  lateral  tension,  developed  by  equatorial  pressure. 
The  various  topographical  features  of  the  Minnesota  valley, 
with  its  gorges,  glens,  vales,  meadows,  hills  and  headlands, 
bring  about  slight  but  distinguishable  segregations  of  floral  el- 
ements. Between  meadow  and  bluff  there  exists  a  minor  ten- 
sion-line, between  swale  and  knoll  on  the  prairie,  between  hill 
and  ravine  in  the  forest  there  are  to  be  discovered  such  minor 
tensions.  But  just  as  these  minor  tensions  are  due  to  slight 
differences,  so  too  their  progressions,  accelerations,  retarda- 
tions and  fluctuations  are  so  variable  that  their  very  existence 
becomes  a  matter  principally  of  averages.  Nevertheless  their 
presence  may  be  determined  in  the  field  or  a  priori.  The  influ- 
ence of  these  minor  tensions  on  habitat  is  great,  but  it  is  after 
all  an  influence  transmitted  from  the  more  general  continental 
tension  and  may  as  properly  be  referred  to  the  latter.  Upon 
the  physiognomy  of  the  district  these  minor  tensions  have  a 
conspicuous  effect  and  to  their  presence  may  be  ascribed  much 


600  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

of  the  variety  of  floral  elements  met  with  in  a  morning  walk 
over  any  portion  of  the  basin. 

The  influence  of  these  minor  tensions  is  most  interestingly 
portrayed  in  the  modifications  through  them  of  the  general  lat 
eral  tension  line.  For  example  the  irregular  contour  of  the 
limiting  line  between  the  forest  and  the  prairie  is  due  in  part 
to  the  presence  of  minor  tensions,  either  positive  or  negative, 
along  the  general  line,  and  by  means  of  these  minor  lines  the 
exact  outline  of  the  forest  edge  is,  in  part,  determined.  In  ex- 
plaining the  contour  of  the  forest  line  it  is  apparent  then  that 
we  must  consider  a  number  of  different  forces  acting  both  di- 
rectly and  indirectly,  in  varying  degrees  of 'directness  or  indi- 
rectness. The  more  direct  influence  of  the  relative  humidity, 
elevations,  soil  compositions,  exposure  to  light,  etc  ,  are  accom- 
panied by  those  indirect  influences  which  appear  most  dis- 
tinctly in  the  tensions.  As  in  the  Minnesota  valley  from  New 
Ulrn  to  Montevideo  the  south  bluffs  are  more  densely  wooded 
than  the  north — apparently  because  their  exposure  to  the  de- 
siccating action  of  the  sun's  rays  is  less — so  in  less  extended 
areas  one  may  recognise  the  effects  of  the  minor  tensions  in  de- 
termining the  physiognomy  of  smaller  and  still  smaller  areas. 
This  group  of  tensions  may  then,  for  each  degree,  be  reduced 
to  more  and  more  special  cases,  and  ultimately  appears  in  the 
form  of  mutual  competition  between  adjacent  individuals  of  the 
same,  or  different  species,  or  even  between  differently  situated 
organs  of  the  same  individual.  By  synthesis  of  competitions, 
together  with  progressive  alterations  of  climate,  topography, 
distance  and  the  rest,  the  tensions  may  be  considered  to  arise; 
and  by  analysis  of  the  various  degrees  of  tension  we  come  back 
to  individual  competitions  and  to  more  and  more  definite  geo- 
graphical influences. 

General  division  of  the  world  into  botanical  realms. 
From  the  considerations  given  it  will  be  seen  that  a  yet  more 
general  division  than  that  of  Drude  may  be  proposed.  The 
two  great  realms  are: 

(A.)    The  Central  Realm. 
(B.)    The  Distal  Realm. 

The  valley  of  the  Minnesota  is  upon  ore  of  the  transition  lines 
between  these  two  principal  realms. 

OUTLINES   OF  METASPERMIC    HISTORY   IN   THE   NORTHERN 
HEMISPHERE. 

Emergence  of  metaspermic  forms.  Leaving  aside  the  prob- 
able origin  of  metaspermic  plants  in  point  of  development  from 


RELATIONSHIPS   OF   METASPERMAE.  601 

archetypal  Archegoniatae,  it  is  possible  from  the  evidence  of 
palaeontology  to  calculate  the  general  period  of  their  emer- 
gence. In  rocks  older  than  those  of  the  Lower  Cretaceous  re- 
mains of  metaspermic  plants  are  exceedingly  rare  and  doubtful. 
This  indicates  an  origin  somewhere  in  the  Jurassic  period, 
although  by  some  the  time  of  their  appearance  is  placed  as  far 
back  as  the  Devonian.  During  the  Lower  Cretaceous  several 
highly  developed  monocotyledonous  or  archichlamydeous 
plants  must  have  begun  the  winning  struggle  with  the  less 
highly  organised  ferns,  club-mosses,  cycads  and  conifers  of 
older  geologic  time.  In  the  Potomac  formation  of  the  Atlan- 
tic United  States,  as  studied  by  Fontaine,  several  remains  of 
metaspermic  plants  intermingled  with  those  of  archaic  varieties 
of  ferns  and  cycads  have  been  discovered.  Through  the  Cre- 
taceous period  the  metaspermic  plants  developed  with  rapidity, 
and  in  the  Upper  Cretaceous  had  established  themselves  as  the 
dominant  forms  over  a  considerable  area  of  the  earth.  The 
researches  of  Heer,  Lesquereaux  and  others  in  the  North 
American  continent  have  revealed  the  vestiges  of  an  ancient 
flora,  considerably  diversified  and  of  a  highly  modern  aspect. 
During  the  Cretaceous  period  the  smaller  extent  of  the  North 
American  continent,  its  isolation  and  attendant  division  by  the 
Cretaceous  Mediterranean  which  extended  from  the  present 
boundary  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  through  the  Rocky  mountain 
region  to  Alaska,  may  have  had  much  to  do  with  the  rapid  de- 
velopment of  metaspermic  types.  During  this  time  the  Cali- 
fornian  and  Sierra  region  formed  a  separate  continent,  and  on 
the  other  side  of  the  sea  lay  the  Atlantic  continent,  extending 
south  about  to  the  present  region  of  the  Ohio  river.  Evidently 
during  this  time  and  in  succeeding  ages,  the  climatic  conditions 
varied  greatly  from  those  of  to-day,  for  in  the  Cretaceous  and 
later  Tertiary  rocks  of  Greenland,  Spitzbergen,  Nova  Zembla, 
Point  Barrow,  the  Mackenzie  islands  and  of  other  localities  far 
within  the  Arctic  circle,  there  are  found  the  remains  of  a  flora 
characterised  by  large  leaved  palms,  exogenous  plants  and 
even  cycads,  thus  giving  a  distinctly  tropical  aspect  to  the 
vegetation  of  circumpolar  regions.  This  tropical  character 
persisted  until  comparatively  recent  times,  when  by  the  great 
elevation  of  the  polar  regions  and  by  probable  changes  in 
oceanic  currents  the  conditions  became  those  of  the  glacial 
epoch,  since  which  time  there  has  been  a  moderation  in  the 
temperature  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  but  by  no  means  a 
return  to  the  Tertiary  benignity. 


602  METASPERMAE   OP   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Character  of  the  Cretaceous  flora.  As  has  been  shown  in 
the  preceding  chapter  the  main  gorge  of  the  Minnesota  river 
has,  in  part,  existed  since  the  times  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous, 
and  was  possibly  formed  in  even  an  earlier  geological  epoch. 
The  drainage  might  have  been  and  probably  was  in  the  oppo- 
site direction  at  that  time,  but  from  the  presence  of  Cretace- 
ous deposits  in  eroded  portions  of  the  Shakopee  limestone  we 
know  that  at  least  the  lower  portion  of  the  gorge  was  in  exist- 
ence before  the  formation  of  these  deposits.  At  that  time,  as 
shown  by  the  remains  of  the  Cretaceous  flora  of  the  Minnesota 
valley  which  have  been  collected  by  Lesquereaux  from  the 
Cotton  wood  valley  localities,  the  basin  supported  species  of 
figs,  sequoias,  or  "big  trees, "  pines,  laurels,  magnolias,  persim- 
mons, poplars,  willows  and  others.  Of  the  twenty- eight  spec- 
ies described  by  Lesquereaux  in  his  Cretaceous  Plants  of  Minne- 
sota, two  are  Conifers — one  Sequoia  and  one  Pinus — two  are  meta- 
chlainydeous  and  twenty-four  are  archichlamydeous.  This  is 
too  small  a  collection  to  generalise  from,  but  other  collections 
of  Upper  Cretaceous  plants  throughout  the  region  of  their  oc- 
currence in  North  America  indicate  the  same  general  percent- 
ages, so  much  in  favor  of  supposing  archichlamydeous  plants 
to  have  been  in  a  greater  preponderance  among  the  total  Meta- 
spermsD  than  to-day.  Regarding  the  physiognomic  characters 
of  the  flora  it  has  been  pointed  out  by  Lesquereaux  in  1874 
that  the  indications  are  rather  of  a  low- shore  or  morassic  hab- 
itat than  of  a  distribution  on  drier  hills.  Under  the  law  of 
tensions  we  should  expect  to  find  the  emergence  of  the  newer 
types  upon  just  such  territory,  and  the  more  favorable  land 
would  doubtless  have  been  occupied  by  the  older  types  of 
plants.  This  seems  to  the  writer  the  true  explanation  of  the 
apparent  suddenness  with  which  metaspermic  plants  emerge 
in  the  Cretaceous.  The  geologic  formations  in  which  they  are 
preserved  are  fit  to  preserve  'also  the  coniferous  or  cycadean 
elements,  if  they  were  conspicuously  present.  That  these  are 
less  abundantly  represented  has  generally  been  supposed  to  in- 
dicate a  preponderance  of  metaspermic  elements  in  the  gen- 
eral flora.  The  facts  seem,  however,  to  indicate  quite  the  re- 
verse of  this,  and  properly  interpreted  enable  us  to  form  a  very 
different  picture  of  the  Cretaceous  plant-physiognomy.  Under 
the  law  of  ejection  of  the  weaker  the  sea- shore  would  pre- 
sent a  general  tension-line  and  here  would  be  gathered  in  nar- 
row strips,  but  extending  somewhat  up  the  rivers  and  distrib 
uted  in  the  marshes,  the  newer  and  struggling  Metaspermse. 


RELATIONSHIPS   OP   METASPERMAE.  603 

In  such  a  region  of  high  competition  specific  and  ordinal  char- 
acters would  have  progressively  appeared  and  the  littoral  re 
gions  of  the  Cretaceous  ocean,  both  east  and  west,  would  have 
been  fringed  with  the  more  highly  specialised  types  of  plants . 
But  the  interior  would  more  probably  have  been  occupied  by 
solid  masses  of  coniferous,  fern-like  and  club-moss-like  plants. 
The  general  physiognomy  then  of  Cretaceous  regions  must  have 
been  much  more  distinctly  coniferous  than  that  of  Northern 
Minnesota  at  the  present  time.  The  proximity  of  the  fringe 
of  metaspermic  plants  to  the  beach  or  estuary  formations  in 
which  their  remains  are  preserved  as  imprints  in  the  Cretace- 
ous sandstone  together  with  the  remoteness  of  the  solid  masses 
of  coniferous  plants  from  the  same  formations  is  the  reason  for 
the  preponderance  of  the  former  as  fossils. 

The  Tertiary  flora.  In  Tertiary  times,  however,  the  Meta- 
sperms3  had  gained  much  ground,  although  they  were  probably 
not  so  prevalent  as  they  are  to-day,  nor  had  the  dispersion  of 
the  older  coniferous  flora  reached  such  an  extent  as  under 
modern  conditions.  During  at  least  the  Miocene  period  of  the 
Tertiary  the  temperate  climate  of  the  Arctic  regions  persisted, 
and  during  this  time  a  considerable  mingling  of  plants  took 
place  over  the  northern  hemisphere  so  that  the  influence  was  felt 
by  the  plant-populations  even  to  the  eqnator.  Engler  has  in- 
terestingly discussed  this  Tertiary  migration,  and,  in  his  chart 
illustrative  of  it,  the  principal  lines  are  indicated.  In  the  old 
world  the  movement  extended  to  Arabia  and  Abyssinia,  by  way 
of  -the  central  Asian  route.  At  this  time  the  central  Asian 
region  was  occupied  by  a  large  lake  and  a  chain  of  such  great 
lakes  extended  throughout  a  large  portion  of  the  middle  Mis- 
sissippi valley  in  North  America.  During  this  period  the 
western  and  eastern  portions  of  the  North  American  continent, 
now  connected  by  the  land  area  which  in  great  part  replaced 
the  Mediterranean  ocean  of  the  Cretaceous,  were  affected  by 
immigrations  from  the  northwest  and  the  characters  of  the 
Japanese-Chinese  region  and  the  upper  North  American  were 
doubtless  more  similar  than  they  are  to  day.  For  example  the 
curious  gingko  tree  now  isolated  in  the  Japanese-Chinese 
region  was  distributed  also  over  portions  of  Europe  and  Can- 
ada. This  Tertiary  mingling  had  a  profound  effect  upon  the 
development  of  monocotyledonous  and  archichlamydeous 
types.  In  both  groups  many  arborescent  forms  originated. 
While  to-day  there  is  not  a  single  monocotyledonous  tree  in 
the  region  of  the  Minnesota  valley,  there  were  then,  in  adjacent 


604  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

regions  where  Tertiary  deposits  are  found,  and  quite  certainly 
therefore  in  the  valley,  several  varieties  of  palms.  The  archi- 
chlamydeous  arboreal  types  reached  a  high  degree  of  expan- 
sion and  some  of  the  noblest  trees — such  as  the  tulip-tree 
(Liriodendron  tulipifera),  for  example — which  are  now  of  re- 
stricted North  American  range,  were  then  widely  distributed 
around  the  northern  hemisphere.  This  middle  Tertiary  time 
might  be  called  the  Age  of  Archichlamydece  just  as  the  present 
age,  succeeding  the  glacial  epoch  might  be  termed  very  appro- 
priately the  Age  of  Metachlamydece.  In  North  America  the 
Tertiary  movement  extended  from  the  polar  regions  at  least 
to  southern  California  and  probably  to  Georgia.  Under  the 
competition  and  tensions  of  such  a  wide-spreading  southward 
movement  the  development  of  many  of  our  modern  genera 
took  place  and  even  of  several  of  the  more  common  modern 
*  species  of  Monocotyledones  and  Archichlamydeae.  In  this 
period,  or  more  probably  earlier,  the  newer  types  of  the 
Metachlamydese  with  their  highly  modified  flowers  and  fruits 
began  to  emerge. 

In  a  general  sense  then  the  monocotyledonous  and  archi- 
chlamydeous  plants  of  the  Minnesota  valley  derive  considerable 
explanation  from  the  consideration  of  Tertiary  comminglings 
just  as  do  the  metachlamydeous  forms  from  interglacial  and 
post-glacial  comminglings.  Even  in  Tertiary  times  the 
monocotyledonous  trees  must  have  been  sharply  attacked  by 
the  robustly  developed  archichlamydeous  forms,  but  it  was 
not  until  the  glacial  epoch  that  their  hold  on  the  region  of  the 
Minnesota  valley  was  finally  destroyed. 

The  post-Tertiary  movement.  After  Tertiary  time  the 
elevation  of  the  northern  part  of  the  North  American  conti- 
nent and  of  the  western  part  of  the  European  continent, 
together,  very  probably,  with  the  secular  inclination  of  the 
earth's  axis,  brought  about  the  gradual  glaciation  of  these 
areas.  Not  only  once  did  the  glacier  plow  its  course  south- 
ward in  the  northern  hemisphere,  but  certainly  several  times. 
Two  principal  epochs  of  glaciation  are  recognised  by  Ameri- 
can glacialists — the  earlier  one  in  which  the  terminal  moraines 
reached  as  far  south  as  39°  N.  lat.  and  the  second,  during  which 
the  ice  moved  to  a  much  less  distance  and  piled  up  the  morainic 
area  of  the  lake  region  in  Minnesota  near  lat.  45°  N.  This 
morainic  area  forms  the  northern  boundary  of  the  Minnesota 
valley.  Under  the  rigorous  conditions  of  the  advancing  conti- 
nental ice-sheet  it  was  necessary .  for  plants  either  to  migrate 


RELATIONSHIPS   OF  METASPERMAE.  605 

or  to  perish.  Those  for  any  reason  well-fitted  to  migrate 
were  selected  for  re- establishment  at  successively  lower  lati- 
tudes. Under  the  relentless  overwhelming  of  the  epoch  large 
numbers  of  plants  were  ejected  forever  from  the  Minnesota 
valley,  others  were  so  modified  in  their  movement  south  and 
return  to  the  north  that  they  appear  to  day  in  new  specific 
forms,  while  a  large  number  of  new  forms,  developed  princip- 
ally in  the  group  of  the  Metachlamydeae,  have  been  permitted  to 
gain  a  foot-hold.  The  palms  and  sequoias  have  been  driven 
out  of  all  this  central  North  American  region,  the  palms  to 
maintain  a  precarious  existence  in  tropical  or  insular  regions, 
the  sequoias  to  their  last  stand  in  the  limited  area  of  the 
Sierras,  where  they  still  continue  their  losing  fight  as  the 
remnants  of  an  almost  extinct  race  of  vegetable  giants.  The 
enormous  size  of  the  "big  trees"  of  Calaveras  county,  has, 
however,  one  interesting  word  to  tell  us  of  the  northern  forests 
that  were  once  their  home.  The  very  fact  of  their  spread- 
ing their  leaves  to  the  light  at  a  height  of  300  feet  above  the 
surface  of  the  earth  gives  us  a  hint  of  the  tremendous  extent 
to  which  solidarity  of  the  Tertiary  coniferous  forests  had 
progressed  and  permits  us  to  understand  how  stern  had 
become  the  competition  for  light  in  view  of  which  such  bulk 
was  necessary  for  the  preservation  of  the  species.  Just  as  in 
the  formidable  defensive  armor  of  some  extinct  armadillo  one 
may  read  somewhat  of  its  struggle  with  its  enemies,  so  in  the 
one  hundred  meters  of  solid  trunk  and  in  the  massive  girth  of 
a  living  Sequoia  gigantea  one  may  learn  of  its  struggles  in  the 
ancient  forest  of  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  times,  when  its  allies 
and  competitors  were  alike  more  numerous. 

Of  all  the  plants  which  went  south  before  the  first  invasion 
of  the  glacial  sheet  none  showed  greater  capacity  for  variation 
and  improvement  than  the  ancestral  forms  of  the  modern 
dominant  family  of  the  Compositae.  Such  plants  as,  by  per- 
mitting their  seeds  to  fly  before  the  prevalent  north  winds  or 
to  attach  themselves  to  the  fur  of  migrating  bison,  mastodons 
or  other  animals,  had  achieved  a  lower  latitude  were  of  course 
assisted  upon  their  return  by  the  same  characters.  During 
interglacial  time  they  doubtless  established  themselves  upon 
the  till  of  the  Minnesota  valley  and  underwent  comminglings 
such  as  those  of  to-day.  As  calculated  by  Winchell  from  the 
study  of  abandoned  gorges  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  the  inter- 
glacial  period  was  approximately  9,750  years  in  length  and 
this  period  as  stated  by  the  investigator  named,  would  have 


606  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

sufficed  for  the  development  of  a  characteristic  flora.  Then 
the  second  great  southward  movement  of  the  ice  began,  during, 
and  perhaps  late  in  which,  the  moraine  of  the  Lake  Region  of 
Minnesota  was  deposited  and  the  debris  piled  up  in  the  Leaf 
hills  to  a  level  of  three  hundred  and  fifty  feet  above  the  sur- 
rounding country.  The  length  of  time  that  this  glacier 
persisted  in  its  southern  extension  is  not  known,  but  since  its 
recession  it  has  been  calculated  by  Winchell  from  a  study  of 
the  gorge  of  the  Mississippi  from  St.  Anthony  Falls  to  Fort 
Snelling,  and  of  the  observed  rate  of  recession  of  the  falls, 
that  a  period  of  7,800  years  has  elapsed.  It  is  not  certain  that 
the  proximity  of  the  glacier  even  at  its  intermediate  extension 
of  the  lake- region  moraine  would  have  prevented  a  plant 
population  from  establishing  and  maintaining  itself  in  the 
valley  of  the  Minnesota.  To-day,  in  the  Alps,  one  finds  flowers 
blooming  within  a  few  feet  of  a  glacier,  and  in  Alaska  it  has 
been  observed  that  plants  of  even  a  large  size  may  continue 
their  growth  upon  a  slowly  moving  moraine.  It  is  probable, 
however,  that  the  adjacency  of  so  large  a  body  of  ice,  through 
its  influence  upon  humidity  and  temperature,  had  an  indirect 
influence  upon  the  physiognomy  of  the  Minnesota  plant- 
population. 

Results  of  the  epoch  of  glaciation.  The  results  of  this 
widespread  glaciation  of  the  northern  portion  of  the  North 
American  continent,  in  its  effect  upon  plant-population  in  the 
Minnesota  valley  from  the  time  of  glacial  retreat  to  the  present, 
may  be  classified  under  two  general  categories.  First,  the 
effects  of  the  glaciation  upon  the  soil,  topography  and  climate 
of  the  valley  itself  must  be  noted,  and,  second,  the  effects  of 
the  glaciation  upon  the  plants,  in  so  far  as  concerns  modifica- 
tions of  types  or  novelties  of  distribution  or  habitats,  are  to 
be  distingaished. 

Under  the  first  division  of  the  subject  the  most  important 
result  is  doubtless  the  great  mixing  of  soil-components  so  as 
to  form  the  characteristic  clays,  sands  or  gravels  of  the  till. 
Since  a  large  sheet  of  Cretaceous  deposits  was  torn  from  the 
surface  of  the  older  rocks  by  the  energy  of  the  glacial  advance 
the  subsoils  of  the  till  region  contain  considerable  of  the  Cre- 
taceous elements.  They  are  rather  rich  in  calcareous, 
magnesian  and  silicious  elements.  The  thorough  kneading 
together  of  the  various  constituents  has  produced  a  soil  some- 
what generalised  in  its  chemical  character,  and  this  soil  by 
subsequent  modifications  presents  from  place  to  place  a  wide 


RELATIONSHIPS   OF   METASPERMAE.  607 

variety  of  conditions.  It  becomes,  therefore,  both  a  condition 
and,  to  some  extent,  a  cause  of  the  diversity  of  plant-popula- 
tion. From  the  bare  gneissic  rocks  of  the  Granite  Falls 
district  one  may  find  in  the  valley  all  sorts  of  variations  to  the 
peat-bog  soil  of  the  Mankato  and  Kasota  districts.  Here  sands 
or  gravels  in  various  proportions,  there  clays  of  different 
compositions  or  mixtures  of  sands  and  clays  give  a  great  diver- 
sity to  the  soil-surface  of  the  basin.  As,  through  water  agency, 
the  soil  becomes  more  and  more  analysed  and  segregated  as 
one  leaves  the  general  prairie  level  in  passing  down  some 
channel,  so  in  the  main  gorge  at  different  places  where  different 
kinds  of  selective  action  have  progressed  and  where  the  cumu- 
lative selective  action  of  tributary  streams  is  felt,  may  be 
found  the  maximum  of  variety  in  passing  from  one  area  to 
another.  It  is  possibly  due  in  part  to  this  relative  homogeneity 
of  the  prairie  soils  and  relative  heterogeneity  of  the  bottom- 
land soils  that  the  prairie  itself  supports  relatively  a 
more  homogeneous  plant-population  than  the  bottom- 
lands. The  grasses,  composites,  pulses,  polygalas,  phlox  and 
sedges  of  the  rolling  prairie  constitute  after  all  a  rather  small 
percentage  of  the  total  population  of  the  valley.  To  contribute 
to  this  result  not  only  past  glacial  actions,  but  present,  con- 
tinuous activities  of  rain,  wind  and  temperature  have  played 
their  part.  It  is,  however,  not  incorrect  to  attribute,  in  part, 
the  difference  between  the  upland  and  lowland  characters,  to 
the  glacial  invasion. 

The  topography  of  the  valley  is  evidently  in  great  part  due 
to  the  subsequent  action  of  the  various  forces  of  nature  upon 
the  general  mass  of  till  which  was  deposited  in  a  sheet  averag- 
ing more  than  two  hundred  feet  in  thickness  over  the  older 
surfaces  of  the  basin.  The  original  aspect  of  this  drift -sheet 
was  doubtless  somewhat  undulating  and  under  the  weathering 
and  erosion  of  the  last  7,800  years  it  has  come  to  present  its 
modern  aspect.  The  hills  have  become  rounded,  the  streams 
have  cut  their  gorges  and  deposited  their  silt  in  the  form  of 
alluvium,  the  lakes,  formed  by  the  disturbance  of  the  old 
drainage,  have  sometimes  persisted,  with,  however,  reductions 
of  original  size  in  varying  degree,  and  have  sometimes  disap- 
peared through  the  cutting  and  draining  action  of  their  ontlets 
or  through  the  silting  up  of  their  inlets.  Thus  many  level 
meadows  have  been  formed  and  the  production  of  such 
meadows  from  older  lakes  may  be  seen  going  on  to-day.  In 
this  way,  habitats  are  provided  for  aquatic  plant-immigrants, 


608  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

for  those  that  prefer  the  muddy  or  sandy  shore,  or  for  those 
that  dispose  themselves  in  the  running  water  of  the  outlet  or 
inlet  streams.  And  as  the  topography  has  had  its  influence  upon 
the  distribution  of  the  plant- immigrants  so  they  in  turn  have 
had  their  reciprocal  influence  upon  topography.  By  choking 
the  ponds  with  generation  after  generation  of  individuals  they 
have  hastened  the  disappearance  of  the  water  and  have  then 
themselves  either  generally  disappeared  to  make  room  for 
plants  better  fitted  for  the  drier  condition  or  have  adopted 
more  terrestrial  habits.  And  by  clothing  the  hillsides  or 
shading  the  sides  of  ravines  they  have,  both  directly  by  their 
interposition,  and  indirectly  through  their  influence  upon  rela- 
tive humidity,  modified  the  erosive  activities  of  the  water  or 
the  desiccating  activities  of  the  wind.  As  a  foundation  for  all 
these  complex,  interdependent  phenomena  it  is  clear  that  we 
must  assume  the  original  surface  of  the  till  when  the  valley 
was  abandoned  by  the  ice-sheet  in  its  retreat  towards  the  pole. 
Both  the  general  features  of  the  topography  and  many  of  the 
special  ones  are  therefore  glacial  in  their  proximate  analysis. 
It  must  not  be  forgotten,  however,  that  preglacial  forces  and 
conditions,  by  hollowing  out  the  ancient  gorge  of  the  Minne- 
sota and  by  determining  its  sea-level  at  different  points  are  of 
similar  importance  in  the  final  comprehension  of  the  general 
and  special  topography.  But,  so  far  as  concerns  the  more 
modern  times  it  is  clear  that  a  base-line  for  historic  discussion 
is  very  properly  derived  from  the  period  when  the  glacier 
left  its  mass  of  undulating  till  to  be  worked  upon  by  the  rains, 
sunshine,  winds,  plants,  animals,  rivers,  temperature  of  the 
succeeding  years. 

Under  the  second  division  of  the  subject — the  action  of  the 
glacial  period  and  its  results  as  shown  in  the  modifications  of 
plants — there  is  little  that  need  be  added  in  so  general  a  discus- 
sion. It  has  already  been  shown  how  distribution,  under  con- 
ditions variably  favorable,  will  induce  pressures  and  tensions; 
how  these  tensions  will  themselves  move  from  one  position  to 
another;  how  the  weaker  plants  are  ejected  to  the  periphery  of 
formations  where  they  enjoy  less  favorable  conditions  of  nutri- 
ment, perhaps,  but  more  favorable  conditions  of  competition; 
how  the  tensions  and  competition  are  modified  by  various  direct 
and  indirect  forces,  chemical,  physical  or  biological;  how  in  the 
southward  and  northward  oscillations  of  a  plant-population, 
modifications  of  tensions,  types,  localities,  habitats,  physiology 
would  ensue,  and  how  the  recurrence  of  glacial  epochs  accentu- 


RELATIONSHIPS   OF   METASPERMAE.  609 

ated  the  characters  which  had  begun  to  emerge  under  previous 
glacial  epochs.  It  has  been  shown  how  the  Metachlamydess 
have  been  developed  under  the  movements  of  plant- populations 
attendant  upon  glacial  encroachments.  It  has  been  indicated 
how  such  a  family  as  the  Compositae  have  derived  their  modern 
supremacy  in  the  Middle  North  American  region  from  their 
ability  to  move  quickly  among  the  flying  or  advancing  plant- 
migrants.  It  remains  to  indicate  the  effect  of  resistance,  topo- 
graphical, climatic  and  biological,  to  such  movements.  As  a 
group  of  plants  began  to  move  southward  before  the  glacier 
they  would  find  themselves  opposed  by  rivers,  hills  and  plains. 
Those  at  home  on  the  hill  would  be  interfered  with  by  the  plain, 
and  vice  versa.  Again,  the  climate  would  doubtless  change  from 
latitude  to  latitude,  although  perhaps  the  general  northern  ad- 
vance of  the  ice,  by  modifying  the  climate,  would  assist  the 
south-bound  plants  by  presenting  conditions  progressively 
more  difficult  for  the  south-established  plants  with  which  the 
south-bound  plants  were  forced  into  competition.  .  Lastly,  a. 
constantly  new  group  of  aboriginal  plants,  already  established 
in  southern  regions,  would  oppose  the  entry  of  the  south- bound 
forms  to  their  territory.  Thus  any  characters  whatever  which 
might  contribute  to  the  strength  of  the  species  would  have  been 
selected  for  perpetuation.  Not  only  the  pappus  of  the  dandelion 
flower-fruit  and  the  hooks  of  the  Bidens  achene  would  be  seized 
upon  for  the  protection  of  the  species  from  extinction,  but  the 
shortening  of  the  floral  axis,  the  grouping  of  leaves  to  best 
catch  the  light,  colors  that  might  attract  some  insect  allies, 
height,  the  increase  or  decrease  in  the  size  of  the  seed,  all 
would,  if  advantageous,  be  imprinted  on  the  species,  and  varia- 
tions would  ultimately  arise  sufficient  to  justify  the  grouping 
of  the  modified  plants  in  categories  different  from  those  of  the 
original  plants.  Under  such  stress  it  is  easy  to  see  how  the 
raceme  of  flowers  became  shortened  into  the  disk-like  head, 
how  the  heads  at  first  in  different  planes,  or  racemosely 
arranged,  came  to  be  compacted  into  the  coryraboid  group  of 
inflorescences,  such  as  that  of  Solidago  rigida.  In  every  way, 
the  general  passage  from  indefinitenee  s  to  definiteness,  in 
structure,  form,  physiology,  habitat,  distribution,  would  be  a 
result  of  the  enforced  migrations.  As  factors  in  the  evolution  of 
plants  we  must  admit  that,  for  the  northern  hemisphere  in  par- 
ticular and  for  North  America  most  particularly,  the  ancient 
and  repeated  glaciations  were  of  the  utmost  importance. 

-39 


610  METASPERMAE   OP  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

Condition*  of  the  present.  Clearly  all  of  the  phenomena  of 
the  distribution  of  plants  in  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota  are 
now  discovered  to  be  phenomena  of  evolution.  Does  this  evo- 
lution go  on  before  us?  The  question  scarcely  needs  an  an- 
swer, so  evident  is  it  that  such  forces  as  have  always  been  at 
work  in  the  distribution  of  plants  are  at  work  to-day.  Cer- 
tainly there  is  not  the  advancing  glacier  of  8,000  years  ago, 
but  in  other  ways  the  struggle  is  directed  so  that  pressures 
and  tensions  are  set  up  throughout  the  region  of  our  study. 
The  reechoing  influences  of  the  past,  the  constant  struggle  of 
the  present — these  are  the  two  deeper  factors  of  distribution 
that  demand  our  careful  investigation.  To-day  we  find  this 
struggle  organised  under  the  different  degrees  of  tension  and 
we  observe  constant,  although  slight,  changes  in  the  plant 
population.  The  influence  of  man  is  now  more  important  than 
the  rest  of  the  biological  influences.  Through  his  interposi 
tion  a  large  portion  of  the  prairie  and  bottomland  has  been  put 
under  cultivation.  In  1890  the  basin  contained  327,852  human 
beings,  or  an  average  of  20.5  to  the  square  mile.  The  activity 
of  the  human  population,  by  importing  new  plants  and  estab- 
lishing them,  by  decimating  the  number  of  originally  estab- 
lished individuals  in  some  of  the  species,  by  permitting  a 
group  of  130,  or  more,  alien  plants  to  escape  during  the  last 
forty  years  and  establish  themselves  in  varying  degrees,  has 
had  a  profound  influence  upon  the  plant-physiognomy  of  the 
valley.  Among  the  biological  factors  of  modern  times  the 
activity  of  man  is  conspicuous.  Not  only  directly  has  he  influ- 
enced the  distribution,  but  indirectly  through  the  importation 
of  new  animals,  such  as  sheep,  cattle,  swine,  fowls  or  horses, 
that,  in  turn,  by  their  activities,  have  modified  the  aspect  of 
the  plant-population  He  has  exterminated  many  of  the  wild 
animals,  notably  the  bison,  which  had  a  peculiar  influence 
upon  the  distribution  of  plants,  different  from  that  of  the 
domestic  animals.  He  has  planted  trees,  felled  them,  burned 
the  underbrush,  torn  up  the  prairie  with  the  plow  and  in  a 
hundred  ways  altered  the  adjustments  between  individuals, 
species  and  formations  of  plants  in  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota. 

Summary.  The  distribution  of  plants  in  a  natural  region 
presents  many  problems.  These  are  found  to  be  complex  and 
demand  for  their  solution  a  wide  range  of  collateral  informa- 
tion. Plants  are  found  everywhere  maintaining  dynamic  rela- 
tions with  each  other.  These  relations  have  much  to  do  with 
the  facts  of  their  distribution.  Differences  exist  between  the 


RELATIONSHIPS   OF  METASPERMAE.  611 

different  portions  of  the  earth's  land-surface  in  point  of  vege- 
tation. These  differences  resolve  themselves  into  distance, 
humidity  and  history  differences.  It  happens  then  that  the 
earth  can  be  divided  into  floral  regions.  The  northern  hemis- 
phere is  more  composite  than  the  southern  and  its  several  re- 
gions are  more  affected  by  each  other  than  are  those  of  the 
southern.  The  Minnesota  valley  is  found  to  bear  closer  rela- 
tionship with  certain  portions  of  the  earth  than  with  others. 
The  geological  history  of  the  country  is  needed  for  the  explan- 
ation of  all  these  phenomena.  There  is  a  general  tension  be- 
tween plants  centrally  and  distally  located  on  the  earth's  land 
surface.  More  special  tensions,  between  areas  less  and  less, 
arise  from  this  general  tension  and  contribute  to  the  general 
tension.  The  tension-lines  are  not  constant,  but  variable 
under  a  complicated  series  of  modifying  laws.  By  means  of 
these  tensions,  habitat,  physiology,  evolution,  have  been 
altered  in  their  character.  The  origin  of  metaspermic 
plants  was  probably  in  the  Jurassic.  During  Mesozoic  time 
they  had  a  very  slight  foot-hold  on  the  periphery  of  stronger 
formations.  In  Tertiary  time  they  underwent  various  migra- 
tions and  became  more  strongly  established.  After  Tertiary 
time  the  movements  of  glaciers  had  a  profound  influence  upon 
the  evolution  and  distribution  of  plants.  The  results  of  this 
glacial  period  are  to  be  discovered  in  the  conditions  of  the 
present.  To-day,  under  various  forces,  the  modification  of  the 
flora  still  continues. 


612  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

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Lesquereaux:  Cretaceous  Flora  of  Minnosota,  Fin.  Rep.  Geol.  and 
Nat.  Hixt.  Surv.  Minn.  vol.  Ill,  in  pres«  (1893). 

Fontaine:  Potomac  Flora,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  [Powell]  XV,  pt.  I, 
11(1889). 

Saporta  et  Marion:  Involution  du  Ttegne  V6g<5tal,  vols.  I,  II  (1885). 

A.  Gray:  The  Flora  of  Japan,  Mem.  Am.  Avid.  n.  s.,  V£  (IS5&). 

A.  Gray:  Sequoia  and  its  History,  Proc.  Am.  Assn.  Adv.  Sci.,  vol. 
XXI,  1  (1872). 

A.  Gray:  Forest  Geography  and  Archaeology,  Am.  Jour.  /Set.,  3d  ser., 
XVI,  85.  183(1878). 

Schenck:  Die  Fossilen  Pflanzenreste,  Schenck's  Handb.  d.  Botan.,  vol. 
IV,  p.  1  18W). 

Schiinper  and  Schenck:  Palaeophytologie,  ZitteVs  Handb.  d.  Palae- 
ont.,  Hand  II  (1879-1890). 

Mac  Millan:  Les  Plantes  Europe&nnes  Introduit  dans  la  Valise  du 
Minnesota,  Rev.  Gen.  Botan..  vol.  Ill,  no.  7  (1891'. 

Mac  Millan:  Relative  Altitude  of  the  Rocky  and  Appalachian  Moun- 
tain Systems  as  Influencing  the  Distribution  of  Northern  Plants,  Am. 
Nat.,  vol.  XXV,  p.  1-16-150  1 1891). 

Britton:  General  Distribution  of  North  American  Plants,  Proc.  Am. 
Assn.  Adv.  Sci.,  vol.  XL  (1890). 

Berthoud:  Case  of  Peculiar  Plant  Distribution,  Botan.  Gazette,  XVII, 
321  (1^2). 

Gannett:  Distribution  of  Population  by  Drainage  Basins,  Census  Bull. 
No.  47  «1891). 

Winchell:  An  Approximate  Interglacial  Chronometer,  Am.  Geol.  IX, 
69  1892). 

Winchell:  Distribution  of  Forest  and  Prairie  in  Minnesota,  Fin.  Rep. 
Geol.  and  Nat.  Hixt.  Surv.,  vol.  1,  p.  136  (1884). 

Heer:    Flora  Fossilis  Arcilca  and  Suppls.,  (1861-78). 


STATISTICS  OF  METASPEEMIC  PLANTS  OF  THE 
MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 


Talue  of  statistics.  In  the  following  pages  such  numerical 
data  as  have  seemed  most  necessary  for  an  understanding  of 
the. distributional  characters  and  physiognomic  features  of  the 
Minnesota  valley  Metaspermae  have  been  compiled.  It  is  pro- 
per first  of  all  to  call  attention  to  what  has  well  been  stated  by 
De  Candolle — that  somewhat  too  great  an  air  of  mathematical 
exactness  is  conveyed  even  to  professional  botanists,  by  sta- 
tistics of  such  a  nature.  The  apparent  rigidity  of  the  calcula- 
tions inspires  a  mistaken  notion  of  rigidity  in  the  distribution. 
On  the  contrary,  however,  the  statistics  are  not  truly  indicative 
of  such  mathematical  exactness  of  distribution  as  their  appear- 
ance would  imply;  they  are  to  a  certain  extent  of  the  nature 
of  averages  or  estimates.  There  are  in  their  compilation,  too, 
certain  sources  of  error;  for  example,  in  the  table  which  gives 
the  north,  south,  east  and  west  preponderance  of  species  in  the 
North  American  continent,  the  entry  of  any  species  is  a  matter 
of  judgment  from  published  geographical  lists,  and  either  the 
data  of  the  lists  may  be  incomplete  or  erroneous,  or  the  judg- 
ment may  be  faulty.  In  order  to  correct  such  error  it  has 
been  my  effort  to  compile  the  statistics  from  several  points  of 
view.  Under  such  method  it  is  presumed  that  they  will  mutu- 
all  correct  each  other  and  the  general  results  will  thus  come  to 
be  of  definite  reliability. 

Again,  there  is  the  danger  that  the  personal  equation  of 
error,  indicated  in  mistakes  of  counting  or  calculation,  will  per- 
mit a  degree  of  vitiation  that  were  better  avoided.  Although 
each  group  of  statistics  has  been  carefully  compiled  and  the 
results  checked  in  such  a  way  as  to  guard  the  general  results 
to  what  extent  may  be  possible,  it  will  readily  be  seen  that  a 
single  small  error  would  propagate  itself  unlimitedly,  if  by 
accident  it  should  creep  into  the  preliminary  count. 


614  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

In  the  third  place,  it  must  be  noted  that  the  possible  over- 
sights and  errors  in  collection  of  plants  and  their  subse- 
quent determination,  or  errors  in  compilation  of  herbarium 
data,  or  overlooked  errors  in  printing,  or  the  failure  to  set 
down  each  group  of  data  properly  in  preparing  the  manuscript, 
might  all  influence  the  statistical  results  which  are  about  to  be 
presented.  Together  with  all  these  errors  comes  the  chance 
of  mistake  in  printing  the  statistics  themselves,  by  omissions 
or  by  alterations,  in  going  through  the  press.  It  is  apparent, 
therefore,  that  the  air  of  mathematical  exactness  presented  by 
the  figures  of  a  tabulation  is,  to  some  extent,  deceptive. 

On  the  other  hand,  these  chances  of  error  thus  stated  in 
detail  must  not  be  overestimated.  In  spite  of  them  all  it  is 
quite  probable  that  every  statistical  entry  will  be  sufficiently 
exact  to  serve  as  jbhe  basis  of  a  generalisation  concerning  the 
distribution  of  Metaspermae  in  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota. 
Errors  tend  mutually  to  correct  each  other,  and  under  the  law 
of  averages  the  results  of  a  series  of  calculations  vary  little 
one  way  or  the  other.  If  it  be  discovered,  for  example,  that 
of  all  the  species  indigenous  to  the  region  studied,  55.6  per 
cent,  are  of  distinctively  northern  range,  in  North  America, 
while  76.1  per  cent,  are  distinctively  southern  in  their  range 
there  is  absolutely  no  question  that  the  Minnesota  valley  Meta 
spermae  are  distinctively  southern  rather  than  northern  in  their 
distributional  characters. 

Thus  it  happens  that  the  preparation  of  statistical  tables  is 
of  real  value  in  so  far  as  they  serve  to  group  together  facts 
that  may  be  used  for  generalisation.  The  percentages  them- 
selves may  be  somewhat  inexact,  but  the  ratios  between  differ- 
ent percentages  and  the  general  comparative  result  will  hardly 
be  affected  by  the  minor  errors. 

Point  of  view  of  statistical  compilations.  The  compiler 
has  brought  together  such  statistics  regarding  families,  gen- 
era and  species  as  have  seemed  to  him  fitted  best  to  indicate 
the  distributional  and  physiognomic  characters  of  the  meta- 
spermic  population  of  the  Minnesota  valley.  Unfortunately 
there  are  not  lists  of  plants  of  other  drainage-basins  in  North 
America  with  which  comparisons  would  be  instructive.  Such 
comparative  statistics  are  therefore  omitted  and  an  effort  has 
been  made  rather  to  determine  characters  by  an  analytic  pro- 
cess than  synthetically  to  bring  together  results  of  comparison 
between  the  Minnesota  valley  and  other  districts.  The  inade- 
quacy, from  a  scientific  point  of  view,  of  comparing  the  Min- 


STATISTICS   OF  METASPERMAE.  615 

nesota  valley  population  with  that  of  such  a  commonwealth  as 
Nebraska,  of  which  careful  floras  have  been  compiled,  has 
already  been  intimated  in  the  introductory  chapter  of  this 
work.  A  political  district  can  not  have  any  distinct  meaning 
in  a  plant-distributional  inquiry.  So,  too,  a  comparison  be- 
tween the  species  of  the  Minnesota  valley  and  those  of  the 
Atlantic  United  States,  as  compiled  in  Watson  and  Coulter's 
edition  of  the  Gray's  Manual,  or  between  the  valley  species  and 
those  of  the  southern  states,  as  compiled  in  Chapman's  Flora 
of  the  Southern  States,  would  be  of  doubtful  value  and  nothing  of 
the  sort  has  been  attempted.  The  idea  has  been,  as  stated,  to 
analyse  the  plant- population  with  a  view  of  discovering  the 
preponderance- ratios  of  various  distributional  and  physio- 
gnomic elements. 

Points  of  statistical  investigation.  In  a  relatively  circum- 
scribed area,  specific  forms — and  with  these  I  have  always 
included  varietal  forms  as  of  the  same  implication — are  more 
valuable  than  generic,  and  generic  characters  more  important 
than  family  or  ordinal  characters.  Being  more  limited  and 
more  definite,  they  are  at  the  same  time  more  easily  handled 
with  approximate  exactness  and  more  instructive  than  charac- 
ters of  a  greater  generality.  The  principal  compilations  for 
the  North  American  continent  comparisons  are  of  specific 
ranges  and  characteristics.  But  in  determining  the  relation- 
ship of  the  Minnesota  valley  Metaspermso  to  the  Metaspermas 
of  the  whole  northern  hemisphere,  and  of  the  world,  the  gen- 
eric or  family  characters  come  into  play  as  the  more  convenient 
and  more  exact  for  purposes  of  comparison.  The  general  po- 
sition of  the  Minnesota  valley  in  the  plant-population  regions 
of  the  earth  is  first  examined  from  the  statistics  of  families. 
Next,  the  position  of  the  Minnesota  valley  as  an  area  of  the 
northern  hemisphere  is  determined,  principally  from  the  sta- 
tistics of  genera,  although  to  some  extent,  also,  from  species. 
Last,  the  position  of  the  Minnesota  valley  in  the  North  Amer- 
ican continent  is  determined  principally  from  the  statistics  of 
species,  although  to  some  extent  also,  from  genera.  For  the 
larger  regions  the  larger  categories  are  us^d  as  indications  of 
comparative  population.  So  far  as  concerns  the  deter  mina 
tion  of  physiognomic  characters  only  specific  forms  have  been 
tabulated,  for  it  is  to  species  and  not  to  genera  that  the  plant- 
physiognomy  of  any  region  is  to  be  referred 


616 


METASPERMAE  OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 


I.   EXAMINATION  OF  FAMILIES  REPRESENTED  IN  THE 
MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

The  total  number  of  families  represented  by  the  metasper- 
mic  plart-population  of  the  Minnesota  valley  is  106.  Accord- 
ing t3  Engler  and  Prantl,  the  total  number  of  mefcaspermic 
families  in  the  world  is  222.  Thus  48.0  per  cent,  of  all  the 
families  in  the  world  are  represented  within  the  region  of 
our  study.  Of  the  106  families,  21  are  Monocotyledones,  60 
are  Archichlamydeae,  and  25  are  Metachlamydeae.  The  total 
number  of  monocotyledonous  families  is  43,  of  Archichlamydeae, 
131,  and  of  Metachlamydeae,  48.  Thus  there  are  in  the  Min- 
nesota valley,  48.8  per  cent,  of  all  monocotyledonous  families, 
45.7  per  cent,  of  all  archichlamydeous  and  52.0  per  cent,  of  all 
metachlamydeous  families.  Of  all  families  in  the  valley,  19.8 
percent,  are  Monocotyledones,  56.6  percent,  are  Archichla- 
mydeae and  23. 5  per  cent,  are  Metachlamydeae.  These  facts 
are  condensed  into  the  following  table: 


1.  Statistics  of  Families. 

No.  in 
valley. 

Per  cent,  of 
all  in  valley. 

Valley  per  cent, 
of  each. 

Monocotyledones  

21 
60 
25 

19.8 
56.6 
23.5 

48.8 
45.7 
52.0 

Archichlamydeae  

Metachlamydeae  

Total  in  valley  

106 

100.0 

48.0 

Not  all  of  these  families  are  equally  distributed  over  the 
world.  Some  are  much  more  limited  in  their  range  than 
others.  An  examination  of  the  general  range  of  the  106 
families  represented  in  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota  shows  that 
they  may  be  divided,  according  to  their  range  into,  six  groups 
as  follows: 

A.  Cosmopolitan  families. 

B.  Extratropical  families. 

C.  Tropical  and  subtropical  families. 

D.  Northern  extratropical  families. 

E.  Western  Hemisphere  families. 

F.  North  American  families. 


STATISTICS   OP   METASPERMAE.  617 

It  will  be  necessary  to  observe  one  or  two  points  in  this 
division.  In  the  firsfc  place  it  must  be  recognised  that  not  all 
of  the  families  in  any  of  these  groups  are  of  equivalent  distri- 
bution. In  Group  A,  for  example,  have  been  included  such 
families  as  are  represented  in  both  tropical  and  extratropical 
regions  of  both  eastern  and  western  hemispheres.  A  family 
of  which  the  range  answered  to  such  a  description  might  nev- 
ertheless be  very  much  more  limited  in  its  distribution  than 
one  which  might  be  found  in  almost  every  continent  or  island 
— as,  for  illustration,  the  Juncacece.  The  groups  are  therefore 
intended  to  be  and  are  somewhat  elastic.  Again,  it  is  some- 
times thought  advisable  to  include  the  same  family  in  two,  or 
even  three  groups,  in  order  to  give  the  proper  notion  of  its 
range.  For  example,  the  Sarraceniacece  includes  three  genera, 
Sarracenia,  Chrysamphora  and  Heliamphora.  The  first  two  are 
limited  to  North  America,  one  being  Atlantic,  the  other  Pacific. 
The  third  is  found  in  British  Guiana.  Under  these  conditions 
of  North  American  preponderance  it  seems  proper  to  enter  the 
Sarraceniacece  as  North  American.  But  since  a  genus  is  devel- 
oped in  South  America  it  seems  proper,  too,  to  enrol  the  fam- 
ily among  the  Western  Hemisphere  forms.  Third,  it  will  be 
noticed  that  Cosmopolitan  families  belong  also  to  the  next  five 
divisions;  Extratropical  families  include  also  the  Northern 
extratropical.  North  American  families  are  included  in  the 
Western  Hemisphere  group.  Evidently,  then,  the  general 
intent  of  the  classification  into  groups  is  to  give  not  total 
range,  but  distinctive  range.  We  see,  then,  how  the  Juglandacece 
may  be  classed  as  Northern  Extratropical,  while  the  Saxifraga- 
cece,  being  represented  also  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  are 
more  properly  placed  under  the  wide  group  of  Extratropical 
families. 

The  following  table  will  indicate  the  distinctive  range  of 
Minnesota  valley  families: 


618  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

A.    Table  Illustrating  the  Distinctive  Range  of* 


COSMOPOLITAN. 


EXTRATROPICAL. 


TROPICAL  AND 
SUBTROPICAL. 


Typhaceae. 


Potamogetonaceae. 
Najadaceae 


Alismaceae 

Hydrocharitaceae 

Gramineae 

Cyperaceae 


Lemnaceae 


Pontederiaceae 

Juncaceae  

Liliaceae 


•Iridaceae — 
Orchidaceae 


Sparganiaceae 
Juncagineae.  . 


Dioscoreaceae . 


Aroideae. 


Xyridaceae 

Eriocaulaceae. . 
Commelinaceae 


Amaryllidaceae. 
Orchidaceae  . . 


Myricaceae. 
Salicaceae. . 


Betulaceae. 


Santalaceae 

Aristolochiaceae.. 
Polygonaoeae  . . . . 
Cheuopodiaceae . 
Amarantaceae — 


Portulacaceae — 
Caryophyllaceae  . 
Nymphaeaceae. . . 
Cera  tophy  llaceae. 
Ranunculaceae.. . 


Urticaceae 


Moraceae. 


Phytolaccaceae 
Nyctaginaceae. 


Cruci  ferae  . , 
Drcseraceae , 


Papaveraceae 


Menispermaceae 
Papaveraceae.... 


Capparidaceae 


Rosaceae 

Legurninosae 


Linaceae. 


Polygalaceae. . . 
Euphorbiaceae 


Crassulaceae . , 
Saxifragaceae. 


Geraniaceae. 
Oxalidaceae. 


Rutaceae. 


Crassulaceae, 


Oxalidaceae. 


STATISTICS   OF  METASPERMAE. 

Families  Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Yalley. 


619 


NORTHERN 
EXTRATROPICAL. 

WESTERN  HEMISPHERE 

NORTH  AMERICAN. 

* 

Pontederiaceae  

Dioscoreaceae  

Juglandaceae  

Betulaceae  

Fagaceae  

Ulinaceae  

Nyctaginaceae.  .  .  . 

Berberidaceae  

Berberidaceae  

Papaveraceae  

Sarraceniaceae 

Sarraceniaceae 

Crassulaceae  

620  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

A.     Table  Illustrating  the  Distinctive  Bange  of  Fam- 


COSMOPOLITAN. 

EXTRATROPICAL. 

TROPICAL    AND 
SUBTROPICAL. 

Stellar!  aceae 

Anacardiaceae 

Celastraceae  

Aquifoliaceae  

Stapbyleaceae  

Balsami  naceae  

Rhani  naceae 

Hhamnaceae 

Vitaceae  

Tiliaceae  

Malvaceae  

"Violaceae  

Cactaceae  

Thymelaeaceae  

Ly  thraceae  

Oenotheraceae 

Halorrhagidaceae  

Araliaceae  

Araliaceae 

Cornaceae  

Ericaceae  

Ericaceae  

Oleacoae  

Oleaceae  ... 

A  pocy  naceae  

Asclepiadaceae  

Convolvulaceae  

Borraginaceae  

Verbenaceae 

Labiatae  

Solanaceae         .      ... 

Scrophulariaceae  

Lentibulariaceae  

Orobanchaceae  

Plantaginaceae  

Rubiaceae  

Rubiaceae  

Capri  foliaceae 

Valerianaceae  

Cucurbitaceae        .  .  . 

Campanulaceae  

Compositae  

STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  621 

ilies  Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Tall^y. — Continued. 


NORTHERN 
EXT  K  A  TROPICAL. 

WESTERN  HEMISPHERE 

NORTH  AMERICAN. 

Cistaceae 

Cactaceae                .... 

Elaeagnaceae 

Lythraceae  . 

Umbelli  ferae. 

Pirolaceae  

Primulaoeae  

Polerooniaceae    ...  . 

. 

Hyclrophyllaceae  

Hydrophyllaceae  

Caprifoliaceae  

Adoxaceaa  

622 


METASPERMAE   OF   rlliE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


From  the  facts  of  distribution  compiled  above  it  is  possible 
to  present  the  following  numerical  statistics. 


2.    Statistics  of  Families.—  Numerical. 

•d 

1 

1 

'O 

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i 

PI 
8 

o 

—   . 

o 

2 

i  a 

3 

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a 

d 

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2* 

^  ® 

25  2* 

S5  fl' 

6 

6 

65 

•_o 

d  w 

.r4 

0  P. 

.S 

di 

^ 

2 

fc 

fc 

fe 

Monocotyledones..  

43 

21 

13 

3 

6 

2 

o 

o 

ArchlchlamydeaB  

131 

60 

29 

14 

13 

5 

13 

1 

Metachlaroj  deJB 

48 

25 

13 

1 

g 

2 

4 

1 

Totals 

222 

106 

55 

18 

28 

9 

17 

2 

The  significance  of  the  above  figures  will  not  be  fully  appre- 
hended unless  the  various  percentages  are  kept  in  mind.  To 
put  these  before  the  eye  in  a  separate  table  will  perhaps  be 
useful.  In  the  following  tabulation  the  relation  of  the  various 
range  elements  to  the  taxonomic  groups  and  the  analysis  of 
each  taxonomic  group  according  to  range  are  presented.  Such 
a  table  indicates  more  exactly  than  the  one  previously  con- 
structed just  what  influence  may  be  credited  to  the  different 
taxonomic  groups  in  the  general  distribution  of  the  families. 


3.    Statistics  of  Families.—  Percentages. 

i* 

M 

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N 

03 

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ft 

9-4 

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25 

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Monocotyledones    

23  6 

16.6 

21  4 

22  2 

0  0 

0  0 

61.9 

14  2 

23  ft 

9  5 

0  0 

0  0 

Archichlamydeae  

52.7 

77.7 

46.4 

55.5 

50.0 

48.3 

23.3 

21.6 

8.3 

21.6 

1.8 

Metachlaniy  dese  . 

23.6     5.5 

32.1 

22.2 

23.5 

50.0 

52  0 

4.0 

36.0 

8.0 

16.0 

4.0 

Examination  of  thfe  two  tabulations  preceding  will  serve  to 
indicate  the  principal  characters,  by  families,  of  the  meta- 
spermic  population  of  the  Minnesota  valley.  Of  the  106 
families,  55  are  of  cosmopolitan  range,  90  are  extratropical,  83 
tropical.  Of  the  90  extratropical  families,  55  are  also  in  the 
tropics,  while  of  the  83  tropical,  55  are  also  in  the  extratrop- 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  623 

ical  regions.  Of  the  90  extratropical,  18  are  extratropical  in 
both  northern  and  southern  hemispheres,  while  17  are  extra- 
tropical  only  in  the  northern  hemisphere.  The  character  of 
the  families  represented  in  the  valley  may  then  be  summed  up 
as  generally  extratropical,  modified  by  tropical.  The  families 
indicate  that  the  Minnesota  valley  is  first  of  all  an  extratrop- 
ical region.  For  their  number,  the  Metachlamydeae  contri- 
bute the  most  of  the  distinctively  tropical  modification,  and  the 
Archichlamydeae  the  least.  For  their  number,  the  Monocoty- 
ledones  contribute  the  most  of  the  distinctively  cosmopolitan 
element  and  the  least  of  the  endemic.  For  their  number  the 
Archichlamydeae  contribute  the  most  of  the  distinctively  extra- 
tropical  modification.  These  facts  are  in  unison  with  the 
notion  that  the  Metachlamydeae,  as  a  group,  are  the  most 
recent,  and  the  Mortocotyledones,  as  a  group,  the  most  ancient. 
The  Monocotyledones  having  had  a  longer  time  of  development 
have  become  more  widely  scattered  and  their  families  are 
therefore  more  generally  cosmopolitan.  Of  the  total  monoco- 
tyledonous  families  in  the  valley  61.9  per  cent,  are  of  cosmo- 
politan range,  while  only  48. 3  per  cent,  of  the  archichlamy- 
deous  families  are  of  such  range.  Thus  in  the  distribution  of 
its  families  we  find  the  Minnesota  valley  adds  to  the  evidence 
already  derived  from  other  sources — that  the  Metachlamydeae 
are  comparatively  recent  and  the  Monocotyledones  compar- 
atively early  in  their  respective  emergences. 

The  archichlamydeous  families  are  par  excellence  the  extra- 
tropical  families.  Of  all  distinctively  extratropical  families 
represented  in  the  valley  they  form  the  large  percentage  of 
77. 7 — the  largest  percentage  in  the  table.  And  of  the  northern 
extratropical  they  form  76.4  per  cent.  For  their  number,  too, 
they  are  equally  conspicuous  as  distinctively  extratropical.  In 
the  three  great  taxonomic  divisions,  then,  we  find  three  marked 
distributional  characters  peculiar  to  the  families.  The  older 
group  of  the  Monocotyledones  is  distinguished  for  the  cosmo- 
politan range  of  its  families;  the  younger  group  of  the  Archi- 
chlamydeae is  distinguished  for  the  extratropical  range  of  its 
families,  while  the  youngest  group,  the  Metachlamydeae,  is 
characterised  by  its  tropical  and  subtropical  range.  The  meta- 
chlamydeous  plants,  then,  of  the  Minnesota  valley  belong  to 
families,  in  general  more  centrally  than  distally  located  on  the 
surface  of  the  earth;  the  archichlamydeous  plants  belong  to 
families,  in  general  more  distally  than  centrally  located,  and 
the  monocotyledonous  plants  belong  to  families,  in  general 


624 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY 


widely  dispersed  over  both  distal  and  central  regions.  Mono- 
cotyledones  and  Metachlamydeae,  therefore,  characterise  the 
central  family-element  of  the  Minnesota  valley,  and  Monoco- 
tyledonesand  Archichlamydeae  the  distal  family-element  of  the 
valley.  This  seems  to  be  the  most  useful  generalisation  that 
can  be  made  from  the  statistics  of  families. 

II.      EXAMINATION   OF  GENERA    REPRESENTED   IN  THE 
MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

The  total  number  of  genera  represented  in  the  valley  of  the 
Minnesota  is  407.  Of  these  105  or  25.8  per  cent,  are  monoco- 
tyledonous;  174  or  42.7 per  cent,  are  archichlamydeous;  and  128 
or  81.2  per  cent,  are  metachlamydeous.  The  following  table 
presents  these  points  in  a  condensed  form. 


4.    Representation  of  Genera. 

No.  of  gen. 

P^rct.  ofall 
gen.  in  val. 

Average    no.    of 
gen.  per  family. 

Monocotyledones  

105 
174 

128 

25.8 
42.7 
31.2 

5.00 
2.90 
5.12 

Archichlamydeae 

Metachlamydeae 

Total  no.  of  genera  .  . 

407 



Gen.  average  no. 
per  family,  3.84. 

1*.    Table  Illustrating  the  Distinctive  Range  of 


COSMOPOLITAN. 

EXTRATROPICAL. 

TROPICAL  AND 
SUBTROPICAL. 

Tvpha  .  . 

Potamogeton  

Zanictiellia  

Najas  

Triglochin        

Alisma  

Sagiitaria  

"Vallisneria      

A  nd  ropogon  

Panicum  

Cenchrus  

Ilomalocenchrus 

Phalaris 

HierochloS  

Stioa.. 

STATISTICS   OF  METASPERMAE. 


625 


It  is  possible  also  to  pursue  a  line  of  investigation  in  regard 
to  these  407  genera  precisely  similar  to  that  which  was  followed 
out  for  the  106  families  that  are  represented  in  the  valley  of 
the  Minnesota.  As  before,  in  order  to  analyse  the  general 
ranges,  we  may  group  the  genera  under  the  same  six  divisions 
that  were  established  for  the  families,  namely: 

A.  Cosmopolitan  genera. 

B.  Extratropical  genera. 

0.  Tropical  and  subtropical  genera. 

D.  Northern  extratropical  genera. 

E.  Western  Hemisphere  genera. 

F.  North  American  genera. 

The  grouping  of  the  genera  Under  these  heads  is  with  the 
same  reservations  as  in  the  case  of  the  families.  As  before,  it 
may  be  necessary  to  enter  the  same  genus  under  more  than  one 
head .  The  number  of  species  developed  in  any  genus  is  con- 
sidered to  furnish  the  best  index  of  its  relative  preponderance 
in  one  locality  rather  than  another.  Where,  then,  the  species 
are  particularly  numerous  in  extratropical  regions  and  fewer 
in  tropical  regions,  the  genus  is  in  general  set  down  as  extra- 
tropical,  and  similarly  in  the  other  cases.  To  indicate  the 
distinctive  range  of  the  genera  represented  in  the  Minnesota 
valley  is  the  purpose  of  the  following  table: 


Genera  Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Valley. 


NORTHERN 
EXTRATROPICAL. 

WESTERN  HEMISPHERE. 

NORTH   AMERICA. 

Sparganium  

Scheuchzeria  

Elodea     

Zlzania 

Homalocenchrus  

«     ......     , 

:.::::: 

-40 


626  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

B.    Table  Illustrating  the  Distinctive  Range  of 


COSMOPOLITAN. 

EXTBATROPICAL. 

TROPICAL  AND 
SUBTROPICAL. 

Oryzopsis  

Agrostis  

Agrostis  

Deyeuxia  

Deschampsia          

Eragrostis  

Eragrostis  

Poa  

Festuca         .  .  „  

Festtica                

Bromus     

Bromus                 

Asrropvrum  .  . 

Hordeum  

0 

Hystrix  

Hemicarpha  

Cv  Denis.  . 

Scirpus  

Heleocharis    

Iria  

Mariscus  

Scleria  

Carex  

LrlMIKl    

Grantia  

Xyris  

Eriocaulon  

Heteranthera  

Juncus  

Cyperella  

STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  627 

Genera  Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Valley.— Continued. 


NORTHERN 
EXTR  ATROPIC  AL . 


WESTERN  HEMISPHERE. 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


Alopecurus 
Cinna. . 


Muhlenbergia 


Sporobolus 


Brachyelytrum. 


Ammophila 


Beckmanaia 


Bouteloua , 


Schedonnardus. 


Bulbilis. 


Eatonia. 


Scolpchloa... 
Panicularia 


Eriophoruin, 


Dulichium 


Heleocharis. 


Acorus  — 
Spathyema. 

Calla 

Arisaema . . 


Xyris 


Tradescantia 
Pontederia  . . 


Tofleldia. 


Veratrum 


Zigadenus... 
Melanthium 


628  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

B.    Table  Illustrating  the  Distinctive  Range  of 


COSMOPOLITAN. 


EXTRATROPICAL. 


TROPICAL  AND 
SUBTROPICAL. 


Cypripedilum 


Smilax 

H  ypoxis 

Dioscorea. .». . 

Iris 

Sisyrinchium 


Habenaria.. 
Pogonia — 


Habenaria 


Gyrostachys. . 


Leptorchis. 


Achroanthes. 


Salix.. 
Myrica 


Quercus 
Celtis.  . 


Alnus. 


Aristolochia. 


Urtica 


Parietaria 


Laportea. 
Adicea... 
Ramium . 


Polygonum  ... 
Chenopodium 


Rumex. 


Sal  sol  a 


Froelichia  . . 
Amaranthus 


STATISTICS   OP  METASPERMAE  629 

Genera  Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Yalley. — Continued. 


NORTHEUN 
EXTRATROPICAL. 

WESTERN  HEMISPHERE 

NORTH  AMERICA. 

Uvularia  

Allium                       

Lilium              

Erythronium 

Camassia 

Clintonia            

TJni  folium 

Polygon  a  turn 

Medcola 

Trillium 

Iris 

Sisyrinchium  

Orchis 

Arethusa  .  .  .  t  

Peramium                 

Achroanthes                 .   . 

Corallorhiza  .               ... 

Cathea  .           

A  plectrum        

Juglans        

Scoria  

Populus  

Carpinus  

Ostrya  

Corylus  

Betula 

Ulmus 

Morus 

Humulus  . 

Adicea  

Comandra  

Asarum  

Rumex  

I  :::::::::::::;:  

Corispermum  .   ... 

Acnide 

Froelichia  

630  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

B.    Table  Illustrating  the  Distinctive  Range  of 


COSMOPOLITAN. 

EXTRATROPICAL. 

TROPICAL  AND 
SUBTROPICAL. 

Phytolacca  

Talinum 

Portuluca  

Silene                     

Stellularia  

Nelumbo  

Brasenia 

Leuconymphaea  

Caltha  

Anemone  

Clematis  

Ranunculus  

Thalictrum  

Neckeria 

Lepidium  

Sisymbrium.        

Nasturtium  

Cardamine  

Draba  

Arabis  

Cleome 

Jacksonia 

Drosera  

STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  631 

Genera  Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Yalley. — Continued. 


NORTHERN 
EXTRATROPICAL,. 


WESTERN  HEMISPHERE 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


Claytonia . . 


Mirabilis 
Talinum. 


Cerastium.. 
Moehringia 


Anychia 


Nymphaea. 
Hydrastis . . 


Isopyrum... . 

Actaea  

Aquilegia... 
Delphinium. 


Oxygraphis. 


Podophyllum  . 

Leontice 

Menispermum 


Capnorchis. 
Neckeria  . 


Sanguinaria  . 
Theiy  podium. 


Barbaroa 


Le&querella 


Arabis 

Erysimum.. 


Sarracenia. 


Penthorum 
Saxifraga  . . 
Tiarella. . 


Mitella 

Chrysosplenium. 

Parnassia 

Opulaster 

Spiraea 

Pirus 

Amelanchier  . . . 
Crataegus 


Heuchera 


Mitella. 


632  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

B.    Table  Illustrating  the  Distinctive  Range  of 


COSMOPOLITAN. 

EXTBATROPICAL. 

TROPICAL    AND 
SUBTROPICAL. 

Fragaria        

Rosa  

Agrimonia  

Cerasus  

Acuania  

Cassia                    

Dalea  

Cracca  

Astragalus  

Yicia-            

Lathyrus  

Phaseolus                 

Geranium 

Linum  .       

Zanthoxylum  

Polygala 

Ricinocarpus  

Euphorbia 

Euphorbia  

Stellaria  

Rhus  

Evonymus  

Celastrus 

Ilex 

Acer  

Impatiens  

Vitis 

Malva 

Hibiscus              

Hypericum  

Viola 

STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  633 

Genera  Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Yalley. — Continued. 


NORTHERN 
EXTRATROPICAL. 

WESTERN   HEMISPHERE 

NORTH    AMERICA. 

Fragaria  

Potentilla 

Greuni 

Rosa 

Cerasus 

Prunus  ...         .         . 

Acuania 

Gymnocladus  ... 

Dalea  

Kuhuistera  

Astragalus  

Amorpha  

Spiesia  

Apios  

Falcata  

Baptisia 

Ptelea 

• 

Evonymus  

Staphylea  

Acer  

Ceanothus 

Rhamnus  

Parthenocissus  

Tilia  

Napaea  

Helianthemum  

Hudsonia 

Opuntia.  . 

OpuDtia  .. 

634  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

B.    Table  Illustrating  the  Distinctive  Range  of 


COSMOPOLITAN. 

EXTBATROPICAL. 

.    TROPICAL  AND 
SUBTROPICAL. 

Elaeagnus  .        

Lythrum  

Isnardia  

Epilobium  

Oenothera  

Hippuris          

Aralia  

Sanicula  

Eryngium  

A  ngelica  

Pimpinella  

Cicuta 

Slum  ... 

Myrrhis  

Corous  

Pirola         

Vaccinium  

* 

StciroDema            

Centunculus  

Fraxinus  

Nymphodes  

Gentiana  

Asclepias  

Volvulus  

Cuscuta  

IPolemonium           . 

STATISTICS   OP   METASPERMAE.  635 

Genera  Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Valley.— Continued. 


NORTHERN 
EXTRATROPICAL. 

WESTERN   HEMISPHERE 

NORTH   AMERICA. 

• 

Dirca  

Leptargyraia  

Gaura    ... 

Circaea  

Oenothera 

Aralia 

Polytaenia  

Tiedemannia  

Thaspium    

Zizia  

Cicuta  

Deeringia  

Pseva  

Pirola  

Monotropa  

Lednm  

Andromeda  

Lyonia  

Chiogenes  

Oxy  coccus  

Arctostaphylos 

»• 

Aretia  

Lysimachia  

Steironema 

TrientaJis  

• 

Menyanthes  

Apocynum  

Phlox 

Collomia 

Macrocalyx     

Hydrophyllum  

Phacelia  

ODosmodium 

Lithospermum.  . 

636  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

B.    Table  Illustrating  the  Distinctive  Kange  of 


COSMOPOLITAN. 

EXTRATROPICAL 

TROPICAL    AND 
SUBTROPICAL  . 

Cynocrlossum 

Teucrium  

Brunella. 

Scutellaria          

Stachys  

Physalis                 .   . 

Solanum  



Mimulus 

Gratiola  

Veronica      .   .          .   . 

Utricularia  

Plantago  

. 

Galium  

Lonicera  

Sambucus 

Viburnum  

Valeriana  

Lobelia  

Vernonia  .   

Eupatorium  

STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  637 

-Genera  Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Talley. — Continued. 


NORTHERN 
EXTRATROPICAL. 

WESTERN  HEMISPHERE 

NORTH  AMERICA. 

"VprVlpna 

Verbena,                    .  .  . 

Isanthus  

Lycopus  .            

Koellia  

Hedeoma  

Monarda  

"Vleckia 

Physo.stegia  

Chelone  

Penstemon  

Synthyris  

Gerard  ia  

Melaropyrurn   

Aphyllon    . 

Houstonia  

Symphoricarpos 

Triosteurn  

Micrampelis  

Kuhnia 

Laciniaria.. 

638  METASPEKMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

B.    Table  Illustrating  the  Distinctive  Range  of 


COSMOPOLITAN. 

EXTRATROPICAL. 

TROPICAL  AND 
SUBTROPICAL. 

Boltonia  

Anaphalis  

AdeuocauloD  

Ambrosia        

Xanthium  

Bidens  

Erechthites 

Artemisia/  . 

Senecio     ....      

Lactuca  

Taraxacum  

„ 

Crepis    

The  facts  of  distribution  compiled  in  the  foregoing  tabulation 
will  be  better  apprehended  if  presented  separately,  by  groups, 
and  such  separation  and  grouping  of  the  statistics  is  indicated 
in  the  following  six  tables.  I  have  named  the  group  of  genera 
for  which  a  distinctive  range  has  been  determined  a  "generic 
element."  The  six  generic  elements  of  the  preceding  tabulation 
are  now  considered  in  succession.  The  numerical  statistics 
and  the  two  groups  of  percentage  statistics  are  displayed  side 
by  side.  The  tables,  then,  show  the  number  which  each  tax- 
onomic  group  furnishes  to  the  generic  element,  the  percentage 
that  this  number  is  of  the  whole  generic  element  and  the  per- 
centage of  the  taxonomic  group  that  may  be  considered  as  be- 
longing to  each  generic  element.  These  generic  elements  may 


STATISTICS   OF  METASPERMAE.  639 

Genera  Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Yaliey. — Continued. 


NORTHERN 
EXTRATROPICAL. 

WESTERN  HEMISPHERE 

NORTH  AMERICA. 

Grindelia  .... 

Diplcgon  

Solidago  

Haplopappus  

Boltonia   

Anaphalis  

Polymnia  

Silphium  

Parthenium  

Parthenium  . 

Cyclachaena  

Heliopsis  

Rudbeckia  

Helianthus  

Helenium  

Gaillardia  

Dyssodia.  ....   

Achillea  

Taraxacum  

Nothocalais 

Agoseris  

Adopogon 

Lygodesmia 

Prenanthes  

Crepis  

Hieracium.. 

be  examined  in  the  same  order  that  was  adopted  in  the  general 
tabulation. 


5.    The  Cosmopolitan  Generic  Element. 

No.  of 
genera. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
Cosmopolitan. 

Cosmopolitan 
per  cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyledones 

34 
42 
31 

31.7 
39.2 
29.1 

32.3 
24.0 
24.2 

Archichlamydeae     

Metachlaraydeae  

Total  Cosmopolitan  

107 
26.4 

Gosmop.  per  cent  of  all  genera 

640 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


From  the  table  above  it  appears  that  the  cosmopolitan  gen- 
era of  the  Monocotyledones,  form  a  larger  percentage  of  the 
total  Monocotyledones  than  do  the  cosmopolitan  genera  of  the 
other  two  taxonomic  groups.  Passing  to  the  extratropical 
genera,  we  find  results  similarly  in  line  with  those  determined 
from  the  families. 


6.    The  Extratropical  Generic  Element. 

No.  of 
genera. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
Extratropical. 

Extratropical 
percent,  of  each. 

Monocotyledones    

16 
30 
15 

26.0 
49.1 
24.5 

15.2 
17.1 
11.7 

Archichlatnydeae          .... 

Metachlamydeae  .  .  .       

Total  Extratropical  
Extratrop.  perct.  of  all  genera 

61 
15.1 

Here  it  is  to  be  noted  that  the  extratropical  percentage  of 
the  Archichlamydeae  exceeds  the  same  percentage  in  the 
other  taxonomic  groups.  Continuing  with  the  tropical  and 
subtropical  element,  the  next  table  may  be  examined: 


7.    The  Tropical  and  Subtropical  Generic  Element. 

No.  of 
genera. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
Tropical  and 
Subtropical. 

Tropical  and 
Subtropical  per 
cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyledones  

16 
25 
9 

32.0 
50.0 
18.0 

15.2 

14.8 
7.0 

A  rchichlamydese. 

MetachlamydeaB  

Total  Tropical  and  Subtrop 

Tropical  and  Subtropical  per 
cent,  of  all  genera  

50 
12.4 

An  interesting  variation  from  the  results  of  family-examina- 
tion is  apparent  in  the  table  above.  In  the  central  realm  ele- 
ment the  monocotyledonous  influence  is  more  distinct  by 
genera  than  is  the  metachlamydeous.  By  families,  it  will  be 


STATISTICS   OP   METASPERMAE. 


641 


recollected,  the  reverse  was  the  case.  In  the  northern  extra  - 
tropical  generic  element  the  parallelism  is  resumed  as  appears 
in  the  next  table. 


8.    Northern  Extratropical  Generic  Element. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
Northern     E  x- 
tratropical. 

Northern     Ex- 
tratropical   per 
cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyledones              .   .  . 

28 
67 
39 

20.9 
50.0 
29.1 

26.6 
38.2 
30.4 

Archichlamydeae      

Metachlamydeae            

Total  North'n  Extratropical 
Northern    Extratropical   per 

134 
33.1 

In  the  above  the  Archichlamydeae  appear  once  more  as 
distinctly  extratropical,  both  numerically  and  by  percentage. 

The  next  tables  indicate  in  a  most  convincing  manner  the 
juniority  of  the  Metachlamydeae.  Both  of  these  tables  are  in 
line  with  the  tabulations  of  families  which  precede  and  those 
of  species  which  are  to  follow. 


9.    Western  Hemisphere  Generic  Element. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
Western 
Hemisphere. 

Western 
Hemisphere 
per  cent,  of  each. 

9 
7 
16 

28.1 
21.9 
50.0 

85 
4.0 
12.5 

Archichlamydeae  

Metachlamydeae 

Total  Western  Hemisphere 

Western  Hemisphere  per  ct.. 
of  all  genera  

32 

7.9 

From  the  above  the  weak  position  of  the  Archichlamydeae 
and  the   strong  position  of  the  Metachlamydeae  as  furnishing 
sub-endemic  genera  is  very  apparent.      Of  the  total  group  of 
-41 


642 


METASPERMAE   OF    THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


metachlamydeous  genera  12.5  per  cent,  are  limited  in  their 
range  to  the  western  hemisphere.  This  percentage  does  not 
include,  however,  the  results  of  the  succeeding  table,  for  in 
every  case  distinctive  not  total  range,  is  given.  This  was 
explained  above  for  the  families.  The  last  table  of  the  series 
follows : 


10.    North  American  Generic  Element. 

Per    cent,     of     all 
North  American. 

North    American 
per  cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyledones 

14 
23 

27 

21.9 
35.9 
43.2 

13.3 
13.1 
13.2 

Archichlamydeae  .  . 
Metachlamydeae  
Total  North  American 

"North  American    per 
cent,  of  all  genera..  .  . 

64 
15.8 

*• 

The  figures  of  the  last  table  indicate  two  facts  concerning 
distribution,  both  of  which  are  important.  By  the  slight  varia- 
tion in  the  last  column  from  the  mean  of  13. 2  per  cent,  it  will 
be  seen  that,  so  far  as  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota  and  its  Meta- 
spermae  can  be  placed  in  evidence,  there  is  about  an  equal 
tendency  in  each  of  the  three  taxonomic  groups  to  develop 
endemic  genera.  The  last  column  of  figures  serves  to  strengthen 
our  belief  that  the  Metachlamydeae  are  the  youngest  of  the 
three  groups,  for  while  the  opportunity  for  developing  endemic 
genera  is  no  better  in  this  group  than  in  the  other  two,  we  find 
upon  examining  the  figures  of  the  second  column  that  the 
Metachlamydeae  include  by  far  the  larger  per  cent,  of  the  en- 
demic genera.  The  apparent  explanation  of  this  fact  by  the 
diiferent  length  of  time  that  has  sufficed  for  distribution  in  and 
out  of  the  continent,  in  the  case  of  the  three  groups  of  un- 
equal age,  is  even  more  clearly  developed  by  the  evident  inad- 
missibility  of  attributing  this  difference  of  range  to  any  in- 
herent quality  of  the  groups  in  question. 

An  examination  of  the  genera  may  also  be  conducted  to  de- 
termine the  North  American  development  of  each.  In  the  next 
table  the  genera  are  classified  as  northern,  southern,  eastern 
and  western.  Some  explanation  of  this  grouping  may  be 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE. 


643 


necessary.  Preponderance  of  species  in  one  of  the  regions 
over  the  opposite  region  is  taken  as  the  index  of  range. 
The  95th  meridian  W.  of  Greenwich  is  adopted  as  the  line  di- 
viding the  eastern  from  the  western  half  of  the  continent,  and 
the  45th  parallel  of  N.  latitude  as  the  line  dividing  the  north- 
ern from  the  southern  region.  If  then  in  a  given  genus  a  greater 
number  of  species  occur  north  and  east  of  the  dividing  lines 
than  south  and  west,  such  a  genus  is  entered  as  northern  and 
eastern,  in  the  table.  No  attempt  at  hairsplitting  distinctions 
has  been  made,  and  genera  developed  pretty  evenly  in  all  parts 
of  the  continent  are  entered  in  each  of  the  four  groups.  Very 
commonly  a  genus  will  be  entered  in  three  groups.  The  groups 
of  three  which  are  most  common  are  the  north- east- west,  the 
south-east-west  and  north-south-east  groups.  It  is  believed 
that  by  such  a  comparatively  elastic  method  of  entry  more  ac- 
curate results  will  be  obtained  than  if  one  were  to  attempt  for 
each  genus  to  strike  such  a  demarcation  line  that  it  could  fall 
into  but  two  groups.  Again,  in  the  case  of  genera  either 
monotypic  or  with  very  few  species,  the  numerical  test  must  be 
abandoned.  t  In  its  place  is  adopted  the  specific  range  and  the 
comparative  frequency  of  individuals  on  different  sides  of  the 
demarcation  lines.  From  these  considerations  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  north-south-east-west  group  of  genera  is  of  the  most 
generally  distributed  genera  while  the  south-east  or  north-east 
group  and  others  of  similar  construction  are  the  least  gener- 
ally developed  in  the  North  American  continent.  Large  de- 
velopment of  range  may  however,  and  often  does,  exist  to- 
gether with  small  development  of  species,  or  vice  versa.  With 
so  much  of  emphasis  upon  the  elasticity  of  grouping  the  table 
may  be  presented. 

C.    Table  Illustrating  Continental  Development  of  Genera 
Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Talley. 


NORTHERN. 

SOUTHERN. 

EASTERN. 

WESTERN. 

Typha 

Typh 
Tynha.. 

aceae. 
Tvnha 

Tvnha 

tipar^anium        

Sparga 

niaceae. 
Sparganium            . 

Potamogeton  

Potamog 

ctonaceae. 
Potamogeton          .. 

Zanichellia 

Zanichellia 

Zanichellia 

Zanichellia 

Naja 
Najas 

daceae. 
Najas 

Tri^lochin  

Junca 

gineae. 
Trifle-chin. 

Triglochin 

Scheuchzeria  

Scheuchzeria  

Scheuchzeria 

Alisma  

Alism 

aceae. 

Alisma. 

Sagittaria... 

Sagittaria... 

644 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 


C.    Table  Illustrating  Continental  Development  of  Genera 
Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Yalley. — Continued. 


NORTHERN. 

SOUTHERN. 

EASTERN. 

WESTERN. 

Elodea                   .  ..  . 

Hydrocl 

aritaceae. 
Elodea  

Elodea  

Vallisneria  .... 

Vallisneria      

Gram 
Andropo^on  

ineae. 
And  ropogon  

Panicum  

Cenchrus        

Cenchrus  

Zizania  

Zizania  

Homalocenchrus.  .. 
Phalaris 

Homalocenchrus  

Phalaris  

Phalaris. 

Hierochloe  

Hierochloe  

Hierochloe  

Arist'da  .        .  . 

Aristida  

Stipa  .          

Stipa  

Oryzopsis  . 

Muhlenbergia  

Muhlenbergia  

Brachyelytrum 

Brachyelytrum  

Brachyelytrum  

Alopecurus  . 

Sporobolus  

Sporobolus  

Cinna 

Cinna 

Agrostis.. 

Agrostis  

Deyeuxia 

Deyeuxia  . 

Ammophila  

A  mmophila  

Deschampsia 

Deschampsia. 

Avena    .  ..       

Avena  

Danthonia     

Dantbonia  

Spartina  
Schedonnardus.  .  .  . 

Spartina. 

Schedonnardus  

Bouteloua  
Beckmannia  

Boutelona  

Beckmannia           .  . 

Beckmannia 

Bulbilis  

Bulbilis  

Phragmites           

Phragmites  

Phragmites  

Phragmites 

EraTOstis. 

Erngrostis 

Eatonia  

Eatonia  

Koelerla 

Koeleria 

Koeleria 

Poa  .".  

Poa  

Poa    

Scolochloa  .. 

Pcolochloa 

Panicularia    

Panicularia  

Festuca. 

Festuca  . 

Bromus  

AeroDvrum. 

Agropyrum., 

Hordeum 

Hordeum 

Hystrix  

Hystrix  

Cyper 
Hemicarpha. 

aceae. 
Hemicarpha 

Hemicarpha 

Dulichium  

Dulichium  

Cyperus.. 

Oyperus.. 

Eriophorum  

Scirpus  .. 

Scirpus     .     ... 

Heleocharis  

Heleocharis  

Iria               

Iria 

Mariscus  
Rhyncospora. 

Mariscus 

Mariscus 

Rhyncospora    

Scleria 

Scleria 

Carex 

Carex 

Acorus  . 

Arot 

deae. 
Acorus 

Spathyenia  

Spathyema  ..  .  . 

Calla..              .  . 

Calla 

Arisaema  

Arismaea  

Lemn 

aceae. 
Lemna 

Lemna 

Grantia 

Grantia  .              .... 

Xyrid 
Xyris   ... 

aceae. 
Xyris  

Eriocau 
E  riocaulon  

laceae. 
Eriocaulon  

Commel 
Tradoscantia 

inaceae. 
Tradescantia 

Pontcde 
Pontederia 

riaceae. 
Pontederia 

Juncus  .. 

Junca 

ceae. 

Juncus. 

Cyperella... 

Cyperella... 

Cyperella... 

STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE. 


645 


C.    Table  Illustrating  Continental  Development  of  Genera 
Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Yallev. — Continued. 


NORTHERN. 

SOUTHERN. 

EASTERN. 

WESTERN. 

Lilia 
Tofieldia  

ceae. 
Tofleldia  

ZiCTadenus 

^igadenus 

Melanthium 

Melanthium  

Veratrum 

Veratrum   .  . 

Uvularia  

Uvularia  

Allium 

Allium.     . 

Lilium  

Erythronium 

Camassia 

Camassia 

Olintonia 

Clintonia  

Clintonia  . 

Unifolium 

Unifolium 

Polygonatum 

Polygonatum     

Medeola 

Medeola 

Trillium  

Trillium  

Sruilax 

Srnilax 

Amaryll 
Hypoxis  

idaceae. 
Hypoxis  

Dioscor 
Dioscorea  . 

eaceae. 
Dioscorea  . 

Iris  

Irida 
Iris  

ceae. 
Iris  

Iris  

Sisyrinchium..  . 

Sisyrinchium   .    . 

Oypripedilum      

Orchid 

aceae. 
Cypripediliim  

Orchis 

Orchis  . 

Habenaria  

Habenaria  

Po^onia  . 

Pogonia  . 

Aretliusa      

Arethusa  

Gyrostach  y  s  . 

Gy  rost  achy  s 

Peramium  

Peramium  

Achroanthes  • 

Achroanthes 

Achroanthes 

Leptorchis     

Leptorchis  

Leptorchis  

Corallorhiza 

Corallorhiza 

Cathea  

Cathea  

Aplectrum 

A  plectrum 

Aplectrum 

Juglan 
Jnglans 

daceae. 
Julians 

Scoria  

Scoria  

Myric 
Myrica  
Salic 

aceae. 
Myrica.  

Populus  

aceae. 
Populus  

Safix   . 

Salix 

Betul 
Carpinus. 

aceae. 
Carpinus    

Ostrya 

Ostrya 

Ostrya 

Corylus  

Corylus  

Bet  u  la 

Betula.. 

Alnus  

Alnus 

Faya 
Quercus  .... 

ceae. 

Quercus   . 



Ulma 
Ulmus    .  . 

ceae. 
Dlmus   

Celtis    • 

Celtis 

Celtis                     .  . 

Celtis 

Mora 
Morus 

ceae. 
Morus           .        .... 

Humulus  

Humulus  

Humulus  

Urtic 
Urtica  

aceae. 

Urtica  

Laportea.. 

Laportea  ...     . 

Adicea  

Adicea  

K;nn  i  u  in 

Gamium      .  .        ... 

Parietaria 

Parietaria 

Parietaria  

Comandra 

Santa 

laceae. 
Comandra               . 

Arisiolo 
Asarum. 

chiaceae. 
Asarum.             

Asarum. 

Aristolochia  
Polygo 
Rumex 

naceae. 

Rumex 

Poly  gonum  

Poly  gonum  

Chenopodium  

Chenop 

odiaceae. 

Chenopodium  

Cori!«permum  

Corispermum.. 

Saisola... 

Salsola  

646 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


C.    Table  Illustrating  Continental  Development  of  Genera 
Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Yalley. — Continued. 


NORTHERN. 

SOUTHERN. 

EASTERN. 

WESTERN. 

Amara 
Acnide               

ntaceae. 
Acnide  

Froelichia  

Froelichia.  

Amaranthus..  .  ...... 

Amaranthus  . 

Phytola 
Phytolacca  
Nyctagi 
Mirabilis  
Portul 
Talinum              .  .. 

ccaceae. 
Phytolacca  

naceae. 
Mirabilis  

acaeae. 

Talinum 

Claytonia 

Portulaca 

Portulaca   

Si  1cm  • 

Caryop 

hyllaceae. 

Silene 

Stellularia      

Stellularia  
Cerastium 

Anychia  

Anychia  

Nymph 
Nelumbo  

aeaceae. 
Nelumbo  

Brasenia   

Brasenia  

Leuconymphaea  — 

Leuconymphaea..  .. 

Nymphaea     

N  y  mphaea  

Ceratop 
Oeratophyllu  m  
Ranunc 

hyllaceae. 
Ceratophyllum  .... 
ulaceae. 
Hydrastis 

Ceratophyllum  

Hydrastis 

Caltha                    

Caltha  

Caltha  ,  

Actaea  

Actaea  

Actaea 

Aquilegia 

Delphlnum  

Delphinum         < 

Anemone 

Anemone 

Clematis  

Clematis  

Oxygraphis   

Oxygraphis 

Ranunculus  

Ranunculus. 

Thalictrum  

Thalictruin    

Berber 
Podophyllum    

idaceae. 
Podophyllum  

Leontice.  . 

Leontice. 

Menispermum    ...  . 

Menispe 

rmaceae. 
Menispernum 

Sanguinnria  

Papav 

eraceae. 
Sanguinaria.        .... 

Capnorchis 

Neckeria  

Neckeria 

Cruci 
Thelypodium  

ferae. 

Thelyoodium.. 

Lepidium           .   . 

Sisymbrium  

Sisymbrium 

Barbarea  

Barbarea 

Barbarea 

Nasturtium  . 

Nasturtium 

Cardamine  

Cardamine  . 

Lesquerella            . 

Draba  

Draba. 

Arabis  

Arabis 

Erysimum  

Erysimum  
Cleome  

Cappar 
Cleome  

idaceae. 

Jackson]  a  

Jacksonia 

Sarrace 
Sarracenla 

niaceae. 

Droser 
Drosera 

aceae. 
Drosera 

Crassu 
Penthorum.  .. 

laceaf. 
Penthorum 

Saxlfraga  

Saxifra 

gaceae. 

Saxifraga 

Tiarella  

Tiarella 

Mitella  

Mitella    . 

Heuchera  

Heuchera              . 

Chrysosplenlum  

Chrysosplenium 

Bibes  

Kibes  

STATISTICS   OF   META  SPERM  AE. 


647 


0.    Table  Illustrating  Continental  Development  of  Genera 
Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Valley. — Continued. 


NORTHERN. 

SOUTHERN. 

EASTERN. 

WESTERN. 

Rosa 

ceae. 
Opulaster 

Opulaster 

Spiraea 

Spiraea  ..        

Spiraea  

Pirus 

Pirus 

Amelanchier 

Amelanchier  

Crataecrus 

Crataegus  . 

Rubus 

Rubus  

Fragaria 

Potentilla 

Potentilla  

Geum 

Geum 

Asrimonia  

Agrimonia 

Rosa 

Rosa  . 

Prunus  

Cerasus  
Legum 
Acuania  . 

Prunus 

Cerasus 

inosae. 

Acuania  

Cassia  

Gyninocladus  . 

Cassia 

Gyninocladus 

Lupin  us  

Lupin  us  

Lotus  . 

Lotus  .  ... 

Psoralea  

Psoralea  

Dalea 

Dalea 

Kuhnistera 

Kuhnistera 

A  morpha 

Amorpha 

Cracca  

Cracca  

Astragalus 

Astragalus 

Spiesia    

Spiesia.  ...      

Glycyrrhiza 

Glycyrrhiza 

Pleurolobus  

Pleurolobus  . 

Lespedeza 

Lespedeza 

Vicia  

Vicia 

Lathyrus 

Lathyrus  

Apios  

Aoios 

Phaseolus  . 

Hhaseolus 

Falcata  

Falcata 

Baptisia  . 

R»nti>sia. 

Gerani  aceae. 
Geranium 

Geranium  . 

Oxalid  aceae 
Oxalis                             Oxalis 

Una  ceae. 
Linuni  . 

Linuni  . 

Ruta 
Zanthoxylum  
Ptelea 

ceae, 
Zanthoxylum 

Ptelea,  .  .' 

Polyga  laceae. 

Poly  gala                                  Pnlucynln. 

Euphor 
Ricinocarpus  
Euphorbia 

maceae. 
Ricinocarpus 

Euphorbia 

Stellar 
Stellaria 

iaceae. 

Stellaria  

Anacar  diaceae. 
Rhus        .                        Rhns 

Celast 
Evonyncius  

raceae. 

Evonymus  .. 

Celastrus 

Cfiln.sitrniS 

Celastrus 

A<juifo  liaceae. 
Ilex.                              li«v 

Staphy 
Staphylea  
Acer  a 

leaceae. 
Staphylea  . 

Staphylea 

Acer  

ceae. 

Ap.pr 

Balsam  inaceae. 
Impatiens  .      .              Inipatiens. 

Rham  naceae. 
Ceanothus.        .         1 

Ceanothus. 

Rharnnus.     .   .   . 

"RVinmnnej 

Rhamnus  

Vita 
Parthenocissus  
Vitis  

ceae. 
Parthenocissus 

Vitis  

Tilia 
Tilia  

Malv 
Malva 

ceae. 
Tilia 

iceae. 

Napaea  . 

Napaea 

Hibiscus  .. 

Hibiscus... 

648 


METASPERMAE   OF  T.1IE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


C.    Table  Illustrating  Continental  Development  of  Genera 
Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Yalley. — Continued. 


NORTHERN. 

SODTHERN. 

EASTERN. 

WESTERN. 

Cista 
Helianthemum  

ceae. 
Helianthemum  

Hudsonia  

Hyper 
Hypericum  

icaceae. 
Hypericum    

Viola 

Viol 

aceae. 
Viola  

Cact 
Opuntia  

aceae. 

Opuntia 

Thymel 
Dirca  

aeaceae. 
Dirca  

Dirca 

ElaeaQ 
Leptargyraia  .      ... 

naceoe. 
Leptar^yraia 

Leptargyraia  
Elabagnus. 

Elaeagnus. 

Lythr 
Ly  thrum  

aceae. 
Ly  thrum  

Oenothe 
I«nardia  

raceae. 
Isnardia  

Gaura 

Epilobium 

Circaea 

Oircaea       

Oenothera. 

Oenothera 

Hippuris 

Halorrha 

Qidaceae. 
Hippuris 

My  riophy  Hum  
Arah 
Aralia  

Myriophyllum  ...  . 

aceae. 
Aralia  

Saiiicula 

Umbell 

iferae. 

Sanicula 

Eryngium      

Eryngium*          

Polytaeiiia 

Polytaenia 

Heracleum         

Heracleum  
Peucedanum 

Peucedanurn 

Peucedanum. 

Tiedernannia  

Tiedemannia. 

Angelica  . 

Angelica 

Tbaspium  

Thaspium  

Zizia 

Zizia 

Pimpinella 

Cicuta          

Cicuta  . 

Cicuta 

Slum 

Sium 

Deerlngia  

Deeringia  . 

Myrrhi* 

Myrrhis 

Cornus  

Corn 

aceae. 
Cornus                      . 

Pseva  

Pirol 

aceae. 
Pseva 

Plrola. 

Pirola 

Pirola 

Monotropa  

Monotropa  

Ledum  

#ric 

aceae. 
Ledum 

Andromeda  

Andromeda 

Andromeda  . 

Lyonia  

Lyonia. 

Ghiogenes  

Chiogcnes 

Arotostaphylos  .  .  .  

Arctostaphylos  

Oxycoccus  

Oxycocous 

Vaccinlum  

Androsace  

Primu 

laceae. 

Androsace 

Lysimachia 

Steironema  
Trientalis 

Steironema  • 

Trientalis 

Trientalis 

Centunculus 

Centunculus 

Olea 
Fraxinus 

ceae. 

Menyanthes  

Oentia 

naceae. 

Menyanthes 

Nymphodes  

Genllana  

Gentiana 

Apocyn 
Apocynum 

aceae. 

Asclepia 
Asclepias 

daceae. 

Convolv 
Volvulus  
Ouscuta... 

ulaceae. 
Volvulus  
Cuscuta  .. 



STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE. 


649 


€.    Table  Illustrating  Continental  Development  of  Genera 
Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Yalley.—  Continued. 


NORTHEBN. 

SOUTHERN. 

EASTERN. 

WESTERN. 

Polemon 
Phlox  

iaceae. 
Phlox  

Collomia 

Collomia  .. 

Polemonium 

Hydroph 
Macrocalyx 

yllaceae. 

Macrocalyx  

Hydrophyllum  .  .  . 
Phacelia 

Hydrophyllum 

Phacelia  . 

Borrati 
Onosmodium 

inaceae. 
Onosmodium  

Lithospermum  

Lithospermum 

Myosotis 

Cynoglossum 

Verbe 
Leptostacb  y  a 

naceae. 
Leptostachya 

Verbena 

Verbena  

Teucrium  

Labi 

atae. 
Te  ucrium  

Teucrium  

Isanthus 

Jsanthus  . 

Mentha  

Mentha  

Mentha  

Lycopus 

Lycopus  . 

Koellia     .  .. 

Koellia  

Acinos 

Acinos 

Hedeoma 

Monarda 

Monarda 

Vleckia 

Vleckia 

Dracocephalum 

Dracocephalum  — 

Physostegia 

Physoste^ia 

Brunella           

"Brunella 

Brunella  
Scutellaria 

Brunella 

Scutellaria 

Staohys 

Stachys  . 

Solan 
Physalis    .  . 

aceae. 

Physalis.  . 

Solanum 

Solanum 

Scrophularia 

Scrophul 

ariaceae. 

Scrophularia 

Chelone 

Chelone          

Penstemon  . 

Penstemon 

Miraulus 

Mimulus  

Gratiola 

Gratiola  . 

Ilysanthes  

Ilysanthes  

Veronica 

Veronica 

Synthyris   

Synthyris  

G  era  rd  i  a 

Gerardia 

Castilleja  

Castilleja  
Pedicularis 

Pedicularis 

Melampyrum  

Melampyrum  

Monniera 

Monniera 

Lentibul 
U  tricularla 

ariaceae. 
Utricularia    

Aphyllon  

Orobanc 

haceae. 

Aphyllon  

Plantag 
Plantago  . 

inaceae. 
Plantago  
ceae. 

Plantago  

Rubia 

Houstonia 

Galium  . 

Galium          

Galium  

Linnaea  

Caprifo 

liaceae. 
Linnaea  

Linnaea  

Sy  mphoricarpos  . 

Symphoricarpos  

Lonicera  

Diervilla 

Diervilla 

Triosteum 

Triosteum 

Sairfbucus  

Sambucus  

Viburnum 

Viburnum 

Adoxa 

Adoxa 

ceae. 

Adoxa  .... 

Valeria 
Valeriana  

naceae. 
Valeriana  . 

Valerianella  . 

Valerianella 

Cucurb 
Sicyos 

itaceae. 
Sicyos          ..  . 

Micram  pell"* 

Campanula 

Campan 

ulaceae. 

Campanula 

Lobelia... 

Lobelia... 

650 


METASPERMAE   OP  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


C.    Table  Illustrating  Continental  Development  of  Genera 
Represented  in  the  Minnesota  Yalley. — Continued. 


NORTHERN. 

8OCTHERN. 

EASTERN  . 

WESTERN. 

Comp 
Vernonia 

ositae. 
Vernonia  .  ... 

Eupatorium  
Kunnia        

K  1  1  h  n  i  ;i  

Laciniaria  .. 
Grindelia  

Laciniaria 

Grindelia  

Diplogon  
Solidago  

Diplogon. 

Solidago  

Haplopappus.  .  .  . 

Haplopappus  . 

Boltonia 

Boltonia 

Aster  

Aster     

Erigeron 

Erigeron.  . 

A  n  t  rn  n;i  ria    

Antennaria  .  .     . 

Anaphalis 

Anaphalis 

Aoaphalis  , 

Gnaphalium 

Adenocaulon  .. 

Adenocaulon..  

Polymnia 

Polymnia 

Silphium  

Silphium  

Partheniu.ro 

Parthenium 

Oyclachaena  

Cyclachaena  

Ainbrosia 

Ambrosia. 

Xanthium  

Xanthium,  

Xanthium,  

Heliopsis  

Heliopsis..     . 

Rudbeckia 

Rudbeckia 

Helianthus  

Helianthus.  . 

Coreopsis 

Coreopsis 

Bidens 

Bidens 

Heleniuni    .. 

Helenium 

Gaillardia 

Gaillardia 

Dyssodia  

Dyssodia 

Achillea  

Achillea 

Erechthites  

Erechthites 

Artemisia  

Artemisia 

Senecio 

Cnicus  

Cnicus 

Lactuca        .. 

Taraxacum 

Taraxacum 

Nothocalais 

Nothocalais 

Agoseris  

Agoseris 

Adopogon.. 

Adopo^on 

Lygodesmia  

Lygodesmia  

Prenanthe-s. 

Prenanthes 

Grepis  

Crepis.            

Hieracium  

Hieracium 

Prom  the  preceding  table,  statistics  may  be  compiled  as  from 
the  table  of  general  generic  range.  Four  range -elements  may 
be  discovered  in  the  genera  of  the  Minnesota  valley  and  the 
mutual  relations  of  these  range-elements  to  the  taxonomic 
groups  may  be  determined,  as  before,  by  percentages.  The 
four  range -elements  are  as  follows: 

A.  The  Northern  generic  element. 

B.  The  Southern  generic  element. 

C.  The  Eastern  generic  element.' 

D.  The  Western  generic  element. 

Each  of  these  may  be  examined  in  turn 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE. 


651 


11.    The  Northern  Generic  Element. 

No.  of 
genera. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
Northern. 

Northern  per 
cent,  of  each. 

Mooocotyledones  

50 
67 
46 

30.6 
41.6 

28.2 

47.6 
37.9 
35.9 

Archichlamydeae  

Metachlamydeae  

Total  Northern  

163 
39.9 

Northern  per  cent  of 
all  genera  

In  the  above  the  47.6  per  cent,  of  monocotyledonous  genera 
that  range  north  rather  than  south  is  interestingly  in  excess  of 
the  37.9  per  cent,  of  Archichlamydeae  and  the  35.9  per  cent,  of 
Metachlamydeae.  In  the  following  table  the  preponderant 
southern  ranges  of  the  two  higher  groups  of  Metaspermae  is 
indicated. 


12.    The  Southern  Generic  Element. 

*No.  of 
genera. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
Southern. 

Southern  per 
cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyledones  

62 
111 

81 

24.3 
43.3 
31.8 

59.0 
63.4 
63.2 

Archichlamydeae  ..   . 

Metachlamydeae  

Total  Southern  

254 
62.2 

South'n  per  cent,  of  ail  genera 

The  excess  of  southern  over  northern  ranges  is  observed 
from  both  tables,  preceding.  The  differences  are  greatest  for 
the  Metachlamydeae,  between  35.9  percent,  and  63.2  percent., 
and  least  for  the  Monocotyledones,  between  47.6  per  cent,  and 
59.0  per  cent.,  respectively.  This  result  is  quite  in  keeping 
with  the  results  previously  obtained  and  indicates  the  greater 
cosmopolitan  character  of  the  Monocotyledones.  Passing  to 
the  other  two  tables  of  this  group  we  note  the  relation  between 
eastern  and  western  genera. 


652 


METASPERMAE   OP   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


13.    The  Eastern  Generic  Element. 

No.  of 
genera. 

Percent  of  all 
Eastern. 

Eastern  per  ct. 
of  each. 

IVlonocotyledones 

85 
107 

78 

31.4 
39.6 

28.9 

80.9 
61.1 
60.9 

Archichlaroydeae 

Metachiamydeae  

Total  Eastern              .   • 

270 
66.1 

Eastern  per  cent,  of  all  genera 

The  third  column  of  the  table  above  furnishes  the  largest 
percentage  figure  of  any  of  the  tables.  The  80.9  per  cent,  of 
eastern- ranging  monocotyledonous  genera  indicates  sufficiently 
the  eastern  preponderance  of  this  taxonomic  group,  as  repre- 
sented in  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota.  The  lower  percentage 
of  the  Metachlamydeae  will  be  understood  better  in  connection 
with  the  following  table: 


14.    The  Western  Generic  Element. 

No.  "of 
genera. 

Per  cent,  of 
all  Western. 

Western  per 
cent,  of  each 

Monocotyledones  

36 
84 
63 

14.1 
45.8 
34.4 

44.8 
34.2 

49.0 

Archichlamydeae  

Metachlamydeae  

Total  Western  

183 
44.8 

Western  per  cent,  of  all  genera  . 

By  a  comparison  of  the  two  tables  preceding  it  is  noted 
that  the  differences  are  widest  between  the  Monocotyledones,  and 
narrowest  between  the  Metachlamydeae.  By  genera,  then,  the 
Monocotyledones  are  most  evenly  distributed  north  and  south 
while  the  Metachlamydeae  are  most  evenly  distributed  east  and 
west.  The  evident  importance  of  this  fact,  thus  determined,  lies 
in  the  exact  parallelism  which  it  maintains  with  others  derived 
above.  The  Metachlamydeae,  being  peculiarly  the  central  and 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  653 

younger  element,  may  be  expected  to  mass  themselves  more  dis- 
tinctly in  lines  parallel  with  the  general  continental  tension -line. 
The  Monocotyledones,  being  peculiarly  the  older  and  more  gen- 
erally distributed  element,  may  be  expected  to  manifest  dissipa- 
tion over  the  different  degrees  of  latitude.  This  they  are  found 
to  manifest,  so  the  relative  development  of  the  two  groups  is 
admirably  exhibited  by  these  data  of  comparative  latitudinal 
and  longitudinal  distribution. 

The  total  per  cents,  are  of  importance,  too,  as  determining  in 
a  preliminary  way  the  character  of  the  Minnesota  valley 
flora,  so  far  as  regards  its  North  American  distribution.  We 
find  that  the  relations  are  as  follows: 


Total  Northern 163 

Total  Southern 254 

Total  Eastern 270 

Total  Western ..     ..183 


Northern  per  cent,  of  all  genera 39.9 

Southern  percent,  of  all  genera  —  62.2 

Eastern  per  cent,  of  all  genera 66 . 1 

Western  per  cent,  of  all  genera 44.8 


So  far  then  as  may  be  indicated  by  the  genera  of  metaspermic 
plants,  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota  is  much  more  eastern  and 
southern  in  its  character  than  northern  or  western.  Although 
generally  regarded  as  a  northern  district,  it  is  seen  to  be  least 
characterised  by  this  range-element.  While  continentally  cen- 
tral it  is  by  no  means  botanicalfy  central,  but  is  peculiarly  an 
Atlantic  coast  and  a  southern  region.  The  explanation  of  this 
may  be  deferred  until  the  examination  of  the  species-distribu- 
tion has  been  completed. 

III.      EXAMINATION   OF   SPECIES   REPRESENTED   IN   THE 
MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

Since  73.0  per  cent,  of  the  species  in  the  Minnesota  valley 
native  metaspermic  flora  are  limited  to  the  North  American 
continent  it  will  hardly  be  worth  while  to  attempt  any  ex- 
tended examination  of  them  along  the  lines  of  Table  A  or 
Table  B.  The  extra -continental  element  may  be  isolated  for 
study  and  the  remainder  which  will  consist  of  the  endemic 
species  may  be  classified  as  were  the  genera  in  Table  C.  The 
area  occupied  by  a  species  is,  as  De  Candolle  has  shown,  in 
general  either  circular  or  elliptical.  The  species  which  are 
found  in  the  Minnesota  metaspermic  flora  are  without  excep- 
tion to  be  found  also  outside  of  the  basin.  Each  species  or 
variety  occupies  such  an  elliptical  or  circular  area  as  may  be 


654 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


peculiar  to  it.  Sometimes  this  area  will  be  almost  coextensive 
with  that  of  the  continent;  again  it  will  be  comparatively  re- 
stricted. Of  the  first  condition  Typha  latifolia  is  a  good  ex- 
ample; of  the  second  Synthyris  houghtoniana  may  be  cited.  In 
most  cases,  however,  if  the  area  of  the  species  should  be  drawn 
on  a  map,  such  area  would  always  be  cut  by  one  or  both  of  the 
two  median  lines  which  have  been  established  as  dividing  the 
continent  into  northern  and  southern,  eastern  and  western 
portions.  If,  now,  the  two  lines  of  95°  W.  long,  and  45°  N. 
lat.  chance  to  cut  any  specific  area  into  four  approximately 
equal  areas,  such  a  species  may  be  entered  in  the  tabulation  as 
of  north,  east,  south  and  west  distribution.  But  if  one  of  the 
areas  is  very  distinctly  less  than  the  other  three,  or  if  two  are 
much  less  than  the  opposite  two,  the  species  may  be  entered 
in  three  of  the  four,  or  in  two  of  the  four  divisions. 
As  in  the  case  of  the  genera,  when  similarly  tabulated,  no 
very  rigid  circumscribing  line  has  been  drawn  for  any  species, 
for  in  almost  every  case  the  absolute  east,  west,  north  or  south 
limit  of  a  species  is  only  approximately  determined.  Where  any 
doubt  about  preponderant  range  has  been  felt  the  species  has 
been  entered  in  both  of  the  groups.  The  evident  result  is  that 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Typh 

Typha  latifolia 

Sparga 

Sparganium  simplex 

Sparganium  androcladum 

Sparganium  eurycarpum 

Potamog  et 

Potamogeton  natans 

Potamogeton  fluitans 

Potamogeton  amplifolius 

Potamogeton  perfoliatus 

Potamogeton  heterophy llos . . . 
Potamogeton   gramineus     var. 

zizii  

Potamogeton  rutilus 


aceac. 

Typha  latifolia. 
niaceae. 


Sparganium  androcladum 
Sparganium  eurycarpum. 
onaceae, 

Potamogeton  natans 

Potamogeton  fluitans 

Potamogeton  amplifolius . 
Potamogeton  perroliatus . 


Potamogeton   gramineus  var. 
zizii  . 


Potamogeton  pectinatus 
Potamogeton  pusillus . . 
Potamogeton  lucens 


Potamogeton 


illinoensis. 

Potamogeton  pectinatus . 
Potamogeton  pusillus. . . 
Potamogeton  lucens 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE. 


655 


the  final  differences,  numerical  and  percentage,  are  produced 
rather  by  the  unequal  entry  of  species  regarding  the  pre- 
ponderant range,  of  which  there  is  little  question,  while  those 
which  are  entered  as  both  north  and  south,  as  both  east  and 
west,  or  as  all  four,  by  adding  to  two  columns  equally  do  not 
alter  the  general  averages  In  this  way  I  have  thought  to  give 
a  more  accurate  account  of  the  range  of  Minnesota  valley  Meta- 
spermae,  outside  of  the  valley,  than  by  any  effort  to  strike  a 
ratio  of  preponderance  for  every  species  and  variety.  The 
areas  have  been  drawn  on  a  map,  in  most  cases,  before  their  de- 
scription was  attempted.  The  limiting  lines  for  the  areas  were 
derived  from  the  range-descriptions  compiled  for  each  species 
in  the  body  of  the  list.  It  cannot  but  be  apparent  how  numer- 
ous and  insidious  are  the  opportunities  for  error  in  this  list. 
To  test  the  probable  range  of  error  the  writer  has,  at  considera- 
ble intervals,  compiled  the  table  three  different  times.  The 
three  tables  were  different,  but  the  average  range  of  variation 
from  the  mean,  for  all  statistics  was  but  1.88  per  cent.,  so  it  is 
believed  that  the  table,  as  finally  presented,  is  of  approximate 
accuracy. 


of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. 


EASTERN. 

WESTERN. 

Typh 
Typha  latif  olia  

aceae. 
Typha  latifolia  

Sparga 

Sparganium  simplex       

niaceae. 
Sparganium  simplex 

Sparganium  androcladum  

Sparganium  androcladum 

Sparganium  eurycarpum  

Potamog 
Potamogeton  natans  

etonaceae. 
Potamogeton  natans 

Potamogeton  fluitans  

Potamogeton  fluitans  

Potamogeton  amplifolius  

Potamogeton  amplifolius 

Potamogeton  perfoliatus  

Potamogeton  heterophyllos.  .  .  . 
Potamogeton    gramineus    var. 
zizii  

Potamogeton  heterophyllos.  .  . 

Potamogeton  rutilus.  . 

Potamogeton  rutilus  . 

Potamogeton  illinoensis ! 

Potamogeton  pectinatus I  Potamogeton  pectinatus 

Potamogeton  pusillus '  Potamogeton  pusillus  . . , 

Potamogeton  lucens '  Potamogeton  lucens 


656  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Potamogeton  praelongus . . . 
Potamogeton  lanceolatus . . , 
Potamogeton  zosteraefolius. 

Potamogeton  foliosus 

Zanichellia  palustris . . 


Potamogeton  lanceolatus 


Najas  flexilis. 


Naja 


Zanichellia  palustris 
daceae. 
Najas  flexilis , 


Junca  gineae. 


Triglochin  palustris.  . . 
Triglochin  maritima . . 
Scheuchzeria  palustris 


Alism 


aceae. 


Alisma  plantago 


Sagittaria  sagittaefolia 
Elodea  canadensis  . 


Sagittaria  rigida 
Sagittaria  graminea 


Hydroch 


Gram 


Panicum  depauperatum 


aritaceae. 

Elodea  canadensis 

Vallisneria  spiralis 

ineae. 

Andropogon  nutans 

Andropogon  provincialis 

Andropogon  scoparius 

Panicum  crus-galli  var.  hispi 
dum 

Panicum  dichotomum 

Panicum  depauperatum 

Panicum  scoparium 

Panicum  latifolium  . 


Panicum  xanthophysum 


Panicum  capillare. 


Homalocenchrus  oryzoides. 


Phalaris  arundinacea 

Hierochloe    odorata    var.    fra- 
grans 


Panicum  virgatum 

Panicum  nudum 

Panicum  capillare 

Cenchrus  tribuloides 

Zizania  aquatica 

Homalocenchrus   oryzoides.. 
Homalocenchrus  virginicus . . 


Aristida  basiramea . . 

Stipa  spartea 

Oryzopsis  juncea 
Oryzopsis  asperifolia, 


Aristida  purpurea. , 
Aristida  basiramea , 
Stipa  spartea 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE. 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. 


657 


EASTERN. 

WESTERN. 

Potamogeton  praelongus  

Potamogeton  praelongus  

Potamogeton  lanceolatus  

Potamogeton  lanceolatus  

Potamogeton  zosteraef  olius  .... 
Potamogeton  foliosus  

Potamogeton  zosteraef  olius  .  .  . 
Potamogeton  foliosus  

Zanichellia  palustris  

Zanichellia  palustris  .  . 

Naja 
Najas  flexilis  

daceae. 
Najas  flexilis  

Junca 
Triglochin  palustris  

gineae. 
Triglochin  palustris  

Triglochin  maritima  

Triglochin  maritima  

Scheuchzeria  palustris  

Scheucheria  palustris  

Alism 
Alisma  plantago  

aceae. 
Alisma  plantago  

Sagittaria  rigida  

Sagittaria  graminea  

Sagittaria  sagittaef  olia  

Sagittaria  sagittaef  olia  .      ... 

Hydroch 
Elodea  canadensis 

aritaceae. 
Elodea  canadensis 

Vallisneria  spiralis  

Gram 
Andropogon  nutans  

ineae. 

Andropogon  provincialis  

Andropogon  scoparius  

Panicum  crus-galli  var.   hispi- 
dum  

Panicum  dichotomum  

Panicum  dichotomum  

Panicum  depauperatum  

Panicum  scoparium  

Panicum  scoparium  

Panicum  latif  olium  

Panicum  xanthophysum  

Panicum  virgatum  

Panicum  nudum  .... 

Panicum  capillare  

Panicum  capillare  

Cenchrus  tribuloides  
Zizania  aquatica  

Cenchrus  tribuloides  

Homalocenchrus  oryzoides  

Homalocenchrus  oryzoides 

Homalocenchrus  virginicus.  .  .  . 

Phalaris  arundinacea  

Phalaris  arundinacea.  . 

Hierochloe     odorata  var.     fra- 
srrans. 

Hierochloe   odorata   var.    fra- 
grans.  . 

Aristida  purpurea  

Aristida  basiramea. 

Stipa  spartea  

Oryzopsis  juncea  

Oryzopsis  juncea  

Orvzopsis  asperif  olia  .  . 

Orvzopsis  asperifolia.  . 

-42 


658  METASPEKMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

D.     Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN 


Oryzopsis  melanocarpa , 


Muhlenbergia  racemosa, 


Alopecurus  geniculatus var. 
aristulatus . . 


Sporobolus  cuspidatus. 


Cinna  arundinacea 

Agrostis  hiemalis 

Agrostis  rubra  var.  alpina 

Agrostis  perennans 

Deyeuxia  neglecta 

Deyeuxia  canadensis 


Deschampsia  caespitosa , 

Avena  striata 

Danthonia  spicata 

Spartina  cynosuroides . . , 


Beckmannia  erucaeformis 
Phragmites  phragmites. . . 


Eatonia  pennsylvanica 

Koeleria  cristata 

Poa  nemoralis 

Poa  palustris 

Poa  compressa 


Oryzopsis  melanocarpa 

Muhlenbergia  diffusa 

Muhlenbergia  tenuiflora 

Muhlenbergia  ambigua 

Muhlenbergia  mexicana 

Muhlenbergia  racemosa 

Muhlenbergia  sobolif era 

Brachyelytrum  aristosum 

Alopecurus    geniculatus    var. 

aristulatus 

Sporobolus  cryptandrus 

Sporobolus  heterolepis 

Sporobolus  junceus 

Sporobolus  depauperatus 

Sporobolus  cuspidatus 

Sporobolus  vaginaeflorus 

Sporobolus  asper 

Cinna  arundinacea 

Agrostis  hiemalis 

Agrostis  rubra  var.  alpina .... 
Agrostis  perennans 


Ammophila  longifolia 


Danthonia  spicata , 

Spartina  cynosuroides , 

Schedonnardus  paniculatus 

Bouteloua  curtipendula 

Bouteloua  hirsuta 

Bouteloua  oligostachya 


Bulbilis  dactyloides 

Phragmites  phragmites 
Eragrostis  pectinacea . . . 

Eragrostis  purshii 

Eragrostis  eragrostis 

Eragrostis  hypnoides  . . . 

Eatonia  obtusata 

Eatonia  pennsylvanica.  , 


STATISTICS   OF  METASPERMAE.  659 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Oryzopsis  melanocarpa . 
Muhlenbergia  diffusa . .  . 
Muhlenbergia  tenuiflora 


Muhlenbergia  mexicana 

Muhlenbergia  racemosa 

Muhlenbergia  sobolifera 

Brachyelytrum  aristosum. 
Alopecurus     geniculatus    var, 

aristulatus 

Sporobolus  cryptandrus 

Sporobolus  heterolepis 

Sporobolus  junceus , 


Muhlenbergia  ambigua 

Muhlenbergia  mexicana 

Muhlenbergia  racemosa , 


Sporobolus  cuspidatus 

Sporobolus  vaginaeflorus . , 
Sporobolus  asper  ....„„.., 

Cinna  arundinacea , 

Agrostis  hiemalis , 

Agrostis  rubra  var.  alpina 
Agrostis  perennans 


Deyeuxia  canadensis 


Deschampsia  caespitosa, 

Avena  striata 

Danthonia  spicata , 

Spartina  cynosuroides. . . 


Bouteloua  curtipendula , 


Phragmites  phragmites 
Eragrostis  pectinacea . . 

Eragrostis  purshii 

Eragrostis  eragrostis. . . . 

Eragrostis  hypnoides 

Eatonia  obtusata 

Eatonia  pennsylvanica  . , 

Koeleria  cristata 

Poa  nemoralis 

Poa  palustris 


Alopecurus    geniculatus    var. 

aristulatus 

Sporobolus  cryptandrus , 


Sporobolus  depauperatus. 


Cinna  arundinacea 

Agrostis  hiemalis 

Agrostis  rubra  var.  alpina . 

Agrostis  perennans 

Deyeuxia  neglecta 

Deyeuxia  canadensis 

Ammophila  longif olia 

Deschampsia  caespitosa . . . 

Avena  striata 

Danthonia  spicata 

Spartina  cynosuroides 

Schedonnardus  paniculatus 

Bouteloua  curtipendula 

Bouteloua  hirsuta 

Bouteloua  oligostachya. 
Beckmannia  erucaef ormis . , 

Bulbilis  dactyloides 

Phragmites  phragmites 


Eragrostis  purshii . . . 
Eragrostis  eragrostis. 


Eatonia  obtusata 

Eatonia  pennsylvanica. 

Koeleria  cristata 

Poa  nemoralis 

Poa  palustris 

Poa  compressa 


660  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Scolochloa  arundinacea 

Panicularia  fluitans 

Panicularia  americana. . 

Panicularia  nervata 

Panicularia  elongata... 
Panicularia  canadensis . 


Panicularia  nervata 


Festuca  ovina. 


Bromus  ciliatus 

Bromus  kalmii 

Agropyrum  caninum 

Agropyrum  violaceum 

Agropyrum    glaucum  var.   oc 

cidentalis 

Hordeum  nodosum , 

Hordeum  jubatum 


Festuca  natans. . , 
Festuca  ovina . . . 
Festuca  octoflora 
Bromus  purgans, 


Bromus  kalmii 

Agropyrum  caninum 


Hordeum  nodosum, 


Elymus  canadensis 
Elymus  virginicus. 
Hystrix  hy strix . . . 


Cypera 


Dulichium  spathaceum 
Cyperus  strigosus 


Cyperus  schweinitzii 


Elymus  elymoides 

Elymus  striatus 

Elymus  canadensis 

Elymus  virginicus 

Hystrix  hystrix 

ceae. 

Hemicarpha  micrantha 

Dulichium  spathaceum 

Cyperus  speciosus 

Cyperus  strigosus 

Cyperus    strigosus   var.    com- 

pressus 

Cyperus  esculentus 

Cyperus  ery throrhizos 

Cyperus  filiculmis 


Eriophorum  virginicum . . 

Eriophorum  gracile 

Eriophorum  latif olium . . . 
Eriophorum  poly stach ion 
Eriophorum  vaginatum. . . 
Eriophorum  cyperinum. . . 


Cyperus  aristatus 

Cyperus  diandrus 

Cyperus  diandrus  var.  casta- 

neus 

Eriophorum  virginicum 


Eriophorum  lineatum 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  661 

of  Minnesota  Y  alley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Panicularia  fluitans 

Panicularia  americana 

Panicularia  nervata 

Panicularia  elongata 

Panicularia  canadensis 

Festuca  nutans 

Festuca  ovina 

Festuca  octoflora 

Bromus  purgans 

Bromus  ciliatus 

Bromus  kalmii 

Agropyrum  caninum 

Agropyrum  violaceum 

Agropyrum    glaucum  var.    oc 
cidentalis . . 


Scolochloa  arundinacea. 

Panicularia  fluitans 

Panicularia  americana . . 
Panicularia  nervata . . 


Festuca  ovina. . . . 
Festuca  octoflora. 


Bromus  ciliatus , 

Agropyrum  caninum, 


Elymus  striatus . . . 
Elymus  canadensis 
Elymus  virginicus. 
Hystrix  hystrix .  . . 


Agropyrum  glaucum  var.    oc- 

cidentalis 

Hordeum  nodosum 

Hordeum  jubatum 

Elymus  elymoides 


Elymus  canadensis. 


Cyper  aceae 


Hemicarpha  micrantha 

Dulichium  spathaceum 

Cyperus  speciosus. 

Cyperus  strigosus 

Cyperus    strigosus    var.    com- 

pressus 

Cyperus  esculentus 

Cyperus   erythrorhizos 

Cyperus  filiculmis 

Cyperus  schweinitzii 

Cyperus  aristatus 

Cyperus  diandrus 

Cyperus    diandrus    var.    casta- 

neus „ 

Eriophorum  virginicum 

Eriophorum  gracile 

Eriophorum  latifolium 

Eriophorum  polystachion 

Eriophorum  vaginatum 

Eriophorum  cyperinum 

Eriophorum  lineatum 


Hemicarpha  micrantha 
Dulichium  spathaceum 


Cyperus  strigosus 


Cyperus  esculentus. . . . 
Cyperus  erythrorhizos 


Cyperus  aristatus 


Cyperus   diandrus  var.  casta- 
neus. . 


Eriophorum  gracile 

Eriophorum  latifolium 

Eriophorum  polystachion 

Eriophorum  vaginatum 


Eriophorum  lineatum. 


662  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Scirpus  atrovirens 

Scirpus  sylvaticus  var.  micro 

carpus , 

Scirpus  fluviatilis 

Scirpus  lacustris , 

Scirpus  triangularis , 


Scirpus  atrovirens 


Heleocharis  acicularis . 
Heleocharis  tenuis 
Heleocharis  intermedia 


Heleocharis  palustris. 


Heleocharis  ovata. 


Rhyncospora  setacea 
Rhyncospora  alba 


Carex  sychnocephala 

Carex  stranimea  var  brevior. 


Scirpus  lacustris 

Scirpus  triangularis 

Heleocharis  wolfii 

Heleocharis  acicularis 

Heleocharis  tenuis 

Heleocharis  intermedia 

Heleocharis  acuminata 

Heleocharis  palustris 

Heleocharis  palustris  var. 

glaucescens 

Heleocharis  ovata 

Iria  capillaris 

Mariscus  mariscoides 

Rhyncospora  setacea 

Rhyncospora  alba 

Scleria  verticillata 

Scleria  triglomerata 

Carex  sychnocephala 

Carex  straminea 

Carex  straminea  var.  brevior. 
Carex  straminea  var.  mirabilis 


Carex  foenea 

Carex  adusta , 

Carex  scoparia , 

Carex  tribuloides , 

Carex  tribuloides  var.  cristata 
Carex  tribuloides  var.  bebbii. . , 

Carex  muskingumensis 

Carex  siccata 

Carex  deweyana 

Carex  trisperma 

Carex  tenuiflora 

Carex  canescens 

Carex  echinata  var.  radiata. . 


Carex  scoparia 

Carex  tribuloides 

Carex  tribuloides  var.  cristata 
Carex  tribuloides  var.  bebbii. . 
Carex  muskingumensis 


Carex  deweyana 


Carex  muhlenbergii 

Carex  rosea , 

Carex  rosea  var.  radiata , 

Carex  tenella 

Carex  sartwellii 

Carex  vulpinoidea 


Carex  echinata  var.  radiata . 

Carex  cephalophora 

Carex  muhlenbergia 

Carex  rosea 

Carex  rosea  var.  radiata. . . . 


STATISTICS   OF  METASPERMAE.  663 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Scirpus  atrovirens 


Scirpus  fluviatilis... 
Scirpus  lacustris . . . 
Scirpus  triangularis 


Scirpus  atrovirens 

Scirpus  sylvaticus  var.  micro- 
carpus 


Heleocharis  acicularis 

Heleocharis  tenuis 

Heleocharis  intermedia 

Heleocharis  acuminata 

Heleocharis  palustris. 

Heleocharis    palustris    var. 

glaucescens 

Heleocharis  ovata 

Iria  capillaris 

Mariscus  mariscoides 

Rhyncospora  setacea 

Rhyncospora  alba 

Scleria  verticillata 

Scleria  triglomerata 

Carex  sychnocephala 

Carex  straminea 

Carex  straminea  var.  brevior . . 
Carex  straminea  var.  mirabilis 

Carex  f oenea 

Carex  adusta 

Carex  scoparia 

Carex  tribuloides 

Carex  tribuloides  var.  cristata 
Carex  tribuloides  var.  bebbii. 

Carex  muskingumensis 

Carex  siccata 

Carex  deweyana 

Carex  trisperma 

Carex  tenuiflora 

Carex  canescens 

Carex  echinata  var.  radiata . . 

Carex  cephalophora 

Carex  muhlenbergii 

Carex  rosea 

Carex  rosea  var.  radiata 

Carex  tenella 

Carex  sartwellii 

Carex  vulpinoidea 


Scirpus  lacustris 

Scirpus  triangularis. . 
Heleochoris  wolfii. . . . 
Heleocharis  acicularis 


Heleocharis  palustris. 


Heleocharis  ovata .... 

Iria  capillaris 

Mariscus  mariscoides. 


Rhyncospora  alba 


Carex  straminea, 


Carex  foenea. 
Carex  adusta. 


Carex  tribuloides 

Carex  tribuloides  var.  cristata 


Carex  siccata . .  . 
Carex  deweyana. 


Carex  canescens , 

Carex  echinata  var.  radiata 


Carex  tenella , . . 
Carex  sartwellii. 


664  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 

SOUTHERN. 

Oarpx  srravida 

Carex  gravida  

Carex  gravida  var.  laxif  olia  .  .  . 

Carex  gravida  var.  laxif  olia  .  . 

Carex  teretiuscula  var.  ramosa 

Carex  crus-corvi  

OaiTPx  stinata 

Carex  stipata  

Carex  conjuncta  

Carex  stenophylla 

Carex  stenophylla  

Carex  polytrichoides           .     .  . 

Carex  polytrichoides  

Carex  varia                               .  .  . 

Carex  varia  

Care*x  pedunculata 

Carex  pedunculata  

Carex  richardsoni       

Carex  tetanica  var.  meadii.  .  .  . 
Carex  laxiflora  

Carex  crawei         .... 

Carex  crawei  

Carex  granularis  

Carex  grisea  

Carex  davisii  

Carex  £?racillima 

Carex  gracillima  

Carex  arctata  .... 

Carex  arctata  

Carex  castanea. 

Carex  lonsrirostris 

Carex  longirostris  

Carex  ma^ellanica 

Carex  crinita 

Carex  crinita  

Carex  prasina.       ... 

Carex  prasina  

Carex  aquatilis 

Carex  stricta 

Carex  stricta    

Carex  fusca  .... 

Carex  fusca  

Carex  riparia        .... 

Carex  riparia     

Carex  trichocarpa 

Carex  trichocarpa  

Carex  trichocarpa  var.  aristata. 
Carex  filiformis  .  .    . 

Carex  filiformis  var.  lanuginosa 
Carex  hough.ton.ii 

Carex  filiformis  var.  lanuginosa 

Carex  pseudocyperus 

Carex     pseudocyperus     var. 
americana.  .  , 

Carex    pseudocyperus    var. 
americana.  .  .                 

STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  665 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


Carex  gravida 

Carex  gravida  var.  laxifolia. . 

Carex  teretiuscula 

Carex  teretiuscula  var.  ramosa 

Carex  crus-corvi 

Carex  stipata 

Carex  conjuncta 


Carex  chordorhiza 

Carex  polytrichoides 

Carex  pubescens 

Carex  pennsylvanica 

Carex  varia 

Carex  pedunculata 

Carex  richardsoni 

Carex  eburnea 

Carex  aurea 

Carex  tetanica  var.  meadii 

Carex  laxiflora 

Carex  flava  var.  viridula . . 

Carex  crawei 

Carex  granularis 


Carex  grisea , 

Carex  davisii 

Carex  gracillima . . 

Carex  arctata 

Carex  castanea  . . . 
Carex  longirostris. 

Carex  limosa 

Carex  magellanica 

Carex  crinita 

Carex  prasina 

Carex  aquatilis. . . . 

Carex  stricta 

Carex  f usca 

Carex  riparia 

Carex  trichocarpa. 

Carex  trichocarpa  var.  aristata 

Carex  filif ormis 

Carex  filiformis  var.  lanuginosa 

Carex  houghtonii 

Carex  squarrosa 

Carex  pseudocyperus 

Carex      pseudocyperus     var. 
americana.. . 


WESTERN. 


Carex  teretiuscula 

Carex  teretiuscula  var.  ramosa 


Carex  stipata 

Carex  stenophylla. 


Carex  polytrichoides 


Carex  pennsylvanica, 

Carex  varia 

Carex  pedunculata.. . , 
Carex  richardsoni 

Carex  eburnea 

Carex  aurea 


Carex  flava  var.  viridula 


Carex  grisea , 


Carex  arctata 


Carex  longirostris. 

Carex  limosa 

Carex  magellanica 


Carex  aquatilis. 
Carex  f  usca . . 


Carex  trichocarpa  var.  aristata 

Carex  filiformis 

Carex  filiformis  var.lanuginosa 
Carex  houghtonii 


Carex     pseudocyperus    var. 
americana.. , 


666  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.     Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Carex  hystricina  ,  

Carex  hystricina  

Carex  schweinitzii.       

Carex  schweinitzii  

Carex  lurida         .    .               .... 

Carex  lurida  

Carex  retrorsa  

Carex  tuckermanni  

Carex  monile             

Carex  monile  

Carex  utriculata 

Carex  utriculata  .      ...       .... 

Carex  oligosperma  

Carex  lupulina              

Carex  lupulina  

Carex  lupulina  var.   longiped- 
unculata  

Carex  intumescens  

Carex  intumescens  

Carex  pauciflora  

Aroi 
Acorus  calamus       

deae  . 
Acorus  calamus  

Spathyema  f  oetida  

Calla  palustris  

Arisaema  triphyllum  

Lemn 
Lemna  minor  

aceae. 

Lemna  perpusilla  .             ... 

Lemna  perpusilla     

Lemna  trisulca  

Lemna  trisulca  

Lemna  polyrhiza  

Lemna  polyrhiza  

Grantia  columbiana  

Grantia  brasiliensis  

Xyrid 

aceae. 
Xyris  flexuosa       

Eriocau 
Eriocaulon   septangulare 

laceae. 

Gomme 

linaceae  . 
Tradescantia  virginica  

Pontede 
Pontederia  cordata 

riaceae. 
Pontederia  cordata  

Heteranthera  dubia  

June 
Juncus  tenuis 

aceae. 
Juncus  tenuis           

Juncus  vaseyi  .... 

Juncus  balticus  var  littoralis. 

Juncus  filiformis 

Juncus  eff  usus  

Juncus  effusus  

Juncus  nodosus  var.  genuinus. 

Juncus  nodosus   var.  mega- 
cephalus                     

Juncus  canadensis   var.    coarc- 

tatus.  .  . 

STATISTICS   OP  METASPERMAE.  667 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Carex  hystricina 

Carex  schweinitzii 

Carex  lurida 

Carex  retrorsa 

Carex  tuckermanni 

Carex  monile 

Carex  utriculata 

Carex  oligosperma 

Carex  lupulina 

Carex  lupulina  var.    longiped- 

unculata 

Carex  intumescens 

Carex  pauciflora 


Carex  retrorsa 


Carex  monile , 

Carex  utriculata  . . , 
Carex  oligosperma, 


Aroi 


Carex  pauciflora. 
deae. 


Acorus  calamus 

Spathyema  f  oetida . . 

Calla  palustris 

Arisaema  triphyllum 


Lemn 


aceae. 


Lemna  minor 

Lemna  perpusilla — 

Lemna  trisulca 

Lemna  polyrhiza  — 
Grantia  columbiana. 
Grantia  brasiliensis . 


Lemna  minor. 


Lemna  trisulca. . . 
Lemna  polyrhiza. 


Xyris  flexuosa 


Xyrid 


aceae. 


Eriocau 


laceae. 


Eriocaulon  septangulare. 


Tradescantia  virginica. 


Commel 


inaceae. 


Pontederia  cordata . 
Heteranthera  dubia. 


Pontede 


maceae. 


Juncus  tenuis 

Juncas  vaseyi 

Juncus  balticus  var.  littoralis . . 

Juncus  filif ormis 

Juncus  effusus 

Juncus  nodosus  var.  genuinus.. 
Juncus  nodosus  var.  mega 

cephalus 

Juncus  canadensis  var.  coarc- 

tatus.. , 


Heteranthera  dubia. 
June  aceae. 

Juncus  tenuis 

Juncus  vaseyi 


Juncus  filif  ormis 

Juncus  effusus 

Juncus  nodosus  var.  genuinus 

Juncus     nodosus    var.    mega- 

cephalus 


668  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Juncus  canadensis  var.   longe- 
caudatus. .  


Cyperella  campestris  var.  mul 

tiflora 

Lili 

Tofieldia  glutinosa 

Zigadenus  elegans 


Juncus  canadensis  var.  longe- 
caudatus 

Juncus  acuminatus  var.  legiti 
mus 

Cyperella  campestris  var.  mul- 

tiflora 

aceae. 


Veratrum  viride 


Uvularia  sessilifolia 


Allium  stellatum 

Allium  cernuum 

Allium  schoenoprasum 
Allium  tricoccum. . 


L  ilium  philadelphicum 
Ery thronium  albidum . . 


Clintonia  borealis  . . 
Unif  olium  bif  olium . , 
Unifolium  trifolium 
Unif  olium  stellatum 


Trillium  cernuum .... 
Trillium  grandiflorum 
Trillium  erectum  . 


Zigadenus  elegans .... 
Melanthium  virginium 


Uvularia  grandiflora 
Uvularia  perfoliata. . 
Uvularia  sessilifolia . 
Allium  canadense . . . 
Allium  stellatum. . 


Allium  tricoccum , 

Lilium  canadense 

Lilium  superbum 

Lilium  philadelphicum  . . 
Ery  thronium  albidum .... 
Erythronium  americanum 
Camassia  f raseri . . 


Unifolium  racemosum , 

Polygonatum  commutatum 

Polygonatum  biflorum 

Medeola  virginica 

Trillium  nivale 

Trillium  cernuum 

Trillium  grandiflorum 

Trillium  erectum 

Trillium  recurvatum 

Trillium  sessile 

Smilax  hispida 

Smilax  rotundifolia 

Smilax  echirrata 

Smilax  herbacea 

Amaryll  idaceae. 

Hypoxis  erecta 


STATISTICS   OF  METASPERMAE.  669 

of  Minnesota  Talley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


longe- 


Juncus  canadensis  var. 

caudatus 

Juncus  acuminatus  var.  legiti- 

mus 

Cyperella  campestris  var.  mul- 
tiflora. . 


Cyperella  campestris  var.  mul- 
tiflora. . , 


Lili  aceae. 


Tofieldia  glutinosa 

Zigadenus  elegans 

Melanthium  virginicum 

Veratrum  viride 

Uvularia  grandinora. . . . 

Uvularia  perfoliata 

Uvularia  sessilif olia 
Allium  canadense . . 


Allium  cernuum 

Allium  schoenoprasum .... 

Allium  tricoccum 

Lilium  canadense 

Lilium  superbum 

Lilium  philadelphicum .... 

Erythronium  albidum 

Ery thronium  americanum . 

Camassia  f raseri 

Clintonia  borealis 

Unifolium  bif olium 

Unif olium  trifolium 

Unifolium  stellatum 

Unifolium  racemosum 

Polygonatum  commutatum 

Polygonatum  biflorum 

Medeola  virginica 

Trillium  nivale 

Trillium  cernuum 

Trillium  grandiflorum 

Trillium  erectum 

Trillium  recurvatum 

Trillium  sessile 

Smilax  hispida 

Smilax  rotundifolia 

Smilax  echirrata 

Smilax  herbacea . . 


Tofieldia  glutinosa., 
Zigadenus  elegans. 


Veratrum  viride. 


Allium  stellatum 

Allium  cernuum 

AUium  schoenoprasum 


Lilium  philadelphicum. 


Clintonia  borealis . . 
Unifolium  bif  olium . 
Unifolium  trifolium 
Unifolium  stellatum 


Hypoxis  erecta. 


Amaryll 


idaceae. 


670  METASPERMAE  OF   THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Dioscor 


Irida 


Sisyrinchium  mucronatum 

Sisyrinchium  angustifolium. . . . 

Orchi 

Cypripedilum  acaule , 

Cypripedilum  spectabile 

Cypripedilum  pubescens 

Cypripedilum  parviflorum 

Cypripedilum  candidum 

Cypripedilum  arietinum 

Orchis  spectabilis 

Habenaria  psycodes 

Habenaria  lacera 

Habenaria  leucophaea 

Habenaria  hookeriana 

Habenaria  dilatata 

Habenaria  hyperborea 

Habenaria  bracteata 

Habenaria  flava 

Habenaria  tridentata 

Pogonia  ophioglossoides 

Arethusa  bulbosa. 

Gyrostachys  gracilis 

Gyrostachys  cernua 

Gyrostachys  romanzowiana. . . . 

Peramium  pubescens 

Peramium  repens 

Achroanthes  unif olia 

Leptorchis  loeselii 


eaceae. 
Dioscorea  villosa 

ceae. 

Iris  versicolor 

Sisyrinchium  mucronatum .... 

Sisyrinchium  angustifolium  . . 
daceae. 


Cypripedilum   spectabile 
Cypripedilum  pubescens 


Cypripedilum  candidum 


Orchis  spectabilis .... 
Habenaria  psycodes . . 

Habeneria  lacera 

Habenaria  leucophaea, 


Habenaria  flava 

Habenaria  tridentata 

Pogonia  ophioglossoides 


Corallorhiza  multiflora . . 
Corallorhiza  corallorhiza 

Cathea  tuberosa 

Aplectrum  spicatum. 


Juglans  cinerea 


Cathea  tuberosa 

Aplectrum  spicatum 
Juglan  daceae. 

Juglans  nigra 

Juglans  cinerea 

Scoria  minima 

Scoria  ovata 

Myric  aceae 

Myrica  asplenif olia . . 
Salic  aceae 
Populus  monilif era |  Populus  monilif era. . . 


Myrica  asplenifolia 


Gyrostachys  cernua, 


Peranium  pubescens 


Achroanthes  unif  olia, 


Leptorchis  liliifolia, 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  671 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


',eae. 


Dioscor  eaceae 

Dioscorea  villosa 

Irida 

Iris  versicolor 

Sisyrinchium  mucronatum 

Sisyrinchium  angustifolium. .  . . 

Orchid 

Cypripedilum  acaule 

Cypripedilum  spectabile 

Cypripedilum  pubescens 

Cypripedilum  parviflorum 

Cypripedilum  candidum 

Cypripedilum  arietinum 

Orchis  spectabilis 

Habenaria  psy codes 

Habenaria  lacera 

Habenaria  leucophaea 

Habenaria  hookeriana 

Habenaria  dilatata 

Habenaria  hyperborea 

Habenaria  bracteata 

Habenaria  flava 

Habenaria  tridentata 

Pogonia  ophioglossoides 

Arethusa  bulbosa 

Gyrostachys  gracilis 

Gyrostachys  cernua 

Gyrostachys  romanzowiana 

Peramium  pubescens 

Peramium  repens 

Achroanthes  unif olia 

Leptorchis  loeselii 

Leptorchis  liliifolia 

Corallorhiza  multifl  ora 

Corallorhiza  corallorhiza. 

Cathea  tuberosa 

Aplectrum  spicatum 

Juglan 

Juglans  nigra 

Juglans  cinerea 

Scoria  minima 

Scoria  ovata 

Myric 
Myrica  asplenifolia 


nceae. 
Cypripedilum  acaule. 


Cypripedilum  pubescens. . 
Cypripedilum  parvifl  orum 
Cypripedilum  candidum . . 


Habenaria  dilatata 
Habenaria  hyperborea. 
Habenaria  bracteata . . 


Gyrostachys  gracilis 

Gyrostachys  romanzowiana, 
Peramium  repens , 


Corallorhiza  multiflora . . 
Corollorhiza  corallorhiza 


Aplectrum  spicatum, 
daceae. 


aceae. 


Populus  monilifera 


aceae. 
Populus  monilifera. 


672  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Populus  balsamif era 

Populus  grandidentata 

Populus  tremuloides 

Salix  myrtilloides 

Salix  cordata 

Salix  cordata  var.  angustata . . . 

Salix  Candida 

Salix  petiolaris 

Salix  tristis 

Salix  humilis 

Salix  discolor 

Salix  rostrata 

Salix  longifolia 

Salix  lucida 

Salix  amygdaloides 

Salix  nigra 

Betul 


Populus  grandidentata, 


Salix  cordata  var.  angustata. 


Salix  tristis . . 
Salix  humilis. 
Salix  discolor 


Corylus  rostrata . . . 
Corylus  americana, 
Betula  pumila 


Salix  amygdaloides. 

Salix  nigra 

aceae. 

Carpinus  caroliniana. 
Ostrya  ostrya 


Betula  papyrif era 
Alnus  incana . . 


Corylus  americana, 
Betula  nigra 


Faga 


Quercus  macrocarpa, 
Ulmus  racemosa . . 


Ulm 


Mora 


Humulus  lupulus, 
Urtica  gracilis . . . 


ceae. 

Quercus  velutina 

Quercus  rubra 

Quercus  muhlenbergii. 

Quercus  macrocarpa . . 

Quercus  alba 

aceae. 

Ulmus  racemosa 

Ulmus  americana 

Ulmus  fulva 

Celtis  occidentalis 
ceae. 

Morus  rubra 

Humulus  lupulus, 


Urtic  aceae. 


Parietaria  pennsylvanica 


Laportea  canadensis .... 

Adicea  pumila 

Ramium  cylindricum . 

Parietaria  pennsylvanica 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE. 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


673 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Populus  balsamifera 

Populus  grandidentata 

Populus  tremuloides 

Salix  myrtilloides 

Salix  cordata 

Salix  cordata  var.  angustata 

Salix  Candida 

Salix  petiolaris. 

Salix  tristis. ...    

Salix  humilis 

Salix  discolor 

Salix  rostrata 

Salix  longif  olia 

Salix  lucida. . 


Populus  balsamifera. 


Populus  tremuloides 
Salix  myrtilloides . . . 
Salix  cordata . . 


Salix  petiolaris 


Salix  nigra 


Carpinus  caroliniana, 

Ostryaostrya 

Corylus  rostrata 
Corylus  americana . . . 

Betula  pumila 

Betula  nigra 

Betula  papy rif era 

Alnus  incana . . 


Salix  rostrata 

Salix  longif  olia .... 

Salix  lucida 

Salix  amygdaloides 

Salix  nigra 

Betulaceae. 


Corylus  rostrata, 


Betula  papyrif era , 
Alnus  incana. . 


Quercus  velutina 

Quercus  rubra. 

Quercus  muhlenbergii. 
Quercus  macrocarpa. . . 
Quercus  alba 


Faga 


ceae. 


Ulma 


wae. 


Ulmus  racemosa  . . 
Ulrnus  americana. . 

Ulmus  fulva 

Celtis  occidentalis. 


Celtis  occidentalis . 


Mora 


ceae. 


Morus  rubra 

Humulus  lupulus 


Urtica  gracilis 

Laportea  canadensis 

Adicea  pumila 

Ramium  cylindricum. . . . 
Parietaria  pennsylvanica 

-43 


Urtic 


Humulus  lupulus. 


aceae . 


Urtica  gracilis.. 


674  METASPERMAE   OP  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

-  '     ^  . '  , 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


Santal  aceae 


Comandra  livida 

Oomandra  umbellata, 
Comandra  pallida. 


Aristolochi  aceae 


Asarum  canadense 


Polygon 


Rumex  britannicus . . . , 
Rumex  salicif olius  — 
Rumex  persicarioides 


Polygonum  hydropiper 


SOUTHERN. 


Aristolochia  sipho . , 
aceae. 

Rumex  verticillatus 
Rumex  altissimus. . , 
Rumex  britannicus. 


Rumex  persicarioides 
Polygonum  acre 


Polygonum  hartwrightii 


Polygonum  amphibium 


Polygonum  incarnatum 

Polygonum  tenue 

Polygonum  ramosissimum . 


Polygonum  aviculare 


Polygonum  articulatum 


Polygonum  cilinode . . 
Polygonum  arifolium 


Polygonum  hydropiperoides 
Polygonum  hartwrightii. . . . 

Polygonum  emersum 

Polygonum  amphibium 

Polygonum  pennsylvanicum 
Polygonum  incarnatum.  ..v. ; 

Polygonum  tenue 

Polygonum  ramosissimum . . 

Polygonum  erectum 

Polygonum  aviculare 

Polygonum  virginianum 

Polygonum  articulatum. . . . 
Polygonum  scandens . . 


Chenopodium  rubrum 


Polygonum  arifolium. . . 
Polygonum  sagittatum.. 
Chenopo  diaceae. 


Chenopodium  capitatum 

Corispermum  hy ssopif olium . . . 

Salsola  kali 

Amaran 


Phytolac 


Nyctagi 


Chenopodium  boscianum 
Chenopodium  capitatum. 


Salsola  kali 

taceae 

Acnide  tamariscina 

Froelichia  floridana 

Amarantus  blitoides. . . . 

caceae. 
Phy tolacca  decandra . . . 

naceae. 
Mirabilis  angustif olius 


STATISTICS   OF   META.SPERMAE.  675 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Comandra  livida. 
Comandra  umbellata 


Santal  aceae. 

Comandra  livida  .... 
Comandra  umbellata 
Comandra  pallida... 
Aristoloc  hiaceae. 


Asarum  canadense 
Aristolochia  sipho 


Polygon 


aceae. 


Rumex  verticillatus 

Rumex  altissimus 

Rumex  britannicus 

Rumex  salicifolius 

Rumex  persicarioides 

Polygonum  acre 

Polygonum  hydropiper 

Polygonum  hydropiperoides .  . 

Polygonum  hartwrightii 

Polygonum  emersum 

Polygonum  amphibium 

Polygonum  pennsylvanicum . . 

Polygonumincarnatum 

Polygonum  tenue 

Polygonum  ramosissimum. . . . 

Polygonum  erectum 

Polygonum  aviculare 

Polygonum  virginianum 

Polygonum  articulatum 

Polygonum  scandens 

Polygonum  cilinode 

Polygonum  arif olium 

Polygonum  sagittatum 

Chenopo  diaceae. 
Chenopodium  rubrum  . . . 
Chenopodium  boscianum 
Chenopodium  capitatum 


Rumex  altissimus 
Rumex  britannicus 
Rumex  salicifolius  .  . . 
Rumex  persicarioides 


Polygonum  hydropiper , 


Polygonum  hartwrightii .... 

Polygonum  emersum 

Polygonum  amphibium 

Polygonum  pennsylvanicum 

Polygonum  incarnatum 

Polygonum  tenue 

Polygonum  ramosissimum. . 
Polygonum  erectum 


Corispermum  hyssopifolium.. . 
Salsola  kali. . 


Amaran 


Acnide  tamariscina . . 
Froelichia  floridana., 


Phytolacca  decandra, 


Phytolac  caceae 


Nyctagi 


Polygonum  scandens, 


Chenopodium  rubrum 
Chenopodium  capitatum 


Corispermum  hyssopifolium 


taceae. 


Amarantus  blitoides 


naceae. 
Mirabilis  angustifolius. 


676  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Mirabilis  hirsutus .... 
Mirabilis  nyctagineus. 
Portula  caceae. 

Talinum  teretifolium . 


Claytonia  virginica. 


Caryoph 


Portulaca  retusa. 
yllaceae. 

Silene  antirrhina 
Silene  virginica . , 

Silene  alba 

Silene  stellata  . 


Stellularia  crassifolia 

Stellularia  longipes 

Stellularia  longifolia 

Cerastium  arvense 

Cerastium    arvense  var.    brac- 

teatum 

Cerastium  nutans 

Moehringia  lateriflora 


Cerastium  nutans 


Nympha 


Leuconymphaea  renif ormis 
Nymphaea  advena 


Ceratoph 


Ranmicu  laceae 


Anychia  dichotoma 

eaceae. 

Nelumbo  nelumbo 

Brasenia  peltata 

Leuconymphaea  renif  ormis.  . 

Leuconymphaea  ordorata. . . . 

Nymphaea  advena 

yllaceae. 

Ceratophyllum  demersum . . . 


Caltha  palustris. 
Isopyrum  trifolium 


Hydras tis  canadensis. 


Actaea  alba . . 
Actaea  rubra 


Isopyrum  biternatum 


Anemone  hepatica 

Anemone  hepatica  var.  acuta . . 

Anemone  quinquefolia 

Anemone   dichotoma  var.  can- 
adensis . 


Aquilegia  canadensis 

Delphinium  carolinianum. . . . 

Delphinium  tricorne 

Delphinium  exaltatum 

Anemone  thalictroides 

Anemone  hepatica 

Anemone  hepatica  var.  acuta. 


STATISTICS   OF  METASPERMAE.  677 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species.— Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Mirabilis  hirsutus 

Mirabilis  nyctagineus 


Portula  caceae 


Talinum  teretifolium 
Clay tonia  virginica . . 


Talinum  teretifolium 
Claytonia  virginica.. 
Portulaca  retusa.. . 


Caryoph  yllaceae 


Silene  antirrhina. . 

Silene  virginica 

Silene  alba 

Silene  stellata 

Stellularia  crassifolia 

Stellularia  longipes 

Stellularia  longifolia 

Cerastium  arvense 

Cerastium    arvense   var.    brac- 

teatum 

Cerastium  nutans 

Moehringia  lateriflora 

Anychia  dichotoma 

Nympha 

Nelumbo  nelumbo 

Brasenia  peltata 

Leuconymphaeareniformis 

Leuconymphaea  ordorata 

Nymphaea  advena. 


Silene  antirrhina. 
Silene  virginica . . 


Silene  stellata 

Stellularia  crassifolia. 
Stellularia  longipes . . 
Stellularia  longifolia.. 
Cerastium  arvense . . 


Cerastium  nutans 

Moehringia  lateriflora. 


eaceae. 
Brasenia  peltata. 


Ceratophyllum  demersum. 


Ceratoph  yllaceae 


Ranunc  ulaceae 


Nymphaea  advena 

/llaceae. 

Ceratophyllum  demersum 


Hydrastis  canadensis 

Caltha  palustris 

Isopyrum  trif  olium 

Isopyrum  biternatum 

Actaea  alba 

Actaea  rubra 

Aquilegia  canadensis 

Delphi  ni  am  carolinianum 

Delphinium  tricorne 

Delphinium  exaltatum 

Anemone  thalictroides 

Anemone  hepatica 

Anemone  hepatica  var.  acuta.. 

Anemone  quinquefolia 

Anemone  dichotoma  var.  cana- 
densis . . 


Caltha  palustris 

Isopyrum  trifolium. 


Actaea  alba 

Actaea  rubra 

Aquilegia  canadensis 


Anemone  quinquefolia 

Anemone  dichotoma  var.  cana- 
densis . . 


678  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.     Table  Illustrating  General  Continental 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Anemone  virginiana. 
Anemone  cylindrica. 
Anemone  multifida. . 
Anemone  parviflora . 


Anemone  hirsutissima. 


Oxygraphis  cymbalaria. . . , 
Ranunculus  pennsylvanicus 

Ranunculus  repens 

Ranunculus  septentrionalis 


Anemone  caroliniana 
Clematis  virginiana. 


Ranunculus 
Ranunculus 
Ranunculus 
Ranunculus 
cranthus 
Ranunculus 
Ranunculus 
Ranunculus 
Ranunculus 
Ranunculus 
Ranunculus 


recurvatus .... 

sceleratus 

abortivus 

abortivus  var. 


Ranunculus  septentrionalis 
Ranunculus  f  ascicularis  . .  . 
Ranunculus  recurvatus .... 

Ranunculus  sceleratus 

Ranunculus  abortivus  . . 


mi- 


ovalis 

pedatifidus 

reptans 

ambigens 

lacustris 

lacustris  var. 


Ranunculus  ambigens 


ter 


restris 

Ranunculus    aquatilis  var.   tri- 

chophyllus 

Ranunculus  aquatilis  var.  caes- 

pitosus 

Ranunculus  circinnatus 

Thalictrum  purpurascens 

Thalictrum  dioicum 

Berberi 


Leontice  thalictroides 


Menispermum  canadense 


Menisper  maceae 


Sauguinaria  canadensis. 
Capnorchis  cucullaria. . 
Capnorchis  canadensis . 
Neckeria  aurea. . 


Papave 


Neckeria  sempervirens 


Ranunculus  aquatilis  var.   tri- 
chophyllus 


Thalictrum  purpurascens. 


daceae 

Podophyllum  peltatum 
Leontice  thalictroides . . 


Menispermum  canadense 
raceae. 
Sanguinaria  canadensis.. 


Neckeria  aurea 

Neckeria  micrantha, 
Neckeria  fiavtila.. 


STATISTICS    OF    METASPERMAE.  67$ 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


v                          EASTERN. 

WESTERN. 

Anemone  virginiana. 
Anemone  cylindrica . 
Anemone  multifida . . 


Anemone  caroliniana 

Anemone  hirsutissima 

Clematis  virginiana 

Oxygraphis  cymbalaria 

Ranunculus  pennsylvanicus . . 


Anemone  virginiana 
Anemone  cylindrica . 
Anemone  multifida .  . 
Anemone  parviflora. 


Ranunculus  sepfentrionalis .... 

Ranunculus  f ascicularis 

Ranunculus  recurvatus 

Ranunculus  sceleratus 

Ranunculus  abortivus 

Ranunculus  abortivus  var.  mi- 

cranthus 

Ranunculus  ovalis 

Ranunculus  pedatifidus 

Ranunculus  reptans 

Ranunculus  ambigens 

Ranunculus  lacustris 

Ranunculus  lacustris  var.    ter- 

restris 

Ranunculus    aquatilis  var.    tri- 

chophyllus 

Ranunculus  aquatilis  var.  caes- 

pitosus.    , 

Ranunculus  circinnatus 

Thalictrum  purpurascens 

Thalictrum  dioicum 

Berber  i  daceae. 

Podophyllum  peltatum 

Leontice  thalictroides 

Menisper  maceae. 

Menispermum  canadense 

Papave  raceae. 

Sanguinaria  canadensis 

Capnorchis  cucullaria 

Capnorchis  canadensis 

Neckeria  aurea 

Neckeria  micrantha 

Neckeria  flavula 

Neckeria  semper virens 


Oxygraphis  cymbalaria 

Ranunculus  pennsylvanicus. . 

Ranunculus  repens 

Ranunculus  septentrionalis .  . 


mi- 


Ranunculus  sceleratus .... 

Ranunculus  abortivus 

Ranunculus  abortivus  var. 

cranthus 

Ranunculus  ovalis 

Ranunculus  pedatifidus 

Ranunculus  reptans 

Ranunculus  ambigens 

Ranunculus  lacustris 

Ranunculus  lacustris  var.  ter 

restris 

Ranunculus  aquatilis  var.  tri 

chophyllus 

Ranunculus  aquatilis  var.  caes 

pitosus 

Ranunculus  circinnatus.  . 


Thalictrum  dioicum 


Neckeria  aurea 

Neckeria  micrantha 


Neckeria  sempervirens 


680  METASPERMAE   OF    THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 

SOUTHERN. 

Cruel 

ferae. 
Thelypodium  pinnatifidum.  .  .  . 
Lepidium  virginicum 

Lepidium  intermedium  

Lepidium  intermedium. 

Sisymbrium  hartwegianum  
Sisymbrium  multifidum  

Sisymbrium  hartwegianum  .  .  . 

Barbarea  barbareavar.  stricta. 
Nasturtium  hispidum  

Nasturtium  hispidum  

Nasturtium  palustre  

Nasturtium  palustre  

Nasturtium  sinuatum. 

Cardamine  parviflora         .    . 

Oardarninfi  parviflora 

Cardamine  hirsuta  

Cardamine  hirsuta  

Cardamine  bulbosa 

Cardamine  laciniata  

Cardamine  diphylla  

Cardamine  diphylla.. 

Lesquerella  argentea       

Lesquerella  argentea 

Draba  nemorosa  

Draba  caroliniana           .    . 

Draba  micrantha  

Draba  verna  

Arabis  dentata 

Arabis  lyrata  

Arabis  confinis  

Arabis  confinis.  .  . 

Arabis  glabra  

Arabis  canadensis  

Arabis  laevigata  

Arabis  laevigata 

Arabis  hirsuta  

Arabis  patens 

Erysimum  inconspicuum  

Erysimum  asperum  

Erysimum  cheiranthoides  

Erysimum  cheiranthoides  
daceae. 
Cleome  serrulata 

Gappari 

Jacksonia  dodecandra 

Sarrace 
Sarracenia  purpurea  

niaceae. 

Drose 
Drosera  linearis  

raceae. 

Drosera  intermedia  var.  ameri- 
cana  

- 

Drosera  rotundifolia  

Crassu 

laceae. 
Penthorum  sedoides 

Saxifra 
Saxifraga  pennsylvanica  .  . 

gaceae. 

STATISTICS   OP   METASPERMAE.  681 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Crucif  erae 
Thelypodium  pinnatifidum. . . 

Lepidium  virginicum 

Lepidium  intermedium 


Sisymbrium  nmltifidum 


Nasturtium  hispidum 
Nasturtium  palustre. . 


Cardamine  parvifiora 
Cardamine  hirsuta . . , 
Cardamine  bulbosa . . , 
Cardamine  laciniata. . 
Cardamine  diphylla. , 


Lepidium  virginicum 

Lepidium  intermedium 

Sisymbrium  hartwegianum . . . 

Sisymbrium  multifidum 

Barbarea  barbarea  var.  stricta 

Nasturtium  hispidum 

Nasturtium  palustre 

Nasturtium  sinuatum 

Cardamine  parviflora 

Cardamine  hirsuta. . . 


Lesquerella  argentea. 
Draba  nemorosa. . 


Draba  caroliniana. 


Draba  micrantha. 


Draba  verna . . , 
Arabisdentata, 
Arabis  lyrata. . 
Arabis  confinis , 


Arabis  canadensis. 
Arabis  laevigata . . 

Arabis  hirsuta 

Arabis  patens 


Arabis  lyrata . . 
Arabis  confinis. 
Arabis  glabra  . 


Arabis  hirsuta. 


Erysimum  cheiranthoides 

Cappari 

Cleome  serrulata 

Jacksonia  dodecandra 

Sarracen 

Sarracenia  purpurea 

Droser 


Drosera  intermedia  var.  ameri- 

cana 

Drosera  rotundifolia. . 


Penthorum  sedoides. 


Crassul 


Erysimum  inconspicuum 

Erysimum  asperum 

Erysimum  cheiranthoides 

daceae. 

Cleome  serrulata 

Jacksonia  dodecandra 

iaceae. 

Sarracenia  purpurea 

ac.eae. 

Drosera  linearis 

Drosera  intermedia  var.  ameri- 
cana. 

Drosera  rotundifolia 

zceae. 


Saxifraga  pennsylvanica 


Saxifra  gaceae 


682  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Tiarella  cordifolia. 
Heuchera  hispida. 


Tiarella  cordifolia. .  . 
Heuchera  hispida 
Heuchera  americana 


Mitella  nuda 

Mitella  diphylla 

Chrysosplenium  americanum 


Mitella  diphylla 

Chrysosplenium  americanum. 
Parnassia  caroliniana . . 


Parnassia  palustris 

Ribes  rubrum  var.  albinervium 

Ribes  floridum 

Ribes  oxycanthoides .  . . . , 


Ribes  floridum 


Opulaster  opulifolius 
Spiraea  tomentosa  . . , 
Spiraea  salicif olia . .  . 
Pirus  sambucifolia. . 


Rosa 


Ribes  gracile , 

Ribes  cynobasti 

ceae. 

Opulaster  opulifolius 
Spiraea  tomentosa  . . 


Pirus  arbutifolia 
Pirus  coronaria . 


Amelanchier  alnifolia 


Amelanchier    canadensis     var. 
obovalis . . 


Rubus  repens 

Rubus  hispidus 

Rubus  canadensis    

Rubus  villosus 

Rubus   occidentalis 

Rubus   strigosus 

Rubus  triflorus 

Fragaria  vesca 

Pragaria   virginiana   var. 
noensis 

Potentilla  canadensis 

Potentilla  canadensis  var.  sim- 
plex  

Potentilla  anserina , 

Potentilla  tridentata 

Potentilla  f ruticosa 

Potentilla  palustris .... 


Amelanchier  canadensis 

Amelanchier    canadensis   var. 

obovalis 

Crataegus  crus-galli 

Crataegus  coccinea 

Crataegus  mollis 

Crataegus  tomentosa 


Rubus  hispidus 
Rubus  villosus . 


illi- 


Pragaria  virginiana  var.  illi- 
noensis -.  .*+ . 

Potentilla  canadensis 

Potentilla  canadensis  var.  sim 
plex 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPfiRMAE.  683 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 

WESTERN. 

Tiarella  cordifolia.  .  .  .„  

Heuchera  hispida  

Heuchera  hispida  

Heuchera  americana  

Mitella  nuda  

Mitella  nuda  

Mitella  diphylla  

Mitella  diphylla  .      ... 

Chrysospleninm  americanum.  .  . 

Parnassia  caroliniana  

Parnassia  palnstris. 

Parnassia  palustris 

Ribes  rubrum  var.  albinervium 
Ribes  floridum     .  .            

Ribes  rubrum  var.  albinervium 

Ribes  oxycanthoides   

Ribes  oxycanthoides  

Ribes  gracile  

Ribes  gracile 

Ribes  cynobasti  

Ribes  cynobasti  

Rosa 
Opulaster  opulifolius  

ceae. 
Opulaster  opulifolius  

Spiraea  tomentosa  

Spiraea  salicifolia  

Spiraea  salicifolia  

Pirus  sambucif  olia  

Pirus  sambucif  olia.. 

Pirus  arbutifoiia  

Pirus  coronaria  

Ameianchier  alriifolia 

Amelanchier  canadensis     

Amelanchier    canadensis     var. 
obovalis  

Amelanchier    canadensis  var. 
obovalis  

Crataegus  crus-galli  

Crataegus  coccinea 

Crataegus  mollis  

Crataegus  tomentosa  

Rubus  repens  

Rubus  hispidus  

Rubus  canadensis  

Rubus  villosus  

•*\ 

Rubus  occidentalis 

Rubus  occidentalis 

Rubus  strigosus  

Rubus  strigosus  

Rubus  triflorus  .... 

Rubus  triflorus 

Fragaria  vesca  

Fragaria  vesca  

Fragaria    virginiana    var.    illi- 
noensi^  

Fragaria  virginiana  var.  illi- 
noensis 

Potentilla  canadensis  

Potentilla  canadensis  var.  sim 
plex  

Potentilla  anserina  

Potentilla  anserina     

Potentilla  tridentata  

Potentilla  tridentata 

Potentilla  f  ruticosa  

Potentilla  fruticosa 

Potentilla  palustris  . 

Potentilla  palustris.  . 

684  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

D.    Table  illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Potentilla  argentea 

Polentilla  pennsylvanica 

Potentilla  pennsylvanica    var 
strigosa 


Potentilia  argentea. 


Potentilla  millegrana. 
Potentilla  norvegica. . 

Potentilla  arguta 

Geum  ciliatum 

Geum  rivale 

Geum  strictum 

Geum  japonicum 

Geum  virginianum . . . 


Potentilla  supina 

Potentilla  millegrana. 
Potentilla  norvegica. . 
Potentilla  arguta 


Geum  rivale 


Agrimonia  eupatoria 
Rosa  humilis. . 


Rosa  pisocarpa  . 
Rosa  acicularis  . 
Rosa  virginiana. 


Geum  virginianum . . , 

Geum  album , 

Agrimonia  eupatoria 

Rosa  humilis 

Rosa  Carolina 

Rosa  pisocarpa 


Cerasus  pumila, 


Cerasus  virginiana 

Cerasus  pennsylvanica 


Rosa  virginiana  var.  arkansana 

Prunus   americana 

Cerasus  pumila 

Cerasus  serotina 

Cerasus  virginiana 


Legum 


Lathyrus  palustris 

Lathyrus  palustris  var.  myrti- 

f  olius 

Lathyrus  glaucif olius 

Lathyrus  venosus 


nosae. 

Acuania  illinoensis 

Cassia  chamaecrista 

Gymnocladus  dioicus 

Baptisia  leucophaea 

Baptisia  leucantha 

Baptisia  tinctoria 

Falcata  comosa 

Phaseolus  pauciflorus 

Phaseolus  angulosus 

Phaseolus  polystachyos 

Lathyrus  palustris 

Lathyrus  palustris  var.  myrti- 
f olius . . 


Vicia  americana. 


Lathyrus  venosus 

Apiosapios 

Vicia  americana . . 
Vicia  caroliniana . 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  685 

of  Minnesota  Valley  Metaspermic  Species.— Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Potentilla  argentea 

Potentilla  pennsylvanica 


Potentilla  supina. 


Potentilla  pennsylvanica 

Potentillai  pennsylvanica  var. 
strigosa 


Potentilla  norvegica  . 

Potentilla  arguta 

Geum  ciliatum 

Geum  rivale 

Geum  strictum 

Geum  japonicum. 
Geum  virginianum . . . 

Geum  album 

Agrimonia  eupatoria 

Rosa  humilis , 

Rosa  Carolina. . 


Potentilla  millegrana. 


Potentilla  arguta. 
Geum  ciliatum . . 


Geum  strictum. . , 
Geum  japonicum 


Agrimonia  eupatoria 


Rosa  virginiana 


Prunus  americana 

Cerasus  pumila 

Cerasus  serotina 

Cerasus  virginiana 

Cerasus  pennsylvanica 

Legum 

Acuania  illinoensis 

Cassia  chamaecrista 

Gymnocladus  dioicus 

Baptisia  leucophaea 

Bapti-  ia  leucantha 

Baptisia  tinctoria 

Palcata  comosa 

Phaseolus  pauciflorus 

Phaseolus  angulosus 

Phaseolus  polystachyos 

Lathyrus  palustris 

Lathy rus    palustris   var.    myr- 

tifolius 

Lathyrus  glaucifolius 

Lathyrus  venosus 

Apios  apios 

Vicia  americana 

Vicia  caroliniana . .  


Rosa  pisocarpa 

Rosa  acicularis 

Rosa  virginiana 

Rosa  virginiana  var.  arkansana 


Cerasus  virginiana 

Cerasus  pennsylvanica, 
inosae. 


Lathyrus  palustris 

Lathyrus  palustris  var. 

tif  olius 

Lathyrus  glaucifolius . . 
Lathyrus  venosus , 


myr- 


Vicia  americana, 


686  METASPERMAE    OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.     Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Vicia  cracca 


Pleurolobus  canadensis. 


Glycyrrhiza  lepidota 


Spiesia  lamberti 


Astragalus  flexuosus . . , 
Astragalus  hypoglottis 
Astragalus  adsurgens . 


Astragalus  canadensis. 


Amorpha  canescens . . 
Amorpha  microphylla 


Psoralea  incana. 
Lotus  americana, 


Ger^ni  aceae 

Geranium  carolinianum 

Geranium  maculatum 

Oxalid  aceae 


Lespedeza  leptostachya 

Lespedeza  frutescens 

Lespedeza  hirta 

Lespedeza  reticulata 

Lespedeza  reticulata  var.  vir- 

ginica 

Lespedeza  violacea 

Lespedeza  repens 

Pleurolobus  canadensis 

Pleurolobus  paniculatus 

Pleurolobus  dillenii 

Pleurolobus  canescens 

Pleurolobus  grandiflorus 

Pleurolobus  nudiflorus 

Glycyrrhiza  lepidota 

Spiesia  splendens 

Spiesia  lamberti 

Astragalus  lotiflorus 

Astragalus  flexuosus 


Astragalus  parviflorus.. 
Astragalus  canadensis . . 
Astragalus  plattensis. . . 
Astragalus  cary ocarpus 
Amorpha  canescens. . . . 
Amorpha  microphylla. . 

Amorpha  fruticosa 

Cracca  virginiana 

Kuhnistera  villosa 

Kuhnistera  Candida. . . . 
Kuhnistera  purpurea . .  . 

Dalea  dalea 

Psoralea  tenuiflora 

Psoralea  esculenta 

Psoralea  incana 

Lotus  americana 

Lupinus  perennis 


Geranium  carolinianum. 
Geranium  maculatum. . 


Oxalis  stricta 

Oxalis  longiflora, 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  687 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


Vicia  cracca 

Lespedeza  leptostachya — 

Lespedeza  frutescens 

Lespedeza  hirta 

Lespedeza  reticulata 

Lespedeza  reticulata  var. 

ginica 

Lespedeza  violacea 

Lespedeza  repens 

Pleurolobus  canadensis. . . . 
Pleurolobus  paniculatus . . . 

Pleurolobus  dillenii 

Pleurolobus  canescens 

Pleurolobus  grandiflorus . . 
Pleurolobus  nudiflorus 
Glycy rrhiza  lepidota 


vir- 


Spiesia  lamberti 


WESTERN. 


Glycyrrhiza  lepidota 

Spiesia  splendens 


Astragalus  canadensis. 


Amorpha  fruticosa, 
Cracca  virginiana.. 


Astragalus  lotiflorus 
Astragalus  flexuosus 
Astragalus  hypoglottis . , 
Astragalus  adsurgens . . , 
Astragalus  parviflorus  . 
Astragalus  canadensis . . 

Astragalus  plattensis 

Astragalus  caryocarpus 
Amorpha  canescens .... 
Amorpha  microphy lla . . , 
Amorpha  fruticosa 


Kuhnistera  villosa  .  . . 
Kuhnistera  Candida . . 
Kuhnistera  purpurea. 

Dalea  dalea 

Psoralea  tenuiflora . . . 
Psoralea  esculenta. . . 

Psoralea  incana 

Lotus  americana.  . 


Lupinus  perennis. 


Gerani 


Geranium  carolinianum. 
Geranium  maculatum. . 


Oxalis  stricta 


aceae. 


Geranium  carolinianum. 


Oxalid  aceae. 

Oxalis  stricta 
Oxalis  longiflora 


688  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Linum  lewisii. 


Lina  ceae. 

Linum  rigidum. . 
Linum  sulcatum 
Linum  lewisii . . 


Euta  ceae 


Zanthoxylum  americanum. 


Polyga 


Polygala  paucifolia 
Polygala  senega  . . . 


Euphor 


Euphorbia  glyptosperma 
Euphorbia  serpyllifolia. . 


Stellaria  verna. 


Stellar 
Anacar 


Ricinocarpus  virginicus 

Euphorbia  dictyosperma 

Euphorbia  heterophylla 

Euphorbia  corollata 

Euphorbia  marginata 

Euphorbia  nutans 

Euphorbia  humistrata 

Euphorbia  maculata  ... 

Euphorbia  glyptosperma.  . . . 

Euphorbia  serpyllifolia 

Euphorbia  geyeri 

iaceae. 

Stellaria  verna 

diaceae. 

Rhus  radicans 

Rhus  vernix 

Rhus  copallina 

Rhus  glabra 

Rhus  typhina 

wceae. 

Evonymus  atropuupureus 

Ccjlastrus  scandens 

Aquifo  liaceae. 

Ilex  verticillata Ilex  verticillata 

Staphy  leaceae. 

Staphylea  trifolia I  Staphylea  trifolia 

Acera.ceae. 

Acer  negundo 


Celast 


Gelastrus  scandens 


Zanthoxylum  americanum  . . . 
Ptelea  trif  oliata 

aceae. 

Polygala  verticillata 

Polygala  paucifolia , 

Polygaia  senega 

Polygala  senega  var.  latif olia 

Polygala  cruciata , 

Polygala  viridescens 

biaceae. 


Acer  barbatum. 


Acer  rubrum. 
Acer  barbatum. 


\ 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE. 


689 


of  Minnesota  Y  alley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Linum  sulcatum 


Lina  ceae. 

Linum  rigidum. . 
Linum  sulcatum 
Linum  lewisii . . . 
Ruta  ceae. 
Zanthoxylum  americanum . . 

Ptelea  trifoliata 

Poly  gal  aceae. 

Poly  gala  vertipillata |  Poly  gala  verticillata 

Polygala  paucifolia ' 

Poly  gala  senega • 

Polygala  senega  var.  latifolia 

Polygala  cruciata , 

Polygala  viridescens 

tiuphor  biaceae. 
Ricinocarpus  virginicus 


Euphorbia  corollata . 
Euphorbia  nutans. . . 
Euphorbia  maculata. 


Euphorbia  dictyosperma 
Euphorbia  heterophylla . 


Euphorbia  marginata. . 

Euphorbia  nutans 

Euphorbia  humistrata . 


Euphorbia  glyptosperma 

Euphorbia  serpyllifolia 

Euphorbia  geyeri 


Stellaria  verna 

Rhus  radicans 
Rhus  vernix 
Rhus  copallina 
Rhus  glabra 
Rhus  typhina 


Ilex  verticillata 


Acer  negundo 
Acer  rubrum 
Acer  barbatum 

-44 


na  

Stellaria  verna  

Anacar 
ns  

diaceae. 

ina  

a  

Gelast 
btropurpureus  

raceae. 

indens  

Aquifo 
ata  

liaceae. 

Staphyl 
if  olia  

eaceae. 

Acera 
o  

ceae. 
Acer  negundo. 

L  

im.  . 

690  METASPEKMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Acer  barbatum  var.  nigrum. 
Acer  saccharinum . . 


Acer  spicatum 

Acer  pennsylvanicum 


Balsam 


Acer  pennsylvanicum 
naceae. 


Impatiens  biflora. 
Impatiens  aurea. 


Rhamn 


Impatiens  aurea 

aceae. 

Ceanothus  ovatus 

Ceanothus  americanus. 


Rhamnus  alnifolia 


Vita 


Tilia  americana 


Tilia 


ceae. 

Parthenocissus  quinquefolia. 

Vitis  aestivalis 

Vitis  riparia 

Vitis  cordifolia 

ceae. 

Tilia  americana . . 


Malva  ceae 


Malva  triangulata . 
Malva  involucrata 

Napaea  dioica 

Hibiscus  militaris . 


Hyperi  caceae 


Hypericum  maculatum 


Hypericum  ascyron . . . 
Hypericum  virginicum 


Hudsonia  tomentosa. 


Viola  sylvestris . , 
Viola  striata 
Viola  canadensis , 


Cista 
Viola 


Hypericum  canadense 

Hypericum  gymnanthum. 

Hypericum  mutilum 

Hypericum  maculatum. . . 
Hypericum  prolificum. .  . . 

Hypericum  ascyron 

Hypericum  virginicum . . . 
ceae. 

Helianthemum  majus 

Hudsonia  tomentosa . . 


ceae. 


Viola  rotundifolia 


Viola  striata. . . . 
Viola  pubescens 


Viola  blanda 

Viola  blanda  var.  amoena. 
Viola  sagitatta 


Viola  lanceolata. . .  . 
Viola  primulaefolia 


Viola  blanda  var.  amoena. 
Viola  sagitatta 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  691 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Acer  barbatum  var.  nigrum. . 

Acer  saccharinum 

Acer  spicatum 

Acer  pennsylvanicum 

Balsami 

Impatiens  binora 

Impatiens  aurea 

Rhamn 

Ceanothus  ovatus 

Ceanothus  americanus 

Rhamnus  alnifolia 

Vita 
Parthenocissus  quinquef olia . 

Vitis  aestivalis 

Vitis  riparia 

Vitis  cordif olia 

Tilia 

Tilia  americaDa 

Malva 
Malva  triangulata 


naceae. 

Impatiens  biflora. 

Impatiens  aurea . . 
aceae. 

Ceanothus  ovatus 


ceae. 


ceae. 


ceae. 


Malva  involucrata 


Napaea  dioica 

Hibiscus  militaris., 


Hypericum  canadense 
Hypericum  gymnanthum 

Hypericum  mutilum 

Hypericum  maculatum . . 
Hypericum  prolificum . . . 

Hypericum  ascyron 

Hypericum  virginicum . . 


Hyperi 


caceae. 


Helianthemum  majus 
Hudsonia  tomentosa. 


Cista  ceae 


Viola  sylvestris 

Viola  striata 

Viola  canadensis 

Viola  pubescens 

Viola  rotundifolia 

Viola  lanceolata 

Viola  primulaefolia 

Viola  blanda 

Viola  blanda  var.  amoena 
Viola  sagittata , 


Viola 


wae. 
Viola  sylvestris 


Viola  canadensis , 


Viola  blanda 


692  METASPERMAE   OP   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


Viola  palmata  var.  obliqua 


Viola  pedata 


Cacta  ceae 


Thymela 


Leptargyrria   argentea . 
Elaeagnus  argentea. 


Elaeag 


Lythra 


Oenothe 


Isnardia  palustris 


Gaura  coccinea. 


Epilobium  hornemanni . . 

Epilobium  coloratum 

Epilobium  strictum 

Epilobium  palustre 

Epilobium  lineare  

Epilobium  angustifolium 

Circaea  alpina 

Circaea  lutetiana  . 


Oenothera  pumila. 
Oenothera  biennis. 
Hippuris  vulgaris. 


Halorrha 


Myriophyllum  spicatum 


Aralia  trifolia 

Aralia  quinquefolia 
Aralia  nudicaulis. . . 

Aralia  hispida 

Aralia  racemosa  . 


Arali 


SOUTHERN. 


Viola  palmata 

Viola  palmata  var.  obliqua . 
Viola  palmata  var.  cordata 

Viola  pedatifida 

Viola  pedata 


Opuntia  f ragilis 

Opuntia  missouriensis . . 

Opuntia  rafinesquii 

eaceae. 

Dirca  palustris 

naceae. 

Leptargyrria  argentea. 


ceae. 
Ly  thrum  alatum . . . 

raceae. 

Isnardia  palustris . . 
Isnardia  polycarpa 

Gaura  coccinea 

Gaura  biennis. . 


Epilobium  coloratum 


Epilobium  angustifolium 


Circaea  lutetiana .... 
Oenothera  albicaulis 
Oenothera  serrulata. 


Oenothera  rhombipetala 

Oenothera  biennis 

gidaceae. 

Hippuris  vulgaris 

Myriophyllum  heterophyllum 

Myriophyllum  verticillatum . . 

Myriophyllum  spicatum 

ceae. 

Aralia  trifolia 

Aralia  quinquefolia 


Aralia  hispida . . 
Aralia  racemosa 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  693 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Viola  palmata 

Viola  palmata  var.  obliqua. 
Viola  palmata  var.  cordata 


Viola  pedata 


Viola  palmata  var.  obliqua 
Viola  pedatifida 


Cacta  ceae. 


Opuntia  rafinesquii. 
Dirca  palustris 


Opuntia  f ragilis 

Opuntia  missouriensis 


Thymela 
Elaeag 


eaceae. 


Elaeagnus  argentea. 
Lythrum  alatum 


naceae. 
Leptargyraia  argentea. 


Lythraceae. 


Isnardia  palustris 


Gaura  biennis 
Epilobium  hoi 
Epilobium  col 
Epilobium  str 
Epilobium  pal 
Epilobium  lineare 
Epilobium  ang 
Circaea  alpina 
Circaea  lutetiana 


Oenothe  raceae. 


Oenothera  pumila 
Oenothera  biennis 

Hippuris  vulgaris 
Myriophyllum 
Myriophyllum 
Myriophyllum 

Aralia  trifolia 
Aralia  quinqu< 
Aralia  nudicaulis. 
Aralia  hispida 
Aralia  racemosa. 


carpa  ....    

Gaura  coccinea  

Gaura  biennis                

rnemanni 

Epilobium  hornemanni  

oratum  

ictum  .  .             .    . 

lustre. 

Epilobium  palustre  

eare  

Epilobium  lineare  

^ustifolium 

Epilobium  angustif  olium  

a  

Circaea  alpina  

ina 

Oenothera  albicaulis 

Oenothera  serrulata  

mila  

Oenothera  rhombipetala  

nnis 

Oenothera  biennis  

Halorrha 
%aris   ...        

gidaceae. 
Hippuris  vulgaris  

i  heterophyllum  .  . 

i  verticillatum  .    . 

i  spicatum  

Arali 

aceae. 

ef  olia  

ulis  

Aralia  nudicaulis  

a  

>sa.. 

694  METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Umbell 


Sanicula  marylandica 
Sanicula  canadensis .  . 


Heracleum  lanatum 


Angelica  atropurpurea 


iferae. 
Sanicula  marylandica . . 

Sanicula  canadensis 

Eryngium  aquaticum .  . . 
Poly taenia  nuttallii .... 
Heracleum  lanatum .... 
Peucedanum  nudicaule. 
Tiedemannia  rigida .... 


Thaspium   aureum    var   corda 
turn  . 


Zizia  aurea 


Cicuta  bulbifera. .   , 

Cicuta  virosa  var.  maculata 


Angelica  villosa 

Thaspium  aureum 

Thaspium  aureum  var.  corda- 

tum 

Thaspium  barbinode 

Zizia  cordata 

Zizia  aurea 

Pimpinella  integerrima 


Sium  cicutaefolium . . 
Deeringia  canadensis 


Myrrhis  aristata 


Cornus  canadensis 
Cornus  alternifolia , 


Corna  ceae 


Cicuta  virosa  var.  maculata. 
Sium  angustifolium . .  . .  , . .. 

Sium  cicutaefolium 

Deeringia  canadensis .  . . .;.-,. 

Myrrhis  claytoni 

Myrrhis  aristata •» .  . . 


Cornus  stolonifera 
Cornus  circinatus. . 


Cornus  alternifolia.  . 
Cornus  candidissima 
Cornus  asperifolia  . . 


Cornus  sericea . . . 
Cornus  circinatus. 


Pirola  ceae 


Pseva  umbellata 

Pirola  secunda 

Pirola  secunda  var.  pumila .... 

Pirola  elliptica 

Pirola  rotundif olia 

Pirola  rotundifolia    var.  uligi- 

nosa 

Monotropa  uniflora 

Erica 

Ledum  latif olium 

Andromeda  polifolia 


Pseva  maculata . . 
Pseva  umbellata, 


Pirola  elliptica. 


Monotropa  uniflora. 
:eae. 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  695 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 

WESTERN. 

Umbell 
Sanicula  marylandica    

iferae. 
Sanicula  marylandica 

Sanicula  canadensis  

Eryngium  aquaticum  

Polytaenia  nuttallii.         .  .  . 

Polytaenia  nuttallii 

Heracleum  lanatum  

Heracleum  lanatum  .... 

Peucedanum  nudicaule 

Tiedemannia  rigida  

Angelica  atropurpurea  

Angelica  villosa  

Thaspium  aureum  

Thaspiuni   aureum   var.   corda- 
tum  

Thaspium  aureum  var.  corda- 
tum  

Thaspium  barbinode  

Zizia  cordata  

Zizia  aurea  

Zizia  aurea  

Pimpinella  integerrima.  . 

Cicuta  bulbifera  

Cicuta  virosa  var.  maculata.  .  .  . 
Sium  angustifolium  

Cicuta  virosa  var.  maculata.  .  . 
Sium  angustifolium  

Sium  cicutaef  olium  

Sium  cicutaefolium. 

Deeringia  canadensis  

Myrrhis  claytoni  

Myrrhis  claytoni  

My  rrhis  aristata  

Corna 
Cornus  canadensis  

ceae. 
Cornus  canadensis  ... 

Cornus  alternif  olia  

Cornus  candidissima  

Cornus  asperifolia  

Cornus  stolonifera  

Cornus  stolonifera  

Cornus  sericea  

Cornus  circinatus  

Pirolai 
Pseva  maculata  

ceae. 

Pseva  umbellata  

Pseva  umbellata  

Pirola  secunda                  

Pirola  secunda  

Pirola  secunda  var.  pumila.  .  .  . 
Pirola  elliptica  

Pirola  secunda  var.  pumila  .  .  . 
Pirola  elliptica  

Pirola  rotundifolia 

Pirola  rotundifolia  

Pirola  rotundifolia  var.    uligi- 
nosa  

Pirola  rotundifolia  var.  uligi- 
nosa  

Monotropa  uniflora 

Monotropa  uniflora.        

Erica 
Ledum  latifolium    ....         ... 

ceae. 
Ledum  latifolium  

Andromeda  polifolia  .  , 

Andromeda  polifolia  . 

696 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


D.    Table]  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Lyonia  calyculata 

Chiogenes  hispidula 

Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi 

Oxy coccus  macrocarpus 

Oxycoccus  oxycoccus 

Vaccinium    corymbosum     var. 

amoenum 

Vaccinium  canadense 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum 


Primu 


Vaccinium  stamineum . 
laceae. 
Androsace  occidentalis , 


Lysimachia  thyrsiflora, 
Lysimachia  terrestris.. , 


Steironema  ciliatum. 
Trientalis  americana 


Lysimachia  terrestris 

Steironema  quadriflorum 

Steironema   lanceolatum   var. 

hybridum 

Steironema  ciliatum. . 


Centunculus  minimus 


Olea  ceae 


Fraxinus  sambucifolia. 
Fraxinus  pubescens.... 

Fraxinus  viridis 

Fraxinus  americana . . 


Menyanthes  trifoliata. 


Gentian 


aceae. 


Gentiana    linearis    var.    rubri- 
caulis  . 


Nymphodes  lacunosum 


Gentiana  flavida 

Gentiana  andrewsii .^v. 

Gentiana  saponaria 

Gentiana  puberula 

Gentiana  quinquefolia  var.  oc- 
cidentalis . 


Gentiana  serrata 

Gentiana  americana 


Apocyn 


Asclepias  lanuginosa , 


Asclepia 


aceae. 

Apocynum  cannabinum 

Apocynum  androsaemifolium 
daceae. 

Asclepias  lanuginosa 

Asclepias  viridiflora 

Asclepias  floridana  


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  697 

of  Minnesota  Valley  Metaspermic  Species.— Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Lyonia  calyculata 

Chiogenes  hispidula.    

Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi 

Oxy coccus  macrocarpus 

Oxy coccus  oxycoccus 

Vaccinium    corymbosum     var. 

amoenum 

Vaccinium  canadense 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum 
Vaccinium  stamineum . . 


Lyonia  calyculata 

Chiogenes  hispidula 

Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi 
Oxycoccus  macrocarpus 
Oxycoccus  oxycoccus. . . 


Primul  aceae 


Lysimachia  thyrsiftora 

Lysimachia  terrestris 

Steironema  quadriflorum 

Steironema  lanceolatum  var. 

hybridum 

Steironema  ciliatum 

Trientalis  americana 

Oentunculus  minimus 

Olea 

Fraxinus  sambucifolia 

Fraxinus  pubescens 

Fraxinus  viridis 

Fraxinus  americana 

Gentian 

Menyanthes  trif oliata 

Nymphodes  lacunosum 

Gentiana  linearis  var.  rubri- 

caulis 

Gentiana  flavida 

Gentiana  andrewsii 

Gentiana  saponaria 

Gentiana  puberula 

Gentiana  quinquefolia  var.  oc- 

cidentalis 

Gentiana  serrata 

Gentiana  americana 

Apocyn 

Apocynum  cannabinum 

Apocynum  androsaemif olium . . 

Asclepia 


Androsace  occidentalis , 
Lysimachia  thyrsiflora. , 


Steironema  ciliatum 


Centunculus  minimus. . 
',eae. 
Fraxinus  sambucifolia. 


aceae . 
Menyanthes  trif  oliata 


Gentiana  puberula. 


Gentiana  serrata.. 


Asclepias  viridiflora. 
Asclepias  florid  ana. . 


aceae. 

Apocynum  cannabinum 

Apocynum  androsaemif  olium 
daceae. 

Asclepias  lanuginosa 


698  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Asclepias  speciosa 


Gonvolv 


Volvulus  sepium 


Asclepias  verticillata. . . 
Asclepias  quadrifolia. . . 

Asclepias  ovalifolia 

Asclepias  exaltata 

Asclepias  obtusifolia  . . . 
Asclepias  sullivantii. .  . . 

Asclepias  syriaca 

Asclepias  speciosa 

Asclepias  incarnata  .... 
Asclepias  purpurascens 

Asclepias  tuberosa 

ulaceae. 
Volvulus  spithameus .  . . 


Polemon 


Cuscuta  paradoxa 

Cuscuta  gronovii 

Cuscuta  gronovii  var.  saururi . 

Cuscuta  coryli 

Cuscuta  cephalanthi 

Cuscuta  arvensis 

Cuscuta  polygonorum 

laceae. 

Phlox  divaricata 

Phlox  pilosa 

Phlox  glaberrima 

Phlox  maculata . . 


Collomia  linearis 


Macrocalyx  nyctalea 


Hydrophyllum  virginianum. . . 


Polemon  ium  rep  tans 

Hydroph  'yllaceae. 

Macrocalyx  nyctalea 

Hydrophyllum      appendicula- 

tum 

Hydrophyllum  virginianum. . . 

Phacelia  purshii 

Borraginaceae. 

Onosmodium  carolinianum. .  . . 
Onosmodium  carolinianum  var. 

molle 

Lithospermum    angustifolium 
Lithospermum  carolinense. .  . . 

Lithospermum  canescens 

Lithospermum  latifolium 

My osotis  virginica 

Myosotis  arvensis 

Lappula  virginiana 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  699 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


Asclepias  verticillata 
Asclepias  quadrif  olia , 


Asclepias  exaltata. . . 
Asclepias  obtusifolia 


Asclepias  syriaca. 


Asclepias  incarnata , 

Asclepias  purpurascens. 
Asclepias  tuberosa. 


Volvulus  spithameus 
Volvulus  sepium .... 


Convolv 


Cuscuta  gronovii 

Cuscuta  gronovii  var.  saururi . . 

Cuscuta  coryli 

Cuscuta  cephalanthi 

Cuscuta  arvensis 

Cuscuta  polygonorum 

Polemon 

Phlox  divaricata 

Phlox  pilosa 

Phlox  glaberrima 

Phlox  maculata. . 


Polemonium  reptans 

Hydroph 

Macrocalyx  nyctalea 

Hy drophyllum  appendicula- 

tum 

Hydrophyllum  virginianum. .  . . 

Phacelia  purshii 

Borragi 

Onosmodium  carolinianum 

Onosmodium  carolinianum  var. 

molle . . 


Lithospermum  carolinense. 
Lithospermum  canescens . . 
Lithospermum  latifolium . . 

Myosotis  virginica 

Myosotis  arvensis 

Lappulavirginiana 


WESTERN. 


Asclepias  ovalifolia 


Asclepias  suUivantii 


Asclepias  speciosa 


Asclepias  tuberosa 
ulaceae. 


Volvulus  sepium . . 
Cuscuta  paradoxa , 


Cuscuta  coryli 

Cuscuta  cephalanthi 
Cuscuta  arvensis . . 


laceae. 


Collomia  linearis 


yllaceue. 
Macrocalyx  nyctalea. 


Hydrophyllum  virginianum. 


naceae. 


Lithospermum  angustif olium 


Lithospermum  canescens 
Myosotis  virginica , 


700  METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Lappula  deflexa  var.  ameri- 
cana 

Lappula  redowskii  var.  pil 
osa . 


Verben  aceae 


Lappula  deflexa  var.  ameri- 
cana 

Lappula  redowskii  var.  pil 
osa 

Cynoglossum  virginicum 


Verbena  angustif olia 


Leptostachya  leptostachya. 

Verbena  bracteosa 

Verbena  stricta 

Verbena  hastata 

Verbena  angustif  olia 

Verbena  urticaefolia. . 


Labi  atae 


Stachys  palustris, 


Brunella  vulgaris 


Scutellaria  galericulata 

Scutellaria  lateriflora 

Dracocephalum  parviflorum 
Vleckia  f  oenicula. . 


Stachys  aspera 

Stachys  palustris 

Physostegia  virginiana. 

Brunella  vulgaris 

Scutellaria  parvula 


Acinos  vulgaris 


Vleckia  scrophulariaef olia . . . 

Vleckia  nepetoides 

Monarda  punctata 

Monarda  fistulosa 

Hedeoma  hispida 


Lycopus  sinuatus 

Lycopus    lucidus    var.    obtusi 
folius . . 


Lycopus  virginicus 
Mentha  canadensis . 


Koellia  flexuosa 

Koellia  virginiana 

Lycopus  sinuatus 

Lycopus   lucidus   var.   obtusi- 

folius 

Lycopus  rubellus 

Lycopus  virginicus 


Isanthus  brachiatus 


Teucrium  canadense. . 
Isanthus  brachiatus . . 


Solan  aceae 


Physalis  grandiflora. 


Physalis  lanceolata . . . 
Physalis  virginiana..  . 
Physalis  pubescens . . . 

Physalis  angulata 

Physalis  philad^lphica 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  701 

of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species.— Continued. 


EASTERN. 


Cynoglossum  virginicum 

Verben 
Leptostachya  leptostachy a 


Verbena  hastata 

Verbena  angustif olia 

Verbena  urticaefolia 

Labi 

Stachys  aspera 

Stachys  palustris 

Physostegia  virginiana 

Brunella  vulgaris 

Scutellaria  parvula 

Scutellaria  galericulata 

Scutellaria  lateriflora 

Draeocephalum  parviflorum. . . . 


Vleckia  scrophulariaefolia. 

Vleckia  nepetoides 

Monarda  punctata 

Monarda  fistulosa. . 


Acinos  vulgaris . . . 
Koellia  flexuosa. . . 
Koellia  virginiana. 
Lycopus  sinuatus.. 


Lycopus  rubellus . . . 
Lycopus  virginicus. . 
Mentha  canadensis. . 
Teucrium  canadense. 
Isanthus  brachiatus. 


Physalis  lanceolata. . . . 
Physalis  virginiana  ... 

Physalis  pubescens 

Physalis  angulata 

Physalis  philadelphica 
Physalis  grandiflora 


WESTERN. 


Lappula    deflexa  var.    ameri- 
cana 

Lappula    redowskii    var.    pil- 
osa. . 


aceae. 


Verbena  bracteosa. 
Verbena  stricta . . . 
Verbena  hasiata.. 


Verbena  urticaefolia , 
atae. 


Stachys  palustris, 
Brunella  vulgaris 


Scutellaria  galericulata 

Scutellaria  lateriflora 

Draeocephalum  parviflorum. 
Vleckia  f oenicula . . 


Monarda  fistulosa 
Hedeoma  hispida. 
Acinos  vulgaris . . , 


Lycopus  sinuatus 

Lycopus  lucidus  var.    obtusi- 
f  olius . . 


Lycopus  virginicus. 
Mentha  canadensis. 


Solan  aceae 


Physalis  lanceolata. 
Physalis  pubescens. 


702  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Solan  urn  nigrum 


Scrophula 


Penstemon  gracilis 


Veronica  peregrina, 
Veronica  scutellata. , 
Veronica  americana, 
Veronica  anagallis . , 


Solanum  nigrum 

riaceae. 
Scrophularianodosa  var.mary 

landica 

Chelone  glabra .... 

Penstenon  acuminatus 

Penstemon  grandiflorus 

Penstemon  teretiflorus 

Penstemon  gracilis 

Penstemon  hirsutus 

Mimulus  glabratus  var.  jamesii 

Minulus  ringens 

Gratiola  virginiana 

Ilysanthes  gratioloides 

Veronica  peregrina 


Gas  till  ej  a  pallida    var.    acumi- 
nata . . 


Veronica  virginica 

Synthyris  hougl;toniana 

Gerardia  pedicularia 

Gerardia  grandiflora 

Gerardia  virginica 

Gerardia  auriculata 

Gerardia  aspera 

Gerardia  purpurea 

Gerardia  tenuifolia 

Gerardia    tenuifolia    var.    as- 

perula 

Castilleja  sessiliflora 


Pedicularis  lanceolata , 
Melampyrum  lineare. . 


Castilleja  coccinea. 

Pedicularis  lanceolata . 
Pedicularis  canadensis 


Lentibula 


Monniera  rotundif olia , 
riaceae. 
Utricularia  cornuta . . 


Utricularia  intermedia. 

Utricularia  minor 

Utricularia  vulgaris . . . 


Orobanc 


Utricularia  vulgaris 
haceae. 

Aphyllon  ludovicianum. 
Aphyllon  f asciculatum . 


STATISTICS   OP   METASPERMAE.  703 

of  Minnesota  Y  alley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


Solanum  nigrum  , 

Scrophula 
Scrophularia  nodosa  var.  mary- 

landica 

Chelone  glabra 


Pensteinon  hirsutus 

Mimulus  glabratus  var.  jamesii 

Mimulus  ringens 

Gratiola  virginiana 

Ilysanthes  gratioloides 

Veronica  peregrina 

Veronica  scutellata 

Veronica  americana 

Veronica  anagallis 

Veronica  virginica 

Synthyris  houghtoniana 

Gerardia  pedicularia 

Gerardia  grandiflora 

Gerardia  virginica 

Gerardia  auriculata. . 


Gerardia  purpurea 

Gerardia  tenuifolia 

Gerardia  tenuifolia  var.  as- 

perula 

Castilleja  sessiliflora 

Castilleja  pallida  var.  acumi- 

nata 

Castilleja  coccinea 

Pedicularis  lanceolata 

Pedicularis  canadensis 

Melampyrum  lineare 

Monniera  rotundif olia 

Lentibula 

Utricularia  cornuta 

Utricularia  intermedia 

Utricularia  minor 

Utricularia  vulgaris 


Aphyllon  ludovicianum 


Orobanc  haceae 


WESTERN. 


Solanum  nigrurn 

riaceae. 

Scrophularia  nodosa  var.mary- 
landica.., 


Pensteinon  acuminatus. 
Penstemon  grandiflorus , 
Penstemon  teretiflorus. . 
Penstemon  gracilis , 


Mimulus  glabratus  var.  jamesii 


Gratiola  virginiana 

Ilysanthes  gratioloides., 

Veronica  peregrina 

Veronica  scutellata 

Veronica  americana 
Veronica  anagallis 


Gerardia  aspera. 


Castilleja  sessiliflora 

Castilleja  pallida  var.  acumi- 
nata . . 


Melampyrum  lineare.. 
Monniera  rotundif  olia 


riaceae. 


Utricularia  intermedia. 

Utricularia  minor 

Utricularia  vulgaris . . . 


Aphyllon  ludovicianum. 
Aphyllon  fasciculatum  . 


704  MBTASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.     Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Plantag 


Eubia 


Aphyllon  uniflorum 

inaceae. 
Plantago    patagonica   var, 

gnaphalioides 

Plantago  rugelii 

Plantago  major 

ceae. 

Houstoni  a  purpurea  var.  cilio- 
lata. . , 


Houstonia  purpurea  var.  longi 

folia 

Galium  triflorum , 

Galium  asprellum 


Galium  trifidum 


Galium  triflorum 

Galium  asprellum 

Galium  concinnum 

Galium  trifidum 

Galium  trifidum  var.  latif olium 


Galium  boreale 

Galium  lanceolatum 


Galium  aparine 

Caprifo 

Linnaea  borealis 

Symphoricarpos  racemosus. . 
Symphoricarpos  occidentalis 


Galium  lanceolatum 
Galium  circaezans. . 
Galium  aparine  . . . . 
liaceae. 


Lonicera  glauca 
Lonicera  sullivantii 

Lonicera  ciliata 

Diervilla  diervilla . . 


Symphoricarpos  symphoricar- 
pos 


Lonicera  sullivantii 


Sambucus  racemosa 
Viburnum  opulus  . . 


Diervilla  diervilla 

Triosteum  perfoliatum 


Sambucus  canadensis 


Viburnum   lentago .  . 
Adoxa  moschatellina 


Adoxa 
Valeria 


Viburnum  pubescens 
Viburnum  dentatum . 
Viburnum  lentago. . . 


ceae. 


Cucurbi 


naceae. 

Valeriana  edulis 

Valerianella  radiata 

Valerianella  chenopodifolia. . . 
\aceae. 
Sicyos  angulatus 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  705 

of  Minnesota  Valley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Aphyllon  uniflorum. 


Plantago  rugelii 
Plantago  major.. 


Aphyllon  uniflorum 

Plantag  inaceae. 

Plantago     patagonica    var. 
gnaphalioides 


Plantago  major 
Rubia  ceae. 

Houstonia  purpurea  var.  cilio- 
lata 


Houstonia  purpurea  var.  longi- 
f  olia . . 


Galium  triflorum 

Galium  asprellum 

Galium  concinnum 

Galium  trifidum 

Galium  trifidum  var.  latifolium 

Galium  boreale 

Galium  lanceolatum 

Galium  circaezans 

Galium  aparine 


Caprifo  liaceae 


Linnaea  borealis .... 
Symphoricarpos  racemosus 


Symphoricarpos    symphoricar- 


pos. 


Lonicera  glauca 

Lonicera  sullivantii 

Lonicera  ciliata 

Diervilla  diervilla 

Triosteum  perfoliatum 

Sambucus  racemosa 

Sambucus  canadensis 

Viburnum  opulus 

Viburnum  pubescens 

Viburnum  dentatum 

Viburnum  lentago 

Adoxa 
Adoxa  moschatellina 

Valeria 

Valeriana  edulis 

Valerianella  radiata 

Valerianella  chenopodif  olia .... 

Qucurbi 
Sicyos  angulatus 

-45 


Galium  triflorum. 


Galium  trifidum 
Galium  boreale. 


Galium  aparine. 


Linnaea  borealis 

Symphoricarpos  racemosus. . 
Symphoricarpos  occidentalis. 


Lonicera  glauca. .  . . 
Lonicera  sullivantii 
Lonicera  ciliata . . 


Sambucus  racemosa . . 
Sambucus  canadensis. 
Viburnum  opulus 


eae. 

Adoxa  moschatellina. 
naceae. 
Valeriana  edulis  . 


taceae. 


706  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Micrampelis  echinata. 


Campan 


Campanula  aparinoides. 
Campanula  rotundifolia 


Micrampelis  echinata. 
ulaceae. 
Campanula  americana 


Lobelia  inflata 
Lobelia  kalmii 


Campanula  rotundifolia 
Pentagonia  perfoliata . . 
Lobelia  inflata.  . 


Compo 


Eupatorium  purpureum 


Grindelia  squarrosa . . 
Diplogon  villosum. . .  . 


Solidago  graminifolia. 


Solidago  canadensis 


Solidago  serotina  var.  gigantea 


Solidago  juncea. . . 
Solidago  neglecta, 


Lobelia  spicata 

Lobelia  syphilitica 

Lobelia  cardinalis 

sitae. 

Vernonia  fasciculata 

Vernonia  noveboracensis 

Eupatorium  ageratoides 

Eupatorium  perfoliatum 

Eupatorium  altissimum 

Eupatorium  serotinum 

Eupatorium  purpureum. . . 

Kuhnia  eupatorioides. 

Kuhnia  eupatorioides  var.  glu- 

fcinosa 

Laciniaria  spicata 

Laciniaria  pycnostachya 

Laciniaria  scariosa 

Laciniaria  punctata 

Laciniaria  cylindracea 

Laciniaria  squarrosa. . , 

Laciniaria  squarrosa  var.    in- 
termedia  . . .  . 

Grindelia  squarrosa 

Diplogon  villosum. .....;:.... 

Solidago  occidentalis. ....    ... 


Solidago  riddelli .... 

Solidago  rigida  ...;......... .; 

Solidago  radula -.,. 

Solidago  nemoralis 

Solidago  nemoralis  var.  mollis 

Solidago  canadensis .> 

Solidago  ^erotina 

Solidago  serotina  var.  gigantea 
Solidago  missouriensis .  ...... 


STATISTICS   OF   MET  A  SPERM  AE.  707 

of  Minnesota  Y  alley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Micrampelis  echinata. 


Campanula  americana, 
Campanula  aparinoides. 
Campanula  rotundif olia . 
Pentagonia  perf oliata. . . 

Lobelia  inflata 

Lobelia  kalmii 

Lobelia  spicata 

Lobelia  syphilitica 

Lobelia  cardinalis . . 


Campan 


Micrampelis  echinata. 
ulaceae. 


Campanula  rotundifolia. 
Pentagonia  perf  oliata . . 


Lobelia  kalmii 


Compo 


sitae. 
Vernonia  f  asciculata 


Vernonia  noveboracensis 
Eupatorium  ageratoides. 
Eupatorium  perf oliatum . 
Eupatorium  altissimum.. 
Eupatorium  serotinum. . . 
Eupatorium  purpureum. . 


Eupatorium  purpureum 

Kuhnia  eupatorioides 

Kuhnia  eupatorioides  var.  glu- 
tinosa.. . 


Laciniaria  spicata . 
Laciniaria  scariosa 


Laciniaria  pycnostachya. 


Laciniaria  cylindracea 

Laciniaria  squarrosa 

Laciniaria  squarrosa  var.  inter 
media  . , 


Laciniaria  punctata . . 
Laciniaria  cylindracea 


Solidago  graminif  olia. 

Solidago  riddellii 

Solidago  rigida 


Solidago  nemoralis 


Solidago  canadensis 

Solidago  serotina 

Solidago  serotina  var.  gigantea 


Solidago  juncea . . 
Solidago  neglecta 


Grindelia  squarrosa 

Diplogon  villosum 

Solidago  occidentalis 

Solidago  graminifolia 

Solidago  riddellii 

Solidago  rigida 

Solidago  radula 

Solidago  nemoralis 

Solidago  nemoralis  var.  mollis 

Solidago  canadensis 

Solidago  serotina 

Solidago  serotina  var.  gigantea 
Solidago  missouriensis 


708  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Solidago  latifolia. 


Aster  longif olius . 

Aster  junceus 

Aster  salicif olius , 


Aster  polyphyllus. 
Aster  laevis. . 


Aster  cordif olius 


Aster  macrophyllus 


Solidago  rugosa 

Solidago  patula 

Solidago  speciosa 

Solidago  speciosa  vaf.  rigidius- 

cula 

Solidago  speciosa  var.  erecta. 

Solidago  latifolia 

Solidago  caesia 

Haplopappus  spinulosus 

Boltonia  asteroides . . 


Aster  ptarmicoides 

Aster  umbellatus 

Aster  puniceus 

Aster  puniceus  var.  lucidus . . . 


Aster  umbellatus 

Aster  puniceus 

Aster  puniceus  var.  lucidus. . . 
Aster  nova  belgii 


Aster  divaricatus 

Erigeron  philadelphicus 

Erigeron  pulchellus ; 

Erigeron  glabellus 


Erigeron  canadensis 


Aster  salicif  olius 

Aster  paniculatus 

Aster  lateriflorus 

Aster  vimineus 

Aster  dumosus 

Aster  multiflorus 

Aster  ericoides  var.  villosus . . 

Aster  polyphyllus 

Aster  laevis 

Aster  drummondii 

Aster  sagittaefolius 

Aster  cordif  olius 

Aster  undulatus 

Aster  azureus 

Aster  patens : . 

Aster  sericeus 

Aster  novae-angliae 

Aster  oblongif olius 

Aster  macrophyllus 

Aster  asteroides 

Aster  divaricatus 

Erigeron  philadelphicus 

Erigeron  pulchellus 


Erigeron  ramosus . . . 
Erigeron  annuus .... 
Erigeron  divaricatus 
Erigeron  canadensis. 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  709 

of  Minnesota  Valley  Metaspermie  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Solidago  rugosa. . . 
Solidago  patula . . . 
Solidago  speciosa.. 


Solidago  speciosavar.  rigidius 
cula . . 


Solidago  speciosa  var.  erecta 

Solidago  latifolia 

Solidago  caesia 


Boltonia  asteroides 

Aster  ptarmicoides 

Aster  umbellatus 

Aster  puniceus 

Aster  puniceus  var.  lucidus . 

Aster  nova-belgii 

Aster  longifolius 

Aster  junceus 

Aster  salicif  olius 

Aster  paniculatus 

Aster  laterifl orus 

Aster  vimineus 

Aster  dumosus 

Aster  multiflorus 

Aster  ericoides  var.  villosus 

Aster  polyphyllus 

Aster  laevis. ." 


Haplopappus  spinulosus , 

Aster  ptarmicoides , 

Aster  puniceus 


Aster  longifolius , 


Aster  multiflorus. 


Aster  drummondii. 


Aster  sagittaef olius . 

Aster  cordif olius , 

Aster  undulatus , 

Aster  azureus , 

Aster  patens 

Aster  sericeus 

Aster  novae  angliae 

Aster  oblongifolius 

Aster  macrophyllus 

Aster  asteroides .... 

Aster  divaricatus 

Erigeron  philadelphicus 
Erigeron  pulchellus .... 


Aster  azureus 


Aster  sericeus 

Aster  novae- angliae 


Erigeron  philadelphicus. 


Erigeron  ramosus 
Erigeron  annuus. 


Erigeron  canadensis 


Erigeron  glabellus.. . . 
Erigeron  ramosus. . . . 

Erigeron  annuus 

Erigeron  divaricatus., 
Erigeron  canadensis. . 


710  METASPERMAE    OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Antennaria  plantaginifolia  . . . 
Anaphalis  margaritacacea .... 

Gnaphalium  uliginosum 

Gnaphalium  decurrens 


Antennaria  plantaginifolia. .  . . 


Adenocaulon  bicolor 


Gnaphalium  decurrens  . . . 
Gnaphalium  obtusifolium. 


Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia , 


Xanthium  canadense  var,  echi 
natum . . 


Helianthus  tuberosus 


Helianthus  decape  talus 
Helianthus  strumosus . , 


Polymnia  canadensis 

Silphium  perfoliatum 

Silphium  integrif olium ...... 

Silphium  terebinth]  naceum. . . 

Silphium  laciniatum 

Parthenium  integrif  olium 

Cyclachaena  xanthiifolia 

Ambrosia  psilostachya 

Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia 

Ambrosia  trifida 

Ambrosia  trin'da  var.  integri- 

f  olia 

Xanthium  canadense 

Xanthium  canadense  var.  echi- 

natum 

Heliopsis  scabra 

Rudbeckia  column  aris 

Rudbeckia  pinnata. . . . ; 

Rudbeckia  hirta 

Rudbeckia  subtomentosa 

Rudbeckia  laciniata 

Rudbeckia  angusti  folia 

Helianthus  tuberosus 

Helianthus  tuberosus  var.  sub- 

canescens 

Helianthus  decapetalus 

Helianthus  tracheliifolius  .... 

Helianthus  strumosus 

Helianthus  hirsutus -.. .. 

Helianthus  divaricatus 

Helianthus  rnaxmiliani 

Helianthus  giganteus 

Helianthus  grosse-serratus.. . . 

Helianthus  laetiflorus 

Helianthus  rigidus 

Helianthus  petiolaris 

Helianthus  annuus 

Coreopsis  aristosa 

Coreopsis  trichosperma 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE. 


711 


of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Antennaria  plantaginifolia. 
Anaphalis  margaritacea . . . 
Gnaphalium  uliginosum.. . . 
Gnaphalium  decurrens  .... 
Gnaphalium  obtusifolium . . 


Antennaria  plantaginifolia. 
Anaphalis  margaritacea . . . 
Gnaphalium  uliginosum . . . 
Gnaphalium  decurrens 


Adenocaulon  bicolor, 


Polymnia  canadensis , 

Silphium  perfoliatum 

Silphium  integrifolium , 

Silphium  terebiuthinaceum 


Parthenium  integrifolium. 


Silphium  laciniatum 


Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia 

Ambrosia  trifida 

Ambrosia 
folia . . 


Cyclachaena  xanthiif olia. , 
Ambrosia  psilostachya . . , 


trifida   var.   integri- 


Xanthium  canadense. 


Xanthium  canadense  var.  echi- 

natum 

Heliopsis  scabra 


Heliopsis  scabra 

Rudbeckia  columnaris 
Rudbeckia  pinnata 

Rudbeckia  hirta 

Rudbeckia  subtomentosa '  Rudbeckia  subtomentosa. 

Rudbeckia  laciniata '  Rudbeckia  laciniata 

Rudbeckia  angustif olia 
Helianthus  tuberosus , 


Helianthus  decapetalus 
Helianthus  tracheliifolius 
Helianthus  strumosus. 
Helianthus  hirsutus 
Helianthus  divaricatus 


Helianthus  giganteus 


Helianthus  laetiflorus 


Coreopsis  aristosa 
Coreopsis  trichosperma 


s  

Helianthus  tuberosus  var.  sub- 
canescens  . 

lus  

f  olius  

is  

;US  

Helianthus  maxmiliani 

LS  

Helianthus  giganteus. 

erratus  .... 
is 

Helianthus  grosse-serratus.  .  . 
Helianthus  laetiflorus 

Helianthus  rigidus  

Helianthus  petiolaris 

Helianthus  annuus 

Coreopsis  aristosa. 

rma.  . 

712  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.     Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Range 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Bidens  beckii. 
Bidens  cernua. 


Helenium  autumnale 


Achillea  millefolium. . . 

Artemisia  f rigida 

Artemisia  biennis 

Artemiaia  gnaphalodes 
Artemisia  longif olia 


Artemisia  dracunculoides 
Artemisia  canadensis. . 


Senecio  lugens 

Senecio  integerrimus 


Senecio  aureus 


Senecio  aureus  var.  obovatus 

Senecio  palustris 

Gnicus  odoratus, . 


Cnicus  discolor 


Cnicus  undulatus. 
Lactuca  spicata . . 


Lactuca  pulchella 


Lactuca  canadensis 

Taraxacum  taraxacum . . 
Nothocalais  cuspidatum 
Agoseris  glauca 


Coreopsis  palmata.  . 
Coreopsis  tinctoria  . 

Bidens  beckii 

Bidens  laevis 

Bidens  cernua 

Bidens  connata 

Bidens  frondosa 

Helenium  autumnale 
Gaillardia  aristata. . . 
Dyssodia  papposa. . . 
Achillea  millefolium . 
Artemisia  frigida  . . . 


Artemisia  gnaphalodes .  . . 

Artemisia  longif  olia 

Artemisia  serrata 

Artemisia  dracunculoides. 

Artemisia  canadensis 

Artemisia  caudata . . 

Erechthites  hieracifolia. . . 

Senecio  ovatus 

Senecio  atriplicifolius 

Senecio  r^niformis  ...... 

Senecio  lugens 


Senecio  tomentosus 

Senecio  aureus 

Senecio  aureus  var.  paupercu 

lus 

Senecio  aureus  var.  obovatus . 


Cnicus  odoratus 

Cnicus  muticus 

Cnicus  discolor 

Cnicus  altissimus 

Cnicus  undulatus  

Lactuca  spicata 

Lactuca  floridana 

Lactuca  pulchella 

Lactuca  ludoviciana 

Lactuca  hirsuta , 

Lactuca  canadensis 

Taraxacum  taraxacum . .  . 
Nothocalais  cuspidatum. 
Agoseris  glauca 


STATISTICS    OF    METASPfi'RMAE.  713 

of  Minnesota  Valley  Metaspermic  Species.— Continued. 


EASTERN. 


WESTERN. 


Bidens  beckii 

Bidens  laevis 

Bidens  cernua 

Bidens  connata 

Bidens  frondosa 

Helenium  autumnale 


Coreopsis  palmata. . 
Coreopsis  tinctoria, 


Bidens  laevis. 
Bidens  cernua. 


Dy ssodia  papposa , 
dlle 


Achillea  rnillefolium 
Artemisia  biennis .  . 


Artemisia  serrata. 


Artemisia  canadensis . . . 

Artemisia  caudata 

Erechthites  hieracifolia 

Senecio  ovatus 

Senecio  atriplicif olius . . 
Senecio  renif ormis . . 


Helenium  autumnale 

Gaillardia  aristata 

Dyssodia  papposa 

Achillea  millefolium 

Artemisia  f  rigida 

Artemisia  biennis 

Artemisia  gnaphalodes . . . 

Artemisia  longif olia 

Artemisia  serrata 

Artemisia  dracunculoides. 
Artemisia  canadensis. . 


aureus    var.    pauper- 


Senecio  tomentosus. 

Senecio  aureus , 

Senecio 
culus . 
Senecio  aureus  var.  obovatus 

Senecio  palustris 

Cnicus  odoratus 

Cnicus  muticus 

Cnicus  discolor 

Cnicus  altissimus. . 


Senecio  lugens 

Senecio  integerrimus. 


Senecio  aureus 

Senecio    aureus  var.    pauper - 
culus  .. 


Senecio  palustris 


Lactuca  spicata . . 
Lactuca  floridana. 
Lactuca  pulchella 


Cnicus  undulatus. 
Lactuca  spicata . . 


Lactuca  pulchella . . 
Lactuca  ludoviciana 


Lactuca  hirsuta 

Lactuca  canadensis. .  . . 
Taraxacum  taraxacum 


Taraxacum  taraxacum  . 
Nothocalais  cuspidatum 
Agoseris  glauca 


714  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

D.    Table  Illustrating  General  Continental  Eange 


NORTHERN. 


SOUTHERN. 


Lygodesmia  juncea 


Prenanthes  alba 

Prenanthes  racemosa 


Crepis  runcinata, 


Hieracium  venosum. 
Hieracium  canadense 


Adopogon  virgimcum . . 

Lygodesmia  juncea 

Prenanthes  serpentaria 

Prenanthes  alba 

Prenanthes  aspera 

Prenanthes  racemosa. . . 
Prenanthes  crepidinea. . 


Hieracium  longipilum 
Hieracium  venosum. 


Before  proceeding  with  the  range  statistics,  a  table  of  gen 
eral  statistics  is  herewith  presented: 


15.    Representation  of  Species. 

No.  of 
species. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
species. 

Av.  no.  of  species 
per  genus. 

Monocotyledones 

334 
459 
381 

.28.4 
39.1 
32.3 

3.15 
2.63 
2.97 

Archichlamydeae  
Metachlamydeae  

Total  no.  val.  species. 

1174 

General  av.  no.  per 
genus  2.87 

The  larger  average  per  cent,  of  species  to  the  genus  in  the 
Monocotyledones  is  due  to  the  influence  in  that  group  of  the 
genus  Carex,  among  other  conditions.  In  addition,  the  general 
dispersion  which  has  been  supposed  to  mark  the  taxonomic 
group  of  the  Monocotyledones  in  particular,  has  doubtless  its 
influence  on  the  average  number  of  species  per  genus.  Passing 
next  to  the  statistics  condensed  from  Table  D,  we  isolate  first 
the  four  principal  range  elements.  These  are  : 

(1)  The  Northern  Specific  Element. 

(2)  The  Southern  Specific  Element. 

(3)  The  Eastern  Specific  Element. 

(4)  The  Western  Specific  Element. 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  715 

of  Minnesota  Valley  Metaspermic  Species. — Continued. 


EASTERN. 


Adopogon  virginicum 


Prenanthes  serpentaria. 

Prenanthes  alba 

Prenanthes  aspera 

Prenanthes  racemosa . . . 
Prenanthes  crepidinea. . 


Hieracium  venosum . . 
Hieracium  canadense . 


WESTERN. 


Adopogon  virginicum 
Lygodesmia  juncea  . . 


Crepis  runcinata 

Hieracium  longipilum 


Hieracium  canadense 


Taking  these  up  in  order,  let  us  first  note  the  character  of 
the  northern  element : 


16.    The  Northern  Specific  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
Northern. 

Northern  per 
cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyledones  

226 
257 
159 

35.2 
40.0 
24.7 

68.2 
55.9 
41.6 

A  rchich  lamydeae  

Metachlamydeae  

Total  Northern 

642 
55.6 

North'n  per  cent,  of  all  species 

In  this  table,  as  in  the  next  three  of  its  series,  there  is  an 
exact  parallelism  with  the  four  generic  tables  of  similar  con- 
struction. While  the  Archichlamydeae  from  their  number 
form  the  larger  percentages  of  each  range -element,  the  taxo- 
nomic  groups  themselves  analyse  as  before  by  range-elements . 
The  other  three  tables  may  now  be  added. 


716 


METASPEKMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY 


17.    The  Southern  Specific  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
Southern. 

Southern 
per  cent,  of  each 

Monocotyledones  

229 
344 
319 

25.6 
38.5 
35.7 

69.1 
75.1 
33.9 

Archichlamydeae  

Metachlaniydeae            

Total  Southern 

892 
76.1 

Southern  per  cent  of  all  species 

18.    The  Eastern  Specific  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
Eastern. 

Eastern 
per  cent,  of  each 

Monocotyledones   

310 
396 
316 
1.022 

30.3 
38.7 
30.9 

93.6 
86.1 
82.9 

Archichlanaydeae          .  . 

Metachlamydeae             

Total  Eastern  

Eastern  per  cent,  of  all  species 

87.2 

19.    The  Western  Specific  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
Western. 

Western  per 
cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyledones  

176 
229 
198 

29.1 
37.9 

32.8 

53.1 
49.6 
51.9 

A  rchichlamydeae  
Metachlamydeae  

Total  Western  

603 
51.4 

Western  per  cent,  of  all  f  

STATISTICS    OF   METASPERMAE. 


71' 


The  general  parallelism  between  these  tables  and  those  of 
the  generic  range -elements  need  not  be  noted  here  in  detail. 
As  before,  the  largest  figure  is  that  which  indicates  the  east- 
ern range-per  cent,  of  the  Monocotyledones.  The  even  north 
and  south  range  of  the  Monocotyledones  is  to  be  observed, 
together  with  the  preponderant  southward  massing  of  the 
Metachlamydeae.  The  eastern  and  western  percentages  of 
Metachlamydeae  are  found  to  approach  each  other  more 
closely  than  such  percentages  in  the  other  two  groups, — in- 
dicating as  before,  the  comparative  lateral  solidarity  of  the 
Metachlamydeae,  to  be  set  over  against  the  comparative 
longitudinal  solidarity  of  the  Monocotyledones.  In  both  cases 
the  Archichlamydeae  are  seen  to  occupy  the  intermediate 
position.  As  a  whole  the  metaspermic  flora  of  the  Minnesota 
valley  presents  itself  as  distinctly  eastern  and  southern  by 
species  as  before  by  genera.  The  statistics  are  as  follows: 


Total  Northern 642 

Total  Southern 892 

Total  Eastern 1 , 022 

Total  Western. .  603 


Northern  per  cent,  of  all  species. .  55.6 
Southern  per  cent,  of  all  species. .  76.1 
Eastern  per  cent,  of  all  species. . .  87.2 
Western  per  cent,  of  all  species. . .  51.4 


It  is  possible,  too,  from  Table  D.  to  determine  certain  com- 
pound-ranges, both  numerically  and  by  percentages.  Upon 
examining  the  table  it  will  appear  that  the  following  groups 
may  be  isolated  for  study: 

(1)  North-East  Specific  Element.    NE. 

(2)  North- West  Specific  Element.    NW. 

(3).  North-East-West  Specific  Element.    NEW. 

(4)  North-South- West  Specific  Element.    NSW. 

(5)  North-Sou th-East  Specific  Element.    NSE. 

(6)  North-South-East-West  Specific  Element.    NSEW. 

(7)  South-East  Specific  Element.    SE. 

(8)  South-West  Specific  Element.    SW. 

(9)  South-East-West  Specific  Element.    SEW. 


718  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

The  tables  of  these  nine  combination  groups  are  as  follows 


20.    The  North-East  Specific  Element. 


No.  of 
species. 


Per  cent,  of  all 
N.  E. 


N.  E.  per  cent, 
of  each. 


Monocotyledones 24  41. 9                       7.2 

Archichlamydeae 20  35.7                       4.3 

Metachlamydeae 12  21.4                       3.1 

Total  N.  E 56 

N.E.  per  cent   of  all 
species 4.7 

21.    The  North- West  Specific  Element. 

No.  of  Per  cent,  of  all  N.  W.  percent, 

species .          N.  W.  of  each. 

Monocotyledones 6  21.4                       1.8 

Archichlamydeae 15  53.5                       3.2 

Metachlamydeae 7  25.0                      1.8 

Total  N.  W 28 

N.  W.  per  cent,  of  all 
species 2.3 

22.    The  North-East-West  Specific  Element. 

No  of  Per  cent,  of  all      N.  E.  W.  per 

species.  N.  E.  W.           cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyledones 72  36.7                        21 4 

Archichlamydeae 80  40.8                         17.2 

Metachlamydeae 44  22.4                        11.5 

Total  N.  E.  W 196 

N.  E.  W.  per  cent,  of  all 
species 16.7 


STATISTICS   OF    METASPERMAE. 


719 


23.    The  North-South-East  Specific  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

Per  cent  of  all 
N.  S.  E. 

N.  S.  E.  per 
cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyledones 

59 
70 
32 

38.6 
40.9 
19.8 

14.4 
15.2 

8.4 

Archichlamydeae                .   .  . 

Metachiamydeae    

Total  N  S.  E  

161 
13.6 

N.  S.  E.  percent,  of  all  species 

24.    The  North-South-West  Specific  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

Per  cent,  of 
all  N.  S.  W. 

N.  S.  W.  per 
cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyledones  

5 
15 
19 

12.8 
38.4 

48.7 

1.5 
3.2 
4.9 

Archichlamydeae  

Metachlamydeae  

Total  N.  S.  W  

39 
3.5 

N.  S.  W.  per  cent,  of  all  species 

1 

25.    The  North-South-East-West  Specific  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
N.  S.  E.  W. 

N.  S.  E.  W.  per 
cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyledones 

62 
54 
34 

41.3 
36.0 
22.7 

18.7 
11.7 
8.9 

Archichlamydeae. 

Metachlamydeae  

Total  N  S.  E  W 

150 
12  8 

N.S.E  W.  per  ct.  of  all  species 

720 


METASPERMAE   OF   'ILIE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


26.    The  South-East  Specific  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

69 
141 
140 

Per  cent,  of  all 

S.  E. 

S.  E.  per  cent, 
of  each. 

MoDocotyledones  

19.7 
40.2 
40.0 

17.5 
30.5 
36.8 

Archichlainydeae           

I^f  gtjachlainydeae                   t  <  m 

Total  S  "R 

350 
32.5 

S.  E.  per  cent,  of  all  species  .  .  . 

27.    The  South-  West  Specific  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

Per  cent,  of  all 

S.  W. 

S.  W.  per  cent, 
of  each. 

Monocotyledones               

11 
35 
41 

12.6 
40.2 
47.1 

3.3 
7.9 
10.7 

'  •<** 
'  A  rchichlaroydeae  

Metachlainydeae 

Total  S.  W  

87 
7.5 

S.  W.  per  cent,  of  all  species.  . 

28.    The  South-East-West  Specific  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
S.  E.  W. 

S.  E.   W.  per 
cent  of  each. 

Monocotyledones  

22 

27 
51 
100 

8.5 

22.0 
27.0 
51.0 

6.6 
5.8 
13.1 

Archichlamydeae 

cn.j 

Metachlamydeae  

Total  S.  E.  W  

•  . 
S.  E.  W.  per  cent,  of  all  species. 

STATISTICS    OF   METASPERMAE.  721 

From  the  nine  tables  preceding  it  will  be  observed  that  the 
SE.  element,  forming  32. 5  per  cent,  of  the  total  species,  is  the 
largest  numerically,  while  the  NE.,  with  but  2.3  percent,  of 
the  total  species,  is  the  smallest.  The  NEW.  element,  form- 
ing 16.7  per  cent,  of  the  total,  is  larger  than  the  SEW. 
element,  which  forms  but  8.5  per  cent,  of  the  total.  General 
east  and  west  ranging  is  more  characteristic,  then,  of  the 
northern  than  of  the  southern  element,  and  this  fact  is  quite 
in  accord  with  the  greater  dispersion  of  the  northern  floral 
elements.  Of  the  NEW.  element  the  actual  percentages  of  Mono  - 
cotyledones  and  Archichlamydeae  are  in  excess  of  the  Metach- 
lamydeae  percentages,  while  in  the  SEW.  element  the  re- 
verse .is  the  case.  These  range -elements  form  similar  per- 
centages of  the  taxonomic  groups.  Of  the  Monocotyledones 
and  Archichlamydeae,  respectively,  21.4  per  cent,  and  17. 2  per 
cent,  are  placed  in  the  NEW.  element,  while  of  the  Metach 
lamydeae  only  11.5  per  cent,  are  so  enrolled.  On  the  other 
hand,  in  the  Metachlamydeae  13. 1  per  cent  are  entered  as 
SEW.,  while  of  the  Monocotyledones  and  Archichlamydeae  re- 
spectively 6.6  per  cent,  and  5.8  per  cent,  are  so  entered.  The 
Archichlamydeae  with  27.0  per  cent,  form,  however,  a  larger 
portion  of  the  total  SEW.  element  than  do  the  Monocotyle- 
dones with  22.0  per  cent. 

The  two  vertically  distributed  groups  are  somewhat  more 
difficult  to  understand.  The  NSE.  is  in  distinct  preponder- 
ance over  the  NSW.,  having  13.6  per  cent,  of  the  total 
against  3. 5  per  cent.  This  is  on  account  of  the  general  eastern 
preponderance  over  western.  Of  the  NSE.  element  the 
Metachlamydeae  with  19.8  per  cent,  are  behind  the  Monocoty- 
ledones with  36. 6  per  cent,  and  the  Archichlamydeae  with  40. 9 
per  cent.  Of  the  NSW.  element,  the  Metachlamydeae  are 
ahead  with  48.7  per  cent,  against  38.4  per  cent,  of  Archich- 
lamydeae and  12.8  per  cent,  of  Monocotyledones.  This  differ- 
erence  between  the  two  vertical  elements  is  probably  to  be  re- 
ferred to  the  lateral  influence  of  the  mountain  ranges  east  and 
west  of  the  Minnesota  valley  and  to  the  angle  made  by  the  two 
principal  continental  trenches — the  Mississippi  valley  and  the 
the  lake- region  valley  of  Canada  and  the  boundary.  It  has 
been  easier  for  Metachlamydeae  to  move  north  and  south 
in  the  western  part  of  the  continent,  for  the  general  movement 
has  been  from  the  south  to  the  north;  it  has  been  easier  for 
Monocotyledones  to  move  south  and  north,  in  the  eastern  part 

-46 


722  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

of  the  continent,  for  the  general  movement  has  been  both  north 
and  south  and  the  lake- region  trench  with  the  Appalachian 
system  has  favored  their  movements  in  the  east  rather  than 
the  west.  Between  Monocotyledones  and  Archichlamydeae  on 
the  one  hand  and  Metachlamydeae  on  the  other,  the  topog- 
raphy of  the  continent,  considering  the  points  of  greatest  dis- 
tinctive pressure  for  each  group,  would  seem,  perhaps,  to  tend 
towards  the  establishment  of  a  general  diagonal  tension-line 
running  in  a  direction  north-west  by  south-east.  On  the  south 
and  west  the  upward  movement  of  north-bound  plants  would 
be  easier  than  on  the  north  and  east,  while  on  the  north  and 
east  the  downward  movement  of  south-bound  plants  would  be 
easier  than  on  the  south  and  west.  Under  such  conditions  the 
preponderance  of  the  Metachlamydeae — which  are  distinctively 
central  and  north-bound — would  be  rather  to  the  west  than  to  the 
east,  while  the  preponderance  of  Archichlamydeae — which  are 
distinctively  distal  and  south  bound — would  be  rather  to  the 
east  than  to  the  west.  In  the  Monocotyledones,  since  they  are 
the  most  generally  distributed,  if  this  were  a  just  explanation, 
we  should  expect  to  find  such  a  difference  strongly  marked 
and  such  is  actually  the  case,  for  of  the  NSE.  element  the 
Monocotyledones  form  36.6  percent,  while  of  the  NSW.  ele- 
ment they  form  but  12.8  per  cent.  Evidently  in  the  regions  of 
the  secondary  longitudinal  tensions  their  percentages  would 
vary  to  the  extent  of  complete  reversal,  in  many  cases.  It  is 
only  in  a  region  comparatively  uninfluenced  by  longitudinal 
tensions  that  the  diagonal  tension  could  be  recognised. 

Whether  or  not  the  above  paragraph  indicates  the  true  ex- 
planation of  the  different  composition  of  the  NSE.  and 
NSW.  range-elements,  it  is  an  interesting  fact  to  note  that  in 
this  central  basin  of  the  continent  the  NSE.  species  are  pre- 
ponderantly Monocotyledones  and  Archichlamydeae  while  the 
NSW.  species  are  preponderantly  Metachlamydeae. 

The  NSEW.  element  with  its  preponderance  of  Monoco- 
tyledones and  slight  representation  of  Metachlamydeae,  offers 
no  difficulties.  By  it,  a  further  indication  of  the  general  ranges 
of  Monocotyledones,  as  a  group,  and  the  special  ranges  of 
Metachlamydeae,  as  a  group,  is  given.  As  in  other  similar 
cases  the  Archichlamydeae  are  seen  to  occupy  the  intermediate 
position. 

The  four  binary  elements,  NE.,  NW.,  SE.,  SW.,  are 
similarly  simple  of  explanation,  with  the  exception,  possibly 
of  the  NW.  element.  In  the  NE.  element  the  Monocotyle- 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  723 

dones  are  preponderant  and  the  Archichlamydeae  intermediate. 
In  both  the  SE.  and  SW.  elements  the  Metachlamydeae  are 
preponderant  and  the  Archichlamydeae  intermediate.  These 
facts  are  seen  to  be  exactly  in  line  with  the  rest  that  have  been 
given.  In  the  NW.  element  which  is  numerically  the  smallest 
of  all  the  combination  elements,  the  Archichlamydeae  are  pre- 
ponderant while  the  Monocotyledones  and  Metachlamydeae; 
for  their  respective  numbers,  contribute  about  equally  to  the 
element.  This  is  probably  to  be  attributed  to  two  facts. 
First,  the  Siberian  and  the  N.  W.  T.  influence  would  be  felt 
most  strongly  in  the  NW.  element  and  this  influence  would 
consist  principally  of  monocotyledonous  and  archichlamydeous 
forms.  Second,  the  Monocotyledones  of  this  influence  would 
be  generally  more  widely  distributed  in  North  America  than 
the  Archichlamydeae,  so  that  they  would  be  probably  entered 
either  in  the  NEW.  or  NSEW.  elements.  The  Metach- 
lamydeae then  through  their  endemic  and  north-bound  char- 
acteristics and  the  Monocotyledones  through  their  general  and 
south  or  north-bound  characteristics  have  either  failed,  on  the 
one  hand  to  make  the  N.  W.  range  or,  on  the  other  have  ranged 
beyond  and  are  in  the  more  general  categories.  The  inter- 
mediate condition  of  the  Archichlamydeae  is  then,  after  all, 
the  cause  of  their  preponderance  in  the  NW.  element.  Ap- 
parently, too,  if  the  existence  of  the  diagonal  tension,  dis- 
cussed above,  were  borne  out  by  further  examination  it  would 
be  possible  for  such  a  condition  to  appear  in  no  other  ele- 
ment than  the  NW.  For  in  the  NE.  the  Monocotyledones 
would  have  their  greater  ease  of  distribution  to  increase  their 
preponderance  while  in  the  SE.  and  SW.  the  Metachlamy- 
deae would  in  varying  ratios  predominate. 

In  general,  then,  the  combination  elements  serve  to  add  to 
the  weight  of  evidence  in  favor  of  considering  the  Metachlamy- 
deae, Archichlamydeae  and  Monocotyledones  of  different  and 
more  or  less  definite  meaning  as  components.  The  two  special 
cases  are  the  NSW.  and  the  NW.  and  an  attempt,  probably 
imperfect  although,  it  is  hoped,  suggestive,  has  been  made 
to  show  how  in  their  case  special  topographical  or  geographical 
conditions  have  served  to  modify  the  more  general  biological 
conditions. 

Of  the  1.174  species  and  varieties  considered  as  indigenous 
to  the  Minnesota  valley,  3 17  are  of  extracontinental  range. 
This  number  is  quite  exclusive  of  the  130  species  and  varieties 
which  have  been  introduced  into  the  Minnesota  valley  during 


724  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

the  last  fifty  years,  by  the  agency  of  man .  It  is  intended  also 
to  be  exclusive  of  such  North  American  species  as  have  been 
distributed  abroad  by  other  than  the  so-called  agencies  of 
nature.  The  group  of  317  species  and  varieties  may  be  known 
as  the  Extra- Continental  specific  element  and  may  be  isolated 
for  examination.  In  the  following  list  the  countries  of  extra- 
continental  distribution  are  noted  for  each  species,  and  pre- 
ceding each  entry  are  given  the  letters  which  indicate  the 
intra-continental  range  of  the  species.  The  list  is  herewith 
appended: 

E.     List  of  Species  and  Varieties  of  Minnesota  Valley  Metas- 
taspermae  which  are  of  Extra-Continental  Range. 

Morvocotyledones. 
nsew.  Typha  latifolia.    EUR.,  ASIA,  N.  AFRICA. 

new.  Sparganium  simplex.    EUR.,  SIB. 
nsew.  Potamogeton  natans.    EUR.,  As.,  AUST.,  AFR. 
nsew.  Potamogeton  fluitans.    EUR.,  As.,  AUST.,  AFR.,  S.  AMJBR. 
use.  Potamogeton  perfoliatus.    EUR.,  As.,  AFR.,  AUST. 

new.  Potamogeton  heterophyllos.    EUR.,  As. 
nse.  Potamogeton  gramineus  var.  zizii.    EUR.,  As. 
nsew.  Potamogeton  pusillus.    EUR.,  AFR.,  As.,  S.  AMER. 

new.  Potamogeton  rutilus.    EUR.,  As.,  AFR. 
nsew.  Potamogeton  pectinatus.    EUR.,  As.,  AUST. 
nsew.  Potamogeton  lucens.    EUR.,  As.,  AFR.,  AUST.,  W.  INDIES. 

new.  Potamogeton  praelongus.    EUR. 
nsew.  Potamogeton  lanceolatus.    EUR. 

new.  Potamogeton  zosteraefolius.    EUR.,  As. 
nsew.  Zanichellia  palustris.    EUR.,  As.,  AFR.,  PHILIPPINES,  AUST. 
nsew.  Najas  flexilis.    EUR.,  As.,  W.  INDIES. 

new.  Triglochin  palustris.    EUR.,  As.,  AFR.,  S.  AMER. 

new.  Triglochin  maritima.    EUR.,  As.  AFR. 

new.  Scheuchzeria  palustris.    EUR.,  As. 

new.  Alisma  plantago.    EUR.,  As.,  AUST.  AFR. 

new.  Sagittaria  sagittaefolia.    EUR.,  As. 
nsew.  Elodea  canadensis.    EUR.,  As. 

se.  Vallisneria  spiralis.    EUR.,  As.,  AUST. 
se.  Andropogon  provincialis.    FRANCE. 

sew.  Cenchrus  tribuloides.    AFR.,  E.  AND  W.  INDIES. 

se.  Zizania  aquatica.    SIB.,  JAPAN. 
nsew.  Homalocenchrus  oryzoides.    EUR.,  As.,  AFR. 

new.  Phalaris  arundinacea.    EUR.,  As. 

new.  Hierochloe  odorata  var.  fragrans.    EUR.,  As. 

se.  Muhlenbergia  sobolifera.    EUR. 
nsew.  Agrostis  hiemalis.    As. 
nsew.  Agrostis  perennans.    As.? 

nw.  Deyeuxia  neglecta.    EUR.,  As. 

new.  Deyeuxia  canadensis.    SIB. 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  725 

new.  Deschampsia  caespitosa.    EUR.,  As.,  AUST.,  AFR.,  S.  AMER. 
new.  Bouteloua  curtipendula.    PERU. 
nw.  Beckmannia  erucaeformis.    EUR.,  SIB. 

nsew.  Phragmites  phragmites.     EUR.,  As.,  AFR.,  AUST.,   S.  AMER. 
sew.  Eragrostis  eragrostis.     EUR.,   As.,   AFR.,   AUST.,    S.  AMER. 

se.  Eragrostis  hypnoides.    W.  IND.,  S.  AMER. 
new.  Koeleria  cristata.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Poa  nemoralis.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Poa  palustris.    EUR.,  AFR.,  As. 
•nw.  Poa  compressa.    EUR.,  SIB. 
nw.  Scolochloa  arundinacea.    EUR.,  SIB. 
new.  Panicularia  fluitans.    EUR.,  As.,    AFR..  AUST. 
nsew.  Festuca  ovina.    EUR.,  As..  AUST.,  S.  AMER.,  AFR. 

se.  Bromus  purgans.    S.  AMER.?,  As. 
mew.  Agropyrum  caninum.    EUR.,  SIB. 

ne.  Agropyrum  violaceum.    EUR 
new.  Agropyrum  glaucum.    EUR.,  As. 

•nsw.  Hordeum  nodosum.    EUR.,  As.,  AFR.,  AUST.,  S.  AMER. 
nw.  Hordeum  jubatum.     EUR.,  SIB. 
sew.  Hemicarpha  micrantha.     BRAZIL. 
sew.  Cyperus  esculentus.    EUR.,  As..  AFR.,  AUST. 
sew.  Cyperus  arista tus.    AFR.,  E.  INDIES. 
new.  Eriophorum  gracile.    EUR.,  SIB. 
new.  Eriophorum  polystachioo.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Eriophorum  vaginatum.    EUR.,  As. 
nsew.  Scirpus  lacustris.    EUR.,  As.,  AUST.,  SANDWICH  ISLS. 
nsew.  Scirpus  triangularis.    EUR.,  AUST.,  S.  AMER.,  W.  INDIES. 
nsew.  Heleocharis  acicularis.    EUR.,  As. 

nsew.  Heleocharis  palustris.  EUR.,  As.,  AFR.,  MALAY  ARCH.,  AUSTR. 
nsew.  Heleocharis  ovata.    EUR.,  As. 
sew.  Iria  capillaris.    TROPICS. 
nsew.  Rhyncosporaalba.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Carex  siccata.    As. 

ne.  Carex  tenuiflora.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Carex  canescens.    EUR.,  As.,  CHILE. 
new.  Carex  tenella.    EUR. 
new.  Carex  sartwellii.    As. 
new.  Carex  teretiuscula.    EUR.,  As.,  N.  ZEAL. 
nsw.  Carex  stenophylla.    EUR. 

ne.  Carex  chordorhiza.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Carex  limosa.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Carex  magellanica.    EUR.,  S.  AMER. 
new.  Carex  aquatilis.    EUR. 
nsew.  Carex  fusca.     EUR.,  As.,  AUST. 
nse.  Carex  riparia.    EUR.,  As.,  AFR.,  S.  AMER. 
new.  Carex  flliformis.    EUR.,  As. 
ne.  Carex  pseudocyperus.    EUR.,  As.,  AFR.,  AUST. 
ne.  Carex  pauciflora.    EUR. 
nse.  Acorus  calamus.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA,  JAPAN. 
ne.  Spathyema  foetida.    JAPAN,  AMURLAND. 
ne.  Calla  palustris.    EUR.,  As. 
nsew.  Lemna  minor.    EUR.,  As.,  AFR.,  AUST.,  S.  AMER. 


726  METASPERMAE   OF   THE    MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

nsew.  Lemna  trisulca.    EUR.,  As.,  AUST.,  AFR.,  S.  AMER. 
nsew.  Lemna  polyrhiza.    EUR.,  As.,  AUST.,  W,  INDIES. 
se.  Grantia  braziliensis.    BRAZIL. 

ne.  Eriocaulon  septangulare.    IRELAND,  SKYE,  HEBRIDES. 
sew.  Heteranthera  dubia.    CUBA. 
nsew.  Juncus  tenuis.    EUR.,  N.  ZEAL.,  TRISTAN  D'ACHUNA. 

ne.  Juncus  balticus.    S.  AMER.,  PATAGONIA,  SPAIN. 
new.  Juncus  flliformis.    EUR.,  As.,  PATAGONIA. 
nsew.  Juncus  effusus.    EUR.,  As.,  AFR.,  AUST.,  S.  AMER. 
new.  Juncus  nodosus.    As.  ? 

nse.  Juncus  canadensis  var.  longicaudatus.    S.  AMER. 
nsew.  Cyperella  campestris.    EUR.,  As.,  N.  AFR.,  N.  ZEAL. 
new.  Tofleldia  glutinosa.    N.  As. 
new.  Veratrum  viride.    SIB. 

new.  Allium  schoenoprasum.    EUR.,  SIB.,  JAPAN,  HIMALAYAS. 
new.  Unifolium  bifolium.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Unifolium  trifolium.    As. 
new.  Unifolium  stellatum.    NORWAY. 
se.  Smilax  rotundifolia.     W.  INDIES. 
se.  Smilax  herbacea.    JAPAN. 
nse.  Sisyrinchium  angustifolium.    EUR. 
new.  Habenaria  dilatata.    N.  As.,  N.  EUR. 
new.  Habenaria  hyperborea.    ICELAND. 
new.  Habenaria  bracteata.   ASIA. 
nse.  Pogonia  ophioglossoides.    JAPAN.? 
new.  Gyrostachys  romanzowiana.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Peramium  repens.    N.  EUR.,  N.  As. 
nse.  Achroanthes  unifolia.    RUSSIA.? 
ne.  Leptorchis  loeselii.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Corallorhiza  corallorhiza.    N.  EUR.,  N.  As. 

Archichlamydeae . 
se.  Juglans  nigra.    S.  AMER. 
new.  Salix  myrtilloides.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Salix  longifolia.    ASIA.? 

se.  Ostrya  ostrya.    JAPAN. 
new.  Corylus  rostrata.    N.  E.  ASIA. 
new.  Alnus  incana.    N.  EUR.,  N.  As. 
new.  Runrex  salicifolius.    N.  As. 
nsew.  Rumex  persicarioides.    EUR.,  As.? 
new.  Polygonum  hydropiper.    EUR.,  As. 

se.  Polygonum  hydropiperoides.    S.  AMER.,  AUST. 
nsew.  Polygonum  amphibium.    EUR.,  As.,  S.  AFR.,  JAPAN 
nsew.  Polygonum  incarnatum.    EUR.,  As. 
sew.  Polygonum  erectum.    EUR.,  As. 
nse.  Polygonum  aviculare.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN. 
sew.  Polygonum  scandens.    EUR.,  As. 
nse.  Polygonum  ari folium.    As.? 
se.  Polygonum  sagittatum.    As. 
new.  Chenopodium  rubrum.    EUR. 
nsew.  Chenopodium  capitatum.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Corispermum  hyssopifolium.    EUR.,  As.,  MANCH.,  CHINA. 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  727 

nse.  Salsola  kali.    EUR.,  As.,  AFR..  AUST.,  S.  AMER. 
se.  Phytolacca  decandra.    EUR  ,  CHINA.? 
new.  Stellularia  crassifolia.    N.  EUR.,  N.  As. 
new.  Stellularia  longlpes.    CIRCUMPOLAR,  EUR  ,  As. 
new.  Stellularia  longifolia.    N.  As.,  MANCH.,  EUR. 
new.  Cerastiurn  arvense.  EUR.,  N.  AFR.,  As.,  S.  AMER.,  PATAGONIA. 

ne.  Cerastiurn  arvense  var.  bracteatum.    AMURLAND,  Sm.? 
new.  Moehringia  lateriflora     EUR.,  N.  As. 

se.  Nelumbo  nelumbo.    W.  INDIES,  S.  AMER. 
sew.  Brasenia   peltata.     JAPAN,  E.  INDIA,  TROP.  AFR.,    AUST., 

CUBA. 

nsew.  Nymphaea  ad  vena.    E.  SIB.? 
sew.  Ceratophyllum  demusum.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN. 
new.  Caltha  palustris.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA. 
new.  Isopyrum  trifolium.    ICELAND,  N.  ASIA,  JAPAN. 

se.  Isopyrum  biternatum.    KAMTSCHATKA. 
new.?  Actaea  rubra.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA. 
sew.  Aquilegia  canadensis.    N.  E.  SIB.? 
nse.  Anemone  hepatica.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA. 
new.  Anemone  quinquefolia.    N.  As.,  CHINA. 
new.  Anemone  dichotoma.    EUR.,  SIB. 
new.  Anemone  multiflda.    CHILE,  MAGELLAN. 
nw   Anemone  parvillora.    E.  SIB. 
ne.  Anemone  hirsutissima.    E.  SIB.? 
new.  Oxygraphis  cymbalaria.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA. 
new.  Ranunculus  pen nsylvanicus.    CHINA. 
n«?.  Ranunculus  repens.    N.  EUR.,  N".  As.,  N.  AFR. 
mew.  Ranunculus  septentrionalis.    EUR.,  As. 

nse.  Ranunculus  recurvatus.    N.  E.  SIB. 
nsew.  Ranunculus  sceleratus.    N.  EUR.,  As.,  CHINA. 
new.  Ranunculus  pedatifldus.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Ranunculus  reptans.    N.  EUR.,  SIB. 
new.  Ranunculus  ambigens.    EUR.? 
new.  Ranunculus  lacustris.     SIB. 
nsew.  Ranunculus  aquatilis  var.  trichophyllos.     EUR.,  As.,  AUST., 

AFR. 

new.  Ranunculus  circinnatus.    EUR. 
se.  Podophyllum  peltatum.    JAPAN. 
nse.  Leontice  thalictroides.    JAPAN,  MANCHURIA.    , 
ne.  Capnorchis  cucullaria.    KAMTSK.? 
nsew.  Neckeria  aurea.    AMURLAND. 
new.  Neckeria  sempervirens.    SIB.,  KAMTSK. 
nw.  Barbarea  barbarea  var.  stricta.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA. 
nsew.  Nasturtium  hispidum.     SIB.? 
nsew.  Nasturtium  palustre.     EUR.  N.  AFR.,  As. 
nsew.  Cardamine  parviflora.     N.  EUR.,  N.  As. 
nsew.  Cardamine  hirsuta.    N.  EUR.,  N.  As.,  CHINA. 
nw.  Draba  nemorosa.    N.  EUR.,  N.  As.,  CHINA. 
-ve.  Draba  verna.    S.  EUR.,  RUSSIA. 
new.  Arabis  lyrata.    JAPAN,  KURILES. 
nw.  Arabis  glabra.    N.  EUR  ,  As. 
new.  Arabis  hirsuta.    EUR.,  As. 


728  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

nsew.  Erysimum  cheiranthoides.    N.  EUR.,  N.  As.,  N.  APR. 
new.  Drosera  intermedia.    EUR.,  As.,  S.  AMER. 
new.  Drosera  rotundifolia.    EUR.,  As. 

se.  Penthorum  sedoides.    MANCH.,  JAPAN,  CHINA. 
'use.  Tiarella  cordifolia.    N.  W.  ASIA,  BAIKAL  SIB. 
new.  Mitella  nuda.    SIB.,  AMURLAND. 
nsew.  Mitella  diphylla.    E.  SIB.? 
new.  Parnassia  palustris.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Ribes  rubrum.    EUR.,.  As. 

nse.  Ribes  floridum.    ANDES,  S.  AMER. 
new.  Spiraea  salicifolia.    EUR.,  As.,   CHINA. 
new.  Pirus  sambucifolia.    EUR.,  ASIA.,  JAPAN. 
new.  Rubus  strigosus.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN,  N.  AFR.? 
new.  Fragaria  vesca.    EUR.,  As. 

new.  Potentilla  anserina.    N.  EUR.,  As.,  CHINA,  AUST.,  S.  AMER. 
new.  Potentilla  fruticosa.    N.  EUR.,  As.,   CHINA,  JAPAN. 
new.  Potentilla  palustris.    EUR.,  As. 
nse.  Potentilla  argen tea.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Potentilla  pensylvanica.    SIB.,  JAPAN. 
se.  Potentilla  supina.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA,  S.  AMER. 

nse.  Potentilla  norvegica.    EUR.,  As. 

nse.  Geum  rivale.    EUR.,  As.,  AUST.,  S.  AMER. 
new.  Geum  strictum,    EUR.,  As  ,  JAPAN,  N.  ZEAL.,  S.  AMER. 
new.  Geum  japonicum.    E.  As.,  JAPAN. 
nsew.  Agrimonia  eupatoria.    EUR.,  As.,  N.  AFR.,  S.  AFR. 

nw.  Rosa  acicularis     N  EUR.,  As.,  CHINA. 
se.  Cerasus  serotina.    S.  AMER.,  ANDES. 
nsew.  Lathyrus  palustris.    EUR.,  N.  As.,  CHINA. 

ne.  Vicia  cracca.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA,  N.  AFR. 

nw.  Astragalus  hypoglottis.    SIB.,  KAMTSK. 

nw.  Astragalus  adsurgens.    SIB.,  KAMTKSK. 

nse.  Geranium  maculatum.    SIB. 

sew.  Oxalis  stricta.    N.  EUR.,  N.  As.,  CHINA. 
nsew.  Stellaria  verna.    EUR.,  As.,  S.  AMER. 
se.  Rhus  radicans.    N.  E.  As.,  JAPAN. 

nse.  Hypericum  ascyron.    SIB.,  CHINA. 
new.  Viola  sylvestris.    EUR.,  SIB.,  CHINA. 
new.  Viola  canadensis.    N.  E.  ASIA. 

nw.  Viola  pubescens.    N.  E.  ASIA. 
ne.  Viola  rotundifolia.    KAMTSK.? 
new.  Viola  blanda.    KAMTSK. 
nsew.  Isnardia  palustris.    EUR..  S.  AFR.,  W.  As. 
new.  Epilobium  hornemanni.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Epilobium  palustre.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Epilobium  lineare.    N.  EUR.,  N.  As. 
nsew.  Epilobium  angustifolium.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN. 
neto.  Circaea  alpina.  EUR.,  As..  CHINA,  N.  AFR. 

nse.  Circaea  lutetiana.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA,  N.  AFR. 
nsew.  Hippiffis  vulgaris.    EUR.,  As..  AFR,,  AUSTR.,  S.  AMER, 
se.  Myriophyllum  verticillatum.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA,  N.  AFR. 

nse.  Myriophyllum  spicatum.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA,  N,  AFR. 

nse.  Aralia  quinquefolia.    MANOH.,  JAPAN,  COREA. 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  729' 

ti.se.  Aralia  racemosa.    SAGHALIN,  JAPAN. 
nsew.  Heracleum  lanatum.    As.,  JAPAN. 

sew.  Siurn  angusti folium.    EUR.,  SIB. 
nsew.  Slum  cicutaefolium.    EUR.,  SIB. 
nse.  Deeringia  canadensis.    CHINA,  JAPAN. 
sew.  Myrrhis  claytoni.    JAPAN. 
nse.  Myrrhis  aristata.    JAPAN. 
new.  Cornus  canadensis.    MANCH.,  JAPAN. 

Metachlamydeae. 

nsew.  Pseva  urnbellata.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN. 
new.  Pirola  secunda.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN. 
nsew.  Pirola  elliptica.    JAPAN. 
new.  Pirola  rotundifolia.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN. 
nsew.  Monotropa  uniflora.    As.,  JAPAN,  S.  AMER. 
new.  Andromeda  polifolia.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Lyonia  calyculata.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Chiogenes  hispidula.    JAPAN. 
new.  Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi.    N.  Euu.,  N.  As.,  JAPAN. 
new.  Oxy coccus  macrocarpus.    KURILES.? 
new.  Oxycoccus  oxycoccus.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN. 
new.  Lysimachia  thyrsiflora.    EUR.,  JAPAN. 
sew.  Centunculus  minimus.    EUR.,  As.,  AUST.,  BRAZIL,  ANDES, 

CHILE. 

new.  Menyanthes  trifoliata.    N.  EUR.,  N.  As.,  JAPAN. 
new.  Gentiana  serrata.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA. 

se.  Asclepias  syriaca.    EUR.,  As. 
new.  Volvulus  sepium.    EUR.,  As.,    AUST.,    N.  ZEAL..  N.  AFR., 

CHINA. 
sew.  Cuscuta  arvensis.    S.  AMER. 

se.  Myosotis  arvensis.    EUR.,  As.,  N.  AFR. 
nsw.  Lappula  redowskii.    As. 

se.  Leptostachya  leptostachya.    E.  SIB.,  JAP  ,  INDIA. 

se.  Stachys  aspera.    JAPAN,  KAMTSK. 
nsew.  Stachys  palustris.    EUR.,  As. 

nsew.  Brunella  vulgaris.    EUR.,  As.,  N.  AFR.,  AUST.,  S.    AMER. 
new.  Scutellaria  galericulata.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN,  N.  AFR. 
new.  Acinos  vulgaris.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN.  ? 
nsw.  Lycopus  lucid  us.    JAPAN,  SIB. 

se.  Teucrium  canadense.    SIB.? 
sew.  Physalis  pubescens.    CHINA,  BRAZIL,  BARBADOES. 

se.  Physalis  angulata.    S.  AMER.,  AFRICA. 
nsew.  Solanum  nigrum.    EUR  ,  As.,  AFR.,  AUST.,  S.  AMER. 
sew.  Scrophularia  nodosa.     EUR.,  SIB. 

se.  Mimulus  ringens.    KURILES. 

nsew.  Veronica  peregrina.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN,  ANDES,  S.  AMER. 
new.  Veronica  scutellata.     EUR.,  As.,  N.  AFR. 
new.  Veronica  anagallis.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA,  N.  AFR.,  S. 

se.  Veronica  virginica,    JAPAN,  SIB. 
new.  Castilleja  pallida.    EUR.,  SIB. 

se.  Utricularia  cornuta.    CUBA,  BRAZIL. 
new.  Utricularia  intermedia.    EUR.  ,  As.,  JAPAN. 


730 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 


neto.  Utricularia  minor.    EUR.,  As.,  N.  AFR. 
nsew.  Utricularia  vulgaris.    EUR.,  As.,  N.  AFR. 

sew.  Plantago  major.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA?,  N.  AFR. 
nsew.  Galium  triflorum.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN. 

rise.  Galium  asprellum.    As.,  JAPAN. 
nsew.  Galium  trifldum.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN. 

new.  Galium  boreale.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA. 
nsew.  Galium  aparine.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN. 

new.  Linnaea  borealis.    EDR.,  As.,  JAPAN. 

new.  Sambucus  racemosus.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN. 

new.  Viburnum  opulus.    EUR.,  As.,  JAPAN. 

new.  Adoxa  moschatellina.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA. 

se.  Sicyos  angulatus.    S.  EUR.,  S.  As. 
nsew.  Campanula  rotundifolia.    EUR.,  As..  JAPAN. 

sew.  Pentagonia  perfoliata.    CHILE,  S.  AMER. 
nsew.  Erigeron  canadensis.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA,  S.  AFR.? 

new.  Anaphalis  margariiacea.    EUR.?,  N.  As.,  JAPAN,  CEYLON. 

new.  Gnaphalium  uliginosum.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA. 

nw.  Adenocaulon  bicolor.    JAPAN,  HIMALAYAS. 

nse.  Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia.    BRAZIL,  W.  INDIES. 

nse.  Xanthium  canadense  var.  echinatum.    S.  AMER.,  CHILE. 
nsew.  Bidens  cernua.    EUR.,  As.,  CHINA. 
nsew.  Achillea  millefolium.    EUR.,  As.,  N.  AFR.,    AUST.,  AZORES. 

nsw.  Artemisia  frigida.    ASIA. 

new.  Artemisia  biennis.    KAMTSK.,  N.  INDIA. 
nsew.  Artemisia  canadensis.    N.  W.  ASIA. 

se.  Erecthtites  hieracifolia.    S.  AMER.,  W.  INDIES. 

nsw.  Senecio  lugens.    N.  As.,  N.  EUR. 

new.  Senecio  palustris.    N.  EUR.,  "N.  As. 

nsew.  Taraxacum    taraxacum.     EUR.,     As ,    CHINA,    S.    AMER., 
AUST.,  AFR. 

new.  Hieracium  canadense.    N.  EUR. 

From  the  list  the  following  tables  may  be  compiled: 


29.    The  Extra-Continental  Specific  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

116 
130 
71 

Per  cent,  of  all 
E.  C. 

E.  C.  per  cent, 
of  each. 

Monocotyledones 

36.5 
41.0 
22.5 

34.7 
28.3 
18.6 

Archichlamydeae  

Metachlamydeae  

Total  Extra-Continental  
E.  C.  per  cent,  of  all  species.  .  . 

317 

27.0 

STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE. 


731 


30.    Distribution  of  Extra-Continental  Species. 

Monoco- 
tyle- 
dones. 

Arehich- 
lamy- 
fleae. 

Metach- 
lamy- 
deae. 

Total. 

Per  cent, 
of  Extra- 
Conti- 
neiital. 

Europe  

89 
88 
6 
28 
28 
8 
22 

78 
121 
54 
17 
8 
1 
15 

46 
63 
40 
14 
6 
4 
14 

213 
272 
100 

59 
42 
13 
51 

67.1 
85.7 
31.5 
15.4 
13.2 
4.1 
16.0 

Asia 

Manchuria,  Japan,  China  
Africa           .          

Australasia  

West  Indies  

South  America 

3  I.   Intra-Continental  Distribution  of  Extra-Continental 

Specific  Element. 

N. 

S. 

E. 

W. 

Not  N. 

Not  E. 

Monocotyledones  — 

86.2 

47.4 

93.9 

76.7 

13.8 

6.1 

Archichlamydeae  — 

83.1 

50.0 

93.0 

70.7 

16.9 

7.0 

Metachlamydeae  

76.1 

57.7 

92.9 

80.2 

23.9 

7.1 

Total  element  

85.9 

50.7 

93.3 

75.4 

14.1 

6.7 

In  the  first  table  there  appears  in  the  third  column  of  figures 
a  further  verification  of  the  statements  previously  advanced 
regarding  the  relative  extent  of  distribution  of  the  Monocoty- 
ledones, as  a  group,  and  of  the  Metachlamydeae.  While  34.7 
per  cent,  of  all  monocotyledonous  species  are  of  extra- conti- 
nental range,  28.3  per  cent,  of  the  Archichlamydeae,  and  but 
18.6  per  cent,  of  the  Metachlamydeae  are  of  such  range.  The 
Archichlamydeae,  from  their  absolute  numerical  preponderance, 
form  the  largest  percentage  of  the  extra  continental  element. 
The  Metachlamydeae,  both  absolutely  and  according  to  their 
number,  form  the  smallest  percentage.  A  comparison  with 
the  table  which  gives  the  general  taxonomic-group  percent- 
ages of  the  total  valley  species  will  be  instructive.  While  the 
Monocotyledones  form  28.4  percent,  of  the  total  species  they 


732  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

form  36.5  per  cent,  of  the  extra-continental  species;  while  the 
Archichlamydeae  form  31.9  per  cent,  of  the  total  species  they 
form  41*0  per  cent,  of  the  extra- continental  element,  and  while 
the  Metacblamydeae  form  32.3  per  cent,  of  the  total  flora,  they 
form  but  22.5  per  cent,  of  the  extra-continental  element.  This 
element  shows,  when  compared  with  the  general  flora,  a  fall- 
ing off  in  Metachlamydeae  and  a  concurrent  increase  of  Mono- 
cotyledones  and  Archichlamydeae.  The  increase  is  greatest 
among  the  Monocotyledones. 

In  the  second  of  the  last  three  tables  the  distribution  by 
countries  of  the  extra- continental  element  is  indicated.  The 
percentages  are  fairly  exact  except  in  the  case  of  the  West 
Indies.  Of  this  region  access  has  been  had  only  to  Grisebach's 
Flora  of  the  British  West  Indies.  The  percentage  is  probably 
somewhat  too  small,  but  would  in  any  event  be  likely  to  be  the 
smallest  of  the  series.  It  is  seen  that  the  extra-continental  ele- 
ment is  preponderantly  Asiatic,  and  of  the  Asiatic  group  the 
Manchurian-Japanese  forms  a  considerable  percentage.  Sub- 
tracting this  percentage  from  the  total  Asiatic  percentage  gives 
54. 2  per  cent,  as  the  approximate  Siberian  element.  This  divis- 
ion of  the  Asiatic  element  is  a  proper  one  and  the  two  groups 
of  extra- continental  species  thus  isolated  would  be  interesting  in 
detailed  comparison.  Such  comparison  would,  however,  be  a 
little  removed  from  the  purpose  of  the  chapter.  A  glance  at 
the  table  will  show  several  curious  facts  that  may  be  noted. 
The  Siberian  group  furnishes  a  larger  percentage  of  Monocoty- 
ledones and  smaller  percentage  of  Metachlamydeae,  compara- 
tively, than  the  Japanese -Manchurian.  The  African  element 
is  almost  as  large  as  the  South  American  or  Australasian,  and 
for  the  most  part  consists  of  the  same  plants.  In  all  three  the 
preponderant  taxonomic  group  is  the  Monocotyledones,  and  of 
these  it  is  especially  the  aquatic  or  marsh  forms  that  are  thus 
widely  distributed.  In  these  three  distant  elements  the  mono- 
cotyledonous  percentage  is  somewhat  in  advance  of  such  gen- 
eral percentages  of  the  whole  extra- continental  element. 
Especially  in  the  most  distant  element,  the  Australasian,  are 
the  Monocotyledones  predominant.  Of  this  element  they  form 
66.6  per  cent.  Of  the  European  element  the  Monocotyledones 
form  a  larger  percentage  than  of  the  Asiatic,  while  of  the 
Asiatic  element  the  Archichlamydeae  and  Metachlamydeae  form 
each  a  larger  percentage  than  of  the  European.  Of  the  Man- 
churian-Japanese  element  the  Archichlamydeae  and  Metach- 
lamydeae each  form  a  larger  percentage  than  of  the  Siberian 
or  total  Asiatic. 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  733 

The  third  table  of  the  series  showing  the  North  Ameri- 
can range  of  extra- continental  Minnesota  valley  metas- 
permic  species  and  varieties  presents  some  interesting  per- 
centages. Of  the  total  element  85. 9  per  cent  are  northern  and 
50.7  per  cent  southern  in  North  America.  Comparing  with 
the  general  tables  of  the  entire  flora,  we  find  that  55.6  per  cent 
of  the  species  are  northern  while  76. 1  per  cent  are  southern. 
This  indicates  the  predominent  northern  character  of  the  extra 
continental  specific  element.  Its  presence  in  the  Min- 
nesota valley  is  therefore  principally  to  be  referred 
to  the  influence  of  the  Conifer  region  of  Engler  or  the 
Northern  of  Drude,  which  lies  just  above  the  latitude  of  the 
Minnesota  valley.  Of  the  extra- continental  element  93.3  per 
cent,  is  eastern  and  75.4  per  cent,  western.  Comparing  again 
the  tables  for  the  entire  metaspermic  flora  we  find  that  87.2  per 
cent,  are  eastern  and  51.4  per  cent,  western.  The  difference  be- 
tween the  general  percentages  is  therefore  greater  than  be- 
tween the  extra-continental  percentages.  This  indicates  a 
more  general  latitudinal  distribution  of  ex tra-continen tally 
ranging  species  than  of  the  average  species  of  the  valley. 
Since,  however,  this  extra-continental  element  is  so  preponder- 
antly northern  the  longitudinal  distribution  is  not  equal  to  the 
average  longitudinal  distribution.  The  extra-continental  ele- 
ment is  therefore  distinctively  lateral  rather  than  vertical  in 
its  charactistic  inter-continental  distribution. 

Besides  the  comparison  of  totals,  the  comparative  distribu- 
tion of  the  three  taxonomic  groups  will  be  worth  a  moment's 
attention.  Of  the  total  specific  elements  the  Monocotyledones 
run  68.2  per  cent. northern, 69.1  percent,  southern,  93.6 per  cent, 
eastern,  53.1  per  cent,  western.  Of  the  extra- continental  ele- 
ment the  Monocotyledones  run  86.2  per  cent,  northern,  47.4 
percent,  southern,  93. 9  per  cent,  eastern,  76 .7  per  cent,  western. 
These  figures  indicate  for  the  extra- continental  Monocoty- 
ledones an  increase  in  average  northernness  and  a  decrease  in 
average  longitudinal  equality  of  distribution,  together  with  an 
increase  of  lateral  equality  of  distribution. 

Of  the  total  specific  elements  the  Archichlamydeae  run  55. 9 
percent,  northern,  75.1  per  cent,  southern,  86.1  per  cent,  east- 
ern, 49.6  per  cent,  western.  Of  the  extra-continental  specific 
element  the  Archichlamydeae  run  83.1  per  cent,  northern,  50.0 
per  cent,  southern,  93.0  per  cent,  eastern,  70.7  per  cent,  west- 
ern. These  figures  preserve  an  exact  parallelism  with  those  of 
the  Monocotyledones,  but  with  varying  internal  ratios.  The 


734  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

east  and  west  distribution  of  the  Monocotyledones  of  the  extra- 
continental  element  indicated  by  the  figures  93.9  and  76.7  is 
more  even  than  that  of  the  Archichlamydeae  of  that  element, 
indicated  by  the  figures  93.0  and  70.7.  On  the  other  hand"  the 
north  and  south  distribution  of  the  Archichlamydeae  of  the  ex- 
tra-continental element  is  more  even  than  that  of  the  Monoco- 
tyledones, as  indicated  respectively,  by  the  relations  between 
the  figures  83.1 — 50.0  and  86.2 — 47.4.  But  in  comparison  with 
the  general  specific  elements  we  see,  as  for  the  Monocotyle- 
dones, an  increase  in  average  northernness,  a  decrease  in  aver 
age  longitudinal  equality  of  distribution  and  an  increase  of 
lateral  equality. 

Of  the  total  specific  elements  the  Metachlamydeae  run  41.6 
per  cent,  northern,  83.9  per  cent,  southern,  82.9  per  cent- 
eastern,  51.9  per  cent,  western.  Of  the  extra- continental  ele- 
ment they  run  76.1  per  cent,  northern,  57.7  per  cent,  southern, 
92.9  per  cent,  eastern  and  80.2  per  cent,  western.  Of  the  three 
taxonomic  groups,  then,  the  Metachlamydeae  show  the 
greatest  evenness  of  longitudinal  distribution.  In  other  words, 
this  group  is  least  concerned  in  the  northern-region  influence. 
Further  the  Metachlamydeae  are  most  evenly  distributed  east 
and  west,  of  the  extra -continental  groups.  As  before,  however, 
but  with  diminished  ratios,  the  Metachlamydeae,  in  comparison 
with  the  Metachlamydeae  of  the  total  specific  elements,  show 
an  increase  in  average  northernness,  a  decrease  in  average 
longitudinal  equality  of  distribution,  an  increase  in  average 
lateral  equality  of  distribution.  These  three  indices  of  extra- 
continental  ranging  in  its  relation  to  intra  continental  distribu- 
tion reduce  themselves  to  this:  The  extra-continental  element 
is  more  widely  distributed  intra- con  tine  ntally  than  the  general 
intra- continental  element.  It  is  more  evenly  distributed 
laterally  and  less  evenly  distributed  longitudinally.  The  three 
taxonomic  groups  are  in  any  case  of  different  value  in  relative 
cosmopolitan  or  endemic  distribution.  These  differences  per- 
sist and  are  accentuated  in  the  extra- continental  element.  Since 
the  endemic  character  is  at  once  preponderantly  metachlamy- 
deous  and  also  of  the  Central  element,  it  happens  that  the  lon- 
gitudinal distribution  of  extra-continental  Metachlamydeae  is 
more  even  than  that  of  the  other  two  groups,  for  the  general 
southern  and  specific  northern  influences  are  best  able  in  this 
group  to  neutralise  each  other. 

From  the  above  condensed  account  of  the  extra  continental 
specific  element  it  will  be  seen  that  every  figure,  in  comparison 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  735 

or  alone,  is  able  to  cast  some  additional  light  on  the  general 
problems  of  metaspermic  history.  Many  other  comparisons 
might  be  made  and  some  of  them  would  prove  of  definite  value, 
but  enough  has  already  been  brought  forward  to  lay  the  found* 
ation  of  our  understanding  of  the  relations  between  the  extra- 
continental  element  in  its  outside  and  inside  ranging  and  in  its 
connection  with  the  general  flora. 

The  combination- ranges  have  not  been  worked  out  for  the 
extra  continental  element,  but  one  or  two  facts  are  evident 
from  the  general  survey  of  table  E.  For  example  the  SE. 
range  is  particularly  noticeable  in  the  Manchurian- Japanese 
element  and  the  NEW.  range,  in  the  Siberian  or  European  ele- 
ment. The  SW.  range  is  not  unprevalent  in  the  South  Am- 
erican element.  The  wider  extra-continental  ranges  are 
generally  coordinate  with  the  wider  intra-continental  ranges, 
and  vice  versa.  The  explanation  of  the  SE.  preponderant-range 
of  the  Japanese-Manchurian  element  has  been  given  as  follows: 
The  North  American  species  which  are  found  also  in  Japan, 
Manchuria  and  China  were  originally  northwest  in  their  Am- 
erican distribution.  During  the  glacial  period  they  were 
forced  southeast  along  the  lake-region  trench  of  Canada  and 
the  boundary,  thus  reaching  the  Atlantic  coast  in  the  vicinity 
of  New  York  or  Delaware.  Those  which  were  pushed  more 
directly  south  or  west  were  destroyed  through  their  inability 
to  acclimate  themselves  at  constantly  higher  altitudes.  Only 
those  which  moved  down  the  trench,  and  consequently  south- 
east, were  able  to  survive.  The  plants  across  Berings  Straits 
were  similarly  induced  to  move  southward  into  the  unglaciated 
island  of  Japan,  or  into  China  and  the  Amur.  There  was 
thus  brought  about  a  division  of  the  original  northwest  ele- 
ment in  such  a  way  that  part  of  it  became  southeastern  in 
North  America  and  the  rest  eastern  or  north  eastern  in  Asia. 
The  relation  between  the  Japanese-Manchurian  region  and  the 
eastern  North  American  is  therefore  to  be  explained  from 
Tertiary  and  post- Tertiary  wanderings,  from  glacial  disper- 
sions and  from  topographical  peculiarities  of  the  two  con- 
tinents concerned.  All  this  has  been  ably  discussed  by  Gray, 
Miquel,  Nathorst,  Saporta,  Engler,  Heer  and  others. 

A  general  table  of  range  may  now  be  presented;  it  is  com- 
piled from  Table  D.  and  gives  the  number  of  species  in  each 
family  that  range  north,  east,  south  and  west,  and  the  total 
number  of  species  in  each  family.  This  table  will  serve  as  a 
termination  of  this  line  of  statistical  enquiry  and  following  it 
the  physiognomic  elements  will  briefly  be  examined. 


736 


METASPERMAE    OF   THE    MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 


F.  Table  Illustrating  the  Range  of  Minnesota  Valley  Metas- 
permae,  by  Families  and  Species. 


North 

South 

East 

West 

Total 

Monocotyledones. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Sparganiaceae  

3 

2 

3 

2 

3 

TVit  ft  rri  ocrpfjOnftCGftfi 

15 

11 

16 

13 

16 

Najadaceae  

1 

1 

1 

1 

JunccttrincjiG 

3 

0 

3 

3 

3 

2 

2 

4 

2 

4 

Hydrocharitaceae              

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

Gramineae                  

48 

66 

71 

58 

89 

89 

80 

116 

63 

118 

4 

2 

4 

0 

4 

Lemnaceae  

4 

6 

6 

2 

6 

Xyridaceae  

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

Eriocaulaceae 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

Coniiiielinac6ae          ... 

0 

t 

1 

o 

1 

Pontederiaceae            .  .          ... 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

Juncaceae     .              

9 

6 

11 

5 

11 

Liliaceae          .             

17 

28 

35 

11 

36 

Amaryllidaceae  

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

Iridaceae  *  •  . 

2 

3 

3 

0 

3 

Orchidaceac 

29 

16 

30 

13 

30 

Archi.chlamydeae. 
Juglandaceae 

1 

4 

4 

0 

4 

Myricaceae              

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

SalicaceaG 

17 

8 

16 

11 

17 

betulaceae           .... 

5 

4 

8 

3 

8 

Fagaceae              

1 

5 

5 

0 

5 

Ulmaceae  

1 

4 

4 

1 

4 

TJrticaceae  

2 

4 

5 

1 

5 

Moraceae  

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

Santalaceae  

3 

0 

2 

3 

3 

Aristolochiaceae  

1 

1 

2 

0 

2 

Polygonaceae 

12 

19 

22 

14 

23 

Chenopodiaceae 

4 

3 

5 

3 

5 

A  niarantaceac                     

o 

3 

2 

1 

3 

Pbytolaccaceae 

0 

1 

1 

0 

1 

Nyctaginaceae  ...           .... 

0 

3 

0 

3 

3 

Portulacaceae.  .   .  . 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

Caryophyllaceae  

6 

6 

11 

8 

11 

Nymphaeaceae  

2 

5- 

5 

2 

5 

Ceratophyllaceae  

0 

] 

1 

1 

Ranunculaceae  

32 

19 

40 

28 

42 

Berberidaceae  

1 

2 

2 

0 

2 

Menispermaceae 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

Papaveraceae  

5 

4 

7 

3 

7 

Cruciferae  :  .  .  . 

18 

23 

21 

20 

30 

Capparidaceae  

o 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Sarraceniaceae  

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

Droseraceae  

3 

0 

2 

3 

3 

Crassulaceae  

o 

1 

0 

1 

Saxifragaceae.  .  .  . 

9 

9 

14 

8 

14 

Rosaceae  

40 

32 

47 

28 

54 

Leguminosae  

17 

51 

37 

26 

55 

Geraniaceae.  .  , 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

STATISTICS   OF  METASPERMAE. 


737 


F.    Table  Illustrating  the  Range  of  Minnesota  Yalley  Metas 
permae,  by  Families  and  Species.— Continued. 


North 

South 

East 

West 

Total 

Oxalidaceae  

0 

2 

1 

2 

2 

Linaceae  

1 

3 

1 

3 

3 

Ru  taceae 

1 

2 

2 

o 

2 

Polygalaceae  

2 

6 

6 

1 

6 

Euphorbiaceae       .   .         .... 

2 

11 

4 

8 

11 

Stellariaceae        .       

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

A  nacardiaceae.  ...»  .  .  .  ,  

o 

5 

5 

0 

5 

CeJastraceae   

] 

2 

2 

o 

2 

Aquifoliaceae  

1 

1 

1 

o 

1 

Staphyleaceae  

1 

1 

1 

o 

1 

3 

6 

7 

1 

7 

Balsaminaceae  

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

Rhamoaceae  

1 

2 

3 

1 

3 

Vi  taceae  

o 

4 

4 

o 

4 

Tiliaceae  

1 

1 

1 

o 

1 

Malvaceae  

o 

4 

3 

1 

4 

H  ypericaceae  

3 

7 

7 

o 

7 

Cistaceae  

1 

2 

2 

o 

2 

Violaceae  

9 

11 

14 

5 

15 

Cactaceae  

o 

3 

1 

2 

3 

Thymelaeaceae  

o 

1 

1 

o 

] 

Elaeagnaceae  

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

Lythraceae  

o 

1 

1 

0 

1 

Oenotheraceae  

12 

11 

13 

12 

17 

Halorrhagidaceae  

2 

4 

4 

1 

4 

A  raliaceae  

5 

4 

5 

1 

5 

Uni  belli  ferae 

11 

20 

21 

10 

22 

Cornaceae  

4 

5 

7 

2 

7 

Metachlamydeae. 
Pirolaceae  

7 

4 

8 

7 

8 

Ericaceae  .... 

10 

1 

11 

7 

11 

Primulaceae  

4 

6 

7 

4 

8 

Oleaceae  

o 

4 

4 

1 

4 

Gentianaceae  

4 

6 

10 

3 

10 

Apocynaceae  

o 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Asclepiadaceae  .  .  .   . 

2 

14 

10 

5 

14 

Convolvulaceae  

1 

8 

8 

5 

9 

Polemoniaceae  

1 

5 

5 

1 

6 

Hydrophyllaceae  

2 

4 

4 

2 

4 

Borraginaceae  

2 

12 

9 

5 

12 

Verheaaceae  

1 

6 

4 

4 

6 

Labiatae    

12 

18 

21 

13 

24 

Solanaceae  

2 

6 

7 

3 

7 

Scrophulariaceae  

8 

27 

27 

17 

32 

Lentibulariaceae  

3 

2 

4 

3 

4 

Orobanchaceae  

o 

3 

2 

3 

3 

Pla  ntagi  naceae  

1 

3 

2 

2 

3 

Rubiaceae  

7 

9 

11 

4 

11 

Caprifoliaceae,  

10 

8 

14 

9 

15 

Aduxaceae  

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

Valerianaceae  

0 

3 

3 

1 

a 

Cucurbi  taceae  

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

Cam  pan  ulaceae  

4 

7 

9 

3 

9 

Cumpositae  

66 

158 

131 

92 

173 

-47 


738  METASPEKMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

IV.       EXAMINATION     OF     PHYSIOGNOMIC   CHARACTERS    OF     THE 
METASPERMIC    PLANTS   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

The  plant- physiognomy  of  any  district  is  determined  by  the 
habits  and  habitats  of  its  plants.  Without  entering  upon  ex- 
haustive analyses  of  the  principal  physiognomic  groups — the 
forest  and  the  prairie — it  will  be  possible,  nevertheless,  to  iso- 
late three  groups  of  species  of  characteristic  habit  and  three 
others  of  characteristic  habitat.  The  first  three  elements  will 
then  be  as  follows: 

A.  The  Arboreal  element. 

B.  The  Shrubby  element. 

C.  The  Herbaceous  element. 

Evidently  transitional  forms  must  be  recognised  between 
these  groups,  but  in  general  a  classification  may  be  attempted  of 
all  species  into  one  or  another  of  the  groups  themselves.  The 
character  of  a  principal  woody  trunk  is  considered  to  indicate 
the  tree,  if  this  coexists  with  a  sufficient  size.  The  woody 
character  without  the  principal  trunk  is  deemed  characteristic 
of  the  shrub,  and  the  absence  of  a  distinctly  woody  stem  is  con- 
sidered characteristic  of  the  herb.  Of  course  all  Metasperrnae 
contain  woody  tissue  in  greater  or  less  abundance.  If,  how- 
ever, the  cambium  cylinders  are  not  developed,  the  plant  is 
generally  characterised  as  herbaceous. 

Of  the  three  habitat  elements  the  classification  may  be  as 
follows: 

A.  The  Aquatic  element. 

B.  The  Swamp  and  Marsh  element. 

C.  Ttye  Drier-soil  element. 

As  before,  there  are  transitional  forms  between  these  groups 
and  the  entry  of  a  given  species  may  be  difficult.  Indeed  in 
the  same  species  certain  individuals  may  be  aquatic,  and  others 
may  be  found  in  more  terrestrial  localities.  As  in  the  case  of 
the  habit  elements  there  is,  then,  some  difficulty  in  obtaining 
a  rigid  classification.  In  the  following  tables  two  elements  are 
unlisted — the  herbaceous  and  the  drier-soil  elements.  This  is 
because  these  elements  are  in  the  nature  of  residua  and  may  be 
understood  closely  enough  from  the  other  four  elements  that 
are  listed.  The  following  table  gives  a  list  of  arboreal  plants 
found  growing  spontaneously  and  indigenously  in  the  valley  of 
the  Minnesota. 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE. 


739 


GL    Table  of  Arboreal  Metaspermae  Indigenous  to 
the  Minnesota  Yalley. 


Archichlamydeae. 


se.  Juglans  nigra. 
use.  Juglans  cinerea. 
se   Scoria  minima. 
se.  Scoria  ovata. 
nsew.  Populus  monilifera. 
new.  Populus  balsam  ifera. 
new.  Populus  tremuloides. 
use.  Populus  grandidentata. 
nsew.  Salix  nigra. 
nsw.  Salix  amygdaloides. 
se.  Carpi nus  caroliniana. 
se.  Ostrya  ostrya. 
se.  Betula  nigra. 
new   Betula  papyrifera. 
uercus  velutina. 
uercus  rubra. 
uercus  muhlenbergii. 
uercus  macrocarpa. 
Quercus  alba. 
use.  Ulmus  racemosa. 
se.  Ulmus  americana. 
se.  Ulmus  fulva. 
sew.  Celtis  occidentalis. 

se.  Morus  rubra. 
new.  Pirus  sambucifolia. 


se.  Pirus  coronaria. 
nw.  Amelanchier  alnifolia. 

se.  Amelanchier  canadensis. 
nsew.  Amelanchier  canadensis  var. 
obovalis. 

se.  Crataegus  cms  galli. 

se.  Crataegus  cocci nea. 

se.  Crataegus  mollis. 

se.  Crataegus  tomentosa. 

se.  Prunus  americana. 

se.  Cerasus  serotina. 
nsew.  Cerasus  virginiana. 
new.  Cerasus  pennsylvanica. 

se.  Gymnocladus  dioicus. 

se.  Rhus  typhina. 
sew.  Acer  negundo. 

se.  Acer  rubrum. 
nse.  Acer  barbatum. 

se.  Acer  barbatum  var.   nigrum. 

se.  Acer  saccharinum. 

ne.  Acer  spicatum. 
nse.  Acer  pennsylvanicum. 
nse.  Tilia  americana. 
nse.  Cornus  alternifolia. 


sew.  Praxinus  sambucifolia. 
se.  Fraxinus  pubescens. 
se.  Fraxinus  viridis. 
se.  Fraxinus  americana. 


Metachlamydeae . 

new.  Viburnum  opulus. 

se.  Viburnum  dentatum. 
nse.  Viburnum  lentago. 


Prom  the  preceding  table  the  following  statistic  tabulation  is 
compiled : 


32.    The   Arboreal  Specific  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
arb.  species. 

Arb.  percent, 
of  each. 

Monocotyledones  

0 

48 
7 

0 

86.7 
13.2 

0 
10.0 

1.8 

Archichlamydeae  

Metachlamydeae  

Total  Arboreal. 

55 
4.7 

Arb.  per  cent,  of  all  species 

740 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Succeeding  the  arboreal  element  must  be  noted  the  shrubby 
element.     Of  this,  Table  H  presents  the  list. 


H. 


se.  Smilax  hispida. 


Table  of  Shrubby  Metaspermae  Indigenous  to  the 
Minnesota  Yalley. 

Monocotyledones. 

se.  Smilax  rotundifolia. 
Archichlamydeae . 


nse.  Myrica  asplenifolia. 
new.  Salix  myrtilloides. 
new.  Salix  cordata. 
nse.  Salix  cordata  var  angustata. 
ne.  Salix  Candida. 
new.  Salix  petiqlaris. 
nse.  Salix  tristis. 
nse.  Salix  humilis. 
nse.  Salix  discolor. 
new.  Salix  rostrata. 
new.  Salix  longifolia. 
new.  Salix  lucida. 
new.  Corylus  rostrata. 
nse   Corylus  americana. 
ne.  Betula  pumila, 
new.  Alnus  incana. 
new.  Comandra  livida. 
new.  Comandra  umbellata. 
nw.  Comandra  pallida. 
nse.  Menispermum  canadense. 
new.  Ribes   rubrum    var.  albiner- 

vium. 

nse.  Ribes  floridum. 
new.  Ribes  oxycanthoides. 
sew.  Ribes  gracile. 
sew.  Ribes  cynobasti. 
nsew.  Opulaster  opulifolius. 
nse.  Spiraea  toinentosa. 
nse.  Celastrus  scandens. 
nse.  Ilex  verticillata. 
nse.  Staphylea  tri  folia. 
sew.  Ceanothus  ovatus. 
se.  Ceanothus  americanus. 
ne   Rhamnus  alnifolia. 
se.  Parthenocissus  quinquefolia. 
se  Vitisaestivalis. 
se.  Vitis  riparia. 
se.  Vitis  cordifolia. 
se.  Hypericum  proliflcum. 

Metachlamydeae  . 
se.  Pseva  maculata. 
nsew.  Pseva  umbellata. 
new.  Ledum  latifolium. 
new.  Andromeda  poll  folia. 
new.  Lyonia  calyculata. 
new.  Chiogenes  hispidula. 
new.  Arctostaph>losuva-ursi. 
new.  Oxycoccus  macrocarpus. 
new.  Oxycoccus  oxycoccus. 
ne.  Vaccinium  corymbosuin  var. 

amoenurn. 

ne.  Vaccinium  canadense. 
ne.  Vaccinium  pennsyivanicum. 
se.  Vaccin-ium  stamineum. 


se.  Dirca  palustris. 
new.  Spiraea  salicifolia. 
se.  Pirus  arbutifolia. 
nse.  Rubus  hispid  us. 
ne.  Rubus  canadensis. 
nse.  Rubus  villosus. 
new.  Rubus  occidentalis. 
new.  Rubus  strigosus. 
new.  Rubus  triflorus. 
new.  Potentilla  tridentata. 
new.  Potentilla  fruticosa. 
nse.  Rosa  humilis. 
se.  Rosa  Carolina. 
nsw.  Rosa  pisocarpa. 
nw.  Rosa  acicularis. 
new.  Rosa  virginiana. 
sw.  Rosa  virginiana  var.  arkan- 

sana. 

nse.  Cerasus  pumila. 
nsw.  Amorpha  canescens. 
nsw.  Amorpha  microphylla. 
sew.  Amorpha  fruticosa. 
nse.  Zanthoxylum  americanum. 
se.  Ptelea  trifoliata. 
se.  Rhus  radicans. 
se.  Rhus  copallina. 
se.  Rhus  vernix. 
Rhu<  glabra. 

Evonymus  atropurpureus. 
Leptargyraia  argentea. 
Elaeagnus  argentea. 
sw.  Oenothera  serrulata. 
new.  Cornus  canadensis. 
se.  Cornus  candidissima. 
se.  Cornus  asperi folia. 
new.  Cornus  stolonifera. 
Cornus  sericea. 
Cornus  circinatus. 


se. 


nsw 
ne 


se, 
nse. 


mw.  Symphoricarpos  racemosus. 
neio.  Symphoricarpos  racemosus 

var.  pauciflorus. 

nw.  Symphoricarpos  occidentalis. 
se.  Symphoricarpos  Symphoricar- 
pos. 

new.  Lonicera  glauca. 
nseiw.  Lonicera  sullivantii. 
new.  Lonicera  ciliata. 
Diervilla  diervilla. 
Sambucus  racemosa. 
Sambucus  canadensis. 


new.  Linnaea  borealis. 


nse. 
new. 
sew. 

se.  Viburnum  pubescens. 

se.  Viburnum  dentatum. 
nsw.  Artemisia  dracunculoides. 


STATISTICS   OF  METASPERMAE.  741 

From  Table  H  the  following  statistics  are  compiled: 


33.    The  Shrubby  Specific  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

Per  cent,  of  all 
shrubby  sp. 

Shrubby  per 
cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyiedones  

2 
75 

27 

1.9 
72.1 
25.9 

0.6 
16.3 
7.1 

Archichlamvdeae  

Metachlamydeae  

Total  Shrubby 

104 

8.8 

Shrubby  per  cent.of  all  species 

The  remainder  of  the  Metaspermae  of  the  Minnesota  valley 
may  be  classified  as  herbaceous,  and  of  this  element  the  sta- 
tistics are  as  follows: 


34.    The  Herbaceous  Specific  Element. 

No.  of 
species  . 

Per  cent,  of  all 
herbaceous. 

Herbaceous  per 
cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyiedones.  .      

331 
340 
346 

32.4 
33.4 
34.0 

99.4 
74.0 
91.0 

Archichlanaydeae.  . 

Metachlamydeae  

Total  Herbaceous 

1017 

86.6 

Herb,  per  cent,  of  all  species.  . 

From  the  above  three  tabulations  it  is  seen  that  the  herbace- 
ous per  cent,  of  the  Monocotyiedones  is  generally  in  excess  of 
the  herbaceous  per  cents  of  the  other  two  groups.  And  the 
woody  percentage  of  the  Archichlamydese  is  generally 'in  ex- 
cess of  the  woody  percentages  of  the  other  two  groups.  In  the 
latitude  of  the  Minnesota  valley  many  of  the  original  mono- 
cotyledonous  trees  or  shrubs  have  disappeared.  All  of  the 
trees  are  gone  and  all  but  two  of  the  shrubs  have  failed  up  to 
the  present  time  to  secure  or  regain  a  foothold.  This  we  un- 
derstand from  the  considerations  indicated  in  the  pre- 


742  METASPERMAE   OP   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 

ceding  chapter,  where  the  original  presence  of  palms 
and  allied  forms  was  discussed.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  Metachlamydeae  with  their  1.8  per  cent,  of  trees  and 
7.1  percent,  of  shrubs  have  as  yet  failed  to  develop  many 
shrubby  or  arboreal  plants  in  this  latitude.  The  antiquity  and 
lower  organisation  of  the  Monocotyledones  are  therefore  seen 
to  have  been  reflected  in  the  physiognomy  of  the  valley  to-day 
in  a  manner  similar  to  that  in  which  the  recentness  and  higher 
organisation  of  the  Metachlamydeae  have  been  reflected.  The 
absence  of  monocotyledonous  trees  and  shrubs  is  due  to  their 
having  been  obliterated  ages  ago  by  the  stronger  archichlamy- 
deous  forms,  together  with  the  geological  progression  of  climatic 
and  topographical  changes.  The  absence  of  the  metachlamy- 
deous  trees  and  shrubs,  compared  with  the  abundance  of  the 
Archichlamydeae,is  doubtless  owing  to  entirely  different  causes. 
Not  obliteration  but  failure  to  reach  the  valley  is  the  explana- 
tion of  their  absence.  Palseontological  remains  do  not  indicate 
that  metachlamydeous  trees  or  shrubs  were  ever  before  so 
abundant  in  the  Minnesota  valley  as  they  are  to-day.  The  same 
evidence  shows  that  in  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  periods 
there  were  palms  in  the  valley.  Thus  by  direct  evidence  is 
corroborated  what  might  a  priori  be  derived  from  the  study  of 
modern  distribution.  Together  with  the  predominant  herbace- 
ousness  of  the  Monocotyledones  must  be  read  their  antiquity 
and  their  preponderantly  extra  and  intra-continental  width  of 
range.  Together  with  the  only  less  predominant  herbaceous- 
ness  of  the  Metachlamydeae  must  be  read  their  recentness  and 
their  preponderantly  endemic  and  limited  range.  Thus  the 
character  of  the  other  taxonomic  group  may  be  stated  in 
terms  as  follows: 

The  Archichlamydeae,  forming  86. 7  per  cent,  of  the  arboreal 
element  and  72. 1  per  cent  of  the  shrubby  element  have  on  the 
one  hand  had  sufficient  time  to  develop  their  habit  and  to  reach 
the  Minnesota  valley,  while  on  the  other  hand  they  are  not  to 
such  an  extent  a  lower  group,  nor  so  ancient  that  they  have 
been  t  erased  from  the  distinctively  extratropical  regions. 
From  both  sides  they  have  been  favored  in  the  development  of 
arboreal  characters,  and  for  ages  will  doubtless  maintain  them- 
selves in  extratropical  regions  as  the  characteristic  trees  and 
shrubs,  although  ultimately,  the  logic  of  history  would  seem 
to  destine  them  for  extinction  under  the  attack  of  arborescent 
Senecios,Helianthi  or  Solidagos.or  of  other  composite  or  composite- 
like  forms  that  had  attained  the  arboreal  habit. 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE. 


743 


The  progression  of  percentages  from  Monocotyledones  to 
Metachlamydese,  as  read  in  the  last  columns  of  the  three  pre- 
ceding  tabulations,  gives  interesting  testimony  to  the  correct- 
ness of  the  views  (by  no  means  new)  that  are  presented  in  the 
paragraphs  above.  As  compacted  below  this  progression  is 
certainly  instructive. 


Arb. 
per  cent. 

Shrubby 
per  cent. 

Herb, 
per  cent. 

Monocotvledoncs 

0 

0  6 

99  4 

Archichlamydeae 

10  0 

16  3 

74  0 

Metachlamydeae 

1  8 

7  1 

91  0 

The  differences  are  widest  between  the  monocotyledonous 
and  least  between  the  archichlamydeous  percentages. 

The  three  habitat- elements  may  now  be  considered.  In 
Table  J  is  listed  the  aquatic  element. 

J.  Table  of  Aquatic  Metaspermae  Indigenous  to  the  Minne- 
sota Yalley. 

Monocotyledones. 


nsew.  Potamogeton  natans. 
nsew.  Potamogeton  fluitans. 
nsew.  Potamogeton  amplifolius. 

use.  Potamogetou  pert'oliatus. 
new.  Potarnogeton    heteropbyllos 

nse.  Potamogeton  grarnineus  var 

zizii. 

se.  Potamogeton  illinoensis. 
nsew.  Potamogeton  pusillus. 
new.  Potamogeton  rutilus. 
nsew.  Potamogeton  pectinatus. 
nsew.  Potamogeton  lucens. 
new.  Potamogeton  praelongus. 
nsew.  Potamugeton  lanceolatus. 
new.  Potamogeton    zosteraefolius 
new.  Potamogeton  foliosus. 
nsew.  Zanichellia  palustris. 

A  rchichlamydeae . 


nsew.  Najas  flexilis. 
nsew.  Elodea  canadensis. 

se.  Vallisneria  spiralis. 

se.  Zizania  aquatica. 
new.  Panicularia  fluitans. 
new.  Scirpus  fluviatilis. 
nsew.  Scirpus  lacustris. 
nsew.  Heleocharis  palustris. 
nsew.  Lemna  minor. 

nse.  Lemna  perpusilla. 
nsew.  Lemna  trisulca 
nsew.  Lemna  polyrhiza. 

se.  Grantia  brasiliensis. 

se.  Grantia  columbiana. 
nse.  Pontederia  cordata. 
sew.  Heteranthera  dubia. 


se.  Polygon um    hydropiperoides. 


new.  Ranunculus  aquatilis  var. 

caespitosus. 

new.  Ranunculus  circinnatus. 
nsew.  Stellaria  verna. 
nsew.  Hippuris  vulgaris. 

se.  Myriophyllum  beterophyllum 
se.  Myriophyllum  verticillatum. 
nse.  Myriophyllum  spicaturn. 


nsew.  Polygonum  amphibium. 

se.  "Nelumbo  nelurnbo. 
sew.  Brasenia  peltata. 
nse.  Leuconymphaea  reniformis. 
se.  Leuconymphaea  ordorata. 
nsew.  Nymphaea  ad  vena. 
sew.  Cera tophy Hum  demersum. 
new.  Ranunculus  lacustris. 
nsew.  Ranunculus  aquatilis  var. 
trichophyllos. 

Metachlamydeae. 

se.  Nymphodeslacunosum.  new.  Utricularia  intermedia, 

sew?.  Mimulus  glabratus  var.  new.  Utricularia  minor. 

.jamesii.  nsew.  Utricularia  vulgaris. 

new.  Veronica  anagallis.  nse.  Bidens  beckii. 

se.  Utricularia  cornuta. 


744 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


The  swamp  and  marsh  element  may  next  be  listed. 

E.    Table  of  Swamp  and  Marsh  Metaspermae  Indigenous  to 
the  Minnesota  Valley. 


Monocotyleaones. 


nsew. 

new. 

nsew. 

nse. 

new. 

new. 

new. 

new. 

se. 

se. 
new. 

se. 


nsew. 

se. 

new. 

new. 

nsew. 
nsew. 

nsew. 

nw. 

nsew. 

new. 

nw. 

new. 

nsew. 

ne. 

ne. 

nscw. 

nsew. 

nse. 

new. 

new. 

new. 

new. 

new. 

sew. 

nsew. 


nsew. 

sw. 

nsew. 

nse. 

nse. 

se. 

nsew. 
se. 

nsew. 

sew. 

nse. 

nsew. 

se. 

se. 


Typha  latifolia. 

Sparganium  simplex. 

Sparganium  androcladum. 

Sparganium  eurycarpum. 

Triglochin  palustris. 

Triglochin  maritima. 

Scheuchzeria  palustris. 

Alisma  plantago. 

Sagittaria  rigida. 

Sagittaria  graminea. 

Sagittaria  sagittaefolia. 

Panicum  crus-galli. 

Zizania  aquatica  var.  his- 
pidum. 

Homalocenchrus  oryzoides. 

Homalocenchrus   virginicus. 

Phalaris  arundinacea. 

Hierochloe  odorata  var. 
fragrans. 

Muhlenbergia  racemosa. 

Alopecurus  geniculatus  var. 
aristulatus. 

Cinna  arundinacea. 

Beckmannia  erucaeformis. 

Phragmites  phragtnites. 

Foa  palustris. 

Scolochloa  festucacea. 

Panicularia  americana. 

Panicularia  nervata. 

Panicularia  elongata. 

Panicularia  canadensis. 

Dulichium  spathaceum. 

Cyperus  strigosus. 

Eriophorum  virginicum. 

Eriophorum  gracile. 

Eriophorum  latifolium. 

Eriophorum  polystachion. 

Eriophorum  vaginatum. 

Eriophorum  cyperinum. 

Eriophorum  lineatum. 

Rcirpus  atrovirens. 

Scirpus  sylvaticus  var.  micro- 
carpus. 

Scirpus  triangularis. 

Heleocharis  wolfli. 

Heleocharis  acicularis. 

Heleocharis  tenuis. 

Heleocharis  intermedia. 

Heleocharis  acuminata. 

Heleocharis  palustris. 

Heleocharis  palustris  var. 
glaucescens. 

Heleocharis  ovata. 

Mariscus  mariscoides. 

Rhyncospora  setacea. 

Rhyncospora  alba. 

Scleria  verticillata. 

Scleria  triglomerata. 


nsew.  Carex  tribuloides   var.    cris- 

tata. 

nse.  Carex  muskingumensis. 
ne.  Carex  trisperma. 
ne.  Carex  tenui flora. 
new.  Carex  canescens. 
nsew.  Carex  echinata  var.  radiata. 
nse.  Carex  rosea. 
nse.    Carex  rosea  var.  radiata. 
new.  Carex  tenella. 
new.  Carex  teretiuscula. 
new   Carex    teretiuscula    var.  ra- 

mosa. 

se.  Carex  crus-corvi. 
ne.  Carex  chordorhiza. 
nsew;.  Carex  polytrichoides. 

se.  Carex  laxiflora. 
new.  Carex  flava  var.  viridula. 
nse.  Carex  crawei. 
se.  Carex  granularis. 
se.  Carex  davisii. 
nse.  Carex  gracillima. 
new.  Carex  limosa. 
new.  Carex  magellanica. 
nse.  Carex  crinita. 
nse.  Carex  prasina. 
new.  Carex  aquatilis. 
nsew.  Carex  fusca. 
nse.  Carex  riparia. 
nse.  Carex  trichocarpa. 
new.  Carex  trichocarpa  var.aristata 
new.  Curex  flliformis. 
nsew.  Carex  flliformis  var.  lanugi- 

nosa. 

se.  Carex  squarrosa. 
ne.  Carex  pseudocyperus. 
nsew.  Carex     pseudocyperus     var. 

americana. 
nse.  Carex  hystricina. 
nse.  Carex  schweinitzii. 
nse.  Carex  lurida. 
new.  Carex  retrorsa. 

ne.  Carex  tuckermani. 
nsew.  Carex  monile. 
nsew.  Carex  utriculata. 
new.  Carex  oligosperma. 
nse.  Carex  lupulina. 
se.  Carex    lupulina    var.    longi- 

pedunculata. 
nse.  Carex  intumescens. 
new.  Carex  pauci  flora. 
nse.  Acorus  calamus. 
ne.  Rpathyema  foetida. 
ne.  Calla  palustris. 
ne.  Eriocaulon  septangulare. 
nsew.  Juncus  tenuis. 
new.  Juncus  vaseyi. 
new.  Juncus balticus var. littoralis. 


STATISTICS   OP   METASPERMAE. 


745 


neve. 

nsew. 

new. 

sew. 

new. 
nse. 


new. 

se. 
new. 
new. 
new. 

se. 

new. 

nse. 

nsew. 


Juncus  flliformis.  new. 

Juncus  effusus.  nsew. 

Juncus  nodusus  var.genuinus.  ne. 

Juncus  nodosus  var.  megace-  nse. 

phalus.  nse. 

Juncus  canadensis  var.  coarc-  ne. 

tatus.  new. 

Juncus  canadensis  var.  longe-  new. 

caudatus.  new. 

Juncus      acuminatus      var.  nse. 

legitimus.  nse. 

Melanthiuni  virginicum.  nse. 

Verairum  viride.  ne. 

Lilium  canadense.  nse. 

Ciintonia  borealis.  new. 

Unifolium  bifolium.  ne. 

Unifolium  trifolium.  se. 

Iris  yersicolor.  new. 

Cypripedilum  acaule.  nse. 

Cypripedilum  spectabile.  nsew. 
Cypripedilum  pubescens. 


Cypripedilum  parviflorum. 
Cypripedilum  candidum. 
Cypripedilum  arietinum. 
Habenaria  psycodes. 
Habenaria  lacera. 
Habenaria  hookeriana. 
Habenana  dilatata. 
Habenaria  hyperborea. 
Habenaria  bracteata. 
Habenaria  flava. 
Habenaria  tridentata. 
Pogonia  ophioglossoides. 
A  rethusa  bulbosa. 
Gyrostachys  cernua. 
Gyrostachys     romanzowiana. 
Leptorchis  loeselii. 
Leptorchis  liliifolia. 
Corallorhiza  corallorhiza. 
Cathea  tuberosa. 
Aplectrum  spicatum. 


Archichlamydeae . 


nse.  Populus  grandidentata. 
new.  Salix  myrtilloides. 
new.  Salix  cordata. 
nse.  Salix  cordata  var.  angustata. 
ne.  Betula  pumila. 
new.  Alnus  incana. 

se.  Rumex  verticillatus. 
new.  Rumex  salicifolius. 
nsew.  Rumex  persicarioides. 

se.  Polygonum  acre. 
new.  Polygonum  hydropiper. 

se.  Polygonum  hydropiperpides. 
nsew.  Polvgonum  hartwrightii. 
sew.  Polygonum  emersum. 
nsew.  Polygonum  incarnatum. 
new.  Stellularia  crassifolia. 
new.  Caltha  palustris. 
new.  Isopyrum  trifolium. 
nsew.  Ranunculus  sceleratus. 
nsew.  Ranunculus  ambigens. 
nsew.  Nasturtium  hispidum. 
nsew.  Nasturtium  palustre. 
nsew.  Cardamine  hirsuta. 
se.  Cardamine  bulbosa. 
new.  Sarracenia  purpurea.. 
nw.  Drosera  linearis. 
new.  Drosera      intermedia      var. 

americana. 

new.  Drosera  rotundifolia. 
se.  Penthorum  sedoides. 
ne.  Saxifraga  pennsylvanica. 
new.  Mitella  nuda. 

se.  Parnassia  caroliniana. 
new.  Parnassia  palustris. 


nse.  Spiraea  tomentosa. 
new.  Spiraea  salici folia. 
new.  Potentilla  fruticosa. 
new.  Potentilla  palustris. 
nse.  Geum  rivale. 
nse.  Rosa  humilis. 
se.  Rosa  Carolina. 
nsew.  Lathyrus  palustris. 
nsew.  Lathyrus    palustris    var. 

myrtifolius. 
se.  Rhus  vernix. 
se.  Acer  rubrum. 
new.  Impatiens  biflora. 
nsew.  Impatiens  aurea. 

se.  Hypericum  canadense. 
nse.  Bypericum  virginicum. 
new.  Viola  sylvestris. 
new.  Viola  blanda. 
nse.  Viola  blanda  var.  amoena. 
nsew.  Isnardia  palustris. 
se.  Isnardia  polycarpa. 
nse.  Epilobium  coloratum. 
ne.  Epilobium  strictum. 
new.  Epilobium  palustre. 
new.  Epilobium  lineare. 
new.  Oircaea  alpina. 
nsew.  Heracleum  lanatum. 

ne.  Cicuta  bulbifera. 
nsew.  Cicuta  virosa  var.  maculata. 
nsew.  Slum  cicutaefolium. 
new.  Corn  us  canadensis. 
new.  Cornus  stqlonifera. 
se.  Cornus  sericea . 


746 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Metachlamydeae. 


nsew.  Pirola  elliptica. 
new.  Pirola  rotund ifolia. 
new.  Pirola       rotundifolia       var. 

uliginosa. 

new.  Lyonia  calyculata. 
new.  Chiogenes  hispidula. 
new.  Oxy coccus  macrocarpus. 
new.  Oxy  coccus  oxy  coccus. 
ne.  Vaccinium  corymbosum  var. 

amoenum. 

ne.  Vaccinium  canadense. 
new.  Lysimachia  thyrsi  flora. 
se.  Steironema  quadriflorum. 
se.  Steironema  lanceolatum  var. 

hybridum. 

nsew.  Steironema  ciliatum. 
ne.  Trientalis  americana. 
new   Menyanthes  trifoliata. 
se.  Gentiana  flavida. 
se.  Gentiana  andrewsii. 
new.  Gentiana  serrata. 
ne.  Gentiana  americana. 
se.  Asclepias  incarnata. 
se.  Phlox  maculata. 
nsew.  Stachys  palustris. 
nsew.  Lycopus  sinuatus. 
nsw.  Lycopus  lucidus  var.  obtusi- 

folius. 

se.  Lycopus  rubellus. 
nsew.  Lycopus  virginicus. 


new.  Mentha  canadensis. 

se.  Chelone  glabra. 
sew.  Gratiola  virginiana. 
sew.  llysanthes  gratioloides. 
new.  Veronica  scutellata, 
new.  Veronica  americana. 

se.  Synthyris  houghtoniana. 
sew.  Monniera  rotundifolia. 
nse.  Galium  asprellum. 
nsew.  Galium  trifldum. 

se.  Galium    trifldum    var.    lati- 

foliuin. 

ne.  Campanula  aparinoides. 
new.  Lobelia  kalmii. 
nsew.  Eu  pa  tori  urn  purpureum. 
sew.  Solidago  riddellii. 
ne.  Solidago  neglecta. 
nsew.  Aster  puniceus. 
nse.  Aster  puniceus  var.  lucidus. 
se.  Aster  nova-belgii. 
se.  Aster  vimineus. 
sw.  Helianthus  maxmiliani. 
se.  Coreopsis  aristosa. 
sew.  Bidens  laevis. 
nsew.  Bidens  cernua. 
se.  Bidens  connata. 
nsew.  Helenium  autumnale. 

sw.  Senecio  lugens. 
new.  Senecio  palustris. 


Of  the  three  habitat  elements  the  following  statistical  tabu- 
lations are  presented: 


35.    The  Aquatic  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

Per  cent,  of 
all  aquatic. 

Aquatic  per 
cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyledones  

32 
17 

8 

56.1 
'  29.8 
14.0 

9.6 
3.7 
2.1 

Archichlamydeae  

Metachlamydeae  

Total  Aquatic  

57 
4.9 

Aquatic  per  cent,  of  all  species 

STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE. 


747 


36.    The  Marsh  and  Swamp  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

Per  cent,  of 
all  M.  and  S. 

M.  and  S.  per 
cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyledones                .   .   - 

145 
65 
54 

54.8 
24.6 
20.4 

43.8 
14.1 
14.1 

Archichlamydeae  . 

Metachlamydeae  

Total  M  and  S 

264 
22.5 

M.  and  S.  per  cent,  of  all  species 

37.    The  Drier-Soil  Element. 

No.  of 
species. 

Per  cent, 
of  all  D.  S. 

D.  S.  per 
cent,  of  each. 

Monocotyledones  

157 
377 
319 

18.2 
44.1 
37.7 

47.0 

82.2 
83.8 

Archichlamydeae  

Metachlamydeae  
Total  Drier  soil 

853 
72.6 

D.-S.  per  cent,  of  all  species.  .  . 

In  the  aquatic  element  the  preponderance  of  Monocotyledones 
is  to  be  noted.  This  taxonomic  group  is  also  apparent  as  form- 
ing the  greater  percentage  of  the  marsh  and  swamp  element. 
On  the  other  hand  the  Metachlamydeae  are  preponderant  in 
the  drier- soil  element,  although  their  percentage  is  practically 
equivalent  to  that  of  the  Archichlamydeae.  These  statements 
are  based  upon  the  third  column  of  figures,  and  thus  correction 
is  made  for  the  actual  numerical  differences  of  the  three  taxo- 
nomic groups.  In  this  way  a  more  exact  notion  is  given  than 
if  such  correction  was  not  made,  and  in  general,  it  may  be  said 
that  the  analysis  must  always  take  into  account  the  varying 
actual  numbers  of  one  group  or  another.  In  the  marsh  and 
swamp  element  we  find  an  interesting  confirmation,  so  far  as 
these  figures  are  of  value  in  evidence,  of  the  views  stated  on 
pp.  602-603  above,  where  the  Cretaceous  physiognomy  is  briefly 


748 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


discussed.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  marsh  and  swamp  ele- 
ment forms  a  percentage  of  the  Metachlamydeae  exactly 
equivalent  to  the  similar  percentage  of  the  Archichlamydeae. 
In  this  case  the  explanation  may  be  that  the  younger  group  of 
the  Metachlamydeae  furnishes  so  large  a  percentage  >of  this 
element,  comparatively,  because  the  influence  of  the  tensions 
is  such  that  in  a  younger  group  many  weaker  plants  will  be 
forced  into  the  morassic  habitat.  It  is  apparent  that  either  the 
plants  of  new  and  variable  type  or  the  plants  of  an  older  and 
less  plastic  type  will  be  less  competent  to  struggle  for  the  op- 
timum habitat  than  a  group  of  plants  neither  too  modern  nor 
too  ancient.  In  the  marsh  and  swamp  percentages  of  the 
modern  valley  may  therefore  be  read  a  word  or  two  concerning 
those  long- past  ages  when  the  Archichlamydeae  in  turn  were 
similarly  conditioned  in  their  relations  with  the  conifers  of  the 
old  Cretaceous  flora. 

It  will  be  interesting  to  examine  the  ranges  in  the  continent 
of  these  two  groups  of  physiognomic  elements.  Tabulations 
are  readily  compiled  from  Tables  G,  H,  J  and  K.  The  follow- 
ing tabulation  will  serve  to  indicate  in  a  general  way  the  range 
peculiarities  of  the  habit- elements: 


38.    RANGE-STATISTICS  OF  THE 
HABIT-ELEMENTS. 

TREES. 

SHRUBS. 

HERBS. 

Monocotyledon  es. 

Archichlamydeae. 

Metachlamydeae  . 

Totals. 

Monocotyledones. 

Archichlamydeae. 

Metachlamydeae. 

Totals. 

Monocotyledones. 

Archichlamydeae. 

Metachlamydeae. 

i 

568 
786 
875 
536 
100. 
100. 
100. 
100. 
55.8 
77.2 
86.0 
52.7 

1017 

Northern  species  

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

~0~ 

20 
41 
46 
13 

90.9 
87.2 
86.7 
86.3 
41.6 
85.4 
95.8 
27.0 

48~ 

2 
6 
7 
2 
9.1 
12.8 
13.3 
13.7 
29.5 
95.7 
100. 
29.5 

T 

22 
47 
53 
15 
100. 
100 
100. 
100 
40.0 
85.4 
96.3 
27.2 

^5~ 

0 
2 
2 

0 
0 
4.4 
2.3 
0 
0 
100. 
100. 
0 

2~ 

51 

47 
67 
34 
70.6 
79.5 
71.2 
65.3 
68.0 
62.6 
39.3 
45.3 

75 

21 

10 
25 
18 
29.4 
16.1 
26.5 
34.7 
77.7 
37.0 
92.6 
66.6 

27 

72 

59 
94 
52 
100. 
100. 
100. 
100. 
69.1 
56.7 
90.3 
50.0 

226 
227 
308 
176 
39.7 
28.8 
34.1 
32.8 
68.2 
68.5 
93.0 
53.1 

186 
256 
283 
182 
32.7 
32.5 
32.3 
33.9 
54.7 
75.2 
83.2 
53.5 

~340 

136 
303 
28* 
178 
27.6 
38.7 
33.6 
33.3 
39.3 
87.5 
82.0 
51.4 

846 

Southern  species 

Eastern  species  ..  .. 

Western  species  

Per  cent,  of  all  northern. 

Per  cent,  of  all  southern  

Per  cent,  of  all  eastern 

Per  cent,  of  all  western. 

Northern  per  cent,  of  each 

Southern  per  cent,  of  each  

Eastern  per  cent,  of  each  

Western  per  cent,  of  each. 

Total  species  

104 

331 

STATISTICS   OF  METASPERMAE.  749 

Upon  comparing  the  preceding  table  with  the  general  tables 
of  specific  range  on  pp.  715-716,  a  number  of  instructive 
points  will  be  discovered. 

The  trees  of  the  Minnesota  valley  are  much  more  distinctively 
southern  than  the  general  population.  They  are  also  much 
more  distinctively  eastern.  This  is  readily  noted  by  comparing 
the  per  cents  of  totals,  for  each  element  of  range,  in  the '  gen- 
eral and  the  special  tables.  This  southernness  and  easternness 
is  more  marked  in  the  case  of  the  metachlamydeous  trees  than 
of  the  archichlamydeous,  but  in  either  is  in  excess  of  the 
southern  and  eastern  per  cents  of  the  total  taxonomic  groups. 
Conversely,  the  trees  are  decidedly  less  northern  in  their  char- 
acter than  the  general  population.  The  Archichlamydeae  are, 
however,  more  northern  than  the  Metachlamydeae.  Of  the 
metachlamydeous  trees  a  slightly  larger  percentage  show  the 
western  range  than  of  the  archichlamydeous  trees.  This  is 
due  to  the  general  lateral  solidarity  which  has  been  pointed  out 
as  a  characteristic  of  the  Metachlamydeae. 

The  shrubs  of  the  Minnesota  valley  present  opposite  range 
characters,  in  comparison  with  the  trees.  They  are  more  dis- 
tinctly northern  than  southern  and  the  northernness  is  in  ex- 
cess over  that  of  the  general  population  while  the  southernness 
is  considerably  less.  Between  the  eastern  and  western  per  cents 
of  the  shrubby  element  and  of  the  whole  element  there  is  less 
difference,  but  the  shrubs  are  a  trifle  more  eastern  in  character 
than  the  general  flora.  The  northernness  of  the  metachlamyde- 
ous shrubs  is  more  pronounced  than  the  northernness  of  the 
archichlamydeous  shrubs,  while  the  metachlamydeous  shrubs 
are  both  more  eastern  and  more  western  than  the  archichlamy- 
deous. This,  again,  is  a  result  of  metachlamydeous  lateral 
solidarity.  The  strong  northernness  of  metachlamydeous 
shrubs  is  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  shrub  distribution  in 
the  valley  of  the  Minnesota.  It  may  perhaps  be  attributed  to 
the  influence  of  the  tensions  upon  habit.  The  shrubby  habit 
might  be  expected  to  emerge  more  strongly  farthest  from  the 
Central  region. 

The  herbs  of  the  valley  are  distributed  very  much  like  the 
general  element.  The  differences  bet  ween  the  trees  and  shrubs 
serve  to  neutralise  each  other  and  the  residuum  is  only  slightly 
more  northern,  southern  and  western  and  only  slightly  less 
eastern  than  the  total  flora. 


750 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Passing  next  to  the  habitat  elements  a  similar  table  of  range 
statistics  may  be  considered. 


AQUATICS. 

MARSH-PLANTS. 

DRIER-SOIL  PLANTS. 

39.  RANGE-STATISTICS 

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10 

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119 

52 

33 

204 

81 

195 

121 

397 

Southern  species  

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82 

36 

34 

152 

122 

294 

280 

696 

Eastern  species  

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57 

141 

64 

51 

256 

137 

315 

257 

709 

Western  species 

23 

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38 

80 

41 

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153 

73 

178 

161 

412 

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63.4 

24.3 

12.3 

100. 

58.3 

25.4 

16.3 

100. 

20.4 

49.1 

30.5 

100. 

Per  cent,  of  all  southern. 

56.8 

31.8 

11.4 

100. 

53.9 

23.6 

12.5 

100. 

17.5 

42.2 

40.3 

100. 

Per  cent,  of  all  eastern.  .  . 

56.1 

30.0 

13.9 

100. 

55.0 

24.6 

10.4 

100. 

19.3 

44.4 

36.3 

100. 

Per  cent,  of  all  western.. 

60.5 

26.3 

13.2 

100. 

52.2 

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100. 

17.7 

43.2 

39.1 

100. 

North'  rn  per  cent  of  each 

81.2 

58.8 

62.6 

71.9 

82.0 

80.0 

61.1 

77.2 

51.5 

51.7 

37.8 

47.7 

Southern  per  cent.of  each 

78.1 

82.3 

62.6 

77.1 

56.5 

55.3 

62.9 

57.5 

77.7 

77.9 

87.7 

81.5 

Eastern  per  cent,  of  each 

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100. 

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100. 

97.2 

98.4 

94.4 

96.9 

87.2 

83.5 

80.5 

83.1 

Western  per  cent,  of  each 

71.8 

58.8 

62.6 

66.6 

55.1 

63.0 

59.2 

57.9 

46.4 

44.5 

50.4 

48.1 

Total  species  

32 

17 

8 

57 

145 

65 

54 

264 

157 

377 

319 

853 

From  the  above  table  it  is  seen  immediately  that  the  aquatic 
plants  are  more  general  in  their  continental  distribution  than 
the  marsh  and  swamp  plants  and  these  in  turn  more  generally 
distributed  than  the  drier- soil  plants.  The  aquatics,  however, 
are  strongly  eastern,  presenting  indeed  their  total  number  in 
this  range;  the  marsh  and  swamp  plants  are  only  less  eastern 
while  the  easternness  of  the  drier- soil  plants  is  the  least  of  the 
three.  The  marsh- plants  lead  in  northernness  while  the  drier- 
soil  plants  excel  in  southernness.  In  westernness  the  ratios  are 
similar  to  those  of  easternness,  owing  to  the  differences  of 
general  distribution.  Comparing  each  element  with  the  total 
flora  we  may  note  first  the  aquatics. 

The  aquatic  element  exceeds  the  total  flora  in  all  four  ele- 
ments of  range.  This  indicates,  in  an  accurate  and  instructive 
manner,  the  widely  distributed  character  of  aquatic  plants. 
The  southern  per  cent,  of  aquatic  Metachlamydeae  is,  however, 
less  than  the  southern  per  cent,  of  all  Metachlamydeae,  while 
the  northern  per  cent,  is  considerably  greater.  Again  there  is 


STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  751 

necessity  of  explaining  such  a  fact  by  the  tension-lines  and  the 
law  of  ejections,  and  reciprocally  the  fact  of  distribution  is  of 
value  as  evidence  of  the  soundness  of  the  law. 

The  marsh-plants  exceed  the  total  flora  in  northernness 
easternness  and  westernness,  but  fall  behind  in  southernness. 
Not  yet  fully  distributed  as  are  the  aquatics,  they  indicate  bet- 
ter the  influence  of  the  continental  tension.  Marsh  plants  in  a 
given  region  of  the  northern  hemisphere  may  be  expected  to 
present  distal  rather  than  central  characters,  for  as  has  been 
discussed  above,  the  tendency  to  adopt  the  morassic  habitat  is 
a  distal  or  tension- line  phenomenon.  As  might  be  expected 
where  different  forces  are  acting  to  determine  the  percentages 
one  will  often  partly  neutralise  another.  It  is  seen,  for  exam- 
ple, in  the  table, that  the  northern  and  southern  percentages  of 
the  metachlamydeous  marsh-plants  are  very  close  together, 
while  the  eastern  and  western  percentages  are  not  so  close. 
This  is  just  the  reverse  of  the  condition  among  the  Metachla- 
mydeae  as  a  group,  in  the  Minnesota- valley  flora,  and  indicates 
the  selective  influence  of  habitat  upon  range.  In  the  drier-soil 
element,  on  the  other  hand,  the  condition  of  the  total  flora  re- 
appears and  is  accentuated. 

The  drier- soil  plants  lead  the  total  flora  only  in  southernness, 
while  in  northernness,  easternness  and  westernness  they  fall 
behind.  Of  the  element,  the  Archichlamydeae  lead  in  northern- 
ness,  the  Metachlamydeae  in  southernness,  the  Monocotyle- 
dones  in  easternness  and  the  Metachlamydeae  in  westernness. 
The  Archichlamydeae  of  the  drier- soil  are  less  northern,  more 
southern,  less  eastern  and  less  western  than  in  the  total  ele- 
ment. The  Metachlamydeae  of  the  drier- soil  are  less  northern 
more  southern,  less  eastern  and  less  western  than  in  the  total 
element.  The  Monocotyledones  do  not  differ  from  the  two 
groups  mentioned,  in  this  particular.  That  both  the  eastern- 
ness  and  westernness  of  the  drier- soil  element  should  be  de- 
creased in  all  taxonomic  groups  indicates  the  wide  east  and 
west  distribution  of  the  two  elements  the  removal  of  which 
leaves  it  as  the  residuum. 

In  general  the  study  of  the  tables  which  indicate  the  range 
of  the  physiognomic  elements  will  add  weight  to  the  belief  that 
the  three  taxonomic  groups  are  of  different  and  distinct  mean- 
ing in  the  distribution.  Space  scarcely  permits  as  exhaustive 
an  analysis  as  might  be  useful  but  enough  has  been  noted  in  pass- 
ing to  show  how  a  further  and  more  complete  analysis  should 
properly  proceed.  Careful  examination  of  the  tables  and  com- 


752 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


parison  of  their  data  throughout,  with  those  in  the  general 
tables  in  the  section  preceding  will  serve  to  bring  before  the 
reader  many  kindred  facts  not  mentioned  in  detail  in  these 
pages. 


v. 


EXAMINATION   OF  DOMINANT  METASPERMIC   FAMILIES    OF 
THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 


Such  families  as  contain  a  relatively  large  number  of  species 
may  be  known  as  the  dominant  families  of  the  district.  Thir- 
teen such  families,  each  with  twenty -two  species  in  the  valley, 
or  more  than  twenty- two,  may  be  recognised.  The  dominant 
families  furnish  217  genera  or  53.5  percent,  of  all  genera  in 
the  valley,  and  727  species  or  61.0  per  cent,  of  the  total  valley 
species.  In  order  of  their  importance  they  may  be  arranged 
as  follows: 


Gen. 

Compositae 43.. 

Cyperaceae 11.. 

Gramineae 39.. 

Legutninosae  21.. 

Rosaceae 13 .. 


Spec. 
..173 
..118 
...  .89 
,...55 
....54 

Ranuncuiaceae 11 42 

Liliaceae 15 36 

Scrophulariaceae 13 32 

Orchidaceae 12 30 

Cruciferae 10 30 

Labiatae 14 24 

Poly^ronaceae 2  23 

Umbelliferae 13 22 

Each  of  these  families  is  represented  in  the  valley  by  a  group 
of  species  of  a  definite  distributional  and  physiognomic  charac- 
ter. To  present  these  characters  is  the  office  of  the  two  tabula 
tions  following.  In  the  first,  the  generic  statistics  are  compiled, 
in  the  second,  the  specific. 


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50.0 

STATISTICS   OF  METASPERMAE. 


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-48 


754 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


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756 


METASPEKMAE   OP  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


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STATISTICS   OF   METASPERMAE.  757 

The  statistics  of  the  species  in  dominant  families  may  be 
compared  with  the  similar  statistics  for  the  total  range  ele- 
ments. The  northernness  of  the  dominant  family -element,  ex- 
pressed by  the  figures  54  8  is  somewhat  less  than  the  northern- 
ness  of  the  total  species,  expressed  by  the  figures  55  6.  On  the 
other  hand  the  southernness  of  the  same  element,  expressed  by 
the  figures  76.6  is  slightly  in  excess  of  the  southernness  of  the 
total  specific  group.  The  dominant  family-element  is  in  like 
manner  characterised  by  easternness  less  than  is  the  total  ele- 
ment (85.1 — 87.2)  and  by  westernness  more  than  is  the  total 
element  (54.0—51.4).  These  differences  are  due  in  great  part 
to  the  influence  of  the  Compositae,  Leguminosae  and  Gramineae. 

In  extra-continental  range  the  dominant  families  fall  behind 
the  total  specific  element,  expressed  by  the  figures  24.3—27.0, 
while  in  NSEW  range  they  are  approximately  identical  with 
the  total  element.  In  physiognomic  characters  it  may  be  noted 
that  the  dominant  families  fall  behind  in  arboreal  percentage 
(1.9 — 4.7)  and  in  shrubby  percentage  (3.3 — 8.8),  but  lead  in 
herbaceous  percentage  (94.8— 86.6).  Again  in  the  habitat  ele- 
ments a  similar  variation  is  to  be  discovered,  for  the  dominant 
families  f  urni&h,  in  comparison  with  the  total  element  a  smaller 
per  centage  of  aquatics  (1.9—4.0),  a  slightly  larger  percentage 
of  marsh  and  swamp  species  (23.9 — 22.5)  and  an  approximately 
equal  percentage  of  drier-soil  species.  These  variations  from 
the  general  averages  for  the  entire  floral  element  are  explica- 
ble through  the  more  marked  endemic  quality  of  the  dominant 
family  species.  The  highly  endemic  character  of  the  Legum- 
inosae  and  Compositae,  contributing  more  than  two  hundred 
species  to  the  dominant  family  element,  is  thus  reflected  in  the 
general  result  of  the  dominant  family  tabulations.  Ib  is  pre- 
cisely the  two  dominant  families  most  distinctly  of  southern 
range  lhat  thus  become  emphasised  as  peculiarly  endemic. 
The  connection  of  this  fact  with  earlier  statements  regarding 
the  preponderantly  northern  intra-continental  range  of  extra- 
continental  species  will  be  apparent. 

Of  the  dominant  family  element,  272  'species  are  monocoty- 
ledonous,  226,  arch ichla nay deous  and  229,  metachlamydeous.  Of 
this  element,  the::,  the  Monocotyledones  furnish  37. 4  per  cent., 
the  Archichlamydeae  30.8  per  cent,  and  the  Metachlamydeae 
31. 8  per  cent.  Compared  with  the  total  floral  element,  this  shows 
a  falling  off  in  Archichlamydeae  (39.1 — 30.8),  a  slight  reduction 
in  Metachlamydeae  (32.3 — 31.8)  and  a  proportional  gain  in 
Monocotyledones  (28.4 — 37.4).  The  strong  development  of  the 


758  METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 

genus  Carex  is  one  of  the  apparent  causes  of  the  variation  from 
the  general  percentages,  but  it  is  interesting  to  see  that  it  is 
the  "mean"  taxonomic  group — that  of  the  Archichlamydeae 
which  suffers  by  reduction,  to  the  greatest  degree.  While  multi- 
plicity of  species  is  often  a  sign  of  comparative  newness  in  a 
genus  this  multiplication  may  arise  either  in  older  or  newer 
families.  The  monocotyledonous  and  metachlamydeous  herbs, 
in  their  relation  to  the  general  and  special  tensions,  have  been 
explained  in  outline  above.  A  similar  explanation  must  be 
offered  of  the  reduction  of  the  Archichlamydeae  from  the  domin- 
ant family  position.  At  once  in  the  oldest  and  in  the  youngest  of 
the  three  taxonomic  groups  have  been  working  the  causes  which 
tend  to  multiciplicity  of  genera  in  excess  of  reduction,  for  these 
two  groups  are  peculiarly  exposed  under  the  law  of  ejection. 
Hence  they  become  relatively  plastic  and  specific  modifications 
are  frequent.  The  third  group,  however,  undergoes  the  series 
of  changes  which  tend  to  reduction  of  species  in  excess  of  mul- 
tiplication, and,  with  this  reduction,  the  tendency  is  towards 
greater  solidarity  of  formations  and  movement  toward  the  shrub- 
by or  arboreal  habit.  Thus  in  the  percentages  of  the  dominant 
families  further  evidence  concerning  the  difference  in  meaning 
of  Archichlamydeae,  Metachlamydeae  and  Monocotyledones,  in 
the  distribution  over  a  limited  area,  is  discovered. 

VI.     CONCLUSION. 

The  statistical  investigation  of  the  Metaspermae  indigenous 
to  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota  having  now  been  completed  as 
far  as  the  limits  of  this  work  may  permit,  it  remains  to  offer 
some  brief  summary  and  explanation  of  the  more  important 
facts  believed  to  have  been  determined  in  the  preceding  pages. 
It  has  been  shown  that  while  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota  is 
geographically  central  in  the  North  American  continent,  it  is 
by  no  means  botanically  central,  but  on  the  contrary,  strongly 
southern  and  eastern,  This  particularly  important  fact  needs 
explanation.  Upon  examination  it  would  appear  that  two  sets 
of  factors  must  be  conceived  as  having  interacted  to  bring 
about  this  result.  These  factors  may  be  grouped  as  physical 
(in  the  narrow  sense)  and  biological.  Under  the  first  head  it 
must  be  observed  that  while  geographically  central,  the  Min- 
nesota valley  is  not  central  in  point  of  elevation,  climate,  pre- 
vailing winds,  and  drainage.  The  line  of  mean  elevation  lies 
to  the  west  of  the  valley,  the  continental  climatic  mean,  so  far 
as  concerns  temperature,  lies  to  the  north  of  it.  The  winds  of 


STATISTICS  OF  METASPERMAE.  759 

the  summer  are  pretty  generally  southern  in  their  character, 
and  there  is  no  drainage  towards  the  valley  from  the  far  west- 
ern regions  of  the  continent,  Geologically,  too,  the  valley  has 
belonged,  since  the  very  early  ages,  to  the  Atlantic  North 
American  continent.  Before  the  union  of  the  eastern  and 
western  halves  of  the  continent,  Minnesota  and  much  sur 
rounding  territory  was  formed  as  a  portion  of  the  eastern  area. 
The  present  topography  of  the  continent  is  such  that  a  district 
situated  as  is  that  of  the  Minnesota  valley  must  perforce  receive 
its  population  of  plants  from  the  east  and  from  the  south, 
rather  than  from  the  west  or  north.  It,  appears,  therefore, 
that  the  geographically  central  position  of  the  valley  does  not 
by  any  means  counterbalance  its  geological,  topographical, 
hydrographical  southeasternness.  This  southeasternness  is 
reflected  in  a  preponderantly  southeastern  metaspermic  flora. 

From  another  point  of  view  it  will  be  seen  that  the  equa- 
torial pressure  of  plant  population  tends  to  crowd  into  the 
valley  species  of  southern  range.  This  biological  phenomenon 
may  be  deemed  of  importance  scarcely  second  to  the  physical 
phenomena  named  above,  as  a  determinant  of  the  southeastern- 
ness  of  the  Minnesota  valley  plant  inhabitants.  Not  onlv  does 
the  equatorial  pressure  tend  to  inject  southern  forms  into  the 
valley  area,  but  ii  tends  also  to  fill  the  valley  with  species 
strong  on  account  of  their  southernness.  As  has  been  seen  it 
is  particularly  the  newest  and  most  vigorous  group  of  plants — 
the  Metachlamydeae — that  is  characterised  by  a  general  north- 
bound movement.  Thus,  doubly,  the  biological  conditions 
of  plant  immigration  favor  an  extensive  movement  from  the 
south  rather  than  from  the  north,  More  plants  and  stronger 
plants  may  be  expected  from  that  direction  than  from  any 
other.  The  various  modifications  of  this  general  movement 
have  already  been  discussed. 

The  two  groups  of  causes  for  the  southern  and  eastern  char- 
acter of  the  Minnesota  valley  plant-population  will,  upon  an- 
alysis, be  found  adequate  to  explain  the  preponderance  of 
species. 

In  conclusion  the  following  tabulation  is  presented  as  a  sum- 
mary of  the  characters  peculiar  to  each  of  the  three  taxonomic 
groups  represented  in  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota.  The  num- 
erals indicate  the  order  of  the  importance  of  each  group  in 
the  character  in  question.  For  example,  the  Monocotyledohes 
show  a  larger  percentage  of  aquatic  plants  than  the  Archich- 
lamydeae  and  these  a  larger  percentage  than  the  Metachlamy- 


760 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 


deae.  Therefore  the  Monocotyledones  column  contains 
the  figure  "  1,"  the  Archichlamydeae  column,  the  figure  *"2" 
and  the  Metachlamydeae  column,  the  figure  "3,"  on  the  line  of 
"  aquatic  plants."  Thus,  in  the  several  entries,  the  position  of 
each  taxonomic  group  is  indicated. 


42.    SUMMARY  OF 
CHARACTERS  OF  TAXONOMIC 
GROUPS. 

Monocotyledones. 

Archicnlamydeae. 

Metachlamydeae. 

42.   SUMMARY  OP 
CHARACTERS  OF  TAXONOMIC 
GROUPS. 

en 

o> 

a 
o 

"S 

1 

c 
c 

& 

Arc1)  ichlamy  deae. 

Metachlamydeae. 

No  of  families      

3 

1 

?, 

N.-S.-W.  species 

3 

0 

1 

Cosmopolitan  families  

1 

3 

?, 

N.-S  -El.-W.  species.. 

1 

9 

3 

Extratropical  families  

9 

1 

3 

South-east  species  

3 

9 

1 

Tropical  families  

9, 

3 

1 

South-west  species  

3 

9 

1 

W.  hemisphere  families  
N.  extratropical  families... 
N  American  families 

1 
3 
3 

2 
1 
9 

3 
2 
I 

South-east-west  species  
No  extra-continental  species 
Europe 

2 
2 
1 

3 

1 

9 

1 
3 
3 

No.  of  genera. 

3 

1 

?, 

Asia 

9 

1 

3 

Cosmopolitan  genera 

1 

3 

?, 

Manchuria-  Japan. 

T 

1 

2 

Extratropical  genera  

9 

1 

3 

Africa 

1 

9 

3 

Tropical  genera          

1 

9 

3 

Australasia 

1 

9 

3 

N.  extratropical  genera  

3 

1 

9, 

West  Indies             

1 

s 

9 

W.  hemisphere  genera  

9, 

3 

1 

South  America      

1 

9 

3 

N  .  American  genera  

1 

3 

9, 

Northern  extracont  

1 

2 

3 

Northern  genera 

1 

0 

3 

Southern  extracont 

3 

2 

I 

Southern  genera            .  . 

3 

1 

2 

Eastern  extracont 

1 

9 

3 

Eastern  genera  ... 

1 

9 

3 

Western  extracont 

9 

3 

1 

Western  genera  

9, 

3 

1 

Not-N   extracont 

s 

9 

1 

No.  of  species  

3 

1 

9 

Not-E    extracont 

3 

9 

1 

Northern  species  

1 

t 

3 

Arboreal  species       .  .. 

3 

1 

2 

Southern  species  

3 

9 

1 

Shrubby  species  

3 

1 

2 

Eastern  species. 

1 

0 

<l 

Herbaceous  species 

I 

3 

2 

Western  species  

1 

T 

9 

Aquatic  species 

1 

9 

3 

1 

9 

3 

Marsh  and  swamp  species 

1 

9 

2 

North-west  species  

9 

1 

9 

Drier-soil  species 

| 

| 

1 

North-east-  west  species  
North-south-east  species  

1 

2 

2 
1 

3 
3 

Dominant  family  species  

1 

3 

2 

INDEX 

OF  THE  LIST  OF  METASPERMAE. 


Synonyms  are  in  Roman,  accepted  generic  and  specific  names  in  italics  and  accepted 
family  names  in  bold  fa<-e. 


Abacosa  ALEF 315 

Abelemis  peiiolaris  RAF 237 

AbeltuoRCbus  MED 361 

Abelia  R.  UR 4H3 

Abildgaardia  VAHL 102 

A  bola  ADANS 64 

Absinthium  GAERTN 550 

Acacia  brachyioba  WILLD 308 

Acalypha  LINN 340 

caroliniana  WALT 341 

virgjnica  LINN 341 

virginica  var.     genuina 

MULL  ARG 341 

A  canos  A  DANS 558 

Acanthocladus  KL 338 

Acarna  VAILL 558 

Acedilan  bus  TUAUTV 145 

Acer  LINN 351 

barbatum  MICHX 352 

barbatum      var.    nigrum 

i  MICHX.  f  ) 353 

Acer  canadense  M  ARSH 354 

carolinianutn  WALT 352 

coccineum  MICHX.  f 352 

dasycarpum  EHRH 353 

eriocarpuru  MICHX 353 

glaucuru  MARSH 352 

microphyllum  PAX 352 

— -montanum  AIT 353 

Acer  NMicndo  LINN 351 

Acer  n (grand  MICHX.  f 353 

—  parviflorum  EHRH 353 

pennsyJvanicimi  DuRoi.  353 

Acer  pennvylvanicum  LINN 354 

Acer  rubrum  LAUTH 353 

Acer  rubrum  LINN 352 

Acer   rubrum    var.    pallidum 

AIT 353 

Acer  saccharinum  LINN 353 

Acer  saccharin um  WANG 352 

saccharinum  var  nigrum 

T.  and  G 353 

saccharophorum  KOCH.  .  352 

saccharum  BHITT 352 

—  saccharum  MARSH 353 

saccharum  var.  nigrum 

BUITT 353 

sanguineum  SPACH 352 

semiorbiculatum  PAX  . .  352 


Acer  spicntum  LAM 353 

Acer  striatum  DuRoi 354 

Aceraceae 351 

Aceras  R.  BR 164 

Acerates  ELL 423 

floridana  HITCHCOCK.  . .  424 

lanuginosa  DECNE 423 

longi folia  ELL    424 

monocephala  LAPH 423 

viridifloVa  ELL. 423 

Acetosa  NECK 2o2 

Achaeta  FOURN 66 

Achaetogeron  A.  GRAY 525 

Achillea  LINN 549 

Achillea  gracilis  DC 549 

lanulosa  NUTT 549 

Achillea  millefolium  LINN 549 

Achillea  miilet'oiium  var.  nig- 

rescens  E.  MEY 549 

occidental  is  DO 549 

setacea  SCHWEIN 549 

tomentosa  PURSH 549 

Achnatherum  BEAUV 57 

Achroanthes  RAF 172 

unifolia  ( MICHX.) 173 

Achyrocoma  CASS 499 

Acicarpa  RADDI 49 

Acilepis  DON 499 

Acinos  MOENCH 45 1 

vulgarly  (LiNN.) 451 

Aciphylla  A.  GRAY 548 

Aciphylla  BAILL    392 

Acisnermum  NECK 543 

Acleia  DO 553 

Acleisanthes  GRAY..  216 

Acmispon  sericeum  RAF 332 

Acnide  LINN 213 

Acnida  cannabina  var.  conca- 

tenata  MOQ  214 

Acnida  rusocarpa  MOQ  214 

Acnide  tamariscina  (NUTT.)....  214 

Acnida  tuherculata  MOQ 224 

AcooitellaSPACH 234 

Aconitum  LINN 2*4 

Acorus  LINN 130 

AcorusaroiuaticusGiLiB 130 

Acorus  cahimus  LINN 130 

calamus  forma  angustifo- 

lia... 130 

Acorus  commuta tus  SCHOTT..  130 


762 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Acorus  odoratus  LAM 130 

Acronema  EDGEW 394 

Actaea  LINN 232 

alba  (LiNN.) 232 

Actaea    americana    var.    A. 

PURSH 232 

americana  var.B. PURSH  232 

brachypetala  var.  A. DC.  232 

brachypetala  var.  B.DC.  232 

pachypoda  ELL 232 

Actaea  rubra  (  AIT.  ) ,  232 

Actaea  spicata  var.  alba  LINN.  232 

spicata  var.  rubra  Ait.  232 

Actinea  Juss 547 

Actinella  NUTT 547 

Actinochloa  WILLD 70 

Actinocyclus  KL 403 

Actinospera  TURCZ 232 

Acuania  MED 308 

iliinoensis  (Micnx.) 308 

Adamsia  F.  and  ENDL 299 

Adenileiina  BL 281 

Adenocaulon  HOOK 530 

bicolor  HOOK 541 

Adenocyclus  LESS 500 

Adenolepis  LESS 545 

Adenolinum  REICH 335 

Adenonema  BUNGE 221 

Adenopetalum  KL.  and  G —  341 

Adenophora  FISCH 494 

Adenophyllum  PERS 548 

Adenotrias  SPACH 362 

Adenotrichia  LINDL 554 

Adiwa  RAF 198 

pumila  (LiNN. ) 198 

Adike  RAF 198 

pumila  RAF 198 

Admirabilis  CLUS 216 

Adopogon  NECK 564 

virginicum  (LiNN.) 564 

Adoxa  LINN 491 

moschetallina  LINN 491 

Adoxaceae 490 

Adoxeae  BAILL 490 

AduplaBosc. 90 

Aegialea  KL 406 

AegialinaScHULTES 77 

Aegialitis  TRIN 77 

Aegilops  hystrix  NUTT 87 

Aegonychon  S.  F.  GRAY 436 

Aeschynomene  frutescens  Pom  318 

Aetheolaena  CASS 554 

Aethiorhiza  CASS 567 

Agapetes  DUN 410 

Agarista  DC 543 

Agassizia  ENGELM  und  GRAY  547 

SPACH 380 

Agastache  BAILL 449 

Agathophyton  MOQ 211 

A  ga thyrsus  DON 560 

leucophaeum  BECK 560 

Agenium  NESS 47 

Ageratum  alticsi mum  LINN.  .  501 

Ageratiopsis  Scn.-BiP 501 


Agoseris  RAF 564 

glauca  i  PURSH) 564 

Agraulus  BEAUV 64 

Agrimonia  LINN 302 

ewpatonaLiNN 302 

Agropyrum  J.  GAERTN 85 

caninum  ( LINN.) 85 

glaucum   (DESF.)   var. 

occidentale    VAS.    and 

SCRIBN 86 

Agropyrum  ripens  AUCT., 86 

Agropyrum  viola ceum( HORN.)..  86 

Agrosticula  RADDI 62 

Agrostis  LINN 64 

Agrostis  aspera  MICHX 64 

canina  GRAY 65 

canina  var.alpinaOAKES  65 

cinna  LAM 64 

clandestina  SPRENG  . .  64 

cryptandra  TORR 62, 63 

flliformis  MUHL 59 

foliosa  R.  and  S 59 

Agrostis  hiemalis  (WALT.) 65 

Agrostis  j uncea  MICHX 63 

lateri  flora  MICHX 69 

lateri  flora,  var.  flliformis 

TORR 59 

laxiflora  RICH 65 

— laxifoliaHoOK 65 

longifolia  TORR 64 

mexicana  LINN 59 

michauxii  TRIN 65 

oreophila  TRIN 65 

Agrostis  perennans  ( WALT.  ) 65 

Agrostis  pickeringii  TUCK 65 

racemosa  MICHX 60 

Agrostis  rubra    var.    alpina 

(OAKES)... 65 

Agrostis  rubra  var.  americana 

SCRIB 65 

— rupestris  CHAP 65 

scabra  WILLD 65 

setosa  MUHL 60 

sobolifera  MUHL 60 

tenuiflora  WILLD 59 

virginica  MUHL 63 

A  gylla  PHILLIPPI  —  % 103 

Aiolotheca  DC 533 

Aira  altissima  MOENCH 68 

ambigua  MICHX 68 

breviaristata  GILIB 68 

caespitosa  LINN 68 

cristata  LINN.  77 

elodes  BRIGN 78 

— mollisMuHL 76 

•  obtusata  MICHX 76 

triflora  ELL 76 

—  truncata  MUHL 76 

Airidium  STEUD 67 

Airochloa  LINK 77 

cristata  LINK 77 

Akentra,  Benj 473 

Alacospermum  NECK .  397 

Alangieae  ENDL 399 


INDEX. 


763 


Alaternus  TOURN 356 

AlbersiaKuNTH 215 

AldeaR.  and  P 435 

Alectoroctonum  SCHLECT 341 

Alepidea  Laroche 388 

Alipsa  HOFFM 173 

Alisma  LINN 43 

Alisma  angustifolium  HOPPE.  43 

— r-lanceolatum  SCHULTZE.  43 

— latif olium  GILIB 43 

natans  POLL •. . . .  43 

odorata  RAF 43 

parviflora  PURSH 43 

Alisma  plantago  LINN 43 

Alisma  plantago   var.  araeri- 

canum  R.  and  S 44 

plantago  var.  triviale  B. 

S.   P 43 

ranunculoides  ALL 43 

roseum  RAF 43 

subcordatum  RAF 43 

—  trivialis  PURSH 43 

Alismaceae 42 

Alliaria  ADANS 257 

Allionia  LOEFFL 216 

hirsuta  PURSH 217 

linearis  PURSH 216 

nyctaginea  MICHX 217 

Allium  LINN 147 

Allium  acutum  SPRENG 148 

Allium  canc.dense  KALM 147 

cernuum  ROTH 148 

Allium  foliosum  CLAR 148 

palustre  POURR 148 

punctulatum  SCHLECHT  148 

Allium  schoenoprasum  LINN  ...  148 
Allium  schoenoprasum  var  al- 

pinum  KOCH 148 

.ibiricum  Rand  S 148 

jibiricum    schoenoprasi- 

oides  FR , 148 

itellatum  HOOK 148 

Allium  stellatum  NUTT 147 

Allium  tenuifolium  POHL —  148 

Allium  tricoccum  AIT 148 

Allium  tricorne  POIR 148 

Alloteropsis  PRESL 49 

AlnasterSPACH 189 

Alnites 190 

AlnobetulaScHUR 189 

Alnophyllum 190 

Alnus  GAERTN 189 

Alnus  crispa  PURSH 190 

—  glauca  MICHX.  f 190 

Alnus  incana  (LiNN.) 190 

Alnus  incana  var. glauca  GRAY  '190 

incana  var.  vulgar  is 

SPACH 190 

intermedia   SCHRAD.   ..  190 

Alopecurus  LINN 61 

Alopecurusaristulatus  MICHX.  61 

—  f ulvus  KUNTH . .  61 

Alopecurus  geniculatus  var.  aris- 

tulatus  ( MICHX.) 61 

Alopecurus  subaristatus  PERS.  61 


Alsinaceae 219 

Alvardia  FENZL 390 

Alymnia  NECK 531 

Alyssum  ludovicianum  NUTT.  263 

Amarantaceae 213 

Amaranthus  LINN 214 

Uitoides  S.  WATS 215 

Amarantus      tamariscinus 

NUTT 214 

Amaryllidaceae 159 

Ambassa  STEETZ 499 

Ambliolepis  DC 547 

Amblyogene  RAF 214 

Ambrina  SPACH 211 

Ambrosia  LINN 534 

Ambrosia      absinthifolia 

MICHX 534 

Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia  LINN  .  534 
Ambrosia  coronopifolia  T.  and 

G 534 

eiatior  LINN 534 

heterophylla  MUHL 534 

paniculata  MICHX 534 

peruviana  DC 534 

Ambrosia  psilostachya  DC 534 

trifida  LINN 535 

trifida    var.   integrifolia 

(MUHL.) 535 

Amelanchier  MED 285 

alnifolia  NUTT 285 

Amelanchier  bartramiana 

ROEM 286 

botryapium  BORKH 286 

canadensis   ANDERS —  285 

Amelanchier  canadensis  (LiNN.)  285 
Amelanchier  canadensis  var. 

alnifolia  TaudG 285 

canadensis  var.    botrya- 
pium T.  and  G 286 

canadensis  var.   oblong- 

ifoliaBENTH 285 

canadensis  var.  oblong- 

ifolia  T.  and  G 286 

Amelanchier  canadensis  var.  06- 

omKs(MiCHX.) 286 

Amelanchier  canadensis  var. 

prunifolia  CASTIGL  ..  286 

canadensis  var.   pumila 

Tand  G ^85 

diversifolia  var.  alnifolia 

TORR 285 

florida  LINDL 285 

intermedia  SPACH 286 

oblongifolia  ROEM 286 

ovalis  DC 286 

ovalis  HOOK 286 

ovalis  var.   semiintegri- 

folia  HOOK 285 

pumila 285 

sanguinea  LINDL 286 

spicata..  DECN 286 

wangenheimiana  ROEM.  286 

Amelanchier  PERS 283 

Amelia  ALEF 403 

Amellus  ADAMS 515 


764 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Amellus  (?)  spinulosus  PURSH  514 

-  villosus  PURSH 507 

Amiantanthium  KUNTH.....  144 

Amianthium  A.  GRAY 144 

Amruodia  NUTT 507 

Ammogeton  SCHRAD 564 

Amonia  NESTL 302 

Ammophiln  H  OST 67 

Irmgifolia  <HooK. ) 67 

Amorpha  LINN" 326 

canescens  NUTT 326 

fruticosa  i  INN 327 

'-microphylla  PURSH 327 

Amorpha  nan  a  NUTT 327 

Ampelideae  ENDL 357 

Ampelopsis  MICHX 357 

hederacea  DC 357 

- — hirsuta  DON 357 

quinquefolia  MICHX 357 

Ampelygonum  LINDL 204 

Amphigena  JANKA 82 

Arnphiraphis  DC 508 

Amphicarpa  ELL 311 

Aruphicarpaea  DC 311 

comosa  RIDD 311 

rnonoicaELL 311 

sarmei  •  tosad  NUTT 311 

Amygdaleae  ENDL 281 

Amygdalopsis  CAKR 305 

Anacamptis  L.  C.  RICH 164 

A  nacardiaceae 345 

Anacharis  BAB.  et  PLANCH.  . .  45 

alsinastrum  BAB 47 

canadensis  PLANCH 46 

Anacis  SCHRANK 543 

Anadelphia  HACK 47 

Anagzanthe  BANDO 412 

Anaphalis  DC 529 

margaritacea  ( LINN.)  ....  529 

Anaphrenium  E.  MEY 345 

Anapodophyllum  TOURN 250 

pel ta turn  MOENCH 250 

Anantherix  NUTT 423 

Antherurn  P.  B 47 

Ancathia  DU 558 

Anchusa  canescens  MUHL 438 

hirta  MUHL 438 

Andrieuxia  DC 536 

Androcera  NUTT 458 

Androcoma  NEES 97 

Andromeda  LINN 406 

Andromeda  calyculata  LINN..  407 

glaucophylla  LINK 406 

Andromeda  polifolia  LINN 406 

Andromeda   rosmarini folia 

PURSK 406 

Andropnyon  LINN 47 

Andropogon  avenaceus MICHX.  48 

dissitiflorus  MICHX 48 

furcntus  MUHL 48 

genirdi  VITM 48 

Andropogon  nittans  LINN 48 

Andropogon  provincialis  LAM.  .  48 
Andropogon   purpurascens 

WILLD 48 


Andropogon  scoparius  MICHX.  .  48 
Andropogon    villosus   ^ar.    B. 

LAM 48 

Androsace  LINN 411 

occiden 'alls  PURSH 411 

Androsaemum  ALL 362 

SPACH 3n2 

And ryala  LINN 568 

Anecio  NKCK 553 

Anemone  LINN 235 

Anemone  aconitifolia  Micnx.  2  t7 

acuta  VAIL .  2<6 

acuiilohaLAWs 236 

americana  NICH 235 

h,.real is  RICH 239 

canadensis  LINN 237 

Anemone  caroliniana  WALT...  239 

Anemone  commers'»niana  DC.  238 

cuneata  SCIILECHT 239 

cuneifolia  Juss 239 

Anemone  cylindrica  GRAY 238 

Anemone  decapetala  AUCT. 

AM 239 

dichotoma  AUCT.  AM...  237 

Anemone  dichotoma  var.  cana- 

densM  (LiNN .  i 237 

Anemone  globosa  NUTT 2*8 

hartiana  RAF 239 

Anemone  hepatica  LINN 235 

hepatica    var.    acuta 

(PURSH) 2?6 

Anemone  hirsuta  MOENCH....  237 

Anemone  hirsutixsima  PURSH.  .  239 

Anemone  hudsoniana  RICH..  .  238 

irregularis  LAM 237 

lanigera  GAY 238 

laxmanni  STEUD 2f7 

ludoviciana  NUTT 239 

minima  DC 236 

Anemone  ntultifida  POIR  .   238 

Anemone  narcissiflora  HOOK. 

and  ARN 238 

nemorosa  AUCT.  AM.  . . .  236 

nemorosa  var.  quiuque- 

foiia  GRAY 236 

nuttalliana  DC 239 

nuttallii  NUTT 239 

Anemone  par vi flora  MICHX....  239 

Anemone  patens  HOOK.  .. 239 

patens  va^.  hirsutissima 

HITCIICOCK 239 

patens  var.  nuttalliana 

GRAY 239 

pedata  RAF 2i6 

pennsylvanica  LINN —  237 

Anemone  quinquefolia  LINN   ...  236 

Anemone  sanguinea  PURSH..  238 

tenella  BANKS 239 

tenella  PURSH    239 

Anemone  th'ilictroides  LINN  —  235 
Anemone    thalictroides    var. 

uniflora  PURSH 235 

trilohata  PEKS  239 

Anemone  virginiana  LINN 237 


INDEX. 


765 


Anemone  walteri  PURSH 235 

wolt'gangiana  (BESS.)...  240 

Anernonella  M*ACH 235 

thalictroides  SPACH 235 

Anethuin  TOURN.. 390 

Aneurus  E.  MEY :...  313 

Angelica  LINN 391 

atropurpurea  LINN 392 

Angelica  hirsuta  MUHL 392 

triquinala  Micnx 392 

iriquinata  NUTT 392 

Angelica  vdlosa  (WALT.) 392 

Angelophyllum  Liu  PR 391 

Anisauiha  C.  KECU 83 

Anisanthus  WILLD 483 

Auisocalyx  HANCE 473 

Anisodoris  CASS . .  567 

Auisolotus  BEKNH 331 

A  n  isometros  H  ASSK 3;  4 

Auisophylluui  HAW 341 

Anisoraiuj  bus  DC 5b7 

Ani sotes  LUSDL 374 

Anisuui  E.  and  Z 394 

Anomalostemon  KL 269 

Anunymos  WALT 503 

caroliuieusis  WALT 438 

caroliuiensis  WALT 311 

Anoplanthus  ENDL 475 

fasciculatus  WALT 476 

Anoplun  WALLR 475 

Anosporum  NiiES 90 

Aniennaria  GAERTN 5^8 

Antenuaria   margaritacea   R. 

Bit 529 

plantaginea  DC 528 

An ttnnaria  p  lantayinijolia 

(LiNN &28 

AntenoroQ  RA  F 2u4 

racewosum  RAF 209 

Antephora  axilliflora  STEUD..  73 

Anthai-antha  LEM 341 

Anthocytrum  REICH 567 

Anlbomeles  ROEM 278 

Anlhoiueles    rolundifolia 

R.  .EM 288 

Anthophylluin  STEUD 97 

Anihosachne  STEUD 85 

Auticlea  KUNTII 144 

Anlidesmeae  ENDL 340 

Autiphylla  HAW 274 

AutiiThirieae  DC 59 

Anychia  RICH 225 

dichotoma  (MoENCH) 225 

Apalanthe  PLANCH 45 

schweiuitzii  PLANCH...  46 

AparineLiNN 479 

Apatanlhus  Viv £68 

Apenula  NECK 496 

AphacaTouuN 313 

Apnanostemma  ST.  HIL...'.  ..  241 

Aphylton  M ITCH 475 

fnKCiculutunt  (NUTT  ).    ..  476 

ludoviciai.um  (NUTT. ). . .  475 

uniftorum  (LiNN.) 476 


Apiaceae  LINDL  387 

Apios  MOENCH 315 

apioK  (LiNN  ) 315 

Apios  tubenisa  MUENCH 315 

Apirophorum  NKCK 283 

Aplectrum  NUTT 176 

Aplectruni  hiemale  (NUTT.)..  176 

Aplectrum  spicoturn  ( VV A  LT.  ). . .  176 
Aplopappus.  see  Haplopappus. 

ba'-charioides  BENTH...  508 

Aplostellis  THOU ]69 

Aplostemon  RAF ,..  96 

Apix-yiuiceae 421 

Ajjocynophyllum 421 

Apocynum  LINN 421 

Apocynum   androsaemi folium 

A.  DC 422 

Apocynum  androsaemi  folium 

LINN. 422 

Apocynum   androsaemifolium 

var.  incanum  A. DC...  422 

Apocynum  cannabinum  LINN..  421 

Apocynum  hyp^-ricifolium  AIT.  421 

pubescens  R.  BR 421 

sibiricum  JACQ 421 

Apodynomene  E.  MEY 327 

Apogetoneae  \rl*ribui>) 33 

Aquarlia  LINN 458 

Aquiibliacean 349 

Aquilarineae  ENDL 3<'2 

Aquileyia  LINN 233 

—  canadoixii*  LINN 233 

Aquilegia  elegans  SALISB 233 

vartegaia  MOENCH 233 

Arabidium  SPACH 265 

Arabidopsis  Scuun 257 

Arabia  LiNN 2fi5 

Arai»is  bullxisa  SCHREB 262 

Arabia  canadtnsis  LINN  266 

confinix  S   WATS 2fi6 

dentata  TORK 265 

Arabis  drummoridii  GRAY 2(56 

t'alcata  MICHX 266 

Arabis  yiabru  ( LINN.)  266 

Arabis  heterophylla  NUTT 267 

Arabis  hirsute  (LiNX  ) 267 

laeviyata  iMuHL.) 267 

Arabis  lyraet'olia  D(J 266 

Artibi*  lyrala  LINN 265 

Arabis  mollis  RAF 266 

Arabis  patens  SULLIV 267 

Arabis  pendula  NUTT 267 

prrfoliata  LAM 266 

reptan-i  LAM 264 

rhornboidea  PERS 262 

rotund ifolia  RAF 264 

Araceae  ENGL ]  30 

Aracium  MONN. 567 

Aralia  LINN 385 

hispida  VENT 386 

Aralia  muhleubergiana  R.  and 

S 3*6 

Aralia  nudicaulis  LINN  386 

quinquejolia  (LiNN.) 386 


766 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Aralia  racemosa  LINN 387 

trifolia  (LiNN.) 385 

Araliaceae 385 

Araliophyllum 385 

Arbutus  filiform  is  LAM.  , 407 

thymifolia  AIT 407 

uva-ursi  LINN 408 

Archangelica  HOFFM 391 

atropurpurea  HOFFM —  392 

hirsutaT.  and  G 392 

Archemora  DC 391 

rigidaDC 391 

ARCHICHLAMYDEAE 176 

Arctogeron  DC 515 

Arctostaphylos  ADANS 408 

ArctostaphylosofflcinalisWiM.  408 

Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi  (LiNN.)  408 

A  remonia  NECK 302 

Arenaria  buxifolia  POIR 224 

lateriflora  LINN 224 

pennsylvanica  MUHL.  ..  224 

Arethusa  LINN 169 

Arethusa  bulbosa  LINN 169 

ophioglossoides  LINN  ...  169 

spicata  WALT 176 

Aretia  LINN 411 

occidentalis  MAcM..  ..  411 

Argyrochaeta  CAV  538 

Aria  HOST 283 

Arietinum  BECK , .  162 

americanum  BECK 164 

Arisaema  MART 132 

Arisaema  atrorubens  BLUME . .  1 32 

Arisaema  triphyllum  (LiNN.)..  132 

Aristella  BERTOL 57 

Aristida  LINN 56 

Aristida  basiramea  ENQELM.  . .      56 

purpurea  NUTT 56 

Aristidium  ENDL 70 

Aristolochia  LINN  201 

Aristolochia    niacropuylla 

LAM 202 

Aristolochia  sipho  L'HER 202 

Aristolochiaceae 201 

Aristolochiaephyllum 202 

Aristotelea  LOUR 170 

Armeniaca  Juss 305 

Armeria  LINN 431 

Aroideae 130 

Aronia  PERS.... 283,  285 

alnifolia  NUTT 285 

arborea  BART 286 

—  arbutifolia  ELL 284 

botryapium  PERS 286 

cordata  RAF 286 

depressa  SPACH 284 

ovalis  TORR 286 

pyrifolia  PERS 284 

Artemisia  LINN 550 

biennis  WILLD 550 

Artemisia  campestris  PURSH.  552 

Artemisia  canadensis  MICHX...  552 

— caudata  MICHX 552 

A  rtemisia  cernua  NUTT 552 


Artemisia  commutata  BESS  ...  552 

desertorum  BESS 552 

douglasiana  BESS 561 

Artemisia  dracunculoides  PURSH  552 

Artemisia  dracunculus  PURSH  552 

Artemisia  frigida  WILLD 550 

Artemisia  frigida  var.  gmeli- 

ana  BESS 550 

Artemisia  gnaplalodes  ( N  UTT .) .  55 1 

Artemisia  hispanica  JACQ 550 

hookeriana  BESS  551 

inodora  HOOK  and  ARN.  552 

integrifolia  MUHL  535 

integrifolia  PURSH 551 

lewisii  T.  and  G 552 

Artemisia  longifolia  NUTT 551 

Artemisia  ludoviciana  NUTT.  551 

ludoviciana  var.  serrata 

T.  andG 551 

nuttalliana  BESS 552 

paciflca  NUTT 552 

peucedanifolia  Juss 552 

purshiana  BESS 551 

sericea  NUTT 550 

Artemisia  serrata  NUTT 551 

Artemisia  virgata  RICH 550 

vulgaris  var.  gnaphalo- 

des  OK 551 

vulgaris  var.  ludoviciana 

OK 551 

Arthratherum  BEAUV 56 

Arthrostachys  DESVX 47 

Arthrothamus  KL.  and  G 341 

Arum  triphyllum  LINN 132 

Arundo  BEAUV 73 

aggerum  KIT 73 

agrostoides  PURSH 66 

canadenesis  MICHX 66 

cinnoides  MUHL 66 

colorata  WILLD 55 

festucacea  WILLD 79 

graeca  LINK 76 

neglecta  EHRH 66 

phragmites  LINN 73 

stricta  TIMM 66 

vulgaris  LAM 73 

vulnerans  GILIB 73 

Asagraya  LINDL 144 

Asarum  LINN 201 

canadense  LINN  ....   —  201 

Asarum  caroliniaum  WALT.  . .  201 

latifolium  SALISB 201 

villosum  MUHL 201 

Ascaricida  CASS 499 

Asclepiadaceae 422 

Asclepias  LINN. 423 

Asclepias  amoena  BRONGN  ...  426 

amoena  LINN 427 

cprnuti  DECNE 426 

douglasii  HOOK 426 

Asclepias  exaltata  (LiNN.) 425 

floridana  LAM 424 

Asclepias  galioides  HBK 424 

Asclepias  incarnata  LINN 426 


INDEX. 


767 


Asclepias  lanuyinosa  NUTT  —  423 

Asclepias  longifolia  MICHX.  . .  424 

nuttalliana  GRAY 424 

nuttalliana  TORR 423 

Asclepias  obtusifolia  MICHX 425 

ovaUfolia  DECNE 424 

Asclepias  phytolaccoides 

PURSH 425 

Asclepias  purpurascens  LINN.  . .  427 

Asclepias  purpurascens  WALT.  425 

pulchra  WILLD 426 

Asclepias  quadrifolia  LINN 424 

— -speciosa  TORR 426 

sullivantii  ENGELM 425 

syriaca  LINN 425 

Asclepias  syriaca  var.  exaltata 

LINN 425 

Asclepias  tuberosa  LINN 427 

Asclepias  vanilla  RAF 424 

yariegata  var.  a.  HOOK. .  424 

Asclepias  verticillata  LINN 424 

viridiflora  RAF 423 

Asclepias  viridiflora  var.  lan- 

ceolata  (IVES) 424 

viridiflora    var.   linearis 

(Gray) 424 

Asclepiodora  A.  Gray 423 

Ascyrum  crux-andraea  LINN  . .  363 

Aspelina  CASS 553 

Asperifoliae  LEHM 436 

Aspidoglossum  E.  MEY 423 

Asprella  SCHREB 53 

oryzoides  LAM 54 

virginica  R.  and  S 54 

Asprella  WILLD 89 

angustifolia  NUTT 89 

hystrix  WILLD 89 

Aster  BAILL 515 

Aster  KUNTZ 508 

Aster  LINN 515 

Aster  aestivus  AIT 517 

aestivus  GRAY 518 

—  albus  EAT.  and  WR 516 

amoenus  LAM 517 

amplexicaulis  LAM 523 

amplexicaulis  MICHX.  . .  523 

amplexicaulis  MUHL 521 

amygdalinus  LAM 516 

annuus  LINN 527 

argenteus  MICHX 523 

Aster  asteroides  (  LINN.) 521 

Aster  bellidiflorus  HOOK 518 

biennis  TORR 523 

borealis  PROVANCH 518 

carneus  NEES 518 

— carneus  NEES 519 

ciliatus  MUHL 520 

concinnus  HOOK 521 

— conyzoides  WILLD 524 

Aster  cordifolius  LINN 522 

Aster  cordifolius  NEES .  522 

corymbosus  AIT 524 

cyaneus  HOFFM 521 

diffusus  AIT 519 


Aster  diffusus  DC 520 

divergens  HOOK 519 

Aster  divaricatus  LINN 524 

Aster  diversifolius  DC 522 

dracunculoides  WILLD.  .  519 

Aster  drummondii  LINDL 521 

dumosus  LINN 520 

Aster  eminens  WILLD 518 

ericoides  var.  multiflorus 

PERS 520 

Aster     ericoides     var.     villosus 

(MiCHX) 520 

Aster  f ragilis  LINDL 520 

f  ragilis  NEES 520 

floribundus  WTILLD 519 

— floribundus        WILLD. 

Herb 517 

glaucescens  NEES 521 

glomerellus  T.  and  G 519 

greenei  T.  and  G 518 

hebecladus  DC 520 

heterophyllus  NEES 522 

— heterophyllus  WILLD...  522 

hiemalisNEES 518 

— hirtellus  LINDL 521 

hispidus  LAM 517 

impolitus  NEES 521 

Aster  junceus  AIT  518 

iaevis  LINN 421 

Aster  lamarckianus  NEES 519 

Aster  lateriflorus  (LiNN.) 519 

Aster  laxifolius  HOOK 518 

laxil'olius    var.    borealis 

T.  aud  G 518 

laxifolius  var.  laetiflorus 

T.  andG 518 

laxusT.  andG 517 

laxus  WILLD 519 

longifolius  GRAY 517 

longifolius  var.  villicau- 

lis  GRAY 518 

Aster  longifolius  LAM 517 

Aster  lucidus  WEND 517 

Aster  macrophyllus  LINN 524 

Aster  marilandicus MICHX....  524 

miser  NUTT 519 

multiceps  LINDL 523 

Aster  multiftorus  AIT 520 

Aster  multiflorus  NUTT 520 

Aster  novae-angliae  LINN 523 

novabelgii  LINN 517 

Aster  obliquus  NEES 518 

Aster  oblongifoliu,s  NUTT 523 

Aster  oolentangiensis  RIDD.  . .  522 

paniculatis  LAM.  Herb..  517 

Aster  paniculatus  LAM 519 

Aster  paniculatus  MUHL 521 

paniculatus  NEES 522 

paniculatus  NUTT 522 

paniculatus  WILLD 522 

parviflorus  DARL 519 

parviflorus  HOOK 519 

Aster  patens  AIT 523 

Aster  patentissimus  LINDL.  . .  523 


768 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 


Aster  penclulus  HOOK  , 519 

pennsylvanicus  POIB 521 

pilosus  WILLD 520 

Aster  polyphyUus  WILLD 521 

Aster  praealtus  Pout 518 

Aster  ptarmicoides  (  NEES ) 516 

puniceus  LINN 517 

Aster  puniceus  var.  lucidulus 

GRAY 5L7 

Aster    puniceus   var.    lucidus 

(WEND.) 5J7 

Aster  puniceus  var.  vimineus 

T.anclG 517 

recurvatus  WILLD 519 

rigidulus  DESK 518 

rubiicaulis  LAM 521 

sagittaef'olius  ELL 522 

Aster  fMvUlaeffftim  Wi  LLD 521 

saUcif'tiius  Lam  518 

Aster  salh-ifolius  HIGH  518 

salicifolius  SCIIOLL 519 

—  salicifolius    WILLD 517 

salignus  WILLD 519 

scoparius  DC 520 

— srcuodi  floras 520 

Aster  sericeus  VENT  5^3 

Aster  serotinus  MILL 517 

simplex  WILLD 519 

sqaisiHorus  MICIIX 520 

spurids  WILLD 523 

squarrulosus  NEES 518 

stenophyllus  LINDL 518 

stnclus  POIK  519 

strictus  var.  augustifol- 

ius  HOOK 521 

tenuifulius  ELL  520 

tenuifolius  NEES 521 

tenuifolius  T  and  G 5i9 

tradescanti   LINN 519 

trndescanti  MICHX 519 

A sler  i  mb<  llalux  MILL 516 

Aster  undulatus  EDL 523 

Aster  undulatux  LINN 522 

Aster  urophyllus  LINDL 521 

villosus  MICHX 520 

Aster vimiiieus  LAM • 519 

Aster  virgin'Mis  NEES 518 

Asteraceae 499 

Asteranthemutn  KUNTH 152 

—  vulgare  KUNTH 153 

Asterias  BOKKH 418 

Asteromoea  BL 515 

Asteroschoenus  NEES  104 

Astt  tilia  CASS  506 

AstradHphus  REMY 525 

Astrayalus  LINN  323 

-adsuryetis  PA  LL 324 

Astragalus'agrestis  DOUGL...  324 

AatraynluH  canadenxis  LlNN 325 

rurnoxtiH  PURSH 326 

Astragal  us  carol  inianus  LINN.  32o 

Astragalus  caryocarpus  KER.  . .  326 


Astragal  us  crassicarpus  NUTT. 
Astray  alusflwuOM  is  DOUOL.,  322, 
Astragalus  goniatus  NUTT.  .  .  . 

-  graci  I  is  NUTT  .  .......... 

Astragalus  hypoylotti*  LINN  .... 

Astragalus  JamVrti   Pom  — 

-  laxmanni  NUTT  ......... 

Astragalus  loliflorus  HOOK  ..... 

Astragalus  mexicanus  GRAY.  . 

-  pachycarpus  T.  and  G.. 
Astragalus  pan'iflorus  (Puusn). 

-  plattensis  N  UTT  ......... 

Astiagalus  plat'ensis  var.  ten- 

nesseensis  GRAY  ...... 

-  striatus  N  UTT  ......... 

-  surculentus  RICH  ....... 

-  tennesseensis  GRAY  ..... 

Astrophia  NUTT  ......  .  ....... 

Atalanta  NUTT  ............... 

Ate  LtNDL  .................... 

Atheropog.  -n  MUHL  ......  •  ..... 

—  -apludioifles  LAG  ....... 

-  oligostachyum  NUTT  ---- 

-  papillosus  ENGELM  ..... 

Athy  amus  NECK  ............. 

Atomostylis  «TEUD  ........... 

AtossaALEF       ............... 

Atragene  LINN  ............... 

Aucuparia  MED  ............... 

Auditjertia  BKNTH  ............ 

Aulaxis  HAW  ................. 

Aulusema  WALP  ............. 

A  u  ran  tiaceae  ENDL  .......... 

Aurelia  CASS  .................. 

-  amplexicaulis  CASS  ..... 
Aureliana  LAFLT  ............. 


A  vena  caespitosa  GUIS  ........ 

-  glunmcea  MICHX  ........ 

-  hanmanniana  NYM  ..... 

-  spicata  LINN  ........... 

-  stolonifera  HAUSM  ...... 

Avena  striatd  MICHX  .......... 

Avena  wil»eliana  SCHUR  ...... 

Avenella  PARLAT  ............. 

Axillaria  RAF  ................ 

Azarolus  BORKH  . 


Baccharioides  MOENCH 
Bact.vrilobium  WILLD 
Badaroa  CERT 
Badiera  I)U 
Baiothryori  EHRH 
Balhoa  LIEBM 
Baklellia  PAKLAT 
Baldingera  GAERTN 

-  arundinarea  DUM 

-  colorata  GAERTN 
BalsHiiiina  GAERTN 


Balsam  i  neae  (TriU.)  B.  and  H. 


326 
324 
325 
325 
324 
323 
324 
323 
3.'5 
326 
325 
325 

325 

324 

326 

325 

313 

269 

165 

70 

71 

72 

71 

341 

90 

315 

210 

2S3 

454 

2?4 

323 

336 

506 

506 

385 

68 

68 

(59 

68 

69 

68 

68 

68 

67 

154 

283 


309 

493 

338 

97 

328 

43 

54 

55 

55 

354 

354 

333 


INDEX 


'69 


Baptisia  VENT 310 

Baptisia  alba  HOOK 310 

Bcptixia  leucantfia  T.  and  G. . .  310 

leucopkaca  N  UTT 310 

tinctfiria  (LiNN. ) 311 

Barbarea  R.  BR 258 

barbarea  (  LINN.  )   v  a  r  , 

stricta  (ANDcz  ) 259 

Barbarea  praecox  RICH 259 

stricta  ANDRZ 259 

vulgaris  var.  stricta  RE- 
GEL 259 

Barkhausenia  HOPPE 567 

Barkhausia  MOENCH 567 

Barlaea  REICH,  f 165 

Barlia  PAUL  AT 164 

Barneoudia  GAY 235 

Bartsia  acuiuinata  PURSH 470 

cocci ne?  LINN 471 

Barysoma  BUNGE 389 

Batodendron  NUTT 409 

Batrach  urn  SPACH 241 

Batschia  GMEL 437 

canescens  MICHX 438 

carolinensis  GMEL 438 

raroliniana  R  and  S 438 

decumbent  N  UTT 437 

gmelini  MICHX 488 

longiflora  PUKSH 438 

Batschia  MOENCH 501 

Baumannia  SPACH 380 

—  douglasiana  SPACH 381 

nuttalliana  SPACH 381 

Baumea  GAUDICH 103 

B  alia  SCIUBN  58 

Beckmannia  HOST 72 

erucaeformi*  (  LINN.) 72 

Beckmannia  erueaeforruis  var. 

uni  flora  SCRIBN 72 

erucoides  BEAUV 72 

Berlfordia  DC 554 

Belharnosia  SARRAC 252 

Belioukandas  CELT 384 

Bellidiastrum  MICHEL 515 

Belloa  REMY 529 

Bellucia  ADANS 338 

Itaiinettiaceae  ENDL 340 

Benthamia  A.  RICH Iti5 

Benthatuia  LINDL  399 

Beutharuidia  SPACH 399 

13e  bericlaceae 250 

Berenice  SALISH 147 

Btrgenia  MOENCH 274 

NECK 374 

Berinea  HRIGN 568 

Berlandiera  BATLL 531 

Berraudiana  ADANS 161 

Berna  dina  BANDO 412 

Berula  KOCH 396 

angustifolia  KOCH 396 

Beth^ncourtiaCnois. 553 

Betonica  LINN 445 

Betula  LINN 188 

Betula  angulata  Lodd 189 

-49 


Betula  canadensis  LOUD 189 

grand  is  SCHRAD 189 

— gra yi  REGEL 188 

incana  LINN 190 

lanulosa  MICHX 189 

latit'oliaTAuscH 189 

Betula  ttigra  LINN  189 

Betula  papyracea  AIT 189 

Betula  papylifem  MARSH 1 89 

pumila  LINN 188 

Betula  rubra  MICHX.  f 189 

Hetulaceae 196 

Betulaster  SPACH 188 

Bicchia  PARLAT 165 

Bidens  BILL •<..     544 

Bidens  LINN 545 

beckii  TORR 545 

cernua  LINN 546 

Bidens  cernua  var.  elataTand 

G 546 

ch  rysanthemoides 

MICHX 545 

Bidens  connata  MUHL 546 

Bidens  c«-nnata  var.    comosa 

GKAY 546 

Bidens  frondosa  LINN 545 

Bidens  helianthoides  HBK...     545 

Bidens  laevis (LiNN.) 545 

Bidens  petiolata  NUTT    546 

quadriaristata  DC 545 

quadrianstata  var.  den- 

tata  NUTT M6 

tripartita  BIGEL 546 

Bifolium  GAERTN 152 

Bikukulla  ADANS 2^3 

Bilabre-la  LINDL IKS 

Bilderdykia  DUM 204 

Billardiera  MOENCH 442 

Billotia  SCH.-BIP 567 

Biopnytum  DC 334 

Biotia   DC 515 

corymbosa  DC 524 

glomerata  DC 524 

latifolia  DC 524 

macrophylla  DC 524 

sen  roeber i  DC 524 

Bipontinia  ALEF    330 

Blackburn ia  FORST 337 

Blennoderma  SPACH 381 

Blepharochloa  ENDL 53 

Blepharolepis  NEES 96 

Biitum  LINN 211 

capitatum  LINN 212 

maritimum   NUTT 211 

polyraorphum  C.  A.MEY    211 

—  rubrum  REICH 211 

virgatum  var.  capitatum 

Coss 212 

Blondea  NECK 275 

Bluffla  NEES 49 

Blumenbachia  KOEL 47 

Blysmus  PANX 97 

Bly ttia  FRIES 64 

suaveolens  FRIES..  64 


770 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Bobartia  LINN 90 

PETIV 537 

Boebera  LESS 548 

WILLD 548 

c  hrysanthemoides 

WILLD 549 

Boebera  glandulosa  PERS 549 

Boehmeria  JACQ 198 

cylindrica  WILLD 198 

cyli ndrica  var.  B.  HOOK.  19S 

lateri flora  MUHL 198 

Boisdu valid  SPACH 380 

Bolophyta  NUTT 533 

Boltonia  L'HER 515 

asteroides  (LiNN.) 515 

glastifolia  L'HER 515 

Bombycodendron  ZOLL 361 

Bonafldia  Neck 326 

Bongardia  C.  A.  MEY 250 

Bonnaya  LINK  and  OTT.  464 

Bootia  BIGEL 293 

sylvestris  BIGEL 298 

Boraginace6s  BAILL 434 

Boraginites 436 

Borderea  MIEG 160 

Borkhausia  LINK 567 

Borobora  STEUD 91 

Borraginaceae 436 

Botrophis  RAF 232 

Botrydium  SPACH 211 

Botryocarpium  RICH 278 

Botryosychios  HOCHST 160 

Bouteloua  LAGASC 70 

curtipendula(WLicnx..) 71 

Bouteloua  foena  TORR 71 

Bouteloua  hirsuta  LAG 71 

oligosto,chya  (NuTT.) 72 

Bouteloua  racemosa  LAG 71 

Bracconotia  elymoides  GODR.  .  85 

Brachyactis  LED 525 

Brachyderea  CASS 567 

Brachyelytrum  BEAU  v 61 

Brachyely  trum    aristatum 

BEAUV 61 

Brachyelytrum       aristosum 

(MiCHX.) 61 

Brachyglottis  FORST 554 

Brachyleima  R.  BR 499 

Brachy  lobus  SCHUR 259 

hispidus  DESV 259 

Brachypappus  SCH.-BIP 554 

Brachyramphus  DC 560 

Brachy rrhy  DCOS  LESS 554 

Brachystemma  DON  . .  v 221 

Brachy  sternum  MICHX  .*. 452 

lanceolatum  WILLD 452 

Brachytropis  DC 338 

Bramia  LAM 473 

Brasenia  SCHRAD 226 

Brasenia  hydropeltis  MUHL.  . .  226 

nymphoides  BAILL 226 

Brasenia  peltata  (THUNB.) 226 

Brasenia  purpurea  GASP 226 

Brassavola  ADANS 547 


Brathrys  MUT 362 

quinquenervia  SPACH.  . .  363 

Brathydium  SPACH 362 

Brauneria  NECK 536 

BrayaS.  and  H 268 

Breea  LESS 558 

Brexiaceae  LINDL 274 

Briseis  SALISB 147 

Brissonia  NECK 327 

Briza  canadensis  MICHX 82 

canadensis  NUTT 81 

eragrostis  LINN 75 

oblonga  MOENCH 75 

Bromidium  NEES 64 

Bromus  LINN 83 

Bronius  canadensis  MICHX.  ...  84 

ciliatus  LINN,  in  herb.. .  85 

Bromus  ciliatus  LINN 84 

Bromus  ciliatus  var.  purgans 

GRAY 84 

inermis    var.    ciliata 

TRAUTV 84 

Bromus  kalmii  GRAY 85 

Bromus  ovinus  SCOP 83 

pubescens  var.  1  TORR.  .  84 

purgans  HOOK 84 

Bromus  puraans  LINN 84 

Bromus  purgans  TORR 85 

Bruchmannia  NUTT 72 

erucaeformis  NUTT 72 

Brugniera  CAV 216 

Brunella  LINN 446 

vulgaris  LINN 446 

Bruniera  FRANCH 134 

Brunonieae  BAILL 494 

Bubon  KOCH 390 

Buchavea  REICH 299 

Buchingera  SCHULTZE 429 

Buchloe  ENGELM 73 

dacty loides  ENGELM  —  73 

Buchosia  VELLOZ 138 

BuhsiaBuNGE 269 

Bulbilis  RAF 73 

dactyloide^  (NuTT.) 73 

Bulbocapnos  BERNH 254 

Bulbostyles  WALP 501 

Bulbostylis  RAF 99 

Bumalda  THUNB...: 350 

Bunium  KOCH 394 

Butomeae 42 

Butomissa  SALISB 147 

Byronia  ENDL 350 

C 

Cacalia  LINN 553 

atriplicifolia  LINN  : 555 

aurea  MAcM 556 

aurea  var.  obovata 

MAcM 557 

aurea  var.  paupercula 

MAcM 558 

gigantea  NEES 555 

integerrima  MAcM 556 

lugens  MAcM 555 


INDEX. 


771 


Cacalia  ovata  WALT 535 

paniculata  RAF 555 

pteryantha  RAF 555 

reniformis  MUHL 555 

tuberosa  NUTT 555 

Cacalianthemum  DILL 554 

Caconapaea  CHAM 473 

Cactaceae 371 

Cactus  LINN 371 

ferox  NUTT 371 

fragilis  NUTT 371 

opuntia  TORR 372 

Caesalpinoideae 308 

Calainagrostis  arundo  ROTH..  68 

canadensis  BEAUV 66 

coiorataDC 55 

leersii  KOEL 68 

mexicana  NUTT 66 

neglecta  GAERTN 66 

stricta  NUTT 66 

yariegata  WITH 55 

Calamintha  MOENCH 451 

clinopodium  SPENN 451 

Calamovilof a  HACK 67 

Calamus  aromaticusGuLD 130 

Calauthera  NUTT 73 

— — dactyloides  KUNTH  (?}..  73 

CaJdesia  PARLAT 43 

Calla  LINN 131 

Calla  aethiopica  GAERTN 132 

Calla  palustris  LINN 132 

Callimeris  NEES 515 

Calliopea  DON 567 

Calliopsis  REICH 543 

bicolor  REICH 544 

palmata  SPRENG 544 

Calliprena  SALISB 147 

Callirrhoe  NUTT 360 

involucrata  GRAY 361 

Callii-rhoe  triangulate  GRAY...  360 

Callisace  FISCH 391 

Callistachys  HEUFFL 105 

Callitrichaceae    ENGL.    and 

PRANTL  . ; 344 

Callitriche  LINN 345 

asagray i  HEG 345 

bolanderi  HEG 345 

heterophylla  PURSH....  345 

stenocarpa  HEG 345 

verna  LINN 345 

vernalis  KOCH 345 

Callitrichinae  ENDL 344 

Calobotrya  SPACH 278 

Calonnea  BUCHOZ 547 

Calopogon  R.  BR 175 

pulchellum  R.  BR 175 

tuberosus  BSP 175 

Calostelma  DON 504 

CaUha  LINN 230 

Caltha  arctica  R.  BR 230 

Caltha  palustris  LINN 230 

Calycodone  NUTT 58 

Calylophus  SPACH 380 

nuttallii  SPACH 381 


Calymenia  PERS 216 

angustifolia  NUTT 216 

hirsuta  NUTT 217 

Calyptrolepis  STEUD 104 

Calyptrospatha  KL 341 

Caly  ptrostigma  T.  and  M 486 

Calyptrosty lis  NEES 104 

Calysphyrum  BUNGE 486 

Calystegia  R.  BR  428 

sepiurn  R.  BR 428 

spithameus  PURSH 428 

tomentosa  PURSH 428 

Calytriplex  R.  and  P 473 

Calyxhymenia  ORTEG 216 

pilosa     ENGELM.     and 

GRAY 216 

Camarilla  SALISB 147 

Camassia  LINDL 151 

fraseri  (  NUTT. ) 151 

Camelina  barbaraefolia  DC. . .  260 

Campanula  BAILL 496 

Campanula  LINN 494 

Campanula  acuminata  MICHX.  495 

Campanula  americana  LINN.  . .  495 
Campanula  amplexicaulis 

MICHX 496 

Campanula  aparinoides  PURSH.  495 

Campanula  decl  i  nata  MOENCH  495 

erinoides  MUHL 495 

illi noensis  FRES 495 

obliqua  JACQ 495 

pe  tiolata  A .  DC 495 

perfoliata  LINN 496 

Campanula  rotundifolia  LINN.  -  495 

Campanulaceae 494 

Campe'laGRis 68 

Campella  LINK 67 

caespitosa  LINK 68 

Campuloclinium  DC 501 

Campydorum  SALISB 154 

Campylocera  JNUTT 496 

Campy lopus  SPACH 362 

Cainpylosporus  SPACH 362 

Campylotheca  CASS 543 

Campy lotropis  BUNGE 317 

Canahia  SPRENG 423 

Candidia  TEN 499 

Canida  SALISB  147 

Cannabis  lupulus  SCOP 196 

Capnodes  MOEHR 254 

Capnodes  glauca  MOENCH 255 

Capnorchis  Lupw 253 

canadensis  (GoLDiE) 253 

cucullaria  (LiNN.) 253 

Capparidaceae 269 

Capraria  gratioloides  LINN  ...  464 

Caprifoliaceae 482 

Caprifolium  TOURN 485 

bracteosum  MICHX 485 

ciliatum  OK 486 

dioicum  R.  and  S 485 

glaucum  MOENCH 485 

parviflorum  PURSH 485 

Caramanaca  TINEO 562 


772 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Cardamine  LINN 261 

bulbosa  (ScnREB.) 262 

—  diphylla  (MICHX.).       ...  262 

Oardaniine  flexuosa  BRITT —  261 

Cardamine  kirsuta  LINN 261 

Cardamine   hirsuia   var.    syl- 

vatica  GRAY 261 

Cardamine  laciniata(NuuL,.)..  262 

Cardamine  menziesii  D(J 258 

(?)  rnultiflda  PURSH 258 

Cardamine  parviflora  LINN.  ...  261 
Cardamine  pennsylvanica 

MUHL. 261 

rhomboideaDC 262 

sylvatica  LINK 261 

Cardaria  DESVX 256 

Cardarina  CASS v 554 

Cardiotepis  RAF '. 356 

Card iolophus  GRIFF 473 

Carduus  BAILL .  558 

altissiinus  LINN 559 

discolor  HOUK 559 

discolor  NUTT 559 

douglasiiDC 559 

glaber  (?)  NUTT 558 

hookHrianum  HOOK 559 

muticus  NUTT 558 

odoratus  MUHL 558 

pumiius  NUTT  558 

p  u  m  il  u  s  var.    hystrix 

NUTT 558 

undulatus  NUTT 559 

Carex  LINN 105 

Carex  acuta  ALL 124 

acuta  PuHsn     123 

adusta  AUCT.  VET 107 

Canx  adust  a  BOOTT 107 

Carex  adusta  var.  argyrantha 

BAIL 107 

adusta     var.   glomerata 

BAIL 107 

alba  DEW 118 

alba  var.  setifolia  DEW.  118 

albicans  WILLD 117 

albolutescens  var.  argy- 
rantha OLN 107 

albolutescens  var.  glom- 
erata OLN 107 

alopecurus  LAB 95 

alpestris  DEW ,.  117 

ampullacea  var.  utricu- 

lata  CAR 128 

ancepsS.  andT 119 

anceps  var.  blanda  HOOK  119 

anceps   var.  striatula 

CAR 119 

angustata  BOOTT 12  J 

Carex  aquatilis  WAHL 1 23 

arctata  BOOTT 121 

Carex  argyrantha  TUCKM 107 

aridaS.  andT 109 

arista ta  DEW 120 

aristata  var.  longo-lan- 

ceata  DEW 124 


Carex  arista taR.  BR 124 

atherodes  SPRENG 124 

Carex  aurea  IS  UTT 1 18 

Carex  aurea    var.    androgyna 

OLN 118 

bebbii  OLN 109 

beyrichiana  BOECKL 127 

blanda  hEW 119 

blepharophora  GRAY....  121 

blyttii  NYL 112 

bracteosa  SCHW 113 

briioides  HUDS 110 

bullata  AUCT.  AMER....  128 

buxbaumii  WAIIL 123 

canadensis  DEW 129 

canescens  HOOK 123 

Carex  canescens  Li NN 110 

custanea  WAHL 121 

Carex  cephaloides  SARTW  —  113 

(  arex  cepkalophora  MUHL Ill 

Carex  ehalaros  STEUD 120 

Ca  rex  ch ordorh iza  EIIRH 116 

Carex  chordorhiza  var.  genu- 

ina  TRAUTV 116 

cinereaPALL 110 

comosa  BOOTT 126 

concinna  OLN Ii8 

Carex  conjuncta  BOOTT 115 

Carex  C'-noidea  MUHL 1J9 

cooley i  DKW 127 

crassa  EJIRH  124 

Carex  crawei  DEW 119 

Carex    crawei     var.   hetero- 

stachya  DEW 119 

Carex  crlnita  LAM 122 

Carex  crinita    var.    gynandra 

S.and  T 122 

crinita  var.  minor  BOOTT  122 

crinita   var.  paleacea 

DEW 122 

cristata  SCHWEIN  109 

cristata    var.    mirabilis 

BOOTT 107 

cristata  UPH 109 

Carex  crus-corvi  SHUTTLW 115 

Carex  crus-corvi  SOMM 115 

—  curta  GOOD 110 

cylindrica  GRAY 128 

—  cyperoides  DEW 106 

davisii  DEW 117 

Carex  <tavi*ii  S.  and  T 120 

Carex  deinbolliana  GAY 115 

demissa  HORN 119 

Carex  d(weyana  SCHWEIN 110 

Carex  diandra  SCHKR 114 

—  digitataS.  and  T 120 

disperma  DEW 112 

disticha  SARTW 113 

—  disticha  var.    sartwellii 

DEW 113 

duriuscula  C.  A.  MEY...  115 

Carex  ebum  ea  BOOTT 118 

Carex  echinata  UPH Ill 


INDEX. 


773 


Carex  echinata  var.microcarpa 

UPH Ill 

echinata  var.  angustata 

BAIL Ill 

echinata  var.  microcarpa 

BAIL Ill 

echinata     var.      micro 

stachys  BOECKL Ill 

Carex    echinata     var.     radiata 

(WAUL.) Ill 

Carex  elegans  WILLD 121 

elongata  LEERS 110 

ernmonsii  CHAP 117 

— emmonsii  var.  elliptica 

BOOTT 117 

exaltata  PETRM 124 

festucacea  WILLD 106 

festucacea    var.    tenera 

CAR 106 

Carex  filiformis  LINN 125 

filiformis  var.  lanuginosa 

(MiCHX.) 125 

flliformis    var.    latifolia 

BOECKL 125 

flava  var.  grsminis  BAIL  119 

Carex     flava      var.      viridula 

(  MICHX.) 119 

Carex  flexilis  RUDGE 121 

foenea  BOOTT 107 

Carex  foenea  WILLD 107 

Carex  folliculata  LAM 129 

folliculata  WAHL 129 

fulvicoma  DEW 116 

funiformis  CLAIRV 116 

furcata  ELL 136 

Carex  fmca  ALL 123 

Carex  georgiana  DEW 127 

gigantea  KUNTH 127 

gigantea  RUDGE 129 

gracilis  GRAY 112 

Carex  gracillima  SCHWEIN 120 

granularis  MUHL 120 

gravida  BAIL 113 

gravida     var .      laxifolia 

BAIL 114 

grisea  WAHL 120 

Carex  grisea  var.  minor  OLN.  .  120 

glomerata  HOST 115 

— gynandra  SCHWEIN 122 

haleanaOLN 120 

halei  DEW 115 

heterostachya  TORR 119 

hostii  SCHKR 115 

Carex  houyhtomi  TORR 125 

fiyxiricina  MUHL 127 

Carex  ignota  DEW 119 

intermedia  DEW 113 

Carex  intumescens  RUDGE 129 

Carex  irregularis  SCHWEIN —  119 

irrigua  SM 122 

irrigua  T.  C.  C 121 

juncifolia  HOST 115 

lacustris  WILLD 124 

lagopodioides  SCHKR —  108 


Carex  lagopodioides  var.  com- 

positaOLN 108 

lagopodioides   var.   cris- 

tata  CAR 109 

lagopodioides  var.  mira- 

bilisOLN 107 

lagopodioides  var.  scop- 
aria  BOECKL 108 

laxa  DEW 121 

Carex  laxiflnra  LAM 119 

Carex  lax  i  flora  var.  stria  tula 

CAR 119 

laxi  flora  SCHKUHR 120 

lanuginosa  MICHX 125 

lasiocarpa  GAUD 125 

lenticularis  DEW 122 

leporina  MICHX 108 

leuchoglochiti  LINN.  f. . .  130 

liddoni  CAR 109 

Carex  limosa  LINN  .   121 

Carex     limosa     var.     irrigua 

WAHL 122 

limosa  var.  prairei  DEW.  121 

Carex  longirostris  TORR . .  121 

Carex  longirostris  var.  micro- 

cystis  BOECKL 121 

longirostris    var.   minor 

BOOTT 121 

lucorum  WILLD 117 

lucorum  var.  emmonsii 

CHAP 117 

lupulinaMuHL 129 

lupulina  var.  longipedunc- 

ulata  S ART w 129 

Carex   lupulina  var.   pedunc- 

ulataDEW 129 

lupulina  UPH 129 

lurida  BAIL 129 

lurida  var.   polystachya 

BAIL 129 

lurida  MAC 129 

Carex  lurida  WAHL 127 

magellanica  LAM 122 

Carex  marginata  MUHL 117 

meadii  DEW 118 

miliacea  MUHL 122 

rnirabilis  DEW 107 

rnitchelliana  CURT 122 

Carex  monile  TUCKM 128 

—  muhlenbergii  Sen  KB 112 

Carex  multi flora  MUHL 113 

multiflora  var.  microsper- 

ma  DEW 113 

Carex  muskingumensisSCHWEiN.  109 

Carex  mutica  R.  BR 118 

neglecta  TUCKM 112 

novae-angliae    var.    em- 
monsii CAR 117 

oakesiana  DEW 129 

oederi  S.  and  T 119 

Carex  oligosperma  MICHX 129 

Carex  orthostachys  C.  A.  MET.  124 

pachvstylis  GAY 115 

pallida  C.  A.  MEY 109 


774 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Carex  panicea  var.canbyi  OLN.  128 

panicea  var.  meadii  OLN.  118 

- — paniculata  var.  teretius- 

culaWAHL 114 

paradoxa  BOOTT 114 

patulaHuDS 130 

Carex  paua 'flora  LIGHTF 1 30 

Carex  paupercula  MICHX 122 

—  paupercula  TORR 118 

Carex  pedunculata  MUHL 117 

Carex  pellita  MUHL 125 

Carex  pennsylvaniva  Is  AM. 117 

Carex  pinetorum  SCHLECHT.  . .  112 

pinguis  BAIL 108 

Carex  polytrichoides  MUHL  —  116 

Carex  prairea  DEW 114 

Carex  prasina  \V AHL 1 22 

pseudocyperus  LINN 126 

pscudoci/peru*  var.  ameri- 

cana  HOCHST 126 

Carex  pseudocyperus  var.  com- 

osa  BOOTT 126 

pseudocyperus  S.  and  T.  126 

purshii  OLN 127 

pyriform is  SCHWEIN —  118 

remota  RICH 110 

Carex  retrorsa  SCHWEIN 1 27 

Carex  reversa  GILIB 126 

reversa  SPRENG 127 

richardii  THUILL.. 110 

Carex  richardsoni  R.  BR 117 

riparia  CURT 124 

rosea  SCHKR 112 

Carex  rosea  var.  mi  nor  BOOTT.  112 

Carex  rosea  var.  radiata  DEW  . .  112 

Carex  rostrata  WILLD 127 

rostrata  var.  utriculata 

BAIL 128 

Carex  sartwellii  DEW 113 

Carex  scabrior  SARTW 113 

Carex  schweinitzii  DEW 127 

scirpoides  SCHKR Ill 

scoparia  SCHKR 108 

Carex  scoparia  var.  lagopodi- 

oides  TORR 108 

scoparia     var.     minor 

BOOTT 108 

scoparia  var.  muskingu- 

mensis  SCHWEIN 109 

setacea  DEW 113 

siccaeformis  BOOTT.  ....  115 

Carex  siccata  DEW 109 

Carex  splendida  WILLD 125 

sprengelii  DEW 121 

Carex  squarrosa  LINN 126 

Carex  steilulata  var.  angustata 

CAR Ill 

stellulata    var.    radiata 

WAHL Ill 

stellulata  var.  scirpoides 

CAR Ill 

Carex  stenophylla  WA HL 115 

Carex  steril  is  WILLD in 

sterilis  var  B.TORR.  . .  Ill 


Carex  sterilis  var.  G. TORR.  . . .  Ill 

Carex  stipata  MUHL 115 

Carex  stipata  var.  maxima 

CHAP 115 

straminea  SCHKR 106 

Carex  straminea  WILLD 106 

straminea   var.   brevior 

DEW 106 

Carex  straminea  var.  c  r  a  w  e  i 

BOOTT 107 

straminea   var.  cristata 

TUCKM 109 

strami  n  ea  var.  f  estucacea 

TUCKM 106 

straminea  var.  hy  a  1  i  n  a 

GRAY 107 

straminea  var.  meadii 

BOOTT 107 

straminea    var.  minor 

DEW 106 

Carex  straminea  var.  mirabilis 

(DEW.) 107 

Carex  straminea  var.  schkuhrii 

CAR 106 

straminea  var.  ten  era 

BOOTT 106 

straminea  typica  BOOTT  107 

straminea  var.  typica 

GRAY 107 

striata  CAR 124 

striatula  MICHX 119 

Carex  stricta  LAM 123 

Carex  strictior  DEW 123 

Carex  sychnocephola  CAR 106 

Carex  sylvatica  DEW 121 

Carfx  tenella  SCHKR 112 

Carex  tenera  SARTW 106 

tenera  forma  erecta  OLN.  106 

tenera  var.  suberecta 

OLN 107 

tentaculata  MUHL 127 

Carex  tenuiflora  WAHL 110 

teretiuscula  GOOD 114 

Carex  teretiuscula  var.  major 

KOCH 114 

Carex   teretiuscula  var.  ramosa 

BOOTT 114 

tetanica\&r.meadii(DEW.)  107 

Carex  thurberi  DEAV 1 27 

tomentosa  LIGHTF 125 

torreyana  DEW 120 

Carex  tribuloides  WAHL 108 

tribuloides  var.   bebbii 

(OLN) 109 

tribuloides  var.  cristata 

(SCHWEIN.) 109 

Carex  tribuloides  var.  reducta 

BAIL 109 

Carex  triclwcarpa  MUHL 124 

trichocarpa    var.   aristata 

(R.  Br.) 124 

Carex  trichocarpa  var.  turbin- 

ata  DEW 124 

Carex  tnsperma  DEW 1 10 


INDEX. 


775 


Carex  tuckermanni  DEW 128 

Carex  typhina  MICHX 126 

ty  phi  no  ides  SCHWEIN.  . .  126 

Carex  utriculala  BOOTT  128 

varia  MUHL 117 

Carex  vaseyi  DEW 128 

virginiana  var.  elongata 

BOECK 123 

viridula  MICHX 119 

vitilis  var.  pallida  OLN.  Ill 

vulgaris  BAIL 123 

vulpina  CAR 115 

vulpinaeformis  TUCKM..  113 

Carex  vulpinoidea  MICHX 113 

Carex  vulpinoidea  TORR 115 

Carex  RAF 105 

Caroxyloo  THUNB 213 

Carphephorus  OASS 503 

Carpinus  LINN 186 

Carpinus  americana  LAM 186 

betula  virginiana  MARSH  186 

Carpinus  caroliniana  WALT 1 86 

Carpinus  ostrya  LINN 187 

ostrya     var.    ainericana 

MICHX 187 

tri flora  MOENCH 187 

virginiana  MICHX.  f 186 

virginiana  MILL 187 

Carpophora  KLOTZSCH  219 

Carpophyllus  SCHOTT 500 

Caruni  BAILL 393 

aureum  B.  and  H 394 

cordatum  B.  and  H 393 

Carya  NUTT 177 

alba  NUTT 178 

amara  NUTT , . . .  178 

cathartica  BART.   177 

microcarpa  NUTT 178 

Caryochloa  SPRENG 57 

Caryophyllaceae 219 

Caryophyllata  TOURN 299 

— alba  MOENCH 301 

CasaleaST.  HIL 241 

Cassandra  DON 406,  407 

Cassia  LINN 309 

chamaecrista  LINN 309 

Cassia  fasciculate  MICHX 309 

pulchella  SALISB 309 

Cassida  MOENCH 447 

Cassine  HABV.  and  SOND 348 

Cassiniacpae  SCH.-BIP 499 

Castalia  SALISB 227 

odorata  GREENE 228 

ordorata  WOODV.    and 

WOOD 228 

pudica  SALISB 228 

reniformi*  Cov 227 

tuberosa  GREENE 227 

Castaneaceae  BAILLON 186,  190 

Caxtanopsis  (Sect, ) 190 

Castellia  TIN 82 

Custttfrja  LINN,  f 470 

Castilleja  acuminata  SPRENG.  470 

Castilleja  cocdnea  (LiNN.) 471 


Castilleja  grandiflora  SPRENG.  470 
Castilleja  pallida  var.  acuminata 

(PURSH.) 470 

Castilleja  pallida  var.  septen- 

trionalis  GRAY 470 

septentrionalis  LINDL.  .  470 

Castilleja  sessiliflora  PURSH 470 

Catabrosa  elodes  R.  and  S 78 

Catacline  EDGEW 327 

Catapodium  LINK 82 

Catenaria  BENTH 319 

Catha  ENDL 348 

Cathartocarpus  PERS 309 

Cathartoli  num  REICH 335 

Cathea  SALISB 175 

Cathea  tuberosa  < LINN. ) 175 

Catonia  MOENCH 567 

Caturus  LINN,  ex  KUNTZE 198 

Caturus  LINN,  ex  SCHREB 34 L 

Caulinia  WILLD 40 

flexilis  WILLD 40 

Caulophyllum  MICHX 250 

thalictroides  MICHX 250 

CaviniumTnou 409 

Ceanothus  LINN 355 

Ceanothus  americanus  LINN  —  356 

Ceanotbus  herbaceus  RAF 356 

intermedius  HOOK 355 

intermedius  RAF 356 

offlcinalis  RAF 356 

ovalisBiG 355 

Ceanolhus  ovatus  DESV 355 

Ceanothus  perennis  PURSH.  . .  356 

sanguirieus  NUTT 356 

— trinervus  MOENCH 356 

Celastraceae 348 

Celastrophyllum 349 

Celastrus  LINN 348 

bullatus  LINN 349 

Celastrus  scandens  LINN 349 

Gel  tideae  ENDL 192 

Celtis  LINN 194 

Celtis  alba  DC 194 

canina  RAF 194 

crassi  folia  LAM 194 

mississippiensis  Bosc. ..  194 

Celtis  occidentals  LINN 1 94 

obi iqua  MOENCH 194 

pumila  PURSH 194 

Cenchrus  LINN 52 

carolinianus  WALT 52 

echinatus  MUHL 52 

Cenchrus  tribuloides  LINN 52 

Centauropsis  DC 499 

Centrapalus  CASS 499 

Centrocarpha  Don 537 

triloba  Don 538 

CentrochilusSCHAUER 165 

Centropappus  HOOK,  f 554 

Centrophorum  TRIN 47 

Centunculus  LINN 415 

Centunculus    lanceolatus 

Micnx 415 

Centunculus  minimus  LINN 415 


776 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Cepa  SALTSB 147 

schoenoprasum  MOENCH  148 

Cephalonoplos  NECK 558 

Cephalophora  CAV 547 

Cephalorhyncus  Boiss 5(50 

Cephaloschoen us  NEES 104 

Cephaloxys  DESVX 138 

Cera mioceph alum  Scn.-BiP. ..  567 

Ceranthera  MOENCH 458 

Ceraseidos  S.  and  Z 306 

Cerasophora  NECK 306 

Cerastium  LINN 223 

arvense  LINN 223 

arvense    var.    bracteatum 

(RAF) 223 

Cerastium  arvense  var.  oblong- 

ifolium  BRITT  &  HOLL  223 

Cerastium  arvense  PURSH 223 

bracteatum  RAF 223 

elongatum  PURSH 223 

glutinosum  NUTT 224 

1  ongipedunculatum 

MUHL 224 

Cerastium  nutans  RAF .   .  224 

Cerastium  oblongifolium 

ANDERS 224 

oblongifolium  TORR —  223 

pennsylvanicum  HOOK..  223 

pennsylvanicum  HORN..  223 

pubescens  GOLD 223 

teuellum  FENZL 224 

tenuifoliuui  PURSH 223 

villosum  MUHL 223 

Cerasus  Juss •. 306 

Cerasus  americana  HOOK 305 

borealis  MICHX 308 

densiflora  SPACH 307 

depressa  SER ' 306 

duerinckii  MART 307 

flmbriata  SPACH 307 

glauca  MOENCH 306 

hiemalis  DO 305 

hirsuta  SPACH 307 

micrantha  SPACH 307 

nigra  HOOK 305 

obovata  BECK 307 

Cerasus pennsylvanica  (LiNN.  f .)  307 

Cerasus  persicifolia  Lois 308 

Cerasus  pumila  (LiNN. ) 306 

serotina  (En  RH.  ) 306 

Cerasus  serotina  HOOK 307 

Cerasus  virginiana  iLiNN.) 307 

Cerasus  virginiana  var.  B.  T. 

and  G 307 

virginiana  Micnx 306 

Ceratocapnos  DUR 254 

Ceratocephalus  MOENCH 241 

Ceratocephalus  VAILL 545 

Ceratochloa  BEAUV 84 

Ceratophyllaceae 229 

Ceratoijhyllum  LINN 229 

—  demersum  LINN 229 

Ceratosanthus  SCHUR 234 

Ceratoschoenus  NEES 104 


Cercostylos  LESS 548 

Ceremanthe  REICH 459 

Cerophyllum  SPACH 278 

Cestichis  THOU 173 

Chaeradoplectron  SCHAU 165 

Chaerophyllum    aristatum 

THUNB 398 

Chaetaria  BEAUV 56 

Chaetobromus  NEES 69 

Chaetocyperus  NEES 99 

urceolatus  LEIBM 100 

Chaetodiscus  STEUD 136 

Chaetoptelea  LTEBM 193 

Chamaebuxus  DC 337 

Cha maecalamus  MEYEN 64 

t  hamaecrista  E.  MEY 309 

Chamaedaphne  calyculata 

MOENCH 407 

Chamaedrys  MOENCH 455 

Chamaemespilus  MED 283 

Chamaepeuce  DC  558 

Chamaeplium  SPACH 257 

Chamaerhodes  BUNGE 293 

Chamissonia  LINK 381 

Chamoenerium  TAUSCH 376 

angustifolium  SPACH.  . .  379 

Chamoletta  ADANS 160 

Chapelliera  NEES 103 

Cheilyctis  RAF 450 

Cheiranthus  asper  NUTT 268 

hesperioides  T  and  G.  . .  256 

Cheiropsis  DC 240 

Cheiropterocephalus  RODRIG.  172 

Cheliusa  Scn.-BiP 499 

Chelone  LINN 460 

Chelone  alba  PURSH 460 

alba>pRENG 461 

Chelone  glabra  LINN 4~60 

Chelone  gracilis  SPRENG 462 

grand iflora  SPRENG 46L 

hirsutus  LINN 462 

pent&temon  LINN 462 

Cheuopodiaceae 211 

Chenopodium  LINN 211 

Chenopofjium  album  Bosc —  212 

Chenopodium  boscianum  MOQ  . .  212 

capitatum  (LiNN.) 212 

rubrum  LiNN 211 

Chesneya  BERT 394 

Chilocalyx  KL 270 

Chimaphila  PURSH 402 

corymbosa  PURSH . .  402 

maculata  PURSH 402 

umbellata  NUTT 402 

Chiogenes  SALISB 407 

hispidula  (LiNN.) 407 

Chiogenes  japonica  GRAY  —  4u7 

serpylJifolia  SALISB 407 

Chitonia  SALISB  144 

Chloris  curtipendula  MUHL.  . .  71 

Cblorocrepis  GRISEB 568 

Chloromeles  DECN 283 

ChomeliaVEL 350 

Chondrilla  illinoensis  Pom.  . .  566 


INDEX. 


777 


Chondrolomia  NEES 105 

Chondrosea  HAW 274 

Chondrosium  DEPVX 70 

foenum  TORR  71 

hirtum  HBK ....  71 

oligostachyum  TORR.  ..  72 

ChorisisDC 560 

Chorisma  DON  560 

Christophoriana  TOURN 232 

Chroilema  BERNH.. 514 

ChromolaenaDC 501 

Chronopappus  DC 499 

Chrosperma  RAF...   144 

Chrysa  RAF 23L 

borealis  RAF 231 

Chrysamphora  GREENE 271 

Chrysanthemum  carolinianum 

WALT 515 

Chry<ion  SPACH 366 

Chrysis  REN 539 

ChrysobalaneaeENDL 281 

Chrysobotrya  SPACH 278 

ChrysocomagraminifoliaLiNN  508 

tomentosa  ELL 500 

Chrysocoptis  NUTT 231 

Chrysomelea  TAUSCH 543 

Chrysoma  NUTT 508 

ChrysopogonTRiN 47 

- — nutans  BH 48 

Chrysophthalrnum  PHIL 506 

Chrysopsis  NUTT 507 

alba  NUTT 516 

amvgdalinus  NUTT 516 

canescens  T.  and  G 507 

echioides  BENTH 507 

villosa  NUTT 507 

Chrysosplenium  LINN ,  277 

americanum  SCHW 277 

Chrysostemma  LESS 543 

Chylisma  SPACH 381 

Chylocalyx  HASSK 204 

Cicerbita  WALLR 560 

Cicerella  MOENCH 313 

Cicercula  ALEF 313 

Cichoriuin  BAILL 564 

Cicuta  LINN 395 

bulhifera  LINN 395 

Cicuta  maculata  LINN 395 

perennans  WALT 397 

Cicuta     virosa     var.    maculata 

(LiNN.) 395 

Cicutaria  TOURN 395 

bulbifera  LAM 395 

maculata  LAM 395 

Ciliaria  HAW 274 

Cimicif  uga  LINN 232 

Ciminalis  ADANS 418 

Cinchonaceae  LINDL 478 

Cineraria  LINN 553 

canadensis  WALT  ....  553 

congesta  R.  BR 557 

heterophylla  PURSH 556 

palustris  LINN 557 

pratensis  HERD 555 


Cinna  LTNN 64 

arundinacea  LINN 64 

Cinna  latifolia  GRISEB 64 

mexicana  LINK 59 

racerm.sa  KUNTH 60 

sobolifrtra  LINK 60 

tenuifl ora  LINK 59 

Cinnastrum  FOURN 66 

Cionisaccus  BREDA 171 

Citcaea  LINN 379 

alpina  LINN 380 

Circaea  canadensis  HILL 380 

Circaea  lutetiana  LINN 380 

Circaea   lutetiana    var.   cana- 
densis LINN 380 

Cirsium  DC 558 

bigelovii  DC 558 

discolor  SPRENG 559 

diversifolium  DC 559 

muticum  MICHX 558 

pumilum  SPRENG 558 

Cissampelopsis  MIQ 553 

Cissampelos  smilacina  LINN.  .  251 

Cissus  hederacea  PERS 357 

Cistaceae 364 

Cistus  LINN 365 

canadensis  HILL 365 

Cladium   P   BR 103 

mariscoides  TORR 104 

triglomeratum  NEES...  105 

Cladopogon  Sc-H.-BiP 554 

Cladoraphis  FRANCH 74 

Clandestinaria  SPACH 259 

Claotrachelus  ZOLL 500 

Clavula  acicularis  DUM 100 

ovata  DUM 102 

palustris  DUM 101 

Claytonia  LINN 218 

Claytonia  acutiflora  SWEET.  . .  218 

grand  i flora  SWEET 218 

Claytonia  virginica  LINN 218 

Cleisies  L.  C.  RICH 169 

Clematis  LINN 240 

Clematis  cord ata  PURSH 240 

Clematis  hirsutissima  PURSH.  239 

Clematis  mi  giniana  LINN 240 

Cleome  LINN 269 

Cleome  dodecandra  MICHX —  270 

integrifolium  T.  and  G.  270 

Cleome  serrulata  FURSH 270 

Cleome  viscosa  SPRENG 270 

Clethraceae  B.  and  H 405 

Clethropsis  SPACH 189 

Clidanthera  H.  BR 322 

Clinopodium  LINN  em.  BENTH  451 

vulgare  LINN 451 

Clintonia  RAF 151 

borealis  (AiT.) 151 

Cliocarpus  MIERS 458 

Cliococca  BAB 335 

Clomena  BEAUV 58 

Clomenocoma  CASS... 548 

Clymenum  TOURN 313 

Clypeola  caroliniana  WALT.  . .  257 


778 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 


Cneoraceae  BAILL 336 

Cnicus  LINN 558 

altissimus  (LiNN . ) 559 

Cnicus  altissimus  var.  discolor 

GRAY 559 

Cnicus  discolor  MUHL 559 

Cnicus  glutinosus  BIGEL 558 

Cnicus  muticus  (Micnx.) 558 

odoratus  ( MUHL. ) 558 

Cnicus  pumilus  TORR 558 

Cnicus  undulatus  (NUTT.)  .     . .  559 

Codariocalyx  H ASSK 319 

Codomia  GAUD 364 

Codonoprasum  REICH 147 

Codonorchis  LINDL 169 

Coelachyruni  NEES 74 

Coelantha  BORKH 418 

Coeloglossum  HART 165 

Coleataenia  GRIS 49 

Coleonema  MAX 263 

Coleosanthus  CASS 501 

Collinaria  EHRH 77 

Collomia  NUTT 433 

linearis  NUTT 433 

Colobachne  BEAUV 61 

Colobanthus  TRIN 76 

ColuriaR.  BR 299 

Comaclinium  SCHEIDW 548 

Comandra  NUTT 200 

livida  RICH 200 

pallida  A.  DC 200 

umbellata  (LiNN.) 200 

Comaropsis  Jj.  C.  RICH 299 

Comarostaphylis  Zucc 408 

Comarum  LINN 293 

angustit'olium  RAF 296 

digHatum  RAF 296 

palustre  LINN 296 

Commelinadubia  JACQ 138 

Commelinaceae 1 36 

Com  peri  a  C.  Koch 164 

Compositae 499 

Comptonia  BANKS 178 

asplenif'olia  BANKS 179 

Conobea  boreal  is  SPRENG 464 

Conoclinium  DC 501 

Consolea  LEMAIRE 371 

Consolida  LINDL 234 

Convallaria  biflora  WALT 155 

bifolia  LINN 152 

—  caniculata  WILLD 154 

— comnjutataScHULT..  ..  154 

—  multiflora  MICHX 155 

parviflora  Pom 155 

— quadriflda  LAM 152 

racemosa  LINN 154 

stellata  LINN 153 

— tetrapetala  GILIB 152 

trifoliaLiNN 153 

umbellata  TORR 151 

Convolvulaceae 427 

Convolvulus  sepium  LINN 428 

• spithameus  LINN 428 

Conyza  LINN 525 


Conyza  asteroides  LINN 524 

Conyz-lla  RUPR 255 

Coppoleria  TODAR 315 

Coprosmanthus  KUNTH 157 

herbaceus  KUNTH 158 

Coptis  SALISB 231 

trifolia  SALISB 231 

Coralliorhiza  PFITZ 174 

Corallorhiza  R.  BR 174 

corallorhiza  (LiNN. ) 174 

Corallorhiza  dentata  HOST —  175 

halleri  RICH 175 

hiemalis  BART 176 

Corallorhiza  in nata  NUTT 174 

innata  R.  BR 174 

i  n  t  a  c  t  a    CHAM,    and 

SCHLECHT 175 

Corallorhiza  multiflora  NUTT..  174 

Corallorhiza  verna  NUTT 175 

Cordiaceae  ENDL  436 

Cordylestylis  FALC 171 

Cordylia  BLUME 169 

Coreopsides  MOENCH 543 

Coreopsis  LINN 543 

Coreopsis  aristata  WILLD 544 

Coreopsis  aristosa  MICHX  544 

Coreopsis  aurea  LINDL 544 

bidens  LINN 546 

pidens  WALT 545 

Coreohsis  palmata  NUTT 544 

Coreopsis  pauci flora  LEHM —  544 

perfoliata  WALT 545 

praecox  FRES  — 544 

Coreopsis  tinctoria  NUTT 544 

trichosperma  MICHX 544 

Coreosma  SPACH 278 

florida  SPACH 279 

Coresanthe  ALEF 160 

Corethrum  VAHL 70 

Coridochloa  NEES 49 

Corispei-mum  LINN 212 

hyssopifolmm  LINN 212 

Corispermum  patens  FISCH..  .  212 

squarrosum  VAHL 212 

Cormus  SPACH 283 

Cornaceae 399 

Cornus  LINN 399 

Cornus  alba  LAM 401 

alba  WALT 401 

—  albida  EHRH 400 

alterna 400 

Cornus  aUern'fJolia  LINN,  f 400 

asperifolia  MICHX 400 

Cornus  baileyi 401 

Cornus  canadensi*  LINN 399 

candidissima  MARSH 400 

circinatus  L'HER 401 

Cornus    herbacea    var.    cana- 

densisPALL 399 

lanuginosa  MICHX 401 

obliqua  RAF 401 

paniculata  L'HER 400 

Coruus  racemosa  LAM 400 

— sanguinea  MARSH  401 


INDEX. 


779 


Cornus  sericea  LINN 401 

Cornus  sericea  var.    asperifo- 

lia  DC 400 

Cornus  stolonifera  MICHX 401 

Cornus  stricta  LAM 400 

Cornucopia  perennans  WALT..  65 

Cornucopia  hiemalis  WALT.  . .  65 

Corona-solis  TOURN 539 

Coryanthus  NUTT 450 

Corydalis  DC 254 

aurea  WILLD 254 

aurea   var.  micrantha 

ENGELM 255 

canadensis  GOLDIE 253 

cucullaria  PERS 253 

flavula  DC 255 

f ormosa  PURSH 253 

glauca  PURSH 255 

mkrantha     WATS    and 

COULT 255 

sempervirens  PERS 255 

speciosa  MAX 254 

Corylaceae  LINDL 186 

Corylus  LINN 187 

americana  WALT 188 

Corylus  avellana  LED 187 

humilis  WILLD 188 

Cor.L  lus  rostrata  AIT 187 

Corylus    rostrata  var.   mand- 

schurica  REGEL •  187 

Corynandra  SCHRAD 270 

CorynostigmaPRESL 375 

Cosmanthus  NOLTE 435 

—  flrabriatus  A. DC 436 

Costia  WILLK.  ( 1858) 85 

Costia  WILLK.  (1860) 160 

Costinus  TOURN 346 

Coulterina  O.K 263 

Courtoisia  REICH. 433 

Cracca  LINN 327 

Cracca  caroliniana  ALEF 316 

Cracca  virginiana  (LiNN.) 328 

Cracca  Riv 315 

Crassulaceae 273 

Crassocephalum  MOENCH 554 

Crataegus  LINN 287 

Cratasg  us  carrierei  CARR 287 

Crataegus  coccirtea  LINN 288 

Crataegus  coccinea  var.  mollis 

T.  AND  G 288 

coccinea  var.  oligandra 

T.  AND  G  288 

coccinea  var.  viridis  T. 

AND  G 288 

coronaria  SALISB 284 

Crataegus  crus-galli  LINN 287 

Crataegus  crus-galli  var  splen- 

dens  AIT 287 

glandulosa  var.  rotundi- 

folia  REGEL : 288 

latifolia  PERS 288 

laurifolia  MED 287 

lavallei  HORT.  PAR 287 

— leucophaeus  MOENCH...  289 


Crataegus  lobata  Bosc 289 

lucida  MILL 287 

Crataegus  mollis  SCHEELE 288 

Crataegus  pyrifolia  AIT 289 

pyrifolia  LAM 284 

racemosa  LAM 286 

rotundifolia  MOENCH...  288 

serrulata  POIR 284 

subvillosa  TORR 288 

texanaBucKL 288 

tomentosa  EMERS 288 

Crataegus  tomentosa.  LINN 289 

Crataegus  tomentosa  var.  mol- 
lis GRAY 288 

— tomentosa  var.  pyrifolia 

GRAY 289 

viridis  Ell 288 

watsoniana  ROEM 287 

Cratericarpum  SPACH 381 

Cremocephaluiu  CASS 554 

Cremopyrum  SCHUR 85 

Crepidium  BLUME 172 

Crepidium  NUTT 568 

runcinatum  NUTT 568 

Crepidium  TAUSCH 567 

Crepidospermum  FR 568 

Crepinea  REICH 567 

Crepis  LINN 567 

Crepis  biennis  var.  americana 

DC 568 

biennis  var.  B.  HOOK...  568 

Crepis  runcinata  (JAMES) 568 

Crinipes  HOCHST 69 

Crinita  MOENCH 516 

Crinitaria  CASS 515 

Griosanthes  RAF 162 

Critesion  RAF 86 

geniculatum  RAF 87 

Critho  E.  MEY 86 

Crithopsis  J  AUB  et  SPACH  —  86 

Critonia  DC 501 

kuhnia  GAERTN 503 

Critoniopsis  Scn.-BiP 499 

Crocanthemum  SPACH 364 

Ctossostigma  SPACH 376 

Crotalopsis  MICHX 310 

t  'ruciferae 256 

Cryosanthes  borealis  RAF 164 

Cryptoceras  SCHOTT f  —  254 

Cryptoglochin  HEUFFL 105 

Cryptolobus  SPRENG 311 

Cry ptopleura  NUTT 564 

Cry ptostachys  STEUD 62 

CryptotaeniaDC 397 

canadensis  DC 397 

Crystallopollen  STEETZ 499 

Cubospermum  LOUR 375 

Cucubalus  SPACH 219 

niveusNuTT 220 

stellatus  LINN 221 

Cucullaria  bulbosa  RAF 253 

Cucurbitaceae 493 

Cujunia  ALEF —  315 

Cunila  hispida  SPRENG 451 


780 


METASPERMAE   OP  THE  MINNESOTA  VALLEY. 


Cunonieae  B.  and  H 274 

Cupameni  ADANS 340 

Cupuliferae  B.  and  H 186,  190 

Curtisia  SCHLIEB. 337 

Curtopogon  BEAUV 56 

Cuscuta  LINN 427,  429 

Cuscuta  americana  LINN  (Gro- 

nov.) 429 

arvensis  BEYR 430 

arvensis  var.  calycina 

ENGELM 430 

arvensis  var.  pentagona 

ENGELM 430 

arvensis   var.  verrucosa 

ENGELM 430 

Cuscuta  cephalanthi  ENGELM..  430 

Cuscuta  chlorocarpa  ENGELM.  431 

Cuscuta  coryli  ENGELM 430 

Cuscuta  glornerata  CHOIS 429 

Cuscuta  gronovii  WILLD 429 

Cuscuta  gronovii  var.  latiflora 

ENGELM 430 

Cuscuta   gronovii   var.    saururi 

(ENGELM.) 430 

Cuscuta  i nflexa  ENGELM 430 

Cuscuta  paradoxa  RAF 429 

Cuscuta  pentagona  ENGELM..  430 

Cuscuta  polygonorum  ENGELM..  431 

Cuscuta  sau  ruri  ENGELM 430 

ten u  5  flora  ENGELM 430 

um  brosa  BEYR 429, 430 

verrucosa  ENGELM 430 

vulgivaga  ENGELM 429 

Cuscutaceae  LINDL 427 

Cuscutina  PFEIFF . ..  429 

Cussutha  DESM 429 

Cuviera  KOEL 86 

Cyamus  SM 225 

lutea  NUTT 226 

pentapetalus  PURSH 226 

Cyanthillium  BL 499 

Cyanopis  DC 499 

Cyanoseris  SCHUR 560 

Cyanotris  RAF 151 

Cyathostyles  SCHOTT 458 

Cybele  FALC 365 

Cyclacharna  FRES 533 

xanthiifolia  (  NUTT.) 533 

Cyclobalanopsis  OERST 190 

Cyclobalanus  OERST 190 

Cyclomorium  WALP 319 

Cyclopogon  PRESL 170 

Cycnogeton  ENDL ..  41 

CydoniaTouitN 283 

Cylactis  RAF 289 

montana  RAF 292 

Cylindropus  NEES 105 

Cylipogon  RAF 328,  329 

CymbidiurucorallorhizaSw. ..  174 

hiemale  MUHL 176 

liliifoliura  WALT 174 

loeselii  Sw  173 

nemoralis  Sw 175 

neottia  SCOP 174 


Cymbidium  pulchellumWiLLD  175 

Cyrnbophyllum  F.  MULL 465 

Cymbopogon  SPRENG 47 

Cymboseris  Boiss..     567 

Cy  nocardamum  WEBB 256 

Cynoglossospermum  SIEG 440 

Cynoglossum  LINN 441 

Cynoglossum  aiuplexicaule 

MICHX 441 

morisoni  DC 440 

pilosum  NUTT 441 

Cynoglossum  virgltdcum  LINN.  .  441 

Cynorhiza  E.  and  Z •. ...  390 

Cynosurus  erucaeformis  AIT.  .  72 

secundus  PURSH 71 

Cynthia  DON 564 

amplexicaulis  BECK 564 

griffithii  NUTT 564 

virginica  DON 564 

Cyperaceae 89 

Cyperella  CRAM 142 

Cyperella  campestris  var.  multi- 

jZora  (EHRH.) 143 

Cyperites 97 

Cyperus  LINN 90 

Cyperus  acicularis  WITH 100 

alterniflorus  SCHWEIN..  92 

Cyperus  aristatus  ROTTB 93 

Cyperus  bicolor  BARTR 93 

— j-castaneus  BIGEL 93 

confertus  CHAPM 93 

Cyperus  diandrus  TORK 93 

diandrus  TORR.  var.  cas- 

taneus  ( BIGEL.) 93 

Cyperus  elliottianus  R  and  S.  93 

Cyperus  erythrorhlzos  MUHL...  92 

Cyperus  efythrorhizos  TORR..  91 

Cyperus  esculentus  LINN 92 

Cyperus  filiculmis  VAHL  92 

Cyperus  tiavepcens  var.  castan- 

eus  PURSH 93 

flavicomus  Micnx 91 

inflexus  MUHL 93 

mariscoides  ELL 92 

imchauxianusScnuLTES  91 

michauxianus  TORR —  91 

phymatodps  MUHL 92 

repens  ELL 92 

rivularis  KUNTH 93 

Cyperus  schweinitzii  TORR 92 

Cyperus  spathaceus  LINN 90 

Cyperus  speciosus  VAHL 91 

Cyperus  stenolepis  WATS 91 

strigosus  LAM 91 

Cyperus  strigosus  LINN 91 

' strigosus  var.  compressus 

BRITT 91 

Cyperus  uncinatus  PURSH 93 

CyphiaceaeDC 494 

Cyphomaoera  SENDT 458 

Cyprianthe  SPACH 241 

Cypripedilum  LINN  em.  PFITZ  .  162 

acauleAiT 162 

Cypripedilum  album  AIT 163 


INDEX. 


781 


Cypripedilum  arietinum  R.  BR..  164 

Cypripedilum  calceolus  MICH.  163 

calceolus  var.  G.  LINN.  .  163 

calcfolus  WALT 163 

canadense  MICHX 16  J 

Cypripedilum  candidum  MUHL.  164 

Cypripedilum  hirsutum  MILL.  163 

humiie  SALISB 162 

Cypripedilum    p  arv  iflorum 

SALISB 163 

pubescens  WILLD 163 

Cypripedilum  reginae  WALT..  163 

Cypripedilum  tpectubile  Sw 163 

Cypripedium.see  Cypripedilum. 

Cysticapnos  BOEHR 254 

Cyrtotropis  WALL 315 

Czernaevia  TUKCZ 391 

Czernya  PREISL ....  73 

Czernia  arundinace'a  PR 73 

D 

Dactylauthes  HAW 341 

Dactylicapnos  WALLICH 253 

Dactylis  cristata  M.  B 77 

cynosuroides  LINN 69 

Dactylophyllum  SPENN 294 

Dalea  LINN 329 

Dalea  alopecuroides  WILLD.  . .  33o 

Candida  WILLD 329 

cliffortiana  WILLD 330 

Dalea  dalea  (LiNN.) 330 

Dalea  linnaei  MICHX 330 

parviflora  PUKSH ...  325 

— — pedunculata  PURSH 330 

villosa  SPRENG 328 

Dalibarda  LTNN 288 

repens  LINN 290 

violaeoides  MICHX.  .....  290 

Danaa  Colla 554 

Danthonia  DC  69 

—  spicata(  LINN.) 69 

Dantia  THOU 375 

DaphnidostaphylisKL 408 

—  fendl<-riana  KL 408 

Daphniphyllaceae  MULL 340 

Daphnoidean   ENDL 372 

Darlinertonia  DC 308 

brachyloba   DC 308 

brevifolia  RAF 308 

Dasanthera  RAF 461 

Dasyphora  floribunda  RAF 295 

Dasystephaua  KORKU 418 

Dasy stoma  RAF 468 

Dasystuma    drummondii 

BKNTH 468 

pediculnria  BENTH 46S 

—  quercifolia  RENTH 488 

Datisca  hirta  LINN 347 

Decastemon  KL 270 

Decemium  RAF 434 

hirtum  RAF 435 

Deeringia  A  DANS 397 

canadeusis  (LiNN.) 397 

Delaira  LEM 554 


Delphiniastrum  SPACH 234 

Delphinium  LINN 234 

Delphinium  azureum  MICHX.  .  254 

Delphinium  carolinianum  W  A  LT  234 

exaltatum  AIT 234 

Delphinium  simplex  GRAY.  . .  2:i4 

Delphinium  tricorne  MICHX 234 

Delphinium   tridactylum 

MICHX 234 

urceolatum  JACQ 234 

vimineum  DON 234 

virescens  NUTT 234 

Delostylis  RAF 156 

Delucia  DC 545 

Demetria  LAG 506 

Dendrocnide  MIQ 197 

Dendiolobium  BENTH 319 

Denhamia  MEISSN 348 

Dens-Leonis  TOURN 562 

Dentaria  LINN 261 

concatenate  MICHX 262 

diphylia  MICHX 262 

laciniata  MUHL 262 

Depierrea  ANON 494 

Dermasea  HAW ..  274 

Dero  meria  REICH,  f 165 

Derouetia  BOLSS 567 

Descantaria  SCHLECHT 136 

Deschampsia  BEAU v 67 

caexpitosa  (  LINN.  ) 68 

Descurainia  WEB 257 

Desmanthus  WILLD 308 

brachylobus  BENTH 308 

illinoensis  MACM 308 

Desmodium  DESVX 319 

acuminatum  DC 3.51 

—  aikinianum  BECK 320 

boottii  TORR 320 

canadense  DC 319 

canescens  DC 320 

dillenii  DARL 320 

grandiflorurn  DC 321 

marylandicum  DC 320 

nudiflorumDC 321 

paniculatum  DC 320 

viridiflorum  DC 320 

Desmoschoenus  HOOK,  f 97 

Deyeuxia  CLAR 66 

- — canadensis  ( MICHX. ) 66 

neylecta  •  EHRH.  ) 66 

Diachynum  GRISEB 62 

DialestallBK 499 

Dialypetalum  BENTH 497 

Dianthera  KL 269 

Diaphane  SALISB ItO 

Diaphora  LOUR 105 

Diastatea  Sen EIDW 497 

Die-en tra  BERNII  , 253 

cucullariaDC 253 

eximia  BECK 253 

Dicerma  DC 319 

Dichaetophora  A.  GRAY 515 

Dichantium  WILLEM...  , 47 

Dichodon  BARTL 223 


782 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Dichostylis  BEAUV 97 

Dichostylis  NEES , 90 

Dichotophyllum  DILL 229 

Dichotophylluro  KL.  and  G. . .  341 

Diclidium  SCHRAD 91 

Diclytra  BORKH 253 

canadensis  DC 253 

cucullaria  AUCT 253 

Dicotyledones 176 

Didymochaeta  STEUD 64 

Didymoplexis  GRIFF 169 

Diectomis  HBK 47 

Dienia  LINDL 172 

Diervilla  LINN 486 

Diervilla  canadensis  WILLD  . .  487 

Diervilla  diervilla  (  LINN.  ) 487 

Diervilla  humilis  PERS 487 

lutea  PURSH 487 

tournefortii  MICHX 487 

triflda  MOENCH 487 

Dieteria  NUTT 515 

spinulosa  NUTT 514 

Digitaria  RICH 49 

Digraphis  TRIN 54 

arundinacea  TRIN 55 

Dileptium  diffusum  RAF 257 

— praecox  RAF 257 

Dilepyrum  RAF 57 

aristosum  MICHX 61 

minutiflorum  MICHX 59 

Dimorphanthus  CASS 525 

Dimorphanthus  MIQ 385 

Dimorphostachys  FOURN 49 

Dinebra  DC *. 70 

Diodonta  NUTT 543 

aristosa  NUTT 544 

coronata  NUTT 544 

Diomedia  BERT,  and  COLL 539 

Dioscorea  LINN 160 

Dioscorea  paniculata  MICHX.  .  160 

quinataWALT 160 

Dioscorea  villosa  LINN 160 

Dioscoreaceae 159 

Diosmeae  ENDL 336 

Diplacrum  R.  BR 105 

Diplacus  NUTT 462 

Diplarrhenas  RAF 96 

Diplasanthus  Desvx 47 

Diplochaeta  NEES 104 

Diplogon  RAF 507 

villosum  (PuRSU) 507 

Diplopappus  CASS 515 

al  bus  HOOK 516 

amygdalinus  T.  and  G. .  516 

dubius  CASS 527 

h ispidus  HOOK ,507 

piiinatifldus  HOOK 514 

umbellatus  T.  and  G 516 

umbellatus  var.  pubens 

GRAY 516 

villosus  HOOK 507 

Diplophylluin  LEHM 465 

Diplosastera  TAUSCH 543 

Diploscyphum  LIEBM 105 


Diplotaenia  Boiss 390 

Diplotheca  HOCHST 323 

Diptera  BORKH 274 

Dirca  LINN 372 

palustris  LINN 372 

Disarrenum  LABILL 55 

Discomela  RAF 539 

Disgrega  HASSK 136 

Disocarpus  LIEBM 197 

Dissorhy nchium  SCHAUER ....  165 

Distegocarpus  S.  and  Z 186 

Distephanus  CASS 499 

Disterigrna  KL 410 

Distichmus  RAF '96 

Distimus  RAF 90 

Disynaphia  DC 501 

Diurospermum  EDJW 473 

Dobrowskia  PRESL 497 

Doellingera  NEES 515 

ptarmicoides  NEES 516 

Dofla  ADANS 372 

Dolichos  polystachyos  LINN.  .  312 

Dolicotheca  CASS 543 

Dollinera  ENDL 319 

Dollineria  SAUT 263 

Donax  boreal  is  TRIN 80 

festucaceus  BEAUV  —  79 

Donia  R.  BR 506 

squarrosa  PURSH 506 

Dorema  DON 390 

Doria  ADANS 508 

Dorobaea  CASS 554 

Doronica  WIGHT 554 

Doronicum  ramosum  WALT.  . .  526 

Dortmanna  NECK 497 

Dorynchium  MOENCH 330 

Dougaldia  CASS 547 

Draba  LINN 263 

caroliniana  WALT 264 

Draba  caroliniana  var.  micran- 

thaGRAY 264 

hispidula  MICHX 264 

Draba  micrantha  NUTT 264 

Draba  nemoralis  EHRH 263 

Draba  nemorosa  LINN 263 

Draba  nemorosa  var.hebecarpa 

LED 263 

nemorosa  var.  lejocarpa 

LED 263 

Draba  verna  LINN 264 

Draba  verna  var.  americana 

PERS 264 

umbellata  MUHL 264 

Drabopsis  G.  KOCH 257 

Dracaena  borealis  AIT 151 

Dracocephalum  LINN 448 

Dracocephalum  lancifolium 

MOENCH 446 

Dracocephalum  parviflorum 

NUTT 448 

Dracocephalum  variegatum 

VENT...,. 446 

virginianum  LINN 446 

Dracontium  foetid um  LINN..  131 


INDEX. 


783 


Dracopsis  CASS 537 

DregeaE.andZ 390 

Drosanthe  SPACH 362 

Drosera  LINN 272 

Drosera  americana  WILLD 272 

anglica  HUBS 272 

foliosa  ELL 272 

Drosera  intermedia  DREV.  and. 

HAYNE 272 

intermedia    DREV.    and 

HAYNE  var.  americana 

(WILLD.) 272 

linearis  GOLD 272 

Drosera  longifolia  LINN 272 

longifolia  MICHX 272 

Drosera  rotundifolia  LINN 273 

Droseraceae 271 

Drummondia  DC 276 

Drupaceae  LINDL 281 

Dryadanthe  ENDL 293 

Dubrueilia  GAUDICH 198 

Dubyaea  DC 560 

Duchesnia  SM 292 

Dufourea  GREN 223 

Dufresnia  DC 492 

Dulcamara  MOENCH 458 

Dulia  ADANS 405 

Dulichium  PERS 90 

Dulicnium  canadense  PURSH  .  90 

Dulichium  spathaceus  LINN 90 

Damreichera  HOCHST 361 

Duretia  GAUDICH 198 

cylindrica  GAUDICH 199 

Dysmicodon  NUTT 496 

californicum  NUTT 496 

ovatum  NUTT 496 

Dyssodia  CAV 548 

Dyssodia     chrysanthaemoides 

LAG 549 

fastigiata  DC 549 

E 

Dyssodia  papposa  (VENT) 548 

Eatonia  RAF 76 

obtusata  (  MTCHX.  ) 76 

pennsyluanica  (DC. ) 76 

Echenais  CASS 558 

Echinacea  MOENCH 536 

angustifolia  DC 539 

pallida  NUTT 539 

sanguinea  NUTT 539 

Echinocaulos  HASSK 204 

Echinochloii  BEAUV 49 

Echinocystis  T.  and  G 493 

echinata  BSP 494 

lobata  T.  and  G 494 

Echinolytrum  DESVX 103 

Echinomeria  NUTT 539 

Echinopepon  NAUD 493 

EcMaoschoenus  NEES 104 

Echinosperrnum  Sw 440 

deflexum  LEHM 441 

patulum  LEHM 441 

pilosum  BUCKL 441 


Echinospermum  redowskii  var. 

occidentale  WATS 441 

Echinospermum  strictum  TORR  441 

virginianum  HITCH 440 

virginicum  LEHM 440 

Echthronema  HERB 161 

Edwardsia  NECK 545 

Egeria  PLANCH 45 

Ehretiaceae  LINDL 436 

Ehrhartia  WIGG 53 

clandestina  WIGG 54 

Einomenia  KLOTZSCH 201 

Elaeagnaceae 373 

Elaeagnus  LINN 373 

Elaeagnus  argentea  NUTT 373 

Elaeagnus  argentea  PURSH 373 

Elaeagnus  commutata  BERNH  373 

Elaterium  trifoliatum  LINN.  .  493 

Electra  DC 543 

Electrosperma  F.  MULL 136 

Elephantodon  SALISB 160 

Eleocharis  see  Heleocharis. 

Eleocharis  cal  va  TORR 102 

costata  PR 100 

diandra  WRIGHT 102 

glaucescens  R.  AND  S. . .  102 

1  eptophy  lla  SCHULT 99 

obtusa  SCHULTES 102 

polycaula  WEND 101 

uniglumis  SCHULTES...  101 

Eleochy tris  PENZL 390 

Eleogenus  NEES 99 

ovatus  NEES 102 

Eleogiton  LINK 97 

Elisanthe  FENZL 219 

Ellisia  LINN 434 

ambigua  NUTT 434 

nyctalea  LINN 434 

Elmigera  REICH 461 

Elodea  L.  C.  RICH 45 

anadensis    RICH    and 

MICHX 46 

Elodea  SPACH 362 

Elodes  SPACH 362 

campanulata  PURSH 364 

virginica  NUTT 364 

Elymus  LINN 87 

canadensis  LINN 88 

canadensis   var.   glauci- 

folius  TORR 88 

caninus  LINN 85 

elymoides  (RAF.) 87 

glaucifolius  WILLD 88 

hystrix  LINN 89 

philadelphicusLiNN 88 

sitanion  R.  and  S 88 

striatus  WILLD 88 

striatus  var.  villosus, 

GRAY 88 

villosus  MUHL 88 

virginicus  LINN 88 

Elytrigia  DESVX 85 

Elytrospermum  C.  A.  MEY 97 

Emilia  CASS 554 


784 


METASPERMAE  OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Ernpusa  LINDL 1 73 

Empusaria  REICH 173 

Encrypta  NUTT 434 

Endodeea  RAF 201 

Endooles  SALISB 144 

Endoptera  DC 567 

EndusaALEF 315 

Enemion  RAF 231 

biternatum  RAF 

EngelmanniaBAiLL 531 

Engelmannia  PFEIFF 429 

Endria  VELLOZ 384 

Ephemerura  MOENCH 136 

Epht'iueruni  REICH 412 

Ephippianthus  REICH 173 

Ephippiorhynchium  NEES 104 

Epk-ostorus  RAF 281 

Epigyniuru  KL 410 

Epilepis  RENTH 543 

Epil i nella  FFEIFF  .   429 

Epilolium  LINN 376 

alpinum  GRAY 377 

auagallidifolium  AUCT. 

AM 377,378 

an yu»ti folium  LINN.  em.  379 

colorutum  MUHL 377 

densum  RAF  378 

divaricatum  RAF 377 

hornemanni  RCHB 377 

—  lineare  M  UHL 378 

molle  TORR 378 

oliganthum  MICHX 378 

- — origanil'oliunj  LAM 377 

palutftre  LINN 378 

palustre  var.    lineare 

GRAY.. 378 

palustre  var.  oligan- 

thum  BSP 378 

paucifl'»rum  SCHR 379 

rosDuarinifoliumPuRSH.  378 

—  spicatura  LAM  379 

squamatum  NUTT 378 

slri'tum  MUHL 378 

—  tetragonum  PURSH 377 

Epipactis  HALL 171 

c»rallorhizaCR 174 

Epipetrum  PHIL  160 

Epirhizanthus  BLTTME 338 

Kpi  trachys  K.  KOCH 558 

Eragrovtis  BEA  u v 74 

er«yro*lis  (  LINN.  ) 75 

hypnoides  (LAM.) 75 

Eragrostis  major  HOST 75 

megastachya  Li NK 75 

multiflora  ASCH 75 

Eraqrostis  pectinacea  (Micnx.).  74 
Eragrostis  pectinacea  var.spec- 

tabilkGRAY 74 

poaeoides    var.    mega- 
stachya G  RAY 75 

Eragrostis  purxhii  Sen  RAD 74 

Eragrostis  reptans  NEWS 75 

spectabilis  GRAY 74 

vulgaris    var.    megasta- 
chya Coss.  and  Germ. .  75 


Erechtites  RAF 553 

Erechtit^s  erecta  RAF 553 

Ei-echHtes  liieracifolia  >  LTNN.)  . .  553 

Erecht'tes  pradonga  RAF 553 

Eremanthe  SPACH 362 

Eremopyrum  LED 85 

Eremosporus  SPACH 362 

Eriachne  PHILLIPPI 49 

>  ricaceae 405 

Ericaceae  B.  and  H 402 

Ericala  DON 418 

Ericoila  HOKKH 418 

Erigeron  LINN 525 

Erigeron  ambiguusNuTT 526 

Eiiyeron  annuux  ( LINN.) 527 

Erigeron  asper  NUTT 526 

bellidifoliusMrHL 526 

Erigeron  caitadensis  LINN 527 

divaricatu*  MICHX 527 

glabellus  NUTT 526 

Erigeron  heterophyllus  MUHL.  527 

integrifolius  BIGEL 526 

nervosum  PURSH 526 

paniculatus  LAM 527 

philadelphicus  BART 526 

Eriyerort, philudelphicus  LINN..  525 

Erigeron  pulchellus  HOOK 526 

pulchellus  var.  a.  HOOK.  525 

Erigeron  pulche llus  MICHX 526 

Erigeron  purpureum  AIT 525 

purpureus  HOOK 525 

—  pusillus  NUTT 528 

Erigeron  ramoxus  ( W  ALT.) 526 

Eiigeron  strictum  DC 528 

strig<»sus  BIGEL.  ., 527 

stiigosus  MUFIL 526 

stri^osus  var.  discoideus 

ROBBINS 526. 

EriniaNouL 494 

Friocaulaceae 1 35 

Eriocaulon  LINN 136 

Eriocaulon     articulatum 

MORONG.. 136 

decangulare  HULL 136 

pellucidum  MICHX 1H6 

Eriocaulon  septangulare  WITH..  136 

Ericoma  NUTT 57 

Erinlepis  CASS           558 

Eriophorum  LINN 94 

Eriophorum  augustifolium 

TORR 94 

augustifolium  ROTH —  95 

caespitosum  HOST 95 

Erioplutrum  cyperinum  LINN  . .  95 

gracile  KOCH 96 

Eriophorum  gra<  ile  var.  pauc- 

inervium  ENGELM 94 

Eriophorum  latifolium  HOPPE..  95 

lineatum  ( MICHX.) 96 

Eriophorum   pnlystachion 

LINN^.  suec 95 

Eriophorum  poly  tachion  LINN. 

spec 95 

Eriophorum  polystachyon  DC.  95 


INDEX. 


785 


Eriophorum  polystachyon  var. 

latifolium  GRAY 95 

Eriophorum  pu  bescens  SM  —  95 

Eriophorum  triquetrumHoppE  94 

Eriophorum  vaginatum  LINN.  . .  95 

virginicum  LINN 94 

Eriophorum  vulgare  PERS  —  95 

Eriostomum  H.  AND  L 445 

Eriosynaphe  DC 390 

Eriphilema  HERB 161 

Erophaca  Boiss 323 

ErophilaDC 263 

americana  DC 264 

vulgaris  DC 264 

vulgaris  var.  americana 

DARL 264 

Erpetion  DC 366 

Ervites 316 

Ervum  LINN 315 

craccaTRAUTv 316 

Ervum  TOURN 315 

Eryngium  LINN 388 

aquaticum  LINN 388 

Eryngium  yuccaefolium  LINN  .  388 

Erysimum  LINN 268 

asperum  (NuTT. ) 268 

Erysimum  asperum  var.  incon- 

spicuum  WATS 268 

Erysimum  ctieiranUwides  LINN  .  269 

Erysimum  grandiflorum  NUTT  268 
Erysimum       inconspicuum 

(S.WATS.) 268 

Erysimum  lanceolatum  HOOK  268 

— lanceolatum  PURSH 268 

— parviflorum  NUTT 268 

parviflorum  PERS 269 

pinnatum  WALT 258 

Erythranthe  SPACH 463 

Ery thremia  NUTT 565 

Erythrocbaete  S.  and  Z 554 

Erythronium  LINN 150 

Erythronium  dens-canis    var. 

G.  LINN 150 

Erythronium  albidum  NUTT 150 

americanum  SM 150 

Erythronium  lanceolatum 

PURSH 150 

Erythrosana  SCHM 387 

Erythroxyleae  BAILL 335 

Erythroxyleae  B.  and  H 335 

Escalloniaceae  LINDL 274 

Eschenbachia  MOENCH 525 

Esdra  SALJSB 156 

Esera  NECK 272 

Esmarckia  REICH 223 

Esopon  RAF 565 

Espeletiopsis  Scn.-Bip 547 

Esula  HAW 341 

Eucapnos  S.  and  Z 253 

Eucastanea  (sect.) 190 

Bucephalus  NUTT 515 

Eucentrus  PRESL 348 

Eudorus  CASS 553 

Eudoxia  G.  DON 418 

-50 


Euchiton  CASS 529 

Euchroma  NUTT 470 

cocci  nea  NUTT 471 

grandiflora  NUTT 470 

Euklastaxon  STEUD 47 

Eumecanthus  KL.  and  G 341 

Eunanus  BENTH 462 

EuneadynamisGESN 277 

Eupatorium  LINN 501 

ageratoides  LTNN.  f .- 501 

altissimum  LINN.  Spec. . .  502 

Eupatorium  altissimum  LINN. 

Syst 501 

dubium  POIR 502 

falcatum  MICHX 502 

f  raseri  POIR 501 

f  usco-rubrum  WALT 502 

— lae vigatum  TORR 502 

maculatum  LINN 502 

odoratum  WALT 501 

Eupatorium  perfoliatum  LINN.  .  501 

— punctatum  WILLD 502 

Eupatorium  purpureum  LINN  . .  502 
Eupatorium    purpureum   var. 

maculatum  DARL 502 

Eupatorium  serotinum  MICHX..  502 

Eupatorium  ternifolium  ELL.  502 

trifoliatum  LINN 502 

verticillatum  MUHL....  502 

Euphorbia  LINN 341 

Euphorbia   androsaemifolium 

PRESL 343 

arkansana  ENGELM.  and 

GRAY 342 

Euphorbia  corallata  LINN 342 

Euphorbia  cyathophora  MURR  342 

depressa  TORR 343 

Euphorbia  dictuosperma  F.  and 

M 342 

— geyeri  ENGELM 344 

glyptosperma  ENGELM  . . .  344 

heterophylla  LINN 342 

humistrata  ENGELM 343 

Euphorbia  hypericifolia  HOOK  343 

hypericifolia  AUCT.  AM.  343 

hypericifolia   var.    com- 

munis  ENGELM 343 

— leucoloma  RAF 342 

maculata  LINN.  Mant..  343 

Euphorbia  raacwZatoLiNN.  Spec.  343 

marginata  PURSH 342 

nutans  LAG 343 

Euphorbia  polygonifolia  HOOK  344 

preslii  Guss 343 

Euphorbia  serpyllifolia  PERS.  . .  344 

Euphorbia  thymifolia  PURSH.  343 

trinervis  BERT 343 

Euphorbiaceae 340 

Euphorbiaceae  BAILL 344 

Euphorbiastrum  KL.  and  G. . .  341 

EuphrosynexanthiifoliaGRAY  533 

Eurybia  corymbosa  CASS 524 

jussiei  CASS 524 

macrophylla  CASS 524 


786 


META.SPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Eurybiopsis  DC 525 

Euryptera  NUTT 390 

Eury thalia  BORKH 418 

Eustylis  HOOK 391 

Euthamia  NUTT 508 

graminifolia  NUTT 508 

— occidentalis  NUTT  508 

Eutmon  RAF 218 

Eutoca  R.  BR 435 

Eutriana  TRIN 70 

curtipendula  TRIN 71 

oligostachyum  KUNTH.  .  72 

Eutroximon  GRAY 563 

EuxolusRAF 215 

Evaiezoa  pennsylvanica  RAF.  .  274 

Evallaria  NECK 154 

bifolia  NECK 152 

Evansia  SALISB 160 

Evonymoides   scandens 

MOENCH 349 

Evonymus  LINN 348 

— atropurpureus  JACQ 348 

Evonymus  carol iniensis  MARSH  348 

latifolius  MARSH 348 

Exarrhena  R.  Bit 439 

Exydra  ENDL 80 


Faba  TOURN 

Fabaceae  LINDL 

Fagaceae  

Fagara  LINN 

Fagus 

Falcata  GMEL 

comosa  (LiNN.) , 

Farfugium  LINDL , 

Farobaea  SCHR 

Faya  WEBB 

Fedia  GAERTN 

chenopodifolia  PURSH. 

fagopyrum  T.  and  G. . . 

radiata  MICHX 

—radiata  TORR 

triquetra  H.  and  S 

Fendleria  STEUD 

Ferula  TOURN 

fludicaulis  NUTT 

villosa  WALT 

Ferulago  KOCH 

Festuca  LINN 

Festuca  airoides  LAM 

—  arundinacea  LILJ 

— borealis  M.  K 

— bromoides  MICHX 

cristata  VILL 

donacinaWAHL 

— fluitans  LINN 

nigra  GILIB 

nutans  MOENCH 

Festuca  nutans  WILLD 

octoflora  WALT 

Festuca  ovina  LINN  .  

tenella  WILLD 

Festucaria  LINK  . . 


315 

308 

190 

337 

190 

311 

311 

554 

553 

178 

492 

492 

492 

492 

492 

492 

57 

390 

390 

392 

390 

82 

78 

79 

80 

83 

77 

80 

80 

83 

85 

83 

83 

83 

83 

82 


Ficaria  DILL 241 

Fimbrillaria  CASS 525 

Fimbristylis  V  AHL 102 

capillaris  GRAY 103 

melanostachya  BRONGN.  101 

Flammula  DC 240 

Fleurya  canadensis  B.  andH.  197 

Floerkea  SPRENG 494 

Flourensia  DC 539 

Fluminia  FRIES 79 

arundinacea  FR 80 

Fluvialis  MICH 40 

flexilis  PERS 40 

Fonkia  PHIL 464 

Forneum  ADANS 568 

Forrestia  RAF 355 

Fragaria  LINN 292 

Fragaria  elatior  EAT 293 

grayana  YILM 293 

illinoensis  PRINCE 293 

- — iowensis  PRINCE 293 

palustris  CR 296 

Fragaria  vesca  LINN 292 

—virginiana  var.  illinoensis 

(PRINCE) 293 

Fragariastrum  SCHUR 293 

Francoaceae  LINDL 274 

Frangula  MOENCH 356 

Franseria  CAV 534 

Fraxinus  LINN 415 

Fraxinus  acuminata  LAM 417 

alba  MARSH 416 

Fraxinus  americana  LINN 416 

Fraxinus  canadensis  GAERTN.  417 

caroliniana  PURSH 416 

co  n  color  MUHL 416 

discolor  MUHL 417 

epiptera  MICHX 417 

juglandifolia  WILLD.  ...  416 

nigra  DuRoi 416 

nigra  MARSH 416 

oblongocarpa  BUCKL..  . .  416 

pennsylvanica  MARSH..  416 

Fraxinus  pubescens  LAM 416 

sambucifolia  LAM 416 

Fraxinus  tpinentosa  MICHX.  f.  416 

Fraxinus  viridis  MICHX.  f 416 

Freiria  GAUDICH 199 

Froelichia  MOENCH 214 

floridana  (NuTT.) 214 

Fumana  DUN 364 

Fumanopsis  POMEL 365 

Fumaria  aurea  MICHX 254 

cucullaria  LINN 253 

flavula  RAF 255 

pallida  S ALISB 253 

sempervirens  LINN 255 

Fumariaceae  DC 252 

Funastrum  FOURN 423 

G 

Gaillardia  FOUGER 547 

aristata  PURSH 548 

Gaillardia  bicolor  HOOK 548 


INDEX. 


787 


Gaillardia  bicolor  var.  aristata 

NUTT 548 

lanceolata  DC 548 

rustica  CASS 548 

Galardia  LAM 547 

Galarhoeus  HAW 341 

corollatus  HAW 342 

Galatea  CASS 515 

GalatellaDC 515 

Galathenium  NUTT 560 

elongatum  NUTT 562 

floridanum  NUTT 561,  562 

ludovicianum  NUTT —  561 

sanguineum  NUTT 562 

Galbanophora  NECK 390 

GaleSPACH 178 

Galega  virginiana  LINN 328 

Galeopsis  MOENCH 445 

Galiaceae  LINDL 478 

Galilea  PARLAT 91 

Galium  LINN 479 

aparine  LINN 482 

asprellum  MICHX 480 

Galium  bermudianum  MUHL.  481 

Galium  boreale  LINN 481 

Galium  brachiatum  MUHL 482 

brachiatum  PURSH 479 

circaeoides  R.  and  S  . . . .  482 

Galium  circaezans  MICHX 482 

Galium  circaezans  var.  lauceo- 

latumT.  and  G 482 

— claytoni  MICHX 480 

Galium  concinnum  T.  and  G. . .  480 

Galium  cuspidaturn  MUHL 479 

Galium  lanceolatum  TORR 482 

Galium  micranthum  PURSH  . .  480 

obtusum  BIGEL 481 

parviflorum  RAF 480 

pennsylvanicum  BART.  .  479 

pensylvanicum  MUHL.  . .  480 

rubioides  AUCT.  AM 481 

septentrionale  R.  and  S.  481 

spinulosum  RAF 480 

strictum  TORR 481 

—  suaveolens  WAHL 479 

— tinctorium  LINN 480 

torreyi  BIGEL 482 

Galium  trifidum  LINN 480 

trifidum    var.    latifolium 

TORR 481 

Galium  trifldum  var.  obtusum 

(BlGEL.) 481 

Galium  trifiorum  MICHX 479 

Galorida  REUSCH 548 

Galurus  SPRENG 341 

Gamochaeta  WEDD 529 

Gampsoceras  STEV 241 

Gaudriloa  STEUD 211 

Garryaceae  ENDL  399 

Gastroglottis  BLUME.  .  .* 173 

Gatesia  BERTOL 328 

Gatyona  CASS 567 

Gaultheria  serpyllifolia  SALISB  407 

Gaum  LINN 376 


Gaum  biennis  LINN 376 

coccinea  NUTT 376 

Gaura  glabra  LEHM 376 

marginata  LEHM 376 

Gauridium  SPACH 376 

Gaytania  MUNST 394 

Genersichia  HEUFFL 105 

Gennaria  Pariat 165 

Gentiana  LINN 41 8 

Gentiana  alba  AUCT 419 

amarellqides  PURSH 420 

Gentiana  americana  (LiNN.)  . . .  420 

andrewsii  GRISEB 419 

Gentiana  andrewsii  var.  linearis 

HOOK 419 

barbata  FROEL 420 

brachypetala  BUNGE  . . .  420 

catesbaei  WALT 419 

ciliata  americana  LINN.  421 

crinita  FROEL 421 

detonsa  ROTTB 420 

elliottii  var.  (?)  latifolia 

CHAP 419 

fimbriata  ANDR 421 

Gentiana  flavida  GRAY 419 

Gentiana  linearis  var.  lanceo- 
lata GRAY... 419 

Gentiana  linearis  var.  rubricau- 

lis  (SCHWEIN. )    419 

Gentiana  pneumonanthe  AUCT. 

AM 419 

Gentiana  puberula  MICHX 420 

Gentiana  quinqueflora  HOOK.  420 

quinqueflora  LAM  420 

quinqueflora    var.    occi- 

dentalis  GRAY 420 

Gentiana  quinquefolia  var.  occi- 

dentalis  (GRAY) 420 

Gentiana  rubricaulis  SCHWEIN  419 

Gentiana  saponaria  LINN 419 

Gentiana  saponaria  var.  line- 
aris GRAY 419 

saponaria  var.   puberula 

GRAY 420 

Gentiana  serrata  GUNN 420 

Genlianaceae 417 

Gentianella  BORKH 418 

crinita  DON 421 

Georchis  LINDL 171 

Geracium  REICH 567 

Geraniaceae 322 

Geraniaceae  BAILL 334,  354 

Geraniaceae  B.  and  H 334,  354 

Geranium  LINN 333 

Geranium  afcrum  MOENCH 333 

Geranium  carolinianum  LINN.  .  333 

Geranium  lanuginosum  JACQ  333 

Geranium  maculatum  LINN 333 

Gerardia  LINN 468 

aspera  DOUGL 469 

auriculata  MICHX 468 

Gerardia  erecta  WALT 469 

fla  va 468 

Gerardia  glauca  SPRENG 468 


788 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY, 


Gerardia  grandiflora  BENTH  ...  468 

Gerardia  longfolia  BENTH 469 

maritima  var.    major 

CHAP . 469 

Gerardia  pedicularia  LINN 468 

purpurea  LINN 469 

Gerardia  purpurea  LINN 469 

quercifolia  PURSH 468 

Gerardia  tenuifolia  VAHL 469 

tenuifolia    var.    asperula 

GRAY 470 

Gerardia  virginica  (LiNN.) 468 

Geryonia  SCHUR 274 

Gesnouinia  GAUDICH 199 

Geum  LINN 299 

album  GMEL 301 

Geum  canadense  JACQ 301 

canadense  MURR 300 

carolinianum  WALT 301 

heterophyllum  DESF  —  301 

hirsutum  MUHL >.  301 

Geum  japonicum  THUNB 301 

Geum  macrophy Hum  WILLD  . .  301 

ranunculoides  SER 300 

Geum  rivale  LINN 300 

strictum  AIT 300 

Geum  strictum  var.  B  HOOK.  .  301 

Geum  virginianum  LINN 301 

Geum  virginianum  MURR 301 

Gilia  linearis  GRAY  . . 433 

Gingidium  FORST 391 

Girtanneria  alnifolia  RAF.  ...  356 

f  ranguloides  RAF.  .......  356 

Glandularia  GMEL 442 

Glomeraria  Cov 214 

Glossula  RAF 201 

Glumosia  HERB 161 

GlyceriaR.  BR 80 

aquatica  HOOK 81 

arundinacea  FR 80 

arundinacea  KUNTH 81 

canadensis  TRIN 82 

elongata  TRIN 82 

fluitans  R.  BR 80 

grandisWATS 81 

michauxii  KUNTH 81 

nervata  TRIN 81 

Glycine  anguluosa  MUHL 312 

apios  LINN 315 

comosa  LINN 311 

monoica  LINN 311 

sarmentosa  ROTH 311 

Glycosma  NUTT 398 

Glycyphylla  hispidula  RAF  .\  . .  407 

Glycyrrhiza  LINN 322 

Glycyrrhiza  glabra  TORR 322 

Glycyrrhiza  lepidota  (NUTT.). . .  322 

Glycyrrhizopsis  Boiss 322 

Glyphospermum  G.  DON 418 

Gnaphalium  LiNN 529 

Gnaphalium  conoideum  LAM.  .  530 

Gnaphalium  decurrens  IVES.  . . .  530 
Gnaphalium  diocum  var.  plan- 

taginifolium  MICHX.  .  528 


Gnaphalium  margaritaceaLiXN  529 

Gnaphalium  obtusifolium  LINN.  530 
Gnaphalium       plantagineum 

MURR 528 

plantaginifolium  LINN.  528 

polycephalum  MICHX.  . .  530 

Gnaphalium  uliginosum  LINN  . .  530 

Gnaphalopsis  DC 548 

Godetia  SPACH 380 

Godinella  LEST 412 

Gomphocarpus  R.  BR 423 

Gomphopetalum  TURCZ    391 

Gomphrena  floridana  SPRENG.  214 
Gongylocarpus    CHAM,    and 

SCHLECHT 376 

Gonogona  LINK 171 

Goodenieae  BAILL 494 

GoodyeraR.  BR...  171 

pubescens  R.  BR 171 

repens  R.  BR 172 

Graemia  HOOK 547 

'Gramineae 47 

Grammica  LOUR 429 

Grammatptheca  PRESL. 497 

Grammerium  DESVX 49 

Grantia  GRIFF 134 

brasiliensis  (WEDD.) 134 

columbiana  (KARST.) 135 

Graphephorum  arundinaceum 

ASCH 80 

f  estucaceum  GRAY 80 

Graphiosa  ALEF —  . . . , 313 

Gratiola  LINN 464 

Gratiola  anagallidea  MICHX.  .  464 

attenuata  SPRENG 464 

caroliniensis  PERS 464 

dilataMuHL 464 

missouriensis  BECK 464 

neglectaToRR 464 

officinalis  MICHX 464 

tetragona  ELL 464 

Gratiola  virginiana  LINN 464 

Grimaldia  SCHR 309 

Grindelia  WILLD 506 

Grindelia  arguta  GRAY 506 

Grindelia  squarrosa  (PURSH)  . . .  506 

Grindelia  subdecurrens  DC. . .  506 

Groenlandica  J.  GAY 33 

Grossularia  TOURN 278 

cynobasti  SPACH 280 

hirtella  SPACH 280 

oxycanthoides  SPACH.  . .  280 

Grossulariaceae  LINDL 274 

Grubbieae 199 

Guaco  LIEBM «...  201 

Guettardia  MAN 440 

Guilandiua  LINN 309 

dioica  LINN 310 

Gunneraceae  ENDL 383 

Guntheria  SPRENG 548 

Gusmania  REMY 525 

Gussonea  PR 103 

Gymnadenia  R.  BR 165 

hy berborea  LINK 167 


INDEX. 


789 


GymnadeniatridentataLiNDL.  169 

Gymnalypha  GUIS 341 

Gymnanthelia  ANDERS 47 

Gymnanthemum  CASS 499 

Gymnocaulis  NUTT 475 

Gymnocladus  LAM 309 

Gymnocladus  canadensis  LAM.  310 

Gymnocladus  dioicus  (LiNN.) . . .  310 

Gymnoleima  DECN 437 

Gymnosciadium  HOCHST 394 

Gym nospermium  SPACH 250 

Gymnosppria  W.  and  A 348 

Gymnostichum  SCHREB 89 

hystrix  SCHREB 89 

Gynandriris  PARLAT 160 

Gynoxys  DC 554 

Gynura  CASS 554 

Gyptis  CASS 501 

Gyromia  NUTT 155 

virginica  NUTT 155 

Gyrostacliys  PERS 170 

cernua  (LiNN.) 170 

gracilis  (BiGEL. ) 170 

romanzowiana  (CHAM.)..  171 

H 

Habenaria  WILLD 165 

bracteata  ( WILLD.) 168 

dilatata  (PuRSH) 167 

Habenaria  flmbriata  R.  BR 166 

flssa  TORR 166 

Habenaria  flava  (LiNN. ) 168 

Habenaria  fuscescens  TORR.  . .  168 

graudiflora  TORR 166 

herbiolaR.  BR 168 

Habenaria  hookeriana  TORR 167 

hyperborea  R.  BR 167 

Habenaria  incisa  TORR 166 

Habenaria  lacera  (Mrcnx.) 166 

leucophaea  (NUTT.  ) 166 

Habenaria  orbiculata  GOLDIE.  167 

psycodes  (LiNN.) 166 

Habenaria  psycodes  TORR 166 

racemosa  RAF 166 

spectabilis  SPRENG 165 

Habenaria  tridentata  (WiLLD.).  168 

Habenaria  virescens  SPRENG..  168 

viridis    var.    bracteata 

REICH 168 

HaenkeaR.  and  P 348 

Hahnia  MED..., 283 

Halimium  DUN        3H4 

Hallia  hirta  Poir 317 

juncea  Poir 318 

Halmia  ROEM 287 

flabellata  ROEM 288 

lobata  ROEM 289 

tomentosa  ROEM 289 

tomentosa     var.    calpo- 

dendron  ROEM 289 

tomentosa     var.    leuco- 
phaea ROEM 289 

tomentosa  var.  pyrifolia 

ROEM 289 

Halorageae  B.  and  H 344 


Halorrhagidacese 383 

Halorrhagidaceae  BAILL 375 

Haloschoerius  NEES 104 

Halothamnus  J.  and  S 213 

Hamatris  SALISB 160 

Hamiltonia  SPRENG 200 

sarmentosa  SPRENG 200 

umbellata  SPRENG 200 

HammatocaulisTAuscH 360 

Ifaplopappus  CASS 514 

spinulosus  (PuRSH.) 514 

Haplostellis  ENDL 169 

Haplostemum  RAF 96 

Haplostephiu m  DON 567 

Haplosticha  PHILIP 554 

Haplostylis  NEES 104 

Harpachne  HOCHST 74 

Harpalium  CASS 539 

rigidum  CASS 542 

Harpalyce  DON f.65 

Hartmannia  SPACH 380* 

Haynaldia  KAN 497 

Haynaldia  SCHUR 85 

Hebe  Juss 465 

Hebeclinium  DC 501 

Hebelia  GMEL 143 

Hecatonia  DC 241 

Hectorea  DC 507 

Hedeoma  PERS 451 

Hedeoma  hirta  NUTT 451 

Hedeoma  hispid  a  PURSH 451 

Hedera  quinquefolia  LINN 357 

Hederaceae  SEEM 385 

Hedraianthera  F.  MULL 348 

HedyotisciliolataToRR 478 

longifolia  HOOK 478 

Hedysarum    acuminatum 

MICHX 321 

aikinii  EAT 321 

canadense  LINN 319 

canescens  LINN 320 

f rutescens  LINN 318 

— f rutescens  WILLD 317 

g] utinosum  WILLD . .  321 

grandiflorum  WALT 321 

hirtum  LINN 317 

— junceum  WALT 318 

lespedeza  POIR 319 

marylandicum  WILLD  . .  320 

nudiflorum  LINN 321 

paniculatum  LINN 320 

prostratum  MUHL 319 

rerjens  LINN 319 

reTiculatum  MUHL.  . 318 

scaberrimum  ELL 320 

scabrum  MOENCH 319 

umbellatum  WALT 317 

violaceum  LINN 318 

viridiflorum  WILLD 320 

Heeria  MEISSN 345 

Heineckenia  WEBB 331 

Helanthium  ENGLM 43 

Helenium  LINN 547 

Helenium  altissimum  LINK.  . .  547 

Helenium  autumnale  LINN  . .  547 


790 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Helenium  canaliculatum  LAM.  547 

commutatum  LINK 547 

— grandiflora  NUTT 547 

— longifolium  SM 547 

montanum  NUTT 547 

pubescens  AIT 547 

pumilum  WILLD 547 

— tubiflorum  DC 547 

Heleocharis  R.  BR 99 

acicularis  (LiNN.) 100 

acuminata  MUHL 101 

Heleocharis  compressa  SULLIV.  101 

Heleocharis  intermedia  (MuHL.)  100 

ovata(RoTR.) 102 

palustris  (LiNN.) 101 

palustris  var.  glaucescens 

(WlLLD.) 102 

tennis  (  WILLD.) 100 

wolfii  GRAY 99 

Heleogiton  glaucum  REICH.  . .  98 

'    pungens  REICH 99 

Heleophylax  LESTIB 97 

Heliamphora  BENTH 271 

Helianthemum  PERS 364 

Helianthemum    canadense 

MICHX 365 

cory mbosu m  PURSH 365 

Helianthemum  majiis  (LiNN.}. . .  365 
Helianthernum    ramuiiflorum 

MICHX 365 

— ros  mar  ini  foil  urn  PURSH.  365 

Helianthus  LINN 539 

Helianthus  altissimus  LINN.  . .  541 

Helianthus  annum  LINN 543 

Helianthus  atrorubens  LAM.  .  542 

atrorubens  MICHX 542 

crassi  folius  NUTT 542 

Helianthus  decapetalus  L  INN  —  540 

Helianthus  diffusus  SIMS 542 

Helianthus  divaricatus  LINN...  541 

Helianthus  diversifolius  ELL.  540 

doronicoides  T.  and  G..  539 

f rondosus  LINN 540 

Helianthus  gigantea  LINN 541 

Helianthus  gigas  MICHX 541 

Helianthus  grosse-serratus  MART.  541 

hirsatus  RAF 540 

Helianthus  hispidulus  ELL.  . .  540 

in tegri folius  NUTT 542 

Helianthus  laeiiflorus  PERS 542 

Helianthus  laevis  LINN 545 

laevis  WALT 540 


Helianthus  rigidus  (CASS.  )  ...... 

Helianthus  scaberrimus  ELL.. 
Helianthus  strumosus  LINN  ..... 

Helianthus  strumosus  WILLD. 
-  tenuifolius  ELL  ......... 


-lenticularis  DOUGL. 


543 


— •— macrocarpus  DC 543 

Helianthus  maxmiliani  SCHR  AD.  541 

Helianthus    maxmiliani    var.  ' 

asperrimus  GRAY 541 

— missouriensis  NUTT 542 

missuricus  SPRENG 543 

multiflorus  HOOK 543 

ovatus  LEHM 543 

patens  LEHM 542 

Helianthus  petiolaris  NUTT 542 

Helianthus  prostratus  WILLD.  540 


Helianthus    truncatus 
SCHWEIN  ............. 

-  tubaeformis  NUTT  ...... 

Helianthus  tuberosus  LINN  ...... 

-  tuberosus  var.  subcanescens 

GRAY  ................ 

Helianthus  tuberosus  PARRY. 
Heliastrum  DC  .............. 

-  album  DC  .........   .... 

Helicotrichum  BESS  .......... 

HelichroaRAF  ............. 

Heliophthalmum  RAF  ........ 

Heliopsis  PERS  ................ 

Heliopsis  laevis  var.  scabra  T. 

andG  ................ 

Heliopsis  scabra  DUN  .......... 

Heliosperma  REICH  .......... 

Helleborine  MARTYN  ......... 

-  corallorhiza  SCHM  ...... 

-  tuberosus  OK  ........... 

Helleborus  trifolius  LINN  ..... 

Helleria  FOURN  .....  ......... 

Hellmuthia  STEUD  ........... 

Helmia  KUNTH  .....  ........... 

Helminthosporium  TORR  ..... 

Helonias  virginica  SIMS  ....... 

-  viridis  SIMS  ............. 

Helwingiaceae  ENDL  ........ 

HelxineREQ  .................. 

Hemiambrosia  DELP  .......... 

Hemicarpha  NEES  ............. 

—  micrantha  (VAHL.)  ...... 

Hemicarpha  stibsquarrosa 

MART...       ......... 

Hemixanthidium  DELP  ....... 

HepaticaDiLL  ............... 

-  acuta  BRITT  ............ 

-  acutiloba  DC  ........... 

-  americana  KER  ......... 

-  hepatica  BRITT.  .  .  ..... 

—  triloba  CHAIX  .......... 

-  triloba  var.  acuta  PURSH 

-  triloba    var.    americana 

DC  ................... 

Heptas  MEISSN  ............... 

Heracleum  LINN  ............. 

Heracleum  auritum  BISCH  — 
Heracleum  lanatum  MICHX  ..... 

Heracleum  panaces  SPRENG  .  . 

-  spondylium  NUTT  ...... 

Herbichia  ZA  w  ADSK  .......... 

Heriteria  SCHR  .............. 

Hermodactylon  PARLAT  ...... 

Herpestis  GAERTN  ............ 

-  callitrichoides  HBK.... 

-  rotundifolia  PURSH  ..... 

Herpetica  Rumph  ............. 

Hersilea  KL  .  .  .....  ... 


542 
542 
540 
540 
540 
540 

541 
543 
539 

540 
541 
515 
516 
68 
537 
537 
536 

536 

536 

219 

175 

174 

175 

231 

82 

97 

160 

435 

145 

145 

385 

199 

534 

89 

90 

90 
534 
235 
236 
236 
235 
235 
235 
236 

235 
473 
389 
389 
389 
389 
389 
£53 
143 
160 
473 
464 
473 
?09 
515 


IISDEX. 


791 


Hesperis  pinnatifida  MICHX.  . 
Heterachaena  ZOLL  ........... 

Heterachthia  KUNZE  ......... 

Heteranthelium  HOCHST  ..... 

Heteranthera  R.  and  P  .......  :  . 

-  dubia  (JACQ.)  .......... 

Heteranthera  graminea  VAHL 
Heterocaryum  A.  DC  ......... 

Heterochaeta  DC  ...........  515 

Heterochloa  DESVX  ........... 

Heterocodon  NUTT  ........... 

Heterodonta  NUTT  ........... 

Heterodraba  GREENE  ......... 

Heterogaura  ROTH  ........... 

Heterolaena  Scn.-Bip  ......... 

Heteromeris  SPACH  ........... 

Heteropleura  SCH.-BIP  ........ 

Heteropogon  PERS  .........  ... 

Heteroseris  Boiss  .............. 

Heterosteca  DESVX  ........... 

Heterostemum  NUTT  ......... 

Heterotropa  MORR  and  DECNE 
Hetery  ta  RAF  ................. 

Heuchera  LINN  ................ 

--  CHwencemaLiNN  .......... 

Heuchera  cortusa  MICHX  ..... 

-  foliosa  RAF  ............. 

Heuchera  hispida  PURSH  ...... 

Heuchera  lucida  SCHLECHT.  .  . 

-  reniformis  RAF  ......... 

-  richardsonii  R.  BR  ...... 

-  scapigera  MOENCH  ...... 

-  viscida  PURSH  .......... 

Heuffelia  SCHUR  .............. 

HexameriaT.  and  G  .......... 

Hexonychia  SALISB  ........... 

Heyfeldera  SCH.-BIP  .......... 

Hibiscus  LINN  ................. 

Hibiscus  hastatus  MICHX  ..... 

-  laevis  SCOP  ............ 

Hibiscus  miiitaris  CAV  ......... 

Hibiscus  riparius  PERS  ........ 

-  virginicus  WALT  ........ 

Hicoria  RAF  ................. 

-  amara  RAF  ............. 

-  minima  BRITT  .......... 

-  vata  BRITT  ............ 


Hieracium  auratum  FR  ....... 

-  barbatum  NUTT  ........ 

Hieracium  canadense  MICHX.  .  . 
Hieracium  corymbosum  FR.  .  . 

-  fasciculatum  PURSH  — 

—  gronovii  LINN  .......... 

--  helianthiifolium  FROEL 

-  kalmii  SPRENG  ......... 

Hieracium  longipilum  TORR  ____ 

Hieracium  macrophy  1  lum 

PURSH  ............... 

--  prenanthoidesHooiv.   .. 

—  runcinatum  JAMES  ...... 

-  scabriusculum  SCHWEIN 

—  subnudum  FROEL  ....... 

Hieracium  venosum  LINX.. 


256  Hieracium  virgatum  PURSH..  569 

394      Hierochloe  GMEL 55 

136      Hierochloa  borealis  AUCT 55 

85         fragrans  R.  and  S 55 

— odorata  AUCT 55 

138  Hierochloe  odorata  var  fraqrans 

138                    (WiLLD.) 55 

440      Himantoglossum  SPRENG 164 

,525      Hippion  SCHM 418 

47      HippomaneAGH 340 

494  Hippophae  argentea  PURSH.  . .  373 

543      Hippuris  LINN. 383 

263      Hippuris  polyphylla  RAF 383 

376      Hippuris  vulgaris  LINN 383 

501      Hirculus  HAW 274 

364      Hisutsuu  DC .  515 

568      Hocquartia  DUM 201 

47      Holargidum  TURCZ 263 

567  Holcus  R.  BR 47 

70            — fragrans  WILLD 55 

381      Hololepis  DC 499 

201      Holoschoenus  LINK 97 

435      Holosetum  STEUD 49 

275  Holostigma  G.  DON 497 

276  Holostigma  SPACH 381 

276      Holostylis  DUCHARTRE 201 

276      Homalocarpus  SCHUR 235 

275       Homalocenchrus  MIEG 53 

275          oryzoides  (LiNN.) 54 

276  —virginicus  (  WILLD.  ) 54 

275  Homoeatherum  NEES 47 

276  Mornolobus  NUTT 323 

276      Homopappus  NUTT 514 

68      Homostylium  NEES 515 

493      Hoorebekia  CORNEL 514 

147      Hoplqtheca  SPRENG 214 

507      Hoppea  REICH 554 

361      Hordeum  LINN 86 

361         jubatum  LINN 87 

361  Hordeum    murinum    var.     B. 

361                   LINN 87 

361      Hordeum  nodosum  LINN 87 

36 1       Hordeum  pratense  H  UDS  87 

177         pratense    var.    nodosum 

178  ~  LED 87 

178             — pusillum  NUTT 87 

178            — secalinum  SCHREB 87 

568  Horkelia  CHAM,  and  SCHLECHT  293 

569  Horkelia  REICH 134 

568  Hosackia  DOUGL 331 

569 pilosa  NUTT 332 

569 purshiana  BENTH 332 

569 unifoliolata  HOOK 332 

569  Hostia  MOENCH 567 

569      Houstonia  LINN 478 

569  Houstonia  angustifolia  PURSH  478 

568          ciliolata  TORR 478 

longifolia  GAERTN 478 

569  Houstonia  purpurea  var.  ciliolata 

569                     (TORR.) 478 

568         purpurea    var.    longifolia 

569  (GAERTN.) 478 

569      Howardia  KLOTZSCH 201 

569      Hubertia  BONG 553 


792 


METASPERMAE    OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Hudsonia  LINN 365 

Hudsonia  ericoides  RICH 365 

Hudsonia  tomentosa  NUTT 365 

Hugueninia  REICH 257 

Hulthemia  BUM 302 

Humulus  LINN 196 

Humulus  americanus  NUTT.  . .  196 

Humulus  lupulus  LINN 196 

Hydastylus  SALISB 161 

HydaticaNECK 274 

Hydrangeaceae  LINDL 274 

Hydrastis  LINN 230 

canadensis  LINN 230 

Hydrocera  BLUME 343 

Hydroceratophyllum  VAILL.  .  229 

Hydrocharitaceae 45 

Hydrochloa  H  ARTM 80 

fluitans  HOST 80 

Hydropeltis  L.  C.  RICH 226 

purpurea  MICHX 226 

Hydrophyllaceae 434 

Hydrophyllaceae  BAILL 436 

Hydrophyllum  LINN 434 

appendiculatum  MICHX.  . .  435 

Hydrophyllum  triloburu  RAF  .  435 
Hydrophyllum   virginianum 

LINN 435 

Hydrophyllum  v  i  r  g  i  n  i  c  u  m 

AUCT 435 

Hydropyrum  LINK 53 

— esculentum  LINK 53 

Hydroschoenus  ZOLL.  et  MORR  91 

Hylas  BIGEL 384 

Hylogeton  SALISB 147 

Hymenachne  BEAUV 49 

Hymenatherum  CASS 548 

Hy  menocalyx  ZENK 361 

Hymenochaeta  BEAUV 97 

Hymenochaeta  NEES 97 

HymenochloaT.  andG ,  534 

Hymenolytrum  NEES 105 

Hyoseris  amplexicaulis  MICHX  564 

— biflora  WALT 564 

— prenanthoides  WILLD.  . .  564 

Hyparrhenia  ANDERS 47 

Hypecusa  ALEF 315 

Hyperanthera  dioica  VAHL  ...  310 

Hy  pericaceae 362 

Hypericum  SPACH 362 

Hypericum  LINN  ....': 362 

Hypericum  amplexicaule LAM.  363 

ascyroides  WILLD 363 

Hypericum  ascyron  LINN 363 

Hypericum  campanulatum 

WALT 364 

Hypericum  canadense  LINN 362 

Hypericum  emarginatum  LAM  364 

foliosum  JACQ 362 

Hypericum     gymnanthum    EN- 

GELM  and  GRAY 362 

Hypericum    macrocarpum 

MICHX 363 

Hypericum  maculatum  WALT  . , .  363 

Hypericum  micranthum  CHOIS  363 


Hypericum  moranense  HBK..  362 

Hypericum  mutilum  LINN 363 

Hypericum  mutiium  var.  gym- 
nanthum GRAY 363 

•  parviflorum  WILLD 363 

pauciflorum   HBK 362 

Hypericum  prolificum  LINN 363 

Hypericum  punctatum  LAM..  363 

pyramidaturn  AIT 363 

quinquenervium  WALT.  363 

stellarioidesHBK 363 

thesiifolium  HBK 362 

virginianum  WALT 363 

Hypericum  virginicum  LINN 364 

Hypogy nium  NEES 47 

Hypopitys  SCOP 405 

Hypoporum  NEES 105 

verticillatum  NEES 105 

Hypoxis  *LiNN 159 

Hypoxis  carolinensis  MICHX.  .  159 

Hypoxis  erecta  LINN 159 

Hyssopus  anisatns  NUTT 449 

discolor  DESF 449 

nepetoides  LINN 450 

scrop  hulariaefolius 

WILLD 449 

Hysterionica  BAILL...  .506,  507,  514 

Hysterophorus  VAILL 533 

Hystrix  MOENCH 89 

hystrix  (LiNN. ) 89 

Hystrix  patula  MOENCH.  89 


Ibidium  SALISB 170 

Ictodes  BIGEL 131 

foetid  us  BIGEL 131 

Idianthes  DESVX 567 

Ilex  LINN 349 

verticillata  (LiNN. ) 350 

Ilicineae  ENDL 349 

Illecebraceae 219 

llysanthes  RAF  . . .- 464 

gratioloides  (LiNN  ) 464 

llysanthes  riparia  RAF 464 

Impatiens  LINN 354 

aurea  MUHL 355 

biftora  WALT 354 

Impatiens  fulva  NUTT 354 

maculata  MUHL 354 

nolitangere  MICHX 355 

nolitangere  var. B. MICHX  354 

pallida  NUTT 355 

Imperatoria  TOURN 390 

lucida  NUTT 392 

Intybellia  CASS 567 

Intybellia  MONN 567 

Intybus  FR 567 

lodanthus  hesperioides  T.  and 

G 256 

lodopappus  SCH.-BIP 499 

loniris  KLATT 160 

Ipomea  LINN 427 

Ipomea  nyctalea  LINN 434 

Iria  RICH •  102 


INDEX. 


793 


Iria  capillaris  (LiNN.) 103 

Iridaceae 160 

Indium  HEER ....  161 

Iris  LINN 160 

Iris  hexagona  WALT 161 

Iris  versicolor  LINN 161 

Iris  virginica  PURSH 161 

Isantfius  MICHX 456 

brachiatus  (LiNN. ) 456 

Isanthus  caemleus  MICHX 456 

Ischaemon  SCHMIED 142 

Isidrogalva  R.  and  P 143 

Isnardia  LINN 375 

palustris,  LINN 375 

Isnardia  palustris  var.  ameri- 

cana  DC. 375 

Isnardia  polycarpa  (SHORT  and 

PETER) 375 

Isolepis  R.  Br 97 

acicularis  SCHLECHT..  .  100 

capillaris  R.  and  S 103 

lineata  R.  and  S 96 

micrantha  VAHL 90 

Isolobus  A.  DC 497 

Isolobus  SPACH 338 

Isonema  CASS 499 

Isopappus  T.  and  G 514 

Isopyrum  LINN.  .....* 231 

biternatum  (RAF. ) 231 

Isopyrum  thalictroides  SPACH  231 

Isopyrum  trifolium  (LiNN.) 231 

Isotria  RAF.  . . 169 

Ittnera  GMEL 40 

Iva  BAILL 533 

monophylla  WALT 534 

xanthiifolia  NUTT 533 

Ivesia  TORR 293 

Ixeris  CASS 560 

Ixodia  SOL  AND 226 


Jacksonia  RAF 270 

dodecandra  (MiCHX. ) 270 

Jacksonia  trifoliata  RAF 270 

Jacoebaea  THUNB 553 

Jalapa  MOENCH 216 

Janthe  SALISB 1 59 

Jarava  R.  and  P 57 

Jasmineae  ENDL 415 

Jocaste  KUNTH 152 

Joachimea  TEN 72 

Juchia  NECK 497 

Juglandaceae 176 

Juglandipfiyllum  FONT 176 

Juglans  LINN 176 

Ju'glans  alba  MICHX 178 

alba  minima  MARSH 178 

amara  MICHX 178 

— angustifoiia  LAM 178 

cathartica  MICHX 177 

Juglans  cinerea  LINN 177 

Juglans  compressa  GAERTN.  . .  178 

Juglans  nigra  LINN 177 

Juglans  nigra  oblonga  MARSH.  177 


Juglans  oblonga  MILL 177 

ovata  MILL 178 

squamosa  LAM 178 

Julus  SALISB 147 

Juncaceae 138 

Juncagineae 41 

Juncagineae  ( Iribus) 33 

Juncago  TOURN 41 

palustris  MOENCH 41 

Juncastrum  HEIST 142 

Juncodes  ADANS 1 42 

Juncus  LINN 138 

Juncus  acuminatus  AUCT.  AM,  141 

acumiuatus  MICHX 142 

Juncus  acuminatus  var.  legitimus 

ENGELM 142 

Juncus  aemulans  LIEB 140 

arcticus  LAP 140 

aristatus  LINK 1 39 

Juncus  balticus  v&T.littoralis  EN- 
GELM    140 

Juncus  bicornis  MICHX 139 

bogotensis  H  BK 140 

campestris  var  G.  LINN.  140 

Juncus  canadensis  J.  GAY,  var. 

coarctatus  ENGELM 141 

canadensis  var.  longecaud- 

atus  ENGELM 142 

Juncus  chloroticus  SCHULTES.  139 

communis  var.  effusus  E. 

MEY 140 

compressus  x  effusus  OK  139 

conglomerates  LINN 140 

debilis  GRAY 142 

Juncus  effusus  LINN 140 

Juncus  erectus  PERS 143 

Juncus  filiformis  LINN 140 

Juncus  fraternus  KUNTH 142 

germanorum  STEUD 139 

gesneri  SM 139 

gracilis  SM 139 

— intermedius  THUILL  —  1 43 

laevis  var  eff  usus  W  ALLR.  1 40 

lucidus  HOCHST 139 

macer  S.  F.  GRAY 1 39 

megacephalus  WOOD  —  1 41 

— multiflorus  EHRH 143 

nemorosus  HOST 143 

nodosusAucT 141 

Juncus  nodosus  var.  genuinus 

ENGELM 141 

nodosus  var.  megacephalus 

TORR 141 

Juncus  pallescens  E.  MEY  —  142 

p  aradoxus     AUCT. 

AMER 141,  142 

paradoxus  E.  MEY 142 

parviflorusPoiR 139 

polycephalus   var.   para- 
doxus TORR 142 

pondiiWooD 142 

rostkovii  E.  MEY 141 

smithii  KUNTH 139 

Juncus  tenuis  WILLD 139 


794 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY 


Juncus  transylvanicus  SCHUK.  140 

— trlchodes  STEUD 140 

—vacillans  STEUD 139 

Juncus  vaseyi  ENGELM 139 

Juno  TRATT 161 

Jussiea  LINN 375 

K 

KalliasCASs 536 

Kampniannia  RAF 337 

Kanahia  R.  BR 423 

Kardanoglyphos  SCHL 261 

Kentrophyta  NUTT  323 

Kerakosmion  bulbiferum  RAF.  395 

Keraselma  NECK 341 

Kerneria  MOENCH 545 

Kerstenia  NECK 501 

KetmiaTouRN 361 

Kiesera  REINW 327 

Kingstonia  GRAY 274 

Kleioia  HAW 554 

Kneiffla  SPACH 380 

chrysantha  SPACH 382 

pusilla  SPACH 382 

Knowlesia  HASSK 136 

Koeleria  PERS 77 

Koeleria  arenaria  DUM 77 

Koekria  cristata  (LiNN.) 

Koeleria  nitida  NUTT 77 

parviflora  BERT 77 

(?)  pennsylvanica  DC...  76 

truncata  TORR 76 

Koellia  MOENCH 452 

Koellia  capitata  MOENCH 452 

Koellia  Jkxuosa  ( WALT,  t 452 

virginiana  (LiNN.) 452 

Krapfla  DC 241 

Krascheninikowia  TURCZ 221 

Krebsia  HARV 423 

KrigiaScHREB 564 

amplexicaulis  NUTT 564 

Euhnia  LINN 503 

Kuhnia  critonia  WILLD 503 

ellipticaRAF 503 

Kuhnia  eupatorioides  LINN,  f  . .  503 
Kuhnia    eupatorioides     var. 
cory  mbulosa  TORR  and 

GRAY 503 

Kuhnia  eupatorioides  var.  gluti- 

nosa(ELL.) 503 

Kuhnia  glutinosa  DC 502 

glutinosa  ELL 503 

pubescens  RAF 503 

'  — suaveolene  FRES 503 

(Kuhnia)  WALT 328 

Kuhnistera  LAM 328 

Candida  (  WILLD.) 328 

—purpurea  (VENT. ) .  . 329 

wttosa  (  NUTT.  ) 328 


Labiatae 444 

LacarisHAM 337 

Lachanodes  DC 554 


Lachnagrostis  TRIN 66 

Lachnophyllum  BUNGE 525 

Lachnorhiza  A.  RICH 500 

Laciniaria  H  ILL 504 

cylindracea  (MiCHX.) 505 

——cylindracea  forma  solitaria 

(MACM.) 506 

punctata  (HOOK.) 505 

pycnostachya  I  MICHX.).  . .  504 

scoriosa  ( LINN.) 504 

spicata  (LiNN. ) 504 

squarrosa  (LiNN. ) . . .  506 

squarrosa  var.  intermedia 

(LlNDL.) 506 

Lactuca  BAILL 565 

Lactuca  LINN 560 

Lactuca  canadensis  GRAY  —  562 

Lactuca  canadensis  LINN 562 

Lactuca  caroliniana  WALT —  562 

elongata  MUHL 562 

elongata  var.  albiflora  T. 

andG 562 

elongata  var.  sanguinea 

T.  and  G 562 

Lactuca  floridana  (LiNN.) 561 

hirsuta  MUHL 562 

Lactuca  integrifolia  NLTTT  —  561 

leucophaea  GRAY 560 

longifolia  MICH 562 

Lactuca  ludoviciana  (NTJTT.).  ..  561 

pulchella  (PuRSH) 561 

Lactuca  sagi  ttacfolia  ELL  —  562 

sanguinea  BIGEL 562 

Lactuca  spicata  (LAM . ) 560 

Lactucopsis  SCH.-BIP 560 

Laennecia  CASS 525 

Lagarosiphon  HARV 46 

Lagoseris  LINK 567 

Lagunaea  CAV 361 

Lagunaria  DON 361 

LaguneaLouR 204 

Lamia  VAND 219 

Lamiaceae  LINDL 444 

Lamprocarpites 42 

Lamyra  CASS 558 

Langsdorfla  LEANDR 337 

Lapathum  MOENCH 202 

Laportea  GAUDICH 197 

canadensis  (LiNN. ) 197 

Lappula  HALL 440 

deflexa  (WAHL.) 440 

redowskii    var.     pilosum 

CNUTT.) 441 

virginiana  (LiNN.) 440 

Larbraea  ST.  HIL 221 

'  Lasiagrostis  LINK 57 

Lasierpa  TORR 407 

Lasiolepis  BOECKL 136 

Lasiopus  DON 562 

Lastila  ALEF 313 

Lathyrus  LINN            313 

Lathy rus  albidus  EAT 314 

decaphyllus  HOOK 314 

Lathyrus  glaucifoliu*  BECK 314 


INDEX. 


795 


Lathyrus  lanszwertii  KELL.  . .  313 

— myrtifolius  MUHL 314 

— -ochroleucus  HOOK 314 

Lathyrus  pahistris  LINN 313 

palustris  var.  myrtifolius 

(MuHL.) 313 

Lathyrus  pisiformis  RICH 314 

— polymorphus  GRAY 313 

— polyphyllus  WATS 314 

pubescens  PORT 314 

stipulaceus  TORR 314 

Lathyrus  venosus  MUHL 314 

Lathyrus  venosus  var.   D.  T. 

andG 314 

Lavauxia  SPACH 380 

Laxmannia  F.  and  M 299 

Lazarolus  MED 283 

Leachia  CASS 543 

Lebetina  CASS 548 

Lechea  major  LINN 365 

Lechioides  DUN 364 

Ledebouria  LINK 394 

Ledum  LINN 405 

Ledum  groenlandicum  RETZ  .  406 

Ledum  latifoUum  AIT 406 

Ledum  palustre  var.  latifolium 

MICHX 406 

Leersia  SWARTZ 53 

oryzoides  Sw 54 

virginica  WILLD 54 

Legouzia  DUR 496 

Leguminosae 308 

Lehmannia  TRATT 293 

Leiboldia  SCHLECHT 499 

Leimanthium  WILLD 145 

hybridum  HOOK 145 

Leimanthium    virginicum 

WILLD 145 

Leiolobium  REICH 259 

Lemna  LINN 133 

Lemna  baniiatica  KUNTH 134 

cruciata  ROXB 133 

cyclostasa  ELL 133 

— intermedia  RUTHE......  133 

— major  C.  A.MEY 134 

-  minima  HUMB 133 

Lemna  minor  LINN 133 

Lemna  orbicularis  KIT 134 

orbiculataRoxB. 134 

Lemna  perpusilla  TORR 133 

polyrhiza  LINN 1 34 

Lemna  thermalis  BEAUV 134 

Lemna  trisulca  LINN 133 

Lemna  vulgaris  var  B.  LAM.  . .  133 

Lemnaceae 1 32 

Lentibularia  VAILL 473 

Lentibulariaceae 473 

Lenticula  minor  SCOP 133 

polyrhiza  LAM 134 

—trisulca  SCOP 133 

Leontice  LINN 250 

—thalictroides  LINN 250 

Leontodon  ADANS 562 

taraxacum  LINN 563 


Leontodon  BAILL 564 

Leontopetalum  TOURN 250 

Lepachys  RAF 537 

angustifolia  RAF 537 

columnaris  T.  and  G- 537 

—    pinnata  T.  and  G 537 

Lepachys  pinnatinda  RAF 537 

Lepeocercis  TRIN 47 

Lepia  DESVX 256 

Lepicaune  LAP 567 

Lepidanche  ENGELM 429 

compositaruin  ENGELM.  429 

Lepidium  LINN 256 

intermedium  GRAY 257 

Lepidium  ruderale  RICH 257 

Lepidium  virginicum  LINN 256 

Lepidoploa  CASS 499 

Lepidostemon  LEME 461 

Leptandra  NUTT 465 

purpurea  RAF 467 

virginica  NUTT 467 

Leptanthus  MICHX 138 

gramineus  MICHX..  .   .  138 

Leptapoda  NUTT 547 

Leptaryyraia  RAF 373 

argentea  (NUTT.) 373 

Leptasea  HAW 274 

Leptocarpaea  DC 257 

Leptopus  XL.  and  G —  341 

Leptopyrum  REICH 231 

Leptoi-chis  THOU 173 

liliifolia  LINN 174 

loeselii  (LiNN. ) 173 

Leptoschoenus  NEES 103 

Leptostachya  MITCH 442 

Leptostachya  carolinensis  OK.  442 

Leptostachya  leptostacfiya  (LiNN.)  442 

Leptostelma  DON 525 

Leptosyne  DC 543 

Lepturus  paniculatus  NUTT..  70 

Lerchenfeldia  SCHUR 67 

Lereschia  Boiss 394 

Lerouxia  MERAT 412 

Lespedeza  MICHX 317 

Lespedeza  angustifolia  HOOK.  318 

capitata  MICHX 317 

divergens  PURSH 318 

frutescens  DC 318 

Lespedeza  frutescens  ( WILLD  . ) . .  317 

Lespedeza  f  ruticosa  PERS 317 

Lespedeza  hirta  (LiNN.) 317 

leptostachya  ENGELM  —  317 

Lespedeza  polystachya  MICHX.  317 

procum  bens  MICHX 319 

prostrata  PURSH 319 

Lespedeza repens  (LiNN.) 319 

reticulata  (  MUHL.  ).......  318 

reticulata   var.    virginica 

(LiNN.) 318 

Lespedeza    reticulata    WATS. 

andCouLT 318 

sessiliflora  MICHX  318 

stuvei  var.  intermedia  S. 

WATS..                318 


796 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA  VALLEY 


Lespedeza  violacea  (LiNN.) 318 

Lespedeza  violacea  var.  augus- 

tifolia  MAX 318 

violacea  var.  sessiliflora 

Lesquerella  S.  WATS 263 

argentea  (PuRSH) 263 

Lesquerella  ludoviciana  WATS.  263 

Lessonia  BERT 388 

Leucocarpon  A.  RICH 348 

Leucocephala  ROXB 136 

Leucodermis  PLANCH 350 

Leucoglochin  HEUFFL 105 

Leuchoglochi a  pauciflorus 

HEUFF 130 

Leuconymphaea  LUDW 227 

ordorata  (DRYAND.) 228 

reniformis  ( DC. ) 227 

Leucophoba  EHRH 142 

Leucopoa  GRISEB ,  78 

Leucorchis  E.  MEY  165 

Leucosceptrum  SM 455 

Leucostachys  HOFFM 171 

Leucostemma  BENTH 221 

Levisticum  KOCH 391 

Liatris  SCHREB 504 

aspera  MICHX 504 

borealis  NUTT 504 

brachystachya  NUTT.  . .  504 

cylindracea  MICHX 505 

cylindracea  TORR 505 

graminifolia  WILLD 505 

intermedia  LINDL 506 

macrostachya  MICHX.  . .  504 

punctata  HOOK 505 

pycnostachya  MICHX 504 

— resinosa  DC 505 

—resinosa  NUTT '. . .  504 

scariosa  WILLD 504 

— sessiliflora  BERTOL 504 

— sphaeroidea  MICHX 504 

spicata  WILLD 504 

-7— squarrosa  HOOK 505 

squarrosa  WILLD 506 

squarrosa  var.  interme- 
dia DC 506 

Libertia  LEJ 84 

Ligularia  CASS 554 

Ligularia  Duv 274 

Ligusticum  barbinode  MICHX.  393 

Liiliaceae 143 

Lilium  LINN 149 

Lilium  canadense  LINN 149 

Lilium  canadense  var.  super- 
bum  ELW 149 

carolinianum  MICHX 149 

pardalinum  var.bourgaei 

BAK 149 

Lilium  philadelphicum  LINN.  . .  150 

superbum  LINN 149 

Lilium  umbellatum  PURSH.  . .  150 

Limnantheae  (Tr-ib.)  B.  and  H.  333 

Limnanthemum  GMEL 418 

lacunosum  MICHX 418 

peltatum  GRISEB 226 


Limnetis  PERS 69 

cynosuroides  PERS 70 

polystachya  PERS 70 

Lira nia  LINN 218 

Limnochloa  NEES 99 

— acicularis  REICH 100 

Limodorum  LINN 175 

tuberosum  LINN 175 

Limnopeuce  VAILL 383 

vulgaris  VAILL 383 

Liinaceae 335 

Linagrostis  ADANS 94 

paniculata  LAM 95 

paniculata  var.  B.  LAM.  94 

polystachya  SCOP 95 

—  vaginataScop 95 

Lindblomia  FR 165 

Lindera  ADANS 398 

Lindernia  pyxidaria  PURSH.  . .  464 

Linnaea  GRONOV 483 

borealis  LINN 483 

Linopsis  REICH 335 

Linostachys  KL 341 

Linosyris  CASS 515 

Linsecomia  BUCKL 539 

Linum  LINN 335 

lewisii  PURSH 336 

Linum    perenne    var.    lewisii 

EAT.  and  WR 336 

Linum  rigidum  PURSH 335 

Linum  rigidum  T.  and  G 336 

striatum  NUTT 336 

Linum  sulcatum  RIDD 336 

Linzia  Scn.-Bip 499 

Lipandra  MOQ 211 

Liparis  L.  C.  RICH 173 

correana  SPRENG 173 

liliifolia  RICH 174 

loeselii  RICH. 17.3 

Liquidambar      asplenifolium 

LINN 179 

peregrinum  REICH 179 

Liquiritia  MOENCH 322 

lepid ota  NUTT 322 

Lithocarpus  BLUME 190 

Lithodora  GRISEB 437 

Lithospermum  LINN 437 

angustifolium  MICHX 437 

Lithospermum  bejariense  DC.  438 

breviflorum  ENGELMand 

GRAY 437 

Lithospermum  mnescens(  MICHX)  438 

carolinense  (  WALT.  ) 438 

Lithospermum    carolinianum 

LAM 436 

decumbens  TORR 438 

hirtum  LEHM 438 

Lithospermum  latifolium  MICHX  439 
Lithospermum        longiflorum 

SPRENG 437 

lutescens  COL 439 

offlcinale  var.  latifolium 

WILLD 439 

sericeum  LEHM 438 


INDEX. 


797 


Lithraea  MIEKS 346 

Llerasia  TRIAN  A 500 

Lobadium  RAF 345 

Lobaria  HAW 274 

Lobelia  LINN 497 

cardinalis  LINN 499 

Lobelia  claytonia  MICHX 498 

glandulosa  LINDL 498 

goodenioides  WILLD —  498 

Lobelia  inflata  LINN 497 

D feaZmu'LiNN 497 

Lobelia  nivea  RAF 498 

n pallida  MUHL 498 

Lobelia  spicata  LAM 498 

syphilitica  LINN 498 

Lobelia  syphilitica  var.  ludo- 

vicianaA.DC 498 

Lobeliaceae  ENDL 494 

Logarinthus  E.  MEY 423 

Lonicera  LINN 485 

Lonicera  canadensis  R.  and  S.  486 

Lonicera  ciliata  MUHL 486 

Lonicera  diervilla  LINN 487 

douglasii  DC 485 

douglasii  HOOK 486 

dioica  LINN 485 

flavaGRAY 486 

flava  var.  B.  T.  and  G...  486 

Lonicera  glauca  HILL,  485 

Lonicera  media  MURR 485 

,  ' parviflpra  LAM 485 

Lonicera  sullivantii  GRAY 486 

Lonicera  symphoricarpos 

LINN 485 

Lonic^reae  ENDL 482 

Lophanthus  BENTH 449 

anisatus  BENTH 449 

nepetoides  BENTH 450 

scrophul  ariaefolius 

BENTH 449 

Lophiocarpus  MICH 43 

Lophiolepis  CASS 558 

Lophion  SPACH 366 

Lophochloa  REICH 77 

Loretia  DUR 82 

Loroglossum  L.  C.  RICH 164 

Lotea  WEBB 331 

Lotodes  SIEG 330 

argophylla  OK 331 

esculenta  OK 330 

tenuiflora  OK 330 

331 

mericanus  (NUTT.) 332 

Lotus  sericeus  PURSH 332 

Lowea  LINDL 302 

Lowellia  A.  GBAY 548 

LubiniaVENT 412 

Lucilia  CASS 529 

Luciola  SM 142 

Ludwigia  LINN 375 

apetala  WALT 375 

nitida  MICHX 375 

palustris  ELL 375 

— polycarpa  S.   and  P 375 


Lupinus  LINN 332 

perennis  LINN 332 

Lupinus  perennis  var.  occiden- 
tals WATS 332 

Lupulus  Gaertn 196 

communis  GAERTN 196 

Luthera  Scn.-BiP 564 

LuzulaDC 142 

campestris  AUCT.  AM.  . .  143 

campestris  var.  comosa 

MAC 143 

campestris   var.  multi- 
flora  L.  CELAK 143 

—  campestris  var.  pallescens 

MAC 143 

erecta  DESV 143 

intermedia   var.    multi- 
flora  SPENN 143 

multiflora  LEJ 143 

pallescens  HOPPE 143 

Lycopersicum  DUN 458 

Lycopsis  virginica  LINN 439 

Lycopus  LINN 453 

Lycopus   angustifolius   NUTT 

453,454 

Lycopus  europaeus  LINN 453 

Lycopus  europaeus  var.  sinu- 

atus  GRAY 453 

europaeus   var.    integri- 

folius  GRAY 454 

europaeus  WALT 453 

lucidus  var.  americanus 

GRAY 453 

Lycopus  lucidus  var.  obtusifolius 

BENTH.) 453 

Lycopus  obtusifolius  BENTH  . .  453 

pumilusVAHL 454 

Lycopus  rubellus  MOENCH 454 

lAjcopus  sinuatus  ELL 453 

Lycopus  uniflqrus  MICHX 454 

Lycopus  virginicus  LINN 454 

Lycopus  yulgaris  NUTT 453 

Lygodesmia  DON 565 

juncea  (PURSH) 565 

Lyonia  NUTT 407 

calyculata(LiNN. ) 406 

Lysias  SALISB 165 

Lysimachia  LINN 412 

Lysimachia  angustifolia  GRAY  413 

capitata  PURSH 412 

ciliata  LINN... 414 

hybrida  MICHX 413 

longifolia  PURSH 413 

quadriflora  SIMS 413 

quadrifolia  var.  LINN...  413 

racemosa  MICHX 413 

revoluta  NUTT 413 

stricta  AIT 413 

Lysimachia  terrestris  (LiNN.) . . .  413 

tfiyrsiflora  LINN 412 

Lysimachia  vulgaris  WALT  —  413 

Ly simachion  TAUSCH 376 

Lysistemma  STEETZ 499 


798 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Lythraceae 374 

Lythrum  LINN 374 

alatum  PUBSH 374 

— kennedyanumHBK 374 

M 

Machaeranthera  NEES 515 

Machaerina  VAHL 103 

Mackenia  HARY 423 

Macleaya  MONTZ 309 

Macoucoua  AUBL 349 

Macqueria  COMMERS 337 

Macroblepharos  PHIL^PPI 74 

Macrocalyx  TREW 434 

nyctaka  (LiNN.) 434 

Macrocapnos  ROYLE 253 

Macrocentrum  PHILLIPPI 1  65 

Macrochloa  KUNTH 57 

Macrolinum  REICH 335 

Macrolomia  SCHRAD 105 

Macronema  NUTT 507,514 

Macronyx  DALZ 328 

Macropodium  HOOK 256 

Macrorhyncus  LESS 564 

glaucus  EAT 564 

Macroselinum  SCHUR 390 

MacrotysRAF 232 

MadaractisDC 554 

Madocarpus  WIGHT 554 

Maia  SALISB 152 

Mairania  NECK 407 

Maiten  FOUILL 349 

MajanthemumWiGG 152 

canadense  DESF 152 

—  convallaria  WIGG 152 

cordifolium  MOENCH 152 

racemosum  LINK...,  .. ..  154 

stellatum  LINK 153 

trifolium  LINK 153 

Mai  achochaete  NEES 97 

Malaxis  Sw 172 

correana  BART 173 

liliifolia  WILLD 174 

loeselii  Sw 173 

longifolia  BART 173 

ophioglossoides  WILLD.  .  173 

unifolia  MICHX 173 

Malosma  NUTT. 345 

Malus  RUPP 283 

Malus  TOURN 283 

coronaria  MILL 284 

microcarpa  coronaria 

CARR 284 

Malva  LINN 360 

Malva  hough tonii  T.  and  G. . .  360 

Malva  involucrata  (NUTT.) 361 

triangulata  LEAVENW.  . .  360 

Malvaceae 360 

Malvastrum  DC 360 

Malvella  J.  and  S 360 

Mandelorna  STEUD 47 

Mandonia  HassK 136 

Mandonia  SCH.-BIP 568 

Manoploga  BUNGE 256 


Marah  KELL 493 

Maresia  POMEL 257 

Marcorella  NECK 356 

Margarita  GAUD 515 

Margarospermum  DECN 437 

Marianthenmm  SCHR 494 

Mariscus  HALL 103 

Mariscus  acicularis  MOENCH.  .  100 

albus  GILIB 104 

Mariscus  mariscoides  (MUHL.  ). .  103 

Mariscus  VAHL 90 

Martagon  SALISB 149 

Mastigoscleria  NEES 105 

Matricaria  asteroides  LINN.  . .  515 

glastifolia  HILL 515 

Maukschia  HEUFFL 105 

Maundia  F.  MULL 41 

Maytenus  FEUILL 348 

Mecardonia  R.  and  P 473 

Mecosa  BLUME 165 

Meclatis  SPACH 240 

Medeola  LINN 155 

virginiana  LINN 155 

Medeola  virginica  LINN 155 

Medicago  virginica  LINN 318 

Medium  TOURN 494 

Medora  KUNTH 152 

Medusea  HAW 341 

Megapterium  SPACH 380 

Megarhiza  TORR 493 

Megasea  HAW 274 

Megastachya  BEAUV 74 

canadensis  R.  and  S....  82 

eragrostis  BEAUV 75 

reptans  BEAUV 75 

Meibomia  canadensis  OK. 319,  321 

— dillenii  OK 320 

grandiflora  OK 321 

nudiflora  OK 321 

paniculata  OK 320 

Meladenia  Tuitcz 330 

Melampyrum  LINN 472 

Melampyrum   americanum 

MICHX 472 

brachiatumScHWEiN...  472 

latif  olium  MUHL 472 

Melampyrum  lineare  LAM 472 

Melampyrum  pratense  var. 

americanum  BENTH.  .  472 

sylvaticum  HOOK 472 

Melandryum  virginicum  A..  BR  220 

Melanocarya  TURCZ 348 

Melanococca  BL 346 

Melanoseris  DECNE 560 

Melanthium  LINN 145 

Melanthiurn  aspericaule  POIR.  144 

hybridum  PURSH 145 

Melanthium  virginicum  LINN.  . .  145 

Melica  gmelioi  ROTH 77 

hirsuta  KOEL 77 

Melinum  LINK 53 

Mella  VAND 473 

Melogona  TOURN 458 

Mengea  SCHAUER. 215 


INDEX. 


799 


Menispermaceae 251 

Menispermites  LESQ 251 

Menispermum  LINN 251 

Menispermum    angulatum 

MOENCH 251 

Menispermum  canadense  LINN.  251 

Menispermum  smilacinum  I>0  251 

Menonanthes  HALL 417 

Mentha  LINN 455 

arvensis  LINN 455 

canadensis  LINN 454 

Menthella  PERARD 454 

Menyanthes  LINN 417 

Menyanthes  nymphaeoides 

THUNB 226 

— peltata  THUNB 226 

Menyantlies  trifoliata  LINN 417 

Merida  NECK 219 

Meridiana  LINN  f 219 

Meriolix  RAF 380 

serrulata  WALP 38 1 

Merione  SALISB 160 

Meristotrophis  F.  and  M 322 

Merope  WEDD 529 

Mertensia  HBK 194 

Mesodetra  RAF 547 

Mesodiscus  proliferus  RAF 397 

simplex  RAF 397 

Mesogramina  DC 553 

Mesosetuin  STEUD 49 

Mespilophora  NECK 287 

Mespilus  LINN 287 

amelanchier  CASTIGL.  ..  286 

arborea  MICHX.  f 286 

arbutifolia  LINN 284 

calpodendron  EHKII 289 

canadensis  LINN 285 

canadensis  var.  cordata 

MICHX 286 

canadensis  var.  obovalis 

MICHX 286' 

cocci nea  MARSH 288 

coccinea  var.  pubescens 

TAUSCH 288 

coccinea  var.   viridis 

CASTIGL 288 

coccinea  SCHMIDT .   288 

crus-galli  MARSH 287 

cuneifolia  MOENCH 287 

flabellata  SPACH 288 

latifolia  POIR 289 

lobataPom 289 

lucida  EHRH 287 

maxima   Du   MONT  DE 

COURS 288 

nivea  MARSH 286 

odorata  WENDL 288 

pubescens  WENDL 288 

pyrifolia  WILLD 289 

— rotundifolia  EHRH 288 

tiliaefolia  KOCH 288 

tomentosa  CASTIGL 289 

watsoniana  SPACH 287 

wendlandii  OPIZ 288 


METACHLAMYDEAE 402 

Metagonia  NUTT 409 

Metazanthus  MEYEN 554 

Metopium  P.  BR 345 

Mezleria  PRESL 497 

Michelaria  DUM 84 

Micrampelis  RAF  . . . . 493 

echinata  (MuHL. ) 493 

Micrampelis  lobata  GREENE.  .  494 
Micranthes  pennsyl vanica 

HAW 274 

Microcarpium  SPACH 399 

Microchaete  BENTH 554 

Microgenetes  A.  DC 435 

Microgy ne  LESS 525 

Micromeles  DECN 283 

Micrope talon  PERS 221 

gramineum  PERS 222 

longifolium  EAT.  and 

WR 222 

Microphysa  SCHRENK 479 

Microptelea  SPACH 193  , 

Micropyrum  LINK 82 

Micropyxis  DUBY 415 

Microrhamnus  MAX 356 

Microstylis  NUTT 172 

ophioglossoides  NUTT.  . .  173 

unifoliaBSP 173 

Microtinus  OERST 489 

Middendorfla  TRAUTV 374 

Millefolium  TOURN 549 

Milium  capillare  MOENCH  ....  52 

pungens  TORR 58 

. racernosum  SM 58 

Mimosa  illinoensis  MICHX 308 

Mimosoideae 308 

Mimulus  LINN 462 

Mimulus  glabratus  GRAY 463 

Mimulus  glabratus  var.  jamesii 

(T.  andG.) 463 

Mimulus  jamesii  T.  and  G 463 

Mimulus  ringens  LINN 463 

Mirabilis  LINN 216 

angustifolius  (NUTT.) 216 

hirsutus  (PuRSH) 217 

nyctagineus  (Micnx.) 217 

Mischospora  BOEKCL 1 03 

Miscopetalurn  HAW 274 

Mitella  LINN 276 

Mitella  cordifolia  LAM 276 

Mitella  diphylla  LINN 277 

nuda  LINN 276 

Mitella  prostrata  MICHX 276 

reniformis  LAM 276 

Mitellopsis  MEISSN 276 

Mitostigma  BLUME 165 

Mitrospora  NEES 104 

Mnemion  SPACH  366 

Moehringia  LINN 224 

Lateriftora  (LiNN.) 224 

Moenchia  EHRH 223 

Moenchia  MEDIC 147 

Moldavica  MOENCH  448 

Moly  MOENCH 147 


800 


METASPEKMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY 


Molyza  SALISB 147 

Momisia  DUM 194 

Momordica  echinata  MUHL.  . .  493 

lobata  SER 494 

Monachather  STEUD 69 

Monadenus  SALISB 144 

Monandraira  EM.  DESVX 67 

Monarda  LINN .  450 

Monarda  allophylla  MICHX.  . .  450 

Monarda  fistulosa  LINN 450 

Monarda  involucrata  WEND  . .  450 

—  longifolia  LAM 450 

lutea  MICHX 450 

oblongata  AIT 450 

Monarda  punctata  LINN 450 

Monarda  varians  BART 450 

Moneses  SALISB 403 

Monniera  P.  BR 473 

rotundifolia  MICHX 473 

MONOCOTYLEDONES    31 

Monogynella  DESM 429 

Monopsis  SALISB 497 

Monosis  DC 499 

Monotropa  LINN 405 

Monotropa  morisoni  PERS.  . . .  405 

morisoniana  MICHX 405 

Monotropa  uniflora  LINN 405 

Monotropaceae  LINDL 402 

Montelia  GRAY 213 

Montelia  tamariscina  var.  con- 

catentata  G  RAY 214 

Monteverdia  RICH 349 

Montolivaea  REICH,  f 165 

Moraceae 195. 

Morella  LOUR 178 

Morisia  NEES 104 

Morocarpus  MOENCH 211 

capitatus  MOENCH 212 

Morus  LINN 195 

Morus  canadensis  LAM 195 

missouriensis  AUDIB 195 

Morus  rubra  LINN 195 

Morus  rubra   var.  canadensis 

LOUD 195 

scabraWiLLD 195 

Moscatella  CORD 49 

Moschetallina  TOURN 491 

tetragona  MOENCH 491 

Moya  GRIS 349 

Mozula  RAF 374 

Muhlenbergia  SCHREB 58 

ambigua  TORR 59 

Muhlenbergia  aristata  PERS.  .      61 
— brachyelytrum  TRIN 61 

oinna  TRIN 64 

-  -  clandestina  TRIN 64 

Muhlenbergia  diffusa  SCHREB.  .  59 
Muhlenbergia  foliosa  TRIN  ...  59 

glomerataTRiN 60 

Muhlenbergia  mexicana  LINN.  . .  59 
Muhlenbergia  pendula  BONG.  .  64 
Muhlenbergia  racemosa  (Micnx. )  60 

racemosa     var.     ramosa 

VAS 60 

— -sobolifera  (MuHL.) 60 


Muhlenbergia    sylvatica  var. 

setiglumis  WATS 59 

Muh  lenbergia  tenuiflora(  WILLD.  )  59 
Muhlenbergia    willdenovii 

TRIN 59 

Mulgedium  CASS 560 

floridanum  DC 561 

heterophyllum  NUTT.  . .  561 

leucophaeum  DC 560 

lyratum  CASS 561 

pulchellum T.  and  G....  561 

Munbya  POMEL 330 

Murrithia  ZOLL 394 

Muscaria  HAW 274 

Myagrum  argenteum  PURSH.  .  263 

Mycelis  CASS 560 

Mygalurus  LINK 82 

Myosotis  LINN 439 

arvensis  (LiNN. ) 439 

caespitosa  SCHULTES 439 

Myosotis  deflexa  WAHL 440 

inflexa  ENGELM 439 

intermedia  LINK 439 

scorpioides  var.  arvensis 

LINN 439 

stricta  GRAY 439 

verna  NUTT 439 

virginiana  LINN 440 

Myosotis  virginica  (LiNN. )......  439 

Myosotis  virginica  LINN 440 

Myriandra  SPACH 362 

Myrica  LINN 178 

asplenifolia  (LiNN.)   179 

Myrica  comptonia  C.  DC 179 

Myricaceae 178 

Myriophyllites 384 

Myrrhis  SCOP 398 

anstata  (THUNB.) 398 

claytoni  MICHX 398 

Myrrhis  longistylis  TORR 398 

Mynophyllum  LINN 383 

heterophyllum  MICHX 384 

spicatum  LINN 384 

verticillatum  LINN 384 

Myzorhiza  PHIL 475 

K 

Nabalus  CASS 565 

albus  HOOK 566 

asper  T.  and  G 566 

crepidineus  DC 567 

fraseri  DC 566 

glaucus  RAF 566 

illinoensis  DC 566 

racemosus  DC 566 

trilobatus  DC 566 

NageiaGaertn 178 

Najadaceae 40 

Najadaceae  BH 33,  40,  41 

Najadeae  (Tribus) 33 

Najadeae  BH 40 

Najas  LINN 40 

jlexilis  (  WILLD.  ) 40 

Najas  graminea  ROSTK 40 


INDEX. 


801 


Nandirhobeae  ENDL 493 

Napaea  LINN 361 

dioica  LINN 361 

Napaea  scabra  LINN 361 

Nardarus  REICH 82 

Narthecium  glutinosuin 

MICHX 144 

Narthex  FALC 390 

Nasruy  thia  H UDS 136 

articulata  HUDS 136 

Nasella  E.  DESVX 57 

Nasturtiopsis  Boiss 259 

Nasturtium  R.  BR 259 

hispidum  (  DES  v. ) 259 

palustre  (LEYS.) 260 

Nasturtium  palustre  var.  his- 
pidum T.  and  G 259 

Nasturtium  sinuatum  NUTT 260 

Naumbergia  MoENCHr 412 

thyrsiflora  REICH 412 

Navarelia  DC 240 

Navarretia  linearis  OK 433 

Navidura  ALEF 313 

Nechamandra  PLANCH 46 

Neckeria  SCOP 254 

aurea  (Micex.) 254 

— flavula  (RAF.) 255 

micrantha  (ENGELM.) ••  255 

sempervirens  (LiNN.) 255 

Nectaroscordurn  LINDL 147 

NegundiumRAF 351 

f raxini folium  RAF 351 

Negundo  MOENCH 351 

aceroides  MOENCH 351 

fraxinifolium  NUTT 351 

— lobatum  RAF 351 

mexicanum  DC 351 

negundo  SUDW 351 

trifoliatum  RAF 351 

Neillia  DON 281 

—  opulifolia  B.  and  H 281 

Nelumbium  Juss 225 

codophyllum  RAF 226 

jamaicaensis  DC 226 

— luteum  WILLD 226 

Nelumbo  ADANS 225 

NelumboluteaPERS 226 

Nelumbo  nelumbo  (LiNN. ) 226 

Nematopyxis  MIQ 375 

Nemauchenes  CASS 567 

Nemexia  RAF 157 

Nemochloa  NEES 104 

Nemophila  paniculata 

SPRENG 435 

Nemum  DESVX 97 

Nenuphar  HAYNE 228 

Neoceis  CASS 553 

Neolexis  SALISB 152 

Neotinea  REICH,  f 165 

Neottia  cernua  WILLD 170 

gemmipara  SM  171 

— pubescens  (WILLD.) 171 

repens  Sw , 172 

tortilis  BART 170 

51 


Nepeta  flexuosa  WALT 452 

virginica  WILLD 452 

Nervilia  GAUD 169 

Neubeckia  ALEF 160 

Neurophyllum  T.  and  G 391 

Nibora  RAF 464 

Nicolsonia  DC 319 

Nidorella  CASS 525 

Nigritella  L.  C.  RICH 165 

Nintooa  SWEET 485 

Niobea  WILLD 159 

Nirbisia  DON 234 

Nissolia  TOURN 313 

Nolanaceae  B.  and  H 427 

Nomochloa  BEAU v 97 

Nomochloa  NEES 104 

Normania  LOWE 458 

Norta  SCHUR 257 

Norysca  SP ACH 362 

Nothocalais  GREENE 563 

cuspidatum  (PuRSH) 563 

Nothofagus 190 

Notholirion  Boiss 149 

Noticastrurn  DC 515 

Notobasis  CASS 558 

Notonia  DC 554 

Nototriche  TURCZ  360 

NupharSM 228 

advena  AIT  f 228 

Nuttallia  BART '  360 

involucrata  NUTT 361 

Nyctaginaceae 216 

Nytaginea  CHOIS..   216 

Nyctago  Juss ...  216 

Nyctalea  SCOP 434 

Nycterium  VENT 458 

Nymphaea  LINN.  em.  SM 227 

Nymphaea  LUD w 228 

advena  SOLAND 228 

Nymphaea  alba  NUTT 227 

alba  WALT 228 

ari  folia  SALISB 228 

lutea  WALT ...  228 

— maculata  RAF 227 

nelumbo  var.  B.  LINN.  . .  226 

odorata  AIT 228 

— ordorata  Dryand 228 

reniformis  DC 227 

spiralis  RAF 227 

tuberosa  PAINE 227 

Nyinphaeaceae 225 

Nymphaeaceae  BAILL 27 1 

Nymphaeites 225 

Nymphodes  LUDW 418 

lacunosum  (VENT.) 418 

Nymphosanthus  RICH 228 

Nyssaceae  ENDL 399 

O 

Oakesia  WATS 146 

sessilifolia  S.  WATS 146 

Obaejaca  CASS 553 

Obeliscaria  CASS 537 

columnaris  DC 537 


802 


METASPERMAE    OF   11IE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 


Obeliscaria  pinnata  CASS 537 

Obolaria  SIEG 483 

Ochroxylum  SCIIKEB 337 

Ochrus  TOURN 313 

Ocimastrurn  RUPP 379 

Octarillum  LOUR 373 

Odonectis  RAF 169 

Odonteilema  TURCZ 341 

Odontocarpa  NECK 492 

Odontolorua  HBK 499 

Odontotrichum  Zucc 554 

Oenothera  LINN 380 

albicaulis  NUTT 381 

Uennis  LINN 382 

Oenothera  chrysantha  MICHX.  382 

fruticosa  GRAY 381 

gauroides  HORNEM 382 

pallida  LINDL 381 

parviflora  LINN 382 

pinnatiflda  var.  integri- 

foliaGRAY 381 

Oenothera  pumila  LINN 382 

Oenothera  pusilla  MICHX 382 

Oenothera  rfwmbipetala  NUTT  . .  382 

serrulata  NUTT 381 

Oenotheraceae 375 

Oldenlandia  BAILL 478 

purpurea  var.  longifolia 

CHAP 478 

Oleaceae 415 

Oligandra  LESS 211 

Oliganthera  ENDL 211 

Oliganthes  CASS 499 

Oligosporus  CASS 550 

OlympiaSpACH 362 

Omalocline  CASS 567 

Omalotheca  CASS 529 

Ombellif ere£s  BAILL 385 

Onagra  SPACH  380 

biennis  SPACH 382 

Onagraceae  LINDL 375 

Onagrariaceae  BAILL 383 

Oncostylis  NEES 103 

Onocyclus  SIEMSS 160 

Onopordum  LINN 558 

Onoseris  acuminata  RAF 382 

Onosmodium  MICHX 436 

carolinianum  LAM 436 

Onosmodium  carolinianum  var. 

molle  (MiCHx) 437 

Onosmodium  molle  BECK 436 

molle  MICHX 437 

Ooclinium  DC 501 

Opetiola  Gaertn 90 

Ophioscordon  WALLR .147 

Ophryoscleria  NEES 105 

Ophrys  cernua  LINN 170 

corallorhiza  LINN 174 

latifolia  LINN 173 

liliifolia  LINN 174 

paludosa  OCD 173 

trigona  GILIB 173 

Oplismenus  muricatus  KUNTH  49 

Oplotheca  NUTT 214 


Oplotheca  floridana  NUTT 214 

Opoidea  LINDL, 390 

Opulaster  MED  281 

Opulaster  bullatus  MED 281 

Opulaster  opulifolius  (LiNN.)--.  281 

Opulus  TOURN 489 

Opuntia  MILL 371 

Opuntia  caespitosa  RAF 372 

Opuntia  fragilis  (NuTT) 371 

Opuntia  mesacantha  RAF 372 

Opuntia  missouriensis  DC 371 

Opuntia  polyacantha  HAW 371 

Opunati rafinesquii  ENGELM...  372 

Orbus  LINN     313 

Orchidaceae .  162 

OrchiodesTREW 171 

pubescensOK 171 

repensOK... 172 

Orchis  LINN- 164 

Orchis  bidentata  ELL 168 

bracteata  WILLD 168 

—  clavellata  MICHX 168 

dilatata  PURSH 167 

flmbriata  AIT 166 

flssa  MUHL — 166 

flava  LINN 168 

fuscescens  PURSH 168 

— •— grandiflora  BIGEL 166 

herbiola  Pu KSH 168 

humilis  MICHX 165 

hyperborea  LINN 167 

incisa  MUHL 166 

koenigii  RETZ 167 

lacera  MICHX 166 

leucophaea  M  UTT 166 

loeselii  LINN 173 

psy codes  LINN 166 

psy  codes  MUHL 1 66 

Orchis  spectabilis  LINN 1 65 

Orchis  tridentata  WILLD 168 

— virescens  WILLD 168 

Oreinotinus  OERST 489 

Oreanthus  RAF 276 

Oregeum  SER 299 

Oreoselinum  BIEB 390 

Oreosplenium  ZAHL 274 

Orixa  THUNB 348 

Ormoselenia  TAUSCH 390 

Ornitrophis  CASS 558 

Ornus  PERS . .  416 

Orobanchaceae , . .  475 

Orobanche  biflora  NUTT 476 

fasciculata  NUTT 476 

ludoviciana  NUTT 475 

uniflora  LINN 476 

Orobella  PRESL 315 

Orobus  diffusus  NUTT 316 

ochroleucus  A.  BR 314 

yenosus  A.  BR 314 

Orontiaceae  LINDL 130 

Ortachne  NEES 56 

Orthocen tron  CASS  . .  558 

Orthoraphium  NEES 57 

Orthosporum  NEES 211 


INDEX. 


803 


Oryza  clandestina  A.  BR 54 

Oryzopsis  Miciix 57 

Oryzopsis  asperi folia  KUNTH  .  58 

Oryzopsis  asperifulia  MICHX.  58 

Oryzopsis  canadensis  TORR.  58 

Oryzopsis  juncea  (MiCHX.).  ..  58 

Oryzopsis  melanocarpa  MUHL  58 

Oryzopsis  parvifiora  HOOK.  .  58 

Osmia  Sen -BiP 501 

Osmodium  RAF 436 

Osruorhiza  RAF 398 

brevistylis  DC 398 

claytoni  BSP 398 

cordataRAF.. 398 

— dulcis  RAF  398 

— longistylis  DO 398 

— villosaRAF 398 

Ostericum  HOFF 391 

Ostrya  SCOP 186 

ostrya  (LiNN.) 187 

Ostrya  virginiana  KOCH 187 

Ostrya  virginica  WILLD 187 

Otachyrium  NEES 49 

Otaria  HBK 423 

Otophylla  BENTH 468 

michauxii  BENTH 468 

Ototropis  NEES 319 

Oxalidaceae 334 

Oxalideae  ( Trib.)  B.  and  H . . . .  333 

Oxalis  LINN 334 

Oxalis  corniculata  var.  stricta 

SAV 334 

dillenii  JACQ 334 

— florida  SALISB 334 

Oxalis  longiflora  LINN 335 

Oxalis  lyoni  PURSH 334 

Oxalis  stricta  LINN 334 

Oxalis  vespertilionis  GRAY.  . .  335 

violacea  LINN 335 

Oxyacantha  Rupp 287 

Oxybaphus  L'HER 216 

— angustifolius  SWEET..  . .  216 

hirsutus  SWEET 217 

— nyctagineus  SWEET 217 

Oxybasis  KAR.  and  KIR 211 

Oxycaryum  NEES 96 

Oxycoccus  LUDW 408 

Oxycoccus  hispidulus  PERS  ...  407 

Oxycoccus  macrocarpus  (A IT.)  . .  409 

oxycoccus  (LiNN.) 409 

Oxycoccus  palustris  PERS 409 

vulgaris  PURSH 409 

Oxydium  BENN 319 

Oxygraphis  BUNGE  241 

cymbalaria  (PURSH) 241 

Oxylepis  BENTH 547 

Oxypogon  RAF 315 

Oxypolis  RAF 391 

denticulata  RAF 391 

rigidaRAF 391 

tricuspidata  RAF 391 

Oxyramphis  WALL 317 

Oxys  TOURN 334 

Oxytropis  DC 322 


Oxytropis  hookeriana  NUTT..  323 

lamberti  PURSH 323 

splendens  DOUG 322 

Ozoroa  DEL 345 


Pachiloma  nuttallii  RAF 389 

Pachycarpus  E.  MEY 423 

Pachyloma  SPACH 241 

Pachylophus  SPACH 380 

Pachypodium  NUTT 256 

Pachypodium  WEBB  257 

Pad  us  cartilaginea  ROEM 306 

densiflora  ROEM 307 

flmbriata  ROEM 307 

hirsuta  ROEM 307 

— micrantha  ROEM 307 

oblonga  MOENCH 307 

obovata  ROEM 307 

— rubra  MILL 307 

serotina  AGH 306 

— virginiana  ROEM 306 

Palavia  CAV_ 216 

Paleya  CASS 567 

Palimbia  BESS 390 

Paliurus  ADANS 355 

Palladia  MOENCH 412 

Pallavici  nia  DE  NOT 458 

Pallinia  scoparia  SPRENG 48 

Palmerella  GRAY 497 

Paltoria  R.  and  P 349 

Panax  americanum  RAF 386 

lanceolatum  RAF 385 

quinquefolium  LINN 386 

trifolium  LINN 385 

Panicularia  FABR 80 

americana  (ToRR. ) 81 

Panicularia  aquatica  OK 81 

Panicularia  canadensis  (  MICHX.)  82 

elongata  (TORR.) 82 

fluitans  (LiNN.) 80 

nervata  (  WILLD.  ) 81 

Panicum  LINN  48 

agrostoides  MUHL 51 

Panicum  autumnale  Bosc 52 

barbulatum  MICHX 50 

Panicum  capillare  LINN 52 

Panicum  clandestinum  HOOK.  51 
Panicum  crus-galli  var.  hispidum 

(MUHL.) 49 

depauperatum  MUHL 50 

Panicum  dichotomiflorum 

Micnx 52 

Panicum  dichotomum  LINN  ....  50 

dichotomum  var.  pubescens 

(LAM,)., 50 

Panicum  divergens  MUHL 52 

elongatum  PURSH 51 

— fragile  KUNTH 52 

hispidum  MUHL 49 

involutumToRR 50 

Panicum  latifolium  LINN 51 

Panicum  laxiflorum  LAM 50 

microcarpon  MUHL 50 


804 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE  MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Panicum  niultiflorum  Pom. . .  51 

muriatum  MICHX 49 

nitidum  LAM 50 

Panicum  nudum  WALT 52 

Panicum  pauciflorum  ELL  —  50 

pubescens  LAM 50 

ramulosum  Micnx 50 

rectum  R.  and  S 50 

Panicum  scoparium  LAM 50 

Panicum  strictum  PURSH 50 

strigpsum  ELL 52 

Panicum  virgatum  LINN 51 

Panicum  walteri  Pom 51 

walteri  PURSH 49 

Panicum  x  a  n  t  h  op  h  y  s  u  m  A. 

GRAY 51 

Papaveraceae 252 

Papilionatae 308 

Papyrus  WILLD 91 

Panictaenium  BEAUV 49 

Parallosa  ALEF 315 

Parapodium  E.  MEY 423 

Parastranthus  Gr.  DON 497 

Parietaria  LINN 199 

Parietaria  debilis  var.  pennsyl- 

vanica  WEDD 199 

Parietaria  pensylvanica  MUHL  .  199 

Parillax  RAF 157 

Paritum  ST.  HIL 361 

Parnassia  LINN 277 

Pamassia  americana  MUHL...  278 

Parnassia  caroliniana  MICHX.  .  278 

glauca  RAF 278 

grandiflora  RAF 278 

ovata  MUHL 278 

Parnassia  palustris  LINN 278 

Parnassia  palustris  PURSH  ....  278 

repanda  RAF 278 

rotundifolia  RAF 278 

Paronychieae 219 

Paronychia  canadensis  WOOD.  225 

dichotoma  FENZL 225 

ParosellaCAV 329 

Partheniastrum  NISSOL 533 

Parthenice  T.  and  G 533 

Parthenium  LINN 533 

integrifolium  LINN 533 

Parthenocissus  PLANCH 357 

quinquefolia  (LiNN.) 357 

Pasania  OERST 190 

Pasania  (Sect.) 190 

Paspalum  aristatum  MOENCH  72 

Pastinaca  TOURN 390 

nudicaulis  SPRENG 390 

Patrinia  ceratophylla  HOOK..  .  491 

longifolia  MAcNAB 491 

Pedicularis  LINN 471 

Pedicularis  aequinoctialis 

HBK 472 

Pedicularis  auriculata  SM 471 

Pedicularis  canadensis  LINN.  . .  472 

Pedicularis  gladiata  MICHX.  . .  472 

Pedicularis  lanceolata  MICHX..  471 

Pedicularis  pallida  PURSH.  ...  471 


Pedicularis  resupinana  PURSH  471 

virginica  POIR 471 

Pedilea  LINDL 172 

Pedrosia  LOWE 331 

Pelonastes  HOOK,  f 383 

Peltopsis  RAF 33 

perfoliata  RAF 35 

Penaea  PLUM 338 

Penstemon  MITCH 461 

acuminatus  DOUGL 461 

Penstemon  albidus  NUTT.   ...  461 

bradburii  PURSH 461 

— cristatus  MAC 461 

fendleri  GRAY 461 

Penstemon  gracilis  NUTT 462 

grandiflorus  NUTT 461 

hirsutus  (LiNN. ) 462 

Penstemon  nitidus  DOUGL  —  461 

pubescens  SOLAND 462 

pubescens   var.    gracilis 

GRAY 462 

Penstemon  teretiftorus  NUTT 461 

Penstemon  viscidulum  NEES  . .  461 

Pentacalia  CASS 554 

Pentacophrys  GRAY 216 

Pentaglossum  FORSK 374 

Pentaqonia  SIEG 496 

perfoliata  (LiNN.) 496 

Pentalophus  DC 437 

mandanense  DC 437 

longiflorus  A.  DC 437 

Pentameris  BEAUV 69 

Pentanoma  Moc.  and  SESS 337 

Pentanthus  HOOK,  and  ARN.  .  554 

Pentapfoylloides  TOURN 293 

Pentaphiltrum  REICH 456 

Pentaple  REICH 223 

Pentapteris  HALL , 384 

Pentapterophyllum  DILL 384 

Pentastemon   WETTST 461 

Penthorum  LINN 273 

sedoides  LINN 273 

Pentreas  RAF 215 

Pentstemon  L'HER 461 

Peramibus  RAF 543 

Peramium  SALISB 171 

pubescens  (  WILLD.) 171 

repens  (LiNN.) 172 

Periballanthus  F.  and  S 154 

Pericalia  CASS 554 

Pericallis  WEBB 553 

Pen jaea  TUL 337 

Peristylis  BLUME 165 

bracteatus  LINDL 168 

Peritoma  DC 269 

integrifolia  NUTT 270 

serrulatum  DC 270 

Perizoman thus  PURSH 253 

Perrottetia  DC 319 

Persicaria amphibiaS  F.  GRAY  206 

virginiana  GAERTN 209 

Personatae  DC 459 

Perularia  LINDL 165 

Petaloma  RAF 341 


.NDEX. 


805 


Petalostemon  MICHX 328 

alopecuroides  PERS 330 

candidus  MICHX 329 

— villosus  NUTT 328 

virgatum  NEES 329 

Petrocallis  R.  BR 263 

Petrophy  turn  NUTT 282 

Petrosciadium  EDGEW 394 

Peucedanites  HEER 390 

Peucedanoides  Boiss 390- 

Peucedanum  LINN 390 

nudicauk  (PURSH) 390 

Peucedanum  TOURN 390 

Peyritscia  FOURN -68 

Pfeifferia  BUCH 429 

Phaca  LINN 323 

canadensis  MAcM 325 

caryocarpa  MACM 326 

elongata  HOOK 324 

flexuosa  HOOK 324 

gracilis  MAcM 325 

hypoglottis  MAcM 324 

lotiflpra  T.  and  G  323 

parviflora  NUTT 325 

plattensis  MAcM 325 

Phacelia  Juss 435 

Phacelia  fimbriata  PURSH 436 

Phacelia  purshii  BUCKL 436 

Phacocapnos  BERNH 254 

Phaecasium  CASS 567 

PhaenixopusCAss 560 

Phaenopus  DC 560 

Phaenopyrum  ROEM 287 

cocci nium  ROEM 288 

subvillosum  ROEM 288 

— wendlandii  ROEM 288 

Phalacroderis  DC 567 

Phalacroloma  CASS  525 

obtusi folium  OASS 526 

acutifolium  CASS 527 

Phalacros  WENZ 287 

PhalangiumesculentumNuTT  151 

fraseri  NUTT 151 

Phalaris  LINN 54 

Phalaris  americana  TORR 55 

Phalaris  arundinacea  LINN 55 

Phalaris  erucaeformis  LINN..  72 

oryzoides  LINN 54 

Phalerocarpus  G.  DON 407 

— serpyllifolius  DON 407 

PhasellusMoENCH 312 

Phaseolus  LINN 312 

Phaseolus  angulosus  (MuHL.)...  312 

Phaseolus  diversifonus  PERS.  312 

— — helvolus  LINN 312 

macrostachys  ELL 312 

— monoicus  EAT.  and  WR.  315 

paniculatus  MICHX 312 

Phaseolus  pauciflorus  BEN  TH  . . .  312 

Phaseolus  perennis  WALT.  ...  312 

Phaseolus  polystachyos  (LiNN.).  312 
Phaseolus  tuberosus  EAT  and 

WR 315 

Phelipaea  fasciculata  SPRENG  476 


Phelipaea  ludoviciana  WALP  475 

Phemeranthus  RAF 218 

teretifolius  RAF 218 

Philadelphieae  LINDL 274 

Philipoea  REUT 475 

Philoglossa  BAILL 531 

Phlebosporfum  JUNGH 317 

Phledineum  SPACH 234 

Phloganthea  CAV 433 

Phlox  LINN 431 

Phlox  arista ta  MICHX 432 

canadensis  SWEET 431 

— carnea  SIMS 432 

— cuspidata  SCHEELE 432 

Phlox  divaricata  LINN 431 

glaberrima  LINN 432 

Phlox  glutinosa  BUCKL.  ......  431 

Phlox  maculata  LINN 432 

Phlox  penduliflora  Sw 422 

Phlox  pilosa  LINN 432 

pilosa  forma  alliflora 432 

Phlox  pyramidalis  SM 432 

reflexaSw 432 

revoluta  AIK 432 

Phragmites  TRIN 73 

Phragmites  communis  TRIN.  .  73 

— graecus  STEUD 73 

Phragmites  phragmites  (LiNN.).  73 

Phragmites  vulgaris  BSP 73 

Phryma  LINN 442 

leptostachya  LINN 442 

Phylace  NOR 338 

Phyllach  neae  BAILL 494 

Phyllantheae  AGH 340 

PhyJlanthophora  GRAY 360 

Phyllodium  DESVX 319 

Phyllodon  SALISB  . . . : 147 

Physalis  LINN 456 

angulata  LINN 458 

grand) : flora  HOOK 458 

Physalis  hirsuta  DUN 457 

Physalis  lanceolata  MICHX 456 

Physalis  nyctaginea  DUN 457 

obscura  var.  v  i  s  c  1  d  o- 

pubescens  MICHX  457 

pennsyl vanica  GRAY 456 

Physalis  philadelptiica  LAM 458 

Physalis  pruinosa  LINN 457 

pumila  NUTT 456 

Physalis  pubescens  LINN 457 

Physalis  viscosa  ELL 457 

Physalis  virginiana  MILL 457 

Physalis  viscosa  GRAY 457 

Physaria  NUTT 263 

argentea  MAcM 263 

Physkium  LOUR 46 

natans  LOUR 46 

Physocarpa  RAF 281 

Physocarpos  CAMBESS 281 

opulifolius  RAF 281 

Physocarpum  SPACH  248 

Physolepidium  SCHRENK 256 

Physostegia  BENTH 446 

-^ — virginiana  (LiNN . ) 446 


806 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Phyteuma  LOUR 487 

Phytolaca  RAF 215 

Phytolacca  LINN 215 

decandra  LINN 215 

Phytolaccaceae 215 

Picnocomon  VAILL 558 

Picnomon  ADANS 558 

PicriS  BAILL 568 

Picrococcus  elevatus  NUTT.  . .  411 

floridanus  NUTT 411 

Picrothamnus  NUTT 550 

Pieris  DON 406 

Pilea  LINDL 198 

pumila  GRAY 198 

Pileostegia  TURCZ 350 

Pilosella  Scn.-Bip 568 

Pimpinella  LINN 394 

integerrima  vLiNN.) 395 

Pinardia  NECK 516 

Pinastella  DILL 383 

PioDandra  MIERS 458 

Piptatherum  BEAUV 57 

— nigrum  TORR 58 

Piptochaetium  PRESL 57 

Piptolepis  SCH.-BIP 499 

PircuniaMoq  215 

Pirococcus  NUTT 409 

Pirola  LINN 403 

elliptica  NUTT 404 

Pirola  obovata  BERT 404 

Pirola  rotundifolia  LINN 404 

Pirola  rotundifolia  var.  incar- 

nata  DC 404 

rotundifolia    var.   tiligi- 

nosa  (TORR. ) 404 

rotundifolia  MICHX 404 

Pirola  secunda  .LiNN 403 

secunda  var.  pumila  GRAY  403 

Pirola  uliginosa  TORR 404 

Pirolaceae 402 

Pirolaceae  B.  and  H 405 

Pirophorum  NECK 283 

Pirus  LINN 283 

Pirus  alnifolia  SPRENG 285 

Pirus  arbutifolia  (LiNN.) 284 

Pirus  botryapium  LINN,  f —  286 

Pirus  coronaria  LINN 284 

Pirus  floribunda  LINDL 284 

Pirus  sambucifolia  CHAM,  and 

SCHLECHT 283 

Pirus  sanguinea  PURSH 285 

Pirus  TOURN 283 

Pistiaceae  LINDL 132 

Pistolochia  RAF 201 

Pithosilum  CASS 554 

Pityopsis  NUTT 507 

Pityrosperma  S.  and  Z . ., 232 

Pladaroxylon  ENDL 554 

Plantaginaceae 476 

Plantago  LINN 476 

Plantagognaphalioides  NUTT.  477 

hookeriana  F.  and  M —  477 

kamtscbatica  HOOK 477 

lagopus  PURSH 477 


Plantago  major  ELL 477 

Plantago  major  LINN 477 

Plantago  major  var.  minima 

DECN 477 

Plantago  patagonica  var.  gnap- 

halioides  •  NUTT.  ) 476 

Plantago  purshii  R.  and  S 477 

Plantago  rugelii  DECN 477 

Platanaria  S.  F.  GRAY 32 

Platanthera  LINDL 165 

bracteata  TORR 1 68 

— dilatata  LINDL 167 

fimbriata  LINDL 166 

flava  GRAY 168 

herbiola  LTNDL 168 

hookeriana  LINDL 167 

hyperborea  var.A.  LINDL  167 

— byperborea  var.  dilatata 

LINDL 167 

— koenigii  var.  A.  LINDL  .  167 

lacera  GRAY 166 

psy codes  LINDL 166 

tipuloides  LINDL 169 

Platypetalum  R.  BR 268 

Platyraphe  MIQ .  394 

Platyraphium  CASS 558 

Platystylis  HLUME 173 

Platystylis  SWEET 313 

Pleiosmilax  SEEM 157 

Pleurandra  alba  RAF 376 

Pkurolobus  ST.  HIL 319 

•  canadensis  (LiNN.) 319 

canescens  (LiNN.) 320 

dillenii  (  DARL.) 320 

grandiflorus  (  WALT.  ) 321 

nudiflorus  (LiNN.) 321 

paniculatus  fLiNN.) 320 

Pleuropterus  TURCZ 204 

Pleurostachys  BRONGN 104 

Pleurostemon  album  RAF  —  376 

Pleurotaenia  HOHEN 390 

Plinthanthesis  STEUD 69 

Pluridens  NECK 545 

Pneumorianthe  SCHMIDT 418 

PoaLiNN 78 

Poa  anceps  PR 79 

angustifolia  WAHL 78 

— 'aquatica  var.  americana 

TORR 81 

caesia  AUCT 78 

caesia  var.  strictior  GRAY'  78 

canadensis  BEAUV 82 

caroliniana  SPRENG 74 

cilianensis  ALL 75 

cinerea  VILL 78 

— complanata  SCHUR 79 

Poa  compressa  LINN. 79 

Poa  cristata  WILLD 77 

crocata  MICHX 78 

debilis  THUILL 78 

effusa  KIT 79 

elongata  TORR 82 

eragrostis  SM 75 

exigua  DUM 78 


INDEX. 


807 


Poa  fertilis  HOST 

flrmula  GAUD 

fluitans  KOEL 

glauca  BAST 

— glaucantha  GAUD 

graeilescens  SCHRAD  — 

hirsuta  AUCT 

hydrophila  PERS 

hypnoides  LAM 

jiincea  SUT 

lineata  PERS 

— megastachya  KOEL 

multiflora  FORSK 

— muralis  WIBB 

Poa  nemoralis  LINN 

Poa  nemoralis  PURSH 

nervata  WILLD 

nutans  GILIB 

— nutans  LINK 

-oblonga  BMG 


palustris  DC 

Poa  palustris  LINN 

Poa  parviflora  PCJRSH 

pectinacea  AUCT 

— pectinacea  MICHX 

planiculmis  PR 

polynoda  PARN 

pyramidata  LAM 

reptaus  MICHX 

riparia  WOLF 

-serotina  EHRH 

spectabilis  PURSH 

•triata  Micnx 


—  subcompressa  PARN 

tenella  PURSH 

triflora  GILIB 

Pocophqrum  NECK  

Podalyria  alba  SIMS 

bracteata  MUHL 

tinctoria  LAJI 

Podolotus  ROYLE 

Podophylhim  LINN 

Podophyllum  callicarpum  RAF 

—  rnontanum  RAF 

Podophyllum  peltatum  LINN  . . . 

Podosaemum  DESVX 

Podostigma  ELL 

Pogonia  Juss 

— — opliioglossoides  (LiNN.)... 

Pogonostigma  Boiss 

Pogonost.vlis  BERTOL 

Pohlana  NEES  and  MART 

Poidium  NEES 

Poikadenia  ELL 

Poinsettia  GRAH 

Polanisia  RAF 

dodecandra  BSP 

graveoleus  RAF 

Polemoniaoeae 

Polemonium  LINN 

Polemonium  nyctalea  LINN..  . 

Polemonium  reptans  LINN 

Poliodendron  NOE 

Polium  MOENCH.  . 


78      Pollalesta  HBK 499 

78      Polyacantnus  PRESL 348 

80  Polyactidium  LESS 525 

78      Polyactis  LESS 525 

78      Polyantherix  NEES 87 

78         hystrix  NEES 88 

74  Polycyrtus  SCHLECHT 390 

78      Polydora  FENZL 499 

75  Polygala  LINN 338 

78          cruciata 340 

81  Polygala  cuspidata  HOOK 340 

75      Polygala  paucifolia  WILLD 339 

75      Polygala  purpurea  AIT.  f 3:^9 

79  —purpurea  NUTT 340 

sanguinea  LINN 340 

79      Polygala  senega  LINN 339 

81          seneya     var.    latifolia    T 

78                    andG ;    339 

83      Polygala  uniflora  MICHX 339 

75      Polygala  verticillata  LINN 339 

78         viridescens  LINN 340 

78  Polygalaceae 338 

81      Polyg-onaceae 202 

74      Polygonastrum  MOENCH 152 

74  Polygonatam  A  DANS 154 

79  Polygonatum      angusti  folium 

79                    PURSH  155 

77  Polygonatumbiftorum(WA-LT.).  155 

75  Polygonatum     canaliculatum 

78  PURSH 154,  155 

78  Polygonatum     commutatum 

74                     (SCHULT.) 155 

81  Polygonatum     giganteum 

79  DIETR 154 

74         hirtum  PURSH 155 

78         lati folium  PURSH 155 

346 multiflorum  PURSH 155 

310            — pubescens  PURSH 155 

310  Polygonella  articulata  MEISN.  209 

311  Polygonum  LINN 204 

323             —acre  HBK 205 

250          ampliibium  LINN 206 

250  Polygonum    amphibium    var. 

250  aquaticum  WILLD....  206 

250  — amphibium    emersum 

58                    Micnx 206 

423         amphibium  var.(?)muhl- 

169                    enbergii  MEISSN 206 

169         amphibium  var.   terres- 

327                    tre  WILLD 206 

103  Polygonum cm/bZnmiLiNN.    ...  210 

337          — — articulatum  LINN 209 

78          —  aviculare  LINN 209 

330  Polygonum  aviculare  var.  erec- 

341                    turn  GRAY 208 

270         bicorne  RAF 207 

270         bistorta  WALT 206 

270         centinodium  LAM 209 

431      Polygonum  tilinode  MICHX 210 

433  Polygonum  coccineum  MUHL  206 

434          terrestre 206 

433         dumetorum    var.    scan- 

455                    dens  GRAY 210 

455  Polygonum  emersum  ( MICHX.).  206 


808 


METASPEKMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA    VALLEY. 


Polygonum  erectum  LINN 208 

Polygonum  flliforme  BART 208 

geniculatum  POIB 209 

glandulosum  POIR 205 

Polygonum  hartwrightii  GRAY.  .  206 

hydropiper  LINN 205 

Polygonum  hydropiper  MICHX.  205 
Polygonum     hydropiperoides 

MICHX 205 

Polygonum  hydropiperoides 

PURSH , 205 

Polygonum  incarnatum  ELL 207 

Polygonum  lapathifolium  var. 
incarnatum  WATS,  and 

COULT 207 

— linifolium  MUHL 208 

mite  ELL 205 

mite  PURSH 205 

muhlenbergii  S.  WATS.  .  206 

muticum  MOENCH 209 

nodosum    var.    incarna- 
tum GRAY 207 

Polygonum pensylvanicum  LINN.  207 

Polygonum  persoonii  ENGELM.  205 

provinciale  KOCH 209 

punctatum  ELL 205 

purpureum  GILIB.   206 

Polygonum     ramosissimum 

MICHX 208 

sagittatum  LINN 210 

Polygonum    sagittatum    var. 

boreale  MEISN 210 

scabrum  MOENCH 207 

Polygonum  scandens  LINN 210 

tenue  MICHX 208 

Polygonum  terrestre  BSP 206 

Polygonum  virginianum  LINN  . .  209 

POLYNOME  SALISB 160 

Polypogon  setosus  SPRENG 60 

Polymnia  BAILL 531 

Polymnia  LINN 531 

canadensis  LINN 531 

Polymnia  canadensis  var.  dis- 

coidea  GRAY 531 

Polymniastrum  LAM 531 

Polydon   HBK 70 

Polyotus  NUTT 423 

—  heterophyllus  NUTT 423 

Polypogon  glomeratus  WILLD  60 

racemosus  NUTT 60 

Polypremum  A  DANS 492 

Polyperis  LESS 548 

Polystigma  MEISSN 350 

Polytaenia  DC 389 

— — nuttaUii  DC 389 

Pomaceae  KNDL 281 

Ponceletia  THOU 69 

Ponerorchis  REICH,  f 165 

Pontederia  LINN 137 

Pontederia  angusti  foliaPuRSii  1 37 

Pontederia  cordata  LINN 137 

Pontederia  mucronata  RAF.  . .  137 

Pontecleriaceae 137 

Populago  TOURN 230 


Populopfiyllum 179 

Populus  LINN 179 

Populus  atheniensis  HORT 181 

angulata  AIT 179 

angulosa  MICHX 180 

Populus  balsamifera  LINN 180 

Populus  talsamifera  var.  gen- 

uina  WESM 180 

balsamifera     lanceolata 

MARSH 180 

— canadensis  MICHX.   f...  180 

candicans  AIT 180 

Populus  grandidentata MICHX  . .  180 
Populus    grandidentata    var. 

pendula  TORR 180 

laevigata    AIT 179 

— macrophylla   LODD 180 

Populus  monilifera  AIT 179 

Populus  tacamahaca  MILL 180 

tremuliformis  EM 181 

Populus  tremuloides  MICHX...  181 

Populus  trepida  WILLD 181 

viminea    BON 180 

Porphyroscias  MIQ — 391 

Porroteranthe  STEUD 80 

Porrum  SALISB 147 

Portulaca  LINN 219 

retusa     ENGELM.       and 

GRAY 219 

Portulacaceae 217 

PortunaNuTT 406 

Potamogeton  LINN 33 

Potamogeton   acuminatus 

SCHUM 38 

acuminatus  WAHL 38 

acutifolius  PR 36 

Potamogeton   amplifolius 

TUCKM.             35 

Potamogeton    angusti  foli  u  s 

OP 36 

berchthold ii  FIEB 36 

caudatus  SEID 38 


complanatus  WILLD... 

compressus  AUCT 

compressus   SM 

cornutus  PR 


39 
39 
37 
38 

crispus  DARL 35 

cuspidatus  SCHRAD 39 

fasciculatus  WOLFG —      37 

fllicaulis  SCHUR 

flexicaule  DETH 38 

flexuosus    SCHL.    and 

WRED . .      38 

Potamogeton  fluitans  ROTH 34 

foliosus  RAF 39 

Potamogeton  f riesi  i  Rupii 37 

— gramineus  MER 36 

gramineus  ROTH     35 

—  gramineus    var.    hetere- 

phyllos  FRIES 35 

Potamogeton  gramineus  var.  zizii 

(ROTH) 36 

lieterophyllos  SCHREIJ 35 


INDEX. 


809 


Potauiogeton        h  y  b  r  i  d  u  s 

PENTAGN 35 

Potamogeton  illinoensis  MORONG  36 

Potamogeton  interruptus  KIT.  37 

Potamogeton  lanceolatus  SM 38 

Potamogeton  loeselii  R.  and  S.  35 

lonchites  TUCKM 34 

Potamogeton  lucens  LINN 37 

Potamogeton  lucens  var.  minor 

UFH  36 

lucens  WEBB 38 

lucidus  GULDENST 37 

major  MORONG 37 

mucronatus  NYM  36 

Potamogeton  natans  LINN 34 

Potamogeton      natans      var. 

angustatus  MK 34 

natans    var.    flu  i  tans 

CHAM  34 

oederi  MEY 37 

— oblongus  MEY 34 

—  palustris  TEESD 35 

pauciflorus  PURSH 39 

paucifolius  OP 35 

Potamogeton  pectinatus  LINN  ...  37 

perfoliatus  LINN 35 

perfoliatus  var.   lanceo- 

latusRoBBiNS 38 

perfoliatus  var.  richard- 

soni  BENNETT. 38 

petiolarisPR 34' 

Potamogeton  praelongus  WULF  .  38 
Potamogeton  proteus  var.  het- 
erophyllos  CHAM,  and 

SCHLECHT *35 

proteus  f.  lucens  CHAM. 

and  SCHLECHT 38 

proteus  f .  zizii  CHAM,  and 

SCHLECHT 36 

purshianusMoRONG 39 

Potamogeton  pusillus  LINN 36 

Potamogeton     pusillus     var. 

major  FRIES 37 

Potamogeton  rutilus  WOLFG  ....  37 

Potamogeton  serratus  WEBB.  .  37 

vaillantii  R.  and  S 37 

verticillatum  WALT 384 

— volhynicus  BESS 38 

zizii  ROTH 36 

Potamogeton    zoster aefolius 

SCHUM 39 

Potamogeton  zosterophyllus 

Dum 39 

Potamog-etonaceae 33 

Potaninia  MAX 293 

Potentilla  LINN 293 

anserina  LINN 294 

argentea  LINN 296 

arguta  PURSH 298 

Potentilla     bipinnatiflda 

DOUGL 297 

Potentilla  canadensi*  LINN  .  —  294 

canadensis    var.     simplex 

(Micnx.)..              294 


Potentilla  caroliniana  POIR.  . .  294 

conferti  flora  TORR 298 

floribunda  PURSH 295 

Potentilla  fruticosa  LINN 295 

Potentilla  fruticosa  var.  ameri- 

cana  MARSH 295 

Potentilla  hippiana  LEHM 297 

Potentilla  lacradorica  LEHM..  298 

leucophylla  TORR 297 

PotenHUamillegrana  ENGELM..  298 

norvegica  LINN. 289 

palustris  (  LINN.  ) 296 

Potentilla  paradoxa  NUTT 297 

Potentilla  pensylvanica  LINN..  297 
Potentilla    pensylvanica    var. 

arguta  TORR 299 

pensylvanica  var.  bipin- 
natiflda T.  and  G 297 

— pensylvanica    var.    hip- 
piana T.  and  G 297 

Potentilla    pensylvanica     var. 

strigosa  PURSH 297 

Potentilla  pumila  POIR 294 

retusa  MULL 295 

rivalis-  var.    millegrana 

WATS 298 

sarmentosa  WILLD 294 

si  mplex  MICHX 294 

Potentilla  supina  LINN 297 

tridentota  SOL 295 

Pothos  foetidus  MICHX 131 

Prasium  concinneum  WALT.  .  446 

purpureum  WALT 446 

Praxelis  CASS 501 

Prenanthes  LINN 565 

alba  LINN 566 

-aspera  MICHX 566 

crepidinea  MICHX 567 

Prenanthes  illinoeusis  PERS.  . .  566 

juncea  PURSH 565 

miamensis  RIDD 566 

ovata  RIDD 566 

proteophylla  RIDD 566 

Prenanthes  racemosa,  MICHX.  . .  566 

Prenanthes  rubricunda  WILLD  566 

Prenanthes  serpentaria  PURSH.  566 

Prenantbes  suavis  SALISB 566 

Prestinaria  SCH.-BIP 543 

Prieuria  DC 375 

Primula  O.  KUNTZE    411 

,   occidentalis  OKi 411 

Primulaceae 411 

Primulopsis  T.  and  G 381 

Prinos  LINN 349 

gronovii  MICHX^ 350 

confertus  MOENCH 350 

verticillatus  LINN 350 

Prionopsis  NUTT 514 

Prismatocarpus  L'HER 496 

Proteopsis  Scn.-BiP 499 

Provenzalia  ADANS 131 

Prunella  LINN 446 

Prunophora  NECK 305 

Prunopsis  ANDR 305 


810 


METASPERMAE    OF   THE    MINNESOTA   VALLEY 


Prunus  Juss 305 

americana  MARSH 305 

Prunus  boreal  is  Pom 308 

— cartilaginea  LEHM 306 

cuneata  RAF 306 

depressa  PURSH 306 

duerinckiiWALP 307 

hiemalis  MICHX 305 

hirsuta  ELL .307 

lanceolata  WILLD 307 

mississi  ppi  MARSH 305 

nana  DuRoi 307 

nigra  MUHL 305 

obo vata  BIGEL 307 

pennsylvanica  LINN,  f . .  307 

persicifolia  DESF 308 

— -pumila  LINN 306 

rubra  AIT 307 

serotinaEHRH 306 

serotina  POIR 307 

spinosa  WALT    305 

virginiana  LINN 307 

virginiana  MILL 306 

Prunus-Cerasus  canadensis 

MARSH 307 

montana  MARSH 307 

Pascalium  CASS 554 

Psaruma  BEAUV 67 

Psammoseris  Boiss 567 

Pseudantheae  ENDL 340 

Pseudocapsicum  MOENCH —  458 

Pseudocarex  MIQ 106 

Pseudocyperus  SEGU  103 

Pseudofumaria  LUDW 254 

Pseva  RAF 402 

maculata  (LiNN. ) 402 

umbellata  (LiNN. ) 402 

Psilocaenia  NUTT 568 

Psilorhegma  VOG 309 

Psilosanthus  NECK  .  • 504 

Psolanum  NECK 458 

Psoralea  LINN 330 

Psoralea  alopecuroides  POIR..  .  330 

argophylla  PURSH 331 

brachiata  DOUGL 330 

Candida  POIR 329 

dalea  LINN 320 

Psoralea  esculenta  PURSH 330 

Psoralea  floribunda  NUTT  ....  330 

Psoralea  incana  N  UTT 331 

Psoralea  par  vi  flora  POIR 325, 

Psoralea  tenuiflora  PURSH 330 

Psorophytum  SPACH 362 

Psycanthus  RAF 338 

Psychrogeton  Boiss 515 

Psychrophila  GAY 230 

Psyllophora  EHRH 106 

pauciflora  SOHUR 130 

Ptarmica  NECK 549 

borealis  DC 549 

Ptelea  LINN 338 

Pbelea  pentaphylla  FABR 338 

tomentosa  RAF 338 

Ptelea  trifoliata  LINN 338 


Ptelea  viticifolia  SALISB 338 

Pterochilus  HOOK,  and  A  UN.  .  172 

Pterolepis  SCHRAD 97 

Pteroloma  BENTH  319 

Pteroneuron  DC 261 

Pteronia  caroliniana  WALT.  . .  506 

Pterophyllum  NUTT 231 

Pterosel  i  num  REICH 390 

Pterosenecio  Scn.-BiP 554 

PterotaP.BR 337 

Pterotheca  CASS 567 

Pterotheca  PRESL 104 

Ptilagrostis  GRIS 57 

Ptilochaeta  NEES 104 

Ptilosciadium  STEUD 104 

Ptilostemon  CASS 558 

Pugiopappus  TORR 543 

Pulegium  MILL 454 

Pulicaria  annua  GAERTN 527 

Pulsatilla  TOURN 235 

hirsutissirna  BRITT 239 

nuttalliana  SPRENG.  .238,  239 

patens  GRAY 239 

Punduana  STEETZ 499 

PurshiaRAF 383 

Purshia  SPRENG 436 

mollis  LEHM 436,  437 

Putranjiveae  ENDL 340 

Putteriickia  ENDL 348 

Pycnanthernum  MICHX 452 

.    flexuosum  BSP 452 

lanceolatum  PURSH 452 

linifolium  PURSH 452 

virginianum  HITCH 452 

— — virginicum  PERS 452 

Pycreus  BEAUV 90 

Pygmaea  HOOK,  f 465 

Pyrola  see  Pirola 277 

Pyrola  MOR 277 

corymbosa  BERT 402 

maculata  LINN 402 

umbellata  LINN 402 

Pyrrheima  HASSK 136 

Pyrrhopappus  A.  RICH 560 

Pyrrocoma  HOOK 514 

Pyrus  see  Pirus 283 

americana  NEWB 284 

aucuparia  MEY 284 

bartramiana  TAUSCH...  286 

coronaria    var.   iowensis 

WOOD 284 

— iowensis  BAIL 284 

ovalis  BIGEL 286 

w  angenhei  miana 

TAUSCH 286 

sanguinea  PURSH 286 

Pythagorea  RAF 374 

alata  RAF 374 

Pyxidium  MOENCH 214 

Q 

Quamoclidion  CHOIS 216 

Quercophyllum 191 

Quercus  LINN 190 


I^DEX. 


811 


Quercus  alba  HOOK* 192 

Quercus  alba  LINN 192 

Quercus  alba  var.  pinnatiflda 

MICHX 192 

alba  var.  repanda  MICHX  192 

— ambigua  MICHX 191 

coccinea    var.    ?  r  u  b  r  a 

SPACH 191 

coccinea    var.    tinctoria 

GRAY 191 

discolor  AIT 191 

Quercus  macrocarpa  MICHX 192 

Quercus  microcarpa  A.  DC 192 

Quercus  muhlenbergii  ENGELM.  .  192 
Quercus     obtusiloba     var. 

depressa  NUTT 192 

oli vaeformis  MICHX.  f...  192 

Quercus  rubra  LINN 191 

Quercus  rubra  var.  runcinata 

A.  DC 191 

sinuata  WALT 192 

— stellata  var.  depressa  A. 

DC 192 

— tinctoria  BARTR 191 

—tinctoria    var.  angulosa 

MICHX 191 

— tinctoria   var.    sinuosa 

MICHX 191 

Quercus  velutina  LAM 191 

Queria  canadensis  NUTT 225 

--dichotorna  MOENCH 225 

Quineria  RAF 357 

hederacea  RAF 357 

hirsuta  RAF 357 

Quinquefolium  TOURN 293 

Quinquelocularia  KOCH 494 

B 

Radicula  palustris    MOENCH.  260 

Radiola  GMEL 335 

Ramium  RUMPF 1 98 

cylindricum  (LiNN.) 198 

Ranapalus  KELL 473 

— eiseni  KELL 473 

Raiiaria  CHAM 473 

Randalia  BEAUV 136 

Ranmanissa  ENGL 270 

Kanunculaceae 229 

Ranunculus  LINN 241 

abortivus  LINN 244 

abortivus  var.  micranthus.  245 

Ranunculus  affinis  R.  BR 245 

alismaefolius  GRAY 246 

Ranunculus  ambigens  S.  WATS.  246 

Ranunculus  arnoenus  LED 245 

Ranunculus  aquatilis  var.  caes- 

pitosus  DC 248 

Ranunculus     aquatilis     var. 

capillaceus  DC 247 

aquatilis  var.  stagnatilis 

DC 248 

Ranunculus  aquatilis  var.    trich- 

ophyllus  (  CHAIX.) 247 


Ranunculus  circinatus  SIBTH  . .  248 

Ranunculus  clintoni  BECK  ...  242 

cymbalaria  PURSH 241 

divaricatus  GRAY 248 

Ranunculus  fascicularis  MUHL  .  243 
Ranunculus     fascicularis 

SPRENG 244 

—filiform is  MICHX 246 

flamnmla  PURSH 246 

flammula  var.  reptans  E. 

M  EY , 246 

fluviatilis  HIGEL 247 

fluviatilis  PURSH 247 

hispidus  MICHX 243 

— hispidus  PURSH 242 

hirsutus  CURT 242 

— bydrocharis   caespitosus 

HIERN 248 

hydrocharis    trichophyl- 

lus  HIERN 247 

intermedius  EAT 242 

Ranunculus  lacustris  B.  and  T.  246 

lacustris  B.   and  T.  var. 

terrestris  (GRAY) 247 

Ranunculus  lanuginosusWALT  244 

— leptopetalus  RAF 244 

limosus  NUTT 247 

lingua  PURSH 246 

marilandicus  Pom  ...  243 

micranthus  NUTT 245 

multifldus  BIGEL 246 

multifldus  PURSH 246 

multifldus  var.  terrestris 

GRAY 247 

— nitidus  MUHL 243 

— nitidus  WALT 244 

Ranunculus  oralis  RAF 245 

pedatifidus  SM 245 

— pensylvanicus  LINN,  f  —  242 

Ranunculus  prostratus  Pom. .  242 

— purshiiRicn 247 

radicans  var.  multifldus 

REGEL 247 

Ranunculus  recurvatus  POIR.  . .  244 

Ranunculus  Pepens  AUCT 243 

repens  var.   hispidus  T. 

and  G 243 

repens    var.   nitidus   T. 

and  G 243 

repens  LINN 243 

Ranunculus  repens  LINN 242 

reptans  LINN 246 

Ranunculus  reptans  var.  flli- 

formis  DC 246 

rhoruboideus  GOLDIE —  245 

robiniRAF 246 

saniculaeformis  MUHL.  .  244 

sarmentosus  A  DANS 241 

Ranunculus  sceleratus  LINN 244 

Ranunculus    schlechtendahlii 

HOOK 243 

Ranunculus  septentrionalis  Pom.  243 

Ranunculus  tomentosus  POIR.  242 

trichophyllus  CHAIX  —  247 


812 


METASPERMAE    OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Kanunculus    auricomus    var. 

afflnis  LAWS 245 

— brevicaulis  HOOK 245 

canadensis  JACQ 242 

— carolinianus  DO 243 

— tridentatus  HBK 241 

trifolius  MOENCH 242 

Raphione  SALISB 147 

Rapuntium  GAEKTN 497 

Ratibida  RAF 537 

sulcata  RAF 587 

Rebis  SPACH 278 

Reboulea  KUNTH 76 

gracilis  KUNTH 76 

obtusata  GRAY 76 

pennsylvanica  GRAY —  76 

Receveura  VELL 362 

Reinwardtia  DUM 335 

Relchella  STEUD 66 

Requienia  DC 327 

Reussia  ENDL 137 

Reutera  Boiss 394 

Khamnaceae 355 

RhamnellaMiQ 356 

Bhamnus  LINN 356 

alnifolia  L'HER 356 

Rhamnus  alpinus 356 

f  ranguloides  MICHX 356 

RhaphisLouR 47 

Rhetsa  W.  and  ARN 337 

Rhinactina  LESS 515 

Rhinanthaceae  DC 459 

Rhinanthus  virginicusLiNN. .  468 

Rhinolobium  ARN 423 

Rhodax  SPACH 464 

Rhodophora  NECK 302 

Rhodopsis  LED 302 

JtausLiNN 345 

Rhus  carolinense  MARSH 347 

Elms  copallina  LINN 347 

Rhus  eiegans  AIT 347 

Rhusglabra  LINN 347 

Rhus  hirta  p.  1 347 

— hypselodendron  MOENCH.  347 

Rhus  radicans  LINN  ...» 346 

RhustoxicodendronAucT.AM,  346 

toxicodendron  var.  radi- 
cans TORR 346 

Rhus  typhina  LINN 347 

Rhus  typhina  var.  arborescens 

WILLD 347 

typhina  var.  frutescens 

WILLD 347 

venenata  DC 346 

Rhus  vernix  LINN 346 

Rhynchelythrum  NEES 49 

Rhyncodium  PRESL 330 

Rhyncopetalum  FRES 497 

Rhynchospora  VAHL 104 

alba  (LiNN.)  104 

RhynchosporacapillaceaToRR.  104 

Rhynchospora  setacea  (MuHL.).  104 

Rhy tispermum  LINK 437 

Ribes  LINN 278 


Ribes  albinervium  MICHX 279 

campanulatum  MOENCH  279 

Ribes  cynobasti  LINN 380 

floridum  L'HER 279 

—gracik  MTCHX 280 

Ribes  gracile  TORR 280 

hirtellum  MICHX 280 

missouriensis  NUTT —  280 

Ribes  nigrum  LINN 279 

Ribes  nigrum  var.  B.  LINN.  ..  279 

nigrum  var.   pennsylva- 

nicum  MARSH 279 

— niveum  LINDL 280 

Ribes  oxycanthoides  LINN 280 

Ribes    oxycanthoides  var.   G. 

TORR  and  GRAY 280 

recurvatum  MICHX 279 

rotundifolium  UPH 280 

rotundifolium  var. 

ENGELM 280 

rubrurn  AUCT 279 

Ribes  rubrum   var.  albinervium 

(MiCHX.) 279 

Ribes  rubrum  var.  subglandu- 

losum  MAX 279 

saxosum  HOOK 280 

triflorum  BIGEL 280 

Ribesiaceae  ENDL 274 

Ricinocarpus  BURM 340 

virginicus  (LiNN.) 341 

Rienera  MOENCH 327 

Robertsonia  HAW 274 

Robsonia  BERL 278 

Rochelia  R.  and  S 440 

Rodigia  SPRENG 568 

Roegneria  C.  KOCH 85 

Roemeria  MOENCH 214 

Roemeria  THUNB 345 

Roeperorchis  REICH,  f 1 65 

RoldanaLLAV.  and  LEX 554 

Rophostemon  BLUME 169 

Rorella  RUPP 272 

RoridaR.  and  S 269 

Roridula  FORSK 269 

Roripa  BESS 259 

— -  nasturtioides  SPACH  —  260 

Rosa  LINN 302 

acicularis  LINDL 304 

Rosa  acicularis  var.  bourgeau- 

iana  CREP 304 

— arkansana  PORT 304 

blanda  AIT 304 

blanda   var.    arkansana 

BEST 304 

blanda     var.    pubescens 

CREP 304 

b  1  a  n  d  a  var.  s  e  t  i  g  e  r  a 

CREP 304 

Rosa  Carolina  LINN 303 

Rosa  carolinensis  MARSH 303 

—caroliniana  MICHX 303 

—  cinnamomea   var.    gem- 

ellaSER 303 


INDEX. 


813 


Rosa  cinnamomea  var.  glabella 

SER 304 

coryrubosa  EHRH 303 

engelmanni  S.  WATS 304 

fenclleri  CREP 303 

flexuosa  RAF 303 

fraxinifolia  GMEL 304 

gemella  WILLD 304 

Rosa  humilis  MARSH 303 

Rosa  lucida  AUCT.  AM 303 

-lyonii  PURSH 303 

parviflora  EHRH 303 

pennsylvanica  MICHX.  . .  303 

Rosa  pisocarpa  GRAY 303 

raflnesquii  SER 303 

sayi  SCHWEIN 304 

yirginiana  DuRoi.  303 

Rosa  virginiana  MILL 304 

— virginiana  var.  arkansana 

(PORT.) 304 

— woodsii  LINDL 303 

Rosaceae 281 

Roscyna  SPACH 362 

Rosilla  LESS 548 

Rossolis  TOURN 272 

Rothia  SCHREB 568 

RottboelliapaniculataSPRENG  70 

Roucela  DUM 494 

Rubia  BAILL 479 

Kubiaceae 478 

Rubiaceae  BAILL 482,  490 

Rubus  LINN 289 

Rubus  aegopodioides  SER 292 

arcticus    WALT 290 

— argutus  LINK 291 

Rubus  canadensis  LINN 290 

Rubus  canadensis  TORR 292 

Rubus  chamaemorus  LINN 290 

Rubus  dalibarda  LINN 290 

— flagellaris  WILLD 290 

Rubus  fruticosus  LINN 290 

Rubus  fruticosus  MARSH 291 

Rubus  hispidus  LINN 290 

Rubus  idaeus  PURSH 291 

idaeus   var.  aiuericanus 

TORR 291 

idaeus     var.      strigosus 

MAX 291 

montanus  SER 292 

obovalis  MICHX 290 

oboyatus  ELL 290 

Rubus  occidentalis  LINN 291 

Rubus  procumbens  MUHL 290 

Rubus  repens  (  LINN. ) 290 

Rubus  saxatilis  BIGEL 292 

— saxatilis  var.  americanus 

PERS 292 

saxatilis  var.  canadensis 

MICHX 292 

Rubus  strigosus  MICHX 291 

triflorus  RICH 292 

Rubus  trivialis  PURSH 290 

Rubus  villosus  AIT 291 

Rudbeckia  LINN  . .  536 


Rudbeckia  angiistifolia  (DC. }  . .  539 

columnaris   PURSH 537 

Rudbeckia  digitata  MILL 533 

discolor  ELL 537 

gracilis  NUTT 538 

Rudbeckia  hirta  LINN 538 

laciniata  LINN 538 

Rudbeckia  odorata  NUTT 538 

Rudbeckia  pinnata  VENT 537 

Rudbeckia  pinnatiflda  RAF.  . .  537 

quinata  MILL 538 

serotinaNuTT 538 

strigosa  NUTT 538 

Rudbeckia  subtomentosa  PURSH.  538 
Rudbeckia  tomentosa  ELL..  537,  538 

triloba  var.  a.  MICHX 538 

Rugelia  SCHUTTLEW 554 

Rumex  LINN  202 

altissimus  WOOD 203 

Rumex  anthoxanthum  MURR.  204 

aureusWrra 204 

— brit;innica  MEISSN 203 

Rumex  britannicus  LINN 203 

Rumex  maritimus  AUCT.  AMER  204 

orbiculatus  GRAY 203 

Rumex  persicarioides  LINN 204 

salicifolius  WEINM 203 

verticillatus  LINN 202 

Rumex  verticillatus  RICH 203 

xanthorhizos  HOFFM 203 

Rutaceae 336 

Ruteria  MOENCH 330 

Ruyschiana  MILL 448 

Rytidosperma  STEUD 67 


Sabad ilia  BRANDT 144 

Sagittana  LINN 43 

Sagittaria  acutifolia  PURSH.  .  44 

— gracilis  PURSH 44 

Sagittaria  graminea  MICHX 44 

Sagittaria  hastata  PURSH 44 

heterophylla  PURSH 44 

• heterophylla  SCHREB —  44 

latifolia  WILLD 44 

longiloba  ENGLM 44 

major  SCOP 44 

minor  MILL 44 

monoica  GILIB 44 

— obtusa  WILLD 44 

purshii  KUNTH 44 

Sagittaria  rigida  PURSH 44 

sagittaefolia  LINN.  .  / 44 

sagittaefolia  f .  angustifolia 

(ENGLM.) .  ........  45 

sagittaefolia  f.  diversifolia  45 

sagittaefolia      f.     gracilis 

(PURSH) 45 

sagittaefolia     f.     hastata 

(PURSH) 45 

sagittaefolia  f .  latifolia 

(  WILLD  ) 45 

sagittaefolia  f .  obtusa 

I  WILLD.) 45 


814  METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY 


Sagittaria    sagittaefolia    var. 

variabilis  (ENGLM.).  . .  45 

simplex  A UCT 44 

simplex  PUKSH 44 

stolonifera  ENGLM.  and 

GRAY 44 

variabilis  EXGLM 44 

vulgaris  GULDENST 44 

Sagotia  WALP 319 

Salicaceae- 179 

Salicaria  TOURN 374 

Salicophyllum 181 

Salix  LINN 181 

amygdaloides  ANDERS...  185 

Salix  angustata  PURSH 182 

arbuscula  PALL 181 

Salix  Candida  WILLD 182 

Salix  carol iniana  MICHX 185 

conifera  WILLD 183 

Salix  cordata  MUHL 182 

cordata  var.  angustata 

(PURSH) 182 

discolor  MUHL 184 

Salix  elegans  BESS 181 

fa-lcata  PURSH 185 

fluviatilis  NUTT 184 

f uscata  PURSH 183 

—  grisea  WILLD 183 

grisea  var.  subglabrata 

Kocn 183 

houstoniana  PURSH 185 

Salix  humilis  MARSH 183 

Salix  incaiia  Micnx 182 

ligustriana  MICHX.  f 185 

livida    var.  occidentalis 

GRAY 184 

Salix  longifolia  MUHL 184 

Salix  longifolia  var  pedicillata 

ANDERS 184 

— longirostris  MICHX 183 

Salix  lucida  MUHL 1 85 

Salix  lucidavar.serissima  BAIL  185 

melanopsis  NUTT 185 

Salix  muhlenbergiana  PURSH.  183 

— muhlenbergiana  WILLD.  183 

Salix  myrtilloides  LINN 181 

Salix  myrtilloides  var.  pedicil- 

laris  CAREY 182 

Salix  nigra  MARSH 185 

Salix  nigra  var.  falcata  GRAY.  185 

ni vea  SM 182 

pedicillaris  HOOK 181 

— pennsylvanica  SAL 183 

pentandra  NUTT 185 

pentandra  WALT 185 

Salix  petiolaris  SM 183 

Salix  petiolaris  var.  g  r  a  c  i  1  i  s 

AND 183 

prinoides  PURSH 184 

rigida  MUHL 182 

rosmarinifolia  PURSH.  ..  183 

Salix  rostrata  RICH 1 84 

Salix  rubra RICH.... 184 

sensitiva  BARK 184 


Salix  sericea  MUHL 183 

tomentosa  SCHRAD 182 

Salix  tristis  AIT 183 

Salix  vagans  var.  rostrata 

ANDERS 184 

Salsola  LINN 213 

Salsola  Carolina  MICHX 213 

— caroliniana  WALT 21 3 

Salsola  kali  LINN 213 

Salsola   kali  var.    caroliniana 

NUTT 213 

Sambuceae  B.  and  H 490 

Sambucus  LINN 487 

Sambucus  canadensis  LINN 488 

Sambucus  glauca  GRAY 488 

humilis  RAF 488 

—nigra  MARSH.... 488 

—pu  bens  MICHX 488 

— pubescens  PERS 488 

pubescens   var.  arbores- 

cens  T.  and  G 488 

— pubescens  var.  B.  HOOK  488 

Sambucus  racemosa  LINN 488 

Sanguinaria  LINN 252 

Sanguinaria  acaulis  MOENCH.  252 

Sanguinaria  canadensis  LINN.  .  252 

Sanguinaria  vernalis.SALiSB..  252 

Sanguisorbaceae  LINDL 281 

Sanicula  LINN 387 

canadensis  LINN 388 

marylandica  LINN 387 

Sanicula  marylandica  var.  can- 
adensis TORR 388 

marylandica  T.  and  G. . .  388 

Santalaceae 199 

Sapinduceae  BAILL 351 

Sapindaceae  B.  and  H 350,  351 

Saponaria  dioica  CHAM,  and 

SCHLECHT 220 

Sarracena  TOURN 225 

Sarracenia  LINN 271 

purpurea  LINN 271 

Sarraceniaceae 271 

Sarratia  MOQ 214 

Sarcoca  RAF 215 

Sarcoglottis  PRESL 170 

Sarothra  LINN 362 

Satureja  virginiana  LINN 452 

Saturn  ia  MARATTI' 147 

Saturnia  SaLiSB 147 

Satyrium  bracteatum  PERS.  . .  168 

hiisutum  GILIB 172 

repens  LINN 172 

repens  MICHX 171 

Sauroglossum  LINDL 170 

Sauvagesiaceae  LINDL 365 

Sa  vastana  SCHRANCK 55 

Savia  RAF 311 

Saxifraga  LINN 274 

oppositifolia 274 

Saxifraga  palustris  LINK 274 

Saxifraga  pennsylvanica  LINN.  274 
Saxifraga  semipubescens 

SWEET 274 


INDEX. 


815 


•  Saxifra  g-aceae 274 

Scandix  dulcis  MUHL 398 

Scepaceae  LINDL 340 

Schedonnardus  STEUD 70 

paniculatus  (NUTT. ) 70 

Schedonnardus  texanus  STEUD.     70 

Schedonorus  BEAUV 82,  83 

Schelhammeria  MOENCH 106 

Schenodorus  arundinaceus  R. 

and  S 79 

Scheuchzeria  LINN 42 

Scheuchzeria  asiatica  MIQ  —  42 

Scheuchzeria  palustris  LINN 42 

Scheuchzeria  paniculataGiLiB.  42 

Schizachrium  NEES 47 

Schizmaxon  STEUD ' 335 

Schizocarya  SPACH 376 

— (?)  crispa  SPACH 376 

Schizolepis  SCHRAD 105 

Schizoptera  TURCZ 531 

Schizonotus  A.  GRAY 423 

Schistachne  FIG.  et  NOT 56 

Schlagintweitia  GRISEB 568 

Schlechtendahlia  WILLD 548 

Schmalzia  DESYX 345 

Schoenissa  SALISB 147 

Schoenocaulon  A.  GRAY 144 

SchoenodorusteneilusR.andS.  83 

SchoenoplectuslacustrisPALLA  98 

pungens  PALL  A 99 

— tabernaemoDtani  PALLA  98 

Schoenoprasum  HBK 147 

Schoenopsis  BEAIJY 103 

Schoenus  albus  LINN 104 

—  angustifolius  VAHL 90 

mariscoides  MUHL . .  104 

setaceusMuiiL 104 

— spathaceus  LINN 90 

Schollera  ROTH 408 

Schollera  SCHREB 138 

dubiaOK 138 

— graminea  BARTR 138 

graminifolia  WILLD 138 

Schousbaea  NICOTR 57 

Schweydkerta  C.  C.  GMEL 418 

Sciadophila  PHIL 356 

Sciadoseris  KUNZE 554 

Scilla  esculenta  KER 151 

f raseri  GRAY 151 

Sciophylla  WIBEL 152 

Sciothamnus  ENDL 390 

Scirpidium  NEES  99 

acicularis  NEES 100 

Scirpus  LINN 96 

Scirpus  acicularis  LINN 100 

— acuminatus  MUHL 101 

altissimus  GILIB 98 

americanus  PERS 99 

and rzejowskii  BESS 98 

an nuus  THUILL, 102 

Scirpus  atrovirens  MUHL 97 

Scirpus  baiothryon  WAHL 101 

— brayi  HOPPE  98 

— capillaris  LINN 103 


Scirpus  capitatus  SCHREB 102 

chaeta  SCHULTES 100 

compressus  MOENCH 102 

custoris  HEG 98 

cyperiformis  MUHL 92 

cyperinus  KUNTH 96 

eriophorus  VAHL 96 

Scirpus  fluviatilis  (TORR. ) 98 

Scirpus  glaucescens  MER 101 

— glaucescens  WILLD 102 

glaucus  SM 93 

intermedius  MUHL 101 

janii   BESS 98 

Scirpus  lacustris  LINN 98 

Scirpus  lenticularis  TORR 97 

lineatus  MICHX 96 

lithuanicus  BESS 98 

manophyllus  BESS 98 

maritimus  var.  (?)  fluvi- 
atilis TORR 98 

melanostachys  D'URV..  101 

microcarpus  PRESL 97 

mucronatus  ALL 99 

muhlenbergii  SPRENG..  103 

multflcaulis  GMEL 102 

nutans   BERG 102 

— orgylis  RAF 98 

ovatus  ROTH 102 

— palustris  LINN 101 

— pendulus  MUHL 96 

— polyphyllus  VAHL 97 

pungens  VAHL 99 

rep  tans  THUILL 101 

robustus  PURSH 98 

rothii  HOPPE 99 

soloniensis  DUB 102 

— spathaceus  Micnx 90 

subsquarrosus  MUHL...  90 

sylvaticus  HOOK 97 

sylvaticus    var.    atrovi- 
rens GRAY 97 

Sylvatieus  var.  digynus 

BOECKL 79 

Scirus  sylvanicus  var.  microcar- 
pus (PRESL)    97 

Scirpus  tenuif'olius  DC 99 

tenuis  WILLD 100 

thy rsiflorus  WILLD 96 

Scirpus  triangularis  <  PERS.) 99 

Scirpus  trichodes  MUHL, 100 

triqueter  ROTH ,  99 

triqueter   var.    triangu- 
laris PERS —  99 

—turgid us  PERS 102 

validus  PURSH 98 

varius  SCHKEB 101 

wolfgangii  BESS 98 

(Trichophorum)    erioph- 

orum  TORR 96 

Schizoglossum  E.  MEY 423 

Schizotnecium  FENZL 221 

Sclepsion  RAF 197 

divaricatum  RAF.  . 197 

Scleranthaceae 219 


816 


MET  A  SPERM  AE    OF    THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Scleria  BERG 105 

Scleria  flaccida  STEUD 105 

—nitida  WILLD 105 

Scleria  triglomerata  MICHX 105 

verticillata  MUHL 105 

Sclerobasis  CASS 553 

Sclerochloa  REICH 82 

Sclerophyllum  GAUD 567 

Scleropoa  GRISEB 82 

Scleropus  SCHRAD 215 

Sclerotheca  A.  D^ 497 

Scolochloa  LINK 79 

arundinacea  (LiLJ.) 79 

Scolochloa  festucacea  LINK.  . .  80 

Scordium  CAV 455 

Scoria  RAF 177 

minima  (MARSH.) 178 

om£a(MiLL.) 178 

Scorodoo ia  MOENCH 455 

Scorodosma  BUNGE 390 

Scorzonera  BAILL 565 

Scrofularina  HEER 460 

Scropfiularia  LINN 459 

ScrophularialanceolataPuRSH  460 

marylandica  LINN 460 

Scrophularia  nodosa  var.  mary- 
landica (LiNN.) 460 

Scrophulariaceae 459 

Scuria  RAF 105 

ScuUUarw  LINN 447 

Scutellaria  ambigua  NUTT —  447 

Scutellaria  galericulata  LINN.  . .  447 

laterifiora  LINN 448 

parvula  MICHX 447 

Scytophyllum  S.  and  Z 348 

Selatium  G.  DON 418 

Selotinus  OERST 489 

Selunia  ALEF 315 

SelwynniaF.  MULL 251 

Semidopsis  ZUM 189 

Semeiocardium  HASSK 338 

Senecillis  GAERTN 554 

Senecio  BAILL 553 

Senecio  LINN 553 

atriplicifplius  (LiNN. )  —  555 

Senecio  atriplicifolius  var.  ron- 

iformis  HOOK 555 

Senecio  aureus  LINN 556 

Senecio  aureus  var.  balsamitae 

T.andG 557 

Senecio    aureus  var.   gracilis 

HOOK 557 

Senecio    aureus    var.    obovatus 

(MUHL.) 557 

aureus    var.    pauperculus 

(MiCHx) 556 

Senecio  aureus  UPH 556 

balsamitae  MUHL 557 

ciliatus  WALT 558 

elliottii  T.  and  G 557 

fastigiatus  SCHWEIN  —  556 

gracilis  PURSH 556 

hieracif  olia  LINN 553 

Senecio  integerrimus  NUTT 556 

Senecio  integrifolius  var.  het- 

erophyllus  NUTT 556 


Senecio  lugens  RICH 555 

Senecio   lugens    var.    hookeri 

EAT 555 

—lugens  var.  parryi  EAT.  .  555 

obovatus  MUHL 557 

Senecio  ovatus  (WALT.) 555 

palustris  (LiNN.) 557 

Senecio  palustris  var.congestus 

HOOK 557 

pauperculus  MICHX 556 

— plattensis  NUTT 557 

Senecio  reniformis  (MUHL.) 555 

tomentosus  MICHX 556 

Senega  DC 338 

— offlcinalis  SPACH 339 

Senna  GAERTN 309 

Sen ra  CAV 361 

Septas  LOUR 473 

Seyrneria  auriculata  SPRENG.  468 

Serrafalcus  PARLAT 84 

Serapias  repens  CHAIX 172 

Sericocarpus  NEES 515 

— asteroides  BSP 524 

conyzoides  NEES 524 

Serpicula  occidentalis  PURSH.  46 

—verticillata  MUHL 46 

Serratula  compta  DRY  AND —  504 

novebora^ensis  LINN —  500 

— -praealta  LINN 500 

scariosa  LINN 504 

spicata  LINN 504 

squarrosa  LINN 506 

Sesleria  NUTT 73 

dactyloides  NUTT 73 

Shepherdia  NUTT 373 

argentea  NUTT 373 

Shortia  dentata  RAF 265 

Shuttleworthia  MEISSN 442 

Sibbaldia  LINN 293 

Sicyoides  TOURN 493 

angulata  MOENCH 493 

Sicyos  LINN 493 

Sicyos  acutus  RAF 493 

Sicyos  angulatus  LINN 493 

Sicyos  lobatus  MICHX 493 

Sida  dioica  CAV 361 

Sieberia  SPRENG 165 

Sieversia  WILLD 299 

Sigillaria  RAF 152 

Silenaceae 219 

Silene  LINN 219 

alba  MUHL 220 

antirrhina  LINN 220 

Silene  catesbaei  WALT 220 

coccinea  MOENCH 220 

— nivea  DC 220 

Silene  stellata  (LiNN.) 221 

virginica  LINN 220 

Siliquaria  FORSK 269 

Silphium  BAILL 531 

Silphium  LINN 531 

Silphium  conjunctum  WILLD.  531 

erythrocaulon  BERNH...  531 

gummiferum  ELL.  ......  532 

hornemanni  SCHRAD —  531 

Silphium  integrifolium  MICHX.  532 


INDEX. 


81' 


Silphium    integrifoliurn    var. 

laeveT.  andG 532 

Silphium  lacimatum  LINN 532 

Silphium  laevigatum  PURSH..  532 

Silphium  perfoliatum  LINN 531 

Silphium  scabrum  MOENCH.  . .  531 

— speciosum  NUTT 532 

— spicatum  Pom 532 

Silphium  terebinthinaceum 

JACQ 532 

Silphium  tetragonum  MOENCH  531 

SiphisiaRAF 201 

glabra  RAF 202 

sipho  KLOTZSCH  202 

Sisarum  TAUSCH 391 

Sisarum  TOUKN 396 

Sismondea  DELPON 160 

Sison  canadense  LINN 397 

marginatum  MICHX 391 

trifoliatum  MICHX 392 

Sisymbrella  SPACH 257 

Sisymbrium  LINN 257 

Sisymbrium  arabidioidesHooK  265 

brachycarpum  H.  and  A.  258 

—  californicum  WATS 258 

canescens  BENTH 258 

canescens  var.  brachycar- 
pum UPH 258 

canescens  KUTT 258 

— canescens  var.   brevipes 

T.  and  G 258 

dentatum  TOUR 258 

Sisymbrium    h artwe  gia n u m 

FOURN 258 

Sisymbrium  hispid um  POIR.  . .  259 

humifusum  J.  VAHL.  . .  265 

incisum  var.  hartwegia- 

num   WATS  258 

Sisymbrium  multifidum  (PuRSii)  258 

Sisymbrium  nasturtiumWALT.  261 

palustre  LEYS 2tO 

pinnatum  GREENE 258 

sophia  G  RAY 258 

Sisyrinchium  LINN 161 

Sisyrinchium  anceps  CAV 162 

angustifolium  AUCT.  in 

part 161 

Sisyrinchium  an  gust ifo I i um 

MILL 162 

Sisyrinchium  bermudiana 

MICHX 162 

gramineum  LAM 162 

Sisyrinchium     m  uc  ronatum 

MICHX 161 

Sitanion  RAF 87 

elymoides  RAF 87 

Sitocodium  SALISB 151 

Sium  LINN 396 

angustifolium  LINN 396 

Sium  canadense  LAM 397 

Sium  cicutaefolium  K.  C.  GMEL  . .  396 

Sium  i?)douglasii  DC  395 

— latifolium  BIGEL 396 

lineare  MICHX 396 


Sium  pumilum  NUTT 396 

rigidius  LINN.            391 

rugosum  RAF 396 

suave  WALT 396 

tenuifolium  MUHL 396 

Skofltzia  HASSK 130 

Smilacina  DESF 152 

bifolia  DESF  152 

bifolia     \7ar.    canadense 

GRAY 152 

—borealis  PURSH 151 

—  canadense  PURSH 152 

—ciliata  PL-USH 154 

— racemose  DESF 154 

-    stellata  DESF 153 

Smilacina  trifolia  DESF 153 

Smilax  LINN 1 57 

Srailax  aspera  DC 158 

caduca  LINN 158 

ciliata  STEUD      158 

Smilax  echirrata  WATS  ]o8 

Smilax  grand  i  folia  BUCKL    . .  157 

Smilax  herbacea  LINN 158 

Smilax  herbacea  var.  pulveru- 

lenttii  GRAY 158 

herbacea    var.    pulveru- 

len  ta  (Micnx. ) 1 59 

Smilax  hispiaa  MUHL 157 

Smilax  peduncularis  MUHL.  . .  158 

—  pulverulenta  MICHX 158 

— quadrangularis  MUHL..  158 

Smilax  rotundifolia  LINN 158 

Smilax  rotundifolia  WILLD.  . .  157 

Srnyrnium  aureum  LINN 392 

barbinode  MUHL 39:J 

cordatu m  W A  LT 393 

— integerrimum  LINN 395 

luteum  MUHL 392 

—  nudicaule  PURSH 390 

trifoliatum  MUHL 393 

Solanaceae 456 

Solanites 456 

Solatium  LINN 458 

Solanumcrenato-dentatumDC  459 

Solanum  nigrum  LINN 459 

Solanum  pterocaulon  DC 459 

— ptycanthuiu  DC 459 

Soleirolia  GAUDICH 199 

Solenachne  STEUD 69 

Solenostigma  ENDL 194 

Solidago  KUNTZE 516 

Solidago  LINN 508 

Solidago  altissima  AIT 512 

— altissima  T.  and  G 512 

amplexicaulis  MART 509 

— angulata  SPRENG 512 

arguta  T.  and  G.  512 

arguta  var.  juncea  GRAY  512 

aspera  AIT 512 

— asperata  PURSH 512 

asperata  SOLAND 512 

asperula  DESF 512 

Solidago  caesia  Linn 514 

canadensis  LINN 510 


-52 


818 


METASPERMAE   OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Solidago  ciliaris  MUHL 512 

cinerascens  SCHWEIN.  . .  509 

conferta  POIR 509 

decemflora  DC 509 

decemflora  GRAY 509 

erecta  PURSH 513 

flexicaulis  LINN 513 

— flexicaulis  var.  lati  folia 

WILLD -.  513 

— flexicaulis  LINN.  herb. ...  514 

f ragrans  DESF 511 

— frankii    HOCHST.    and 

STEUD 512 

g'gantea  AIT 511 

gigantea  WILLD 51 1 

glaberrima  MART 511 

— giabra  DESF 51 1 

Solidago  graminifolia  (LiNN. ) . .  508 

Solidago  grandiflora  RAF 509 

hirta  WILLD 512 

Solidago  hispida  MUHL  509 

humilis  DESF 512 

incanaT.  and  G 510 

Solidago  juncea  AIT 512 

Solidago  lanceolata  CHAM,  and 

SCHLECHT 508 

lanceolata  LINN 508 

lateriflora  LINN 519 

Solidago  latifolia  LINN 513 

Solidago  longifolia  SCHRAD.   .  510 

— — macrophylla  BIGEL 513 

Solidago  missouriensis  NUTT...  511 

Solidago  mollis  BARTL 510 

Solidago  negkcta  T.  and  G 512 

nemoralis  AIT 509 

Solidago    nemoralis    var.    in- 

cana  GRAY. 510 

Solidago  nemoralis  var.   mollis 

(BART.) 510 

Solidago  uutans  DESF 510 

Solidago  occidentalis  N  UTT 508 

patula  MUHL 512 

Solidago  petiolaris  MUHL 513 

pitcheri  NUTT 51 1 

puberula  DC 509 

Solidago  radula  NUTT 509 

Solidago  reflexa  AIT 510 

Solidago  riddellii  FRANK 509 

— rigida  LINN 509 

Solidago  rigidula  Bosc 512 

— rotundifolia  DC 509 

Solidago  rugosa  MILL 512 

Solidago  scaberrima  T.  and  G .  509 

sempervirens  MICHX 513 

Solidago  serotina  AIT 51} 

Solidago  serotina  var.  gigantea 

(AiT.) '. 511 

Solidago  serotina  HOOK 511 

seroti na  WILLD 511 

Solidago  speciosa  NUTT 513 

Solidago  speciosa  var.  angus- 

tata  T.  and  G 513 

Solidago    speciosa    var.    erecta 

(PURSH) 513 


Solidauo  speciosa  vsir.rigidiuscula 

"  T.  and  G 513 

Solidago  villosa  PUKSII 512 

Solomonia  LOUR 33S 

Sonchus  acuminatus  BIGEL.  ..  560 

biennis  MOENCH 560 

floridanus  AIT 560 

floridanus  LINN 561 

leucophaeus  WILLD 560 

ludovicianus  NUTT 561 

multiflorus  DESF 560 

pallidus  TORR 560 

pallidus  WILLD 562 

— pulchelius  PURSH 561 

— sibiricus.RiCH 561 

spicatus  LAM 560 

Sondera  LEHM 272 

Sophora  tinctoria  LINN 311 

Sophorocapnos  TURCZ 254 

Sophrouanthe  BENTH 464 

Soranthus  LED 390 

Sorbus  LINN 283 

arbutifolia  WEN/ 284 

aucuparia  SCHRANK 283 

aucuparia  var.  B.  MICHX  283 

—  coronaria  MACM 284 

sambucifolia  ROEM 284 

sitchensis  ROEM 284 

Sorbus  TOURN 283 

Sorghum  PERS 47 

nutans  GRAY 48 

Sorostachys  STEUD 90 

Souza  VELLOZ 161 

Soyeria  MONN  567 

Spallanzania  POLL 302 

Spanioptilon  LESS 558 

Sparganiaceae 

Sparganium  LINN 32 

androcladum  (ENGLM.). .  33 

Sparganium  erectum  WAHL  . .  32 

erectum  var.  B.  LINN.  . . 

Sparganium  eurycarpum  ENGLM 
Sparganium  ramosum  AUCT.  . 

Sparganium  simplex  HUDS 33 

Sparganium   simplex    var. 

androcladum  ENGLM.  .  33 

simplex    var.     nuttaLii 

ENGELM 

Spartina  SCHREB 69 

cynosuroides  ( LINN  ) 69 

Spartina  polystachya  MUHL..  170 

Spathyema  RAF 131 

—foetida  LINN  131 

Spatularia  HAW 274 

Specularia  HEIST 496 

perfoliata  DC 496 

SpeculuraHALL 496 

Spergulastrum  MICHX 221 

gramineum  MICHX 222 

Spermachiton 62 

Spermatura  REICH 398 

Spermodon  BEAUV 104 

•Sphaerochloa  BEAU  v 136 

Sphaeropus  BOECKL 105 


INDEX. 


819 


Sphaeroschoenus  NEES 104 

Sphaerostigma  ENDL 381 

Sphenocleaceae  MART 494 

Sphondylium  TOURN 389 

Spiesia  NECK 322 

Spiesia  lamberti  (PURSH) 323 

splendent  (Do  UGL.  ) 322 

Spiloxene  SALISB 159 

Spiraea  LINN 282 

Spiraea  amoena  RAF '282 

— caroli  oiana  MARSH 281 

carpi ni folia  WILLD 282 

ciliata  RAF 282 

ferruginea  RAF 282 

glomerata  RAF.  . . : 282 

— obovata  RAF 282 

— opulifolia  LINN 281 

rosea  RAF 282 

Spiraea  salicifolia  LINN 282 

tomentosa  LINN 282 

Spiraea   tomentosa   var.   alba 

MARSH 282 

Spiranthes  L.  C.  RICH 170 

cernua  RICH 170 

gemrnipara  LINDL 171 

gracilis  BIGEL  *.  170 

— romanzowiana  CHAM.  ...  171 

Spirillus  J.  GAY 33 

Spirodela  SCHLEID 133 

— polyrhiza  SC.HLBID 134 

Splitgerbera  MIQ J98 

Sporobolus  R.  BR 62 

— asper  (Micnx. ) 64 

cryptandrus  (ToRR.) 62 

cuspidatus  (ToRR.)   63 

depauperatus  (ToRR. ) 63 

lieterolepis  GRAY 62 

:junceus  (MiCHX.) 63 

vaginaeflorus  (  TORR.  ) 63 

Sportella  HANCE 287 

Stachys  LINN  . 445 

Stachys  arvensis  WALT 445 

Stachys  aspera  MICHX 445 

Stachys  foeniculum  PUKSH,  . .  449 

hispida  PURSH 445 

Stachys  palustris  LINN 445 

Stachys  palustris  var.  aspera 

GRAY 445 

Staphylea  LINN 350 

trifolia  LINN 350 

Staphyleaceae 350 

Staphylodendron  TOUKN 350 

trifoliatumMoENCii  ...  350 

Staphysagria  SPACH 234 

Starkea  pinnata  NUTT -514 

Staurogeton  irisulcus  SCHUR.  133 

Steganotaenia  HOCHST 390 

Steironerna  RAF 413 

ciliatwn  (LiNN.) 414 

lanceolatum  \3LT.hybridum 

(MiCHX.) 413 

Steironerna  longifolia  RAF  . . .  413 

Steironema  quadriflorum  (SiMS. )  413 

Stellaria  LUDW.  .  345 


Stellaria  verna  (LiNN.) 345 

Stellaria  vernalis  WIGG 345 

Stellaria  B.  and  H 221 

— biflora  PURSH  224 

— borealis  var,  B 221 

—  crassifolia  EHRH 221 

— crassifolia  WATS 222 

— glauca  MEY  222 

— graniinea  BIGEL 222 

— longifolia  MUHL i>22 

—longifolia  ROTH 222 

—longipes  GOLDIE 222 

Stellariaceae 334 

Stellularia  LINN 221 

crassifolia  (  EHRH.) 221 

Stellularia  longifolia  (MuHL.). .  222 

— longipes  (GOLDIE) 222 

Stenactis  NEES 525 

— ambigua  DC 526 

— annuaDC 527 

— dubia  CASS 527 

— strigosa  DC 527 

Stenanthium  A.  GRAY 144 

Stengelia  Scn.-BiP 499 

Stenocephalum  Scn.-BiP 499 

Stenophragma  CLARK 257 

Stenorrhyncus  L.  C.  RICH  ...  170 

Stenosiphon  SPACH 376 

Stenotaenia  Boiss 389 

Stenotheca  MONN 568 

venosa  MONN 569 

Stenotus  NUTT 514 

Stephanandra  S.  and  Z 281 

Steptoramphus  BUNGE 560 

Sterculiaceae  BAILL 360 

Sterigmanthe  KL.  and  G 341 

Stevenia  AD.  and  Risen   265 

Stilaginaceae  LINDL 340 

Stilpnogyne  DC 554 

SUlpnopappus  DC 499 

Stipa  LINN 57 

Stipa  canadensis  Pom 58 

— juncea  MICHX 58 

Stipa  spartea  TRIN 57 

Stipagrostis  NEES.        56 

Stooria  NECK 497 

Strateuma  SALISB 164 

Strebanthus  RAF 388 

Streblochaeta  HOCHST 69 

Streptachne  HBK 56 

Streptachne  R.  BR  57 

Streptostachys  DESVX 49 

Strobocalyx  Scn.-BiP 499 

Strophades  Boiss 268 

Strophiostoma  TURCZ 439 

Strophis  SALISB 160 

Strophopappus  DC 499 

Strophostyles  ELL 312 

angulosa  ELL 312 

— pauciflorus  S.  WATS 312 

Sturmia  REICH —  173 

— loeselii  REICH \ . .  173 

Stylandra  NUTT 423 

StylipusRAF 299 


820 


METASPERMAE   OF  THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Stylopappus  NUTT  564 

Styphonia  NUTT 345 

Styrandra  RAF 152 

-hi folia  RAF 152 

Suocuta  DESM 429 

Su  t'rago  G  A  EIITN 499 

SwantiaALEF 315 

Symphachno  BEAUV        136 

Symphoria  PERS 483 

conglomerata  PERS 485 

occidentals  R.  BR 484 

racemosa  PERS 483 

Symphoricarpa  NECK 483 

Symphoricarpos  Juss 483 

Sym  phoricarpos      elongata 

PRESL 484 

— glomerata  PURSH 485 

heterophylla  PRESL 484 

Symphoricarpos  occidentalis 

(R.  BR.) 484 

Symphoricarpos      qrbiculatus 

MOENCH 485 

— parviflora  DESF 485 

Symphoricarpos     racemosus 

MICHX 483 

racemosus  var.  pauciflorus 

ROBB 484 

symphoricarpos  (LiNN.). .  485 

Symphoricarpos      v  u  1  g  a  r  i  s 

MICHX 485 

Symphyandra  A.  DC 494 

Symphyostemon  KL 270 

Symphyotrichum  NEES 515 

Symplocarpus  SALISB 131 

foetidus  SALISB 131 

Synaedrys  LINDL 190 

Synanthereae  RICH 499 

Synassa  LINDL 170 

Syndesmon  HOFFMNSGG 235 

thalictroides  HOFFMGG.  235 

Syneilesis  MAX 554 

Synmeria  GRAH 165 

Syntherisma  WALT 49 

Synthyris  BENTH 467 

houghtoniana  BENTH 467 

Syorhyuchium  HOFFM 161 

Syrmatium  VOG. 331 

T 

Taeniopetalum  BUNGE 390 

Taeniostema  SPACH 364 

Tagetes  BAILL  548 

papposa  VENT 549 

lalinum  ADANS 218 

Talinum  cilia/bum  WALP 218 

Talinum  teretifolium  PURSH  ....  218 

Taraxacum  HALL 562 

Taraxacum  d3ns-leonis  DICSF..  563 

— officinale  WEHB 563 

Taraxacum  taraxacum  (LiNN. ).  563 

Taraxia  NUTT  381 

Teichostemraa  R.  BR 499 

Telmatophace  SCHLEID 133 

orbicularis  SCHUR.  . .  134 


Telmatophace  polyrhiza  GOD  it  134 

TeloxysMoQ 211 

Tenagia  REICH 13* 

Tephis  ADANS 204 

Tephroseris  SCHUR f>r,3 

Tephrosia  PERS 327 

— virgin iana  PERS 32S 

Tephrothamnus  Scn.-Bip 499 

Terebinthaceae  BAILL 345 

Terobera  STEUD 103 

Terranea  COLLA 525 

Tetragonoloba  SCOP 331 

Tetrahitum  HOFFM.  and  LINK  445 

Tetramolopium  NEES 525 

Tetratelaia  SOND 270 

Tetrodus  CASS  , 547 

Teucrium  LINN 455 

— canadense  LINN 4~^> 

Teucrium  virginicum  LINN.  . .  455 

Thacla  SPACH 230 

Thalasium  SPRENG 49 

Thalictrum  LINN 248 

Thalictrum    anemonoides 

MICHX 235 

— carolinianum  WALT 235 

cornuti  T.  and  G 249 

Thalictrum  dioicum  LINN 249 

Thalictrum    laevigatum 

MICHX 249 

polygamum  Coll.  Norn..  249 

Thalictrum  purpurascens  LINN  .  249 

Thalictrum  revolutum  DC 249 

rugosum  AIT 249 

Thaspium  NUTT 392 

— aureum  (LiNN.) 392 

Thaspium  aureum  var.   apte- 

rum  GRAY 394 

Thaspium    aureum  var.   corda- 

tum  (WALT.) 393 

Thaspium  aureum  var.  trifoli- 

atam  C.  and  R 393 

Thaspium  barbinode  (MiCHX.)..  393 

Thaspium  cordatum  T.  and  G.  393 

trit'oliatum  GRAY 393 

— trifoliatum     var.    apte- 

ru  in  GRAY 393 

Thaumuria  GAUDICH 199 

Thelaia  ALEF 403 

Thely podium  ENDL  — * 256 

— pinnatifidum  ( MICHX.)  .  256 

Thelysia  SALISB 160 

Theopyxis  GRIS 412 

Thesium     corymbulosum 

MICHX 200 

umbellatum  LINN     200 

Thlaspi  tuberosum  NUTT 262 

— virginianum  Pom 257 

Thrasya  HBK 4» 

Thylax  fraxineum  RAF M7 

Thynielaeaceae 372 

Thymophylla  LAG 54s 

Thy m  us  virginicus  LINN 452 

Thyrsanthus  SCHR 412 

Thysanella  GRAY 204 


INDEX. 


821 


Thysselinum  HOFFM 

LINN 

i  folia  LINN 

Tiarella  laciniata  HOOK 

7V*  de'DHuinia  DC 

— rigida  (LiNN.) 

TiUa  LINN 

americana  LINN 

Tilia  canadensis  MICHX 

caroliniana  MILL 

— glabra  VENT 

lati folia  SALISU 

neglecta  SPACH.  . .    

pubescens  Nouv.Pun  AM 

— stenopetala  RAF  

Tiliaceae 

Timbalia  CLOS 

Tinea  Biv 

Tinus  OERST 

Tithymalopsis  KL.  and  G 

Tithymali  ADANS 

Ti  thy  mains  GAERTN 

Tobinia  DESVX 

Tofiddia  HUDS 

glutinosa  (  MICHX) 

Tommasinia  BERT 

Tooguea  ENDL 

Tordyliopsis  DC 

Tordyllum  BAILL 

Tormentilla  LINN 

Torminalis  MED 

Torminaria  ROEM 

Torresia  R.  and  1* 

Torreya  RAF 

Torulinum  DESV 

Tosagris  BEAUV 

Tovara  ADANS 

Tovaria  NECK    

Toxicodendron  Ton KN 

— pinnatum  MILL 

Tozzettia  SAVI 

Trachylomia  NEES 

trfglomerata  NEES  

Trachynot ia  Micnx 

cyriosuroides  Micnx   ... 

polystachya  MICHX 

Trachyrhyuchiura  NEES     

Tradescantia  LINN" 

Tradescantia  cristata  WALT.  . 

—  ohioensis  KAF. 

Trodewanlia  ••iryinica  LINN.    . 

Tragacantha  To  URN 

(Tragacantha) 

Trayium  SPIIENO 

Tnigopogon  virginicum  LINN. 

Tragopsls  POMEL 

Tragoselioum  POMEL 

Trasi  HKATV 

Travtirsia  HOOK,  f 

Traunsteinera  REICH     

Trcissia    HA\V. 

Trentepohlia  HOKCKL 

Triachyrum  I IOUHST 

Triadenia  SPACH 


390 
275 
275 
275 


391 
391 
359 
359 
359 
359 
359 
3>9 
359 
359 
359 
359 
287 
165 
489 
3il 
340 
341 
337 
143 
141 
390 
257 
389 
389 
293 
283 
283 
55 
90 
91 
58 
204 
152 
34H 
346 
61 
105 
105 
69 
69 
69 
103 
13H 
137 
137 
137 
323 
30H 
394 
564 
394 
394 
103 
554 
1(54 
341 
90 
02 
302 


Triadenum  purpurascens  RAF. 

Triaena  HBK 

Triantha  NUTT 

Triathera  DKSVX 

Trichachne  NEES 

Tricherostlgma  KL.  and  G ... 

Trichocha^ta  STEUD 

1  richochloa  BEAUV 

calycina  TRIN 

glomerata  TRIN 

Trichocrepis  Vis 

Trichodium  MICHX. 

— decumbens  MICHX  

laxifoliurn   Micnx  

— -pe"ennans  ELL 

— scabrum  MUIIL 

Tricholaena  SCHRAD 

Trichoon  ROTH 

Trichophorom  Pfiiis 

—  cy peri num  PERS 

— lineatum  MUHL 

Trichopodiuni  PKESL 

Triehostemnia  brachiatus 

LINN 

Trichostylis  LESTTIJ 

Trichothalamus  LEHM  

Triclinium  odoratum  UAF  ... 

Triclisperma  RAF 

grand i flora  RAF 

Tricoccae  LINN 

Tricolophus  SPACII 

Tridia  KORTH     

Trientalis  LINN 

americana  (PERS.) 

Trientalis europaea  MICIIX  .  . . 
— europaea  var.  americ. 

PERS 

•—europaea     vac.    angu 

folia  'I  ORR 

Triylochin  LINN 

Triglochin  chilensis  MEY 

— flata  NUTT 

— juncea  GILIB 

Tri.ylochiu  rn«;ritim<(  LINN. 
Triglochin  ruarilima  var.  el  tta 

(I  KAY 41 

— mexicana  HBK 

Triglochin  palustris  LINN 

Triglochin  salina  WALLR.   ... 

Trigonea  PARLAT 

Trigonella  americana  XLTT.  . 

Trigonosciadum  Boiss 

Trigueria  CAVr  

Trillidium  KUNTII 

Ti'illitn'n    LiNN 

Trillium  album  PURSII 

—  camtschaticum   PTRSII. 

Trillium  cernmtm  LJNN 

— erectum  LINN 

Trillium  erectum  var.  dccliti  i- 

t.um  GRAY 

Trittium-grandiflorum  ( M  icn 

— -nivale  RIDD 

Trillium  pendulum  AIT. .. 


304 
70 

143 
70 
49 

341 

104 
58 
00 
60 

568 
64 
65 
65 
65 
05 
49 
73 
94 
96 
90 

329 

450 
103 

29:5 

388 
338 
339 
340 
33 -s 
302 
414 
414 
414 

414 

414 
41 
41 
41 
41 
41 

42 
'  41 
41 
41 
147 
332 
389 
301 
156 
156 
150 
156 
153 
15o 

1 50 
1 50 
156 
156 


822 


METASPERMAE    OF   THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Trillium    pendulum   MUHL..  156 

Trillium  sessile  LINN 157 

recurvatum  BECK  157 

Trillium     rhomboideus    var. 

grandiflorum  MICHX.  .  156 

,  Trilophos  Fiscn 251 

Trimeris  PRESL 497 

Trimorphoea  CASS 525 

Triniusa  STEUD 84 

Triodanis  RAF 496 

Triodia  festucacea  EICHW  ...  80 

Trionum  MED : 36 1 

Triosteum  LINN 487 

Triosteum  majus  MICHX 487 

Triosteum  perfoliatum  LINN.  ..  487 

Tripetalus  LINDL 487 

Tri  phora  NUTT 169 

Triplathera  ENDL 70 

Triplima  RAF 105 

Tripolium  NEES 515 

Tripterium  SPACH 248 

Triraphis  NEES 69 

Trisetum  purpurascens  TORR.  68 

Triticum  caninum  LINN 85 

— repens  var.  glaucum  VAS  86 

— sepium  LAM  85 

violaceum  HORN 86 

Trewiaceae  LINDL 340 

Trixago  MOENCH 445 

Troilia  LINK 315 

Trollius  BAILL 230 

Tropaeolurn  BENTH.and  HOOK  332 

Troximon  AUCT     563,  564 

— cuspidatum  PURSH 563 

— glaucum  PURSH 564 

margi natum  NUTT 563 

Tuamina  ALEF 315 

Tuberaria  DUN 364 

Tubopadus  POMEL 306 

Tuckermannia  NUTT 543 

Tullia  LEAVENNV 452 

Tuna  DILI 371 

Tu  pa  G.  DON 497 

Turczaninowia  DC 515 

Turpinia  LLA v.  and  LEX 500 

Turpinia  RAF X45 

Turritis  LINN 265 

— glabra  LINN 266 

— hirsuta     LINN 267 

— hiruta   MunL 67 

laevigata  MUKL 267 

— lyrata  RAF 266 

— macrocarpa  NUTT 266 

— oblongata  RAF 267 

— ovata  PURSH 267 

TussacaRAF 171 

repens  RAF 172 

Tylomium  PRESL ...'..  497 

Tylothrasya  DOELL 49 

T.ynarthron  CAS 553 

Typalia  DENTS 337 

I'yplia  LINN 31 

Typha  angustifolia  RICH 31 

Typha  latifolia  LINN 31 


Typha  latifolia  var.  elongata 

DUDL 31 

—major  CURT :n 

Typhaceae 31 

Typhodes  MOENCH 54 

— arundinacea  MOENCH. ..  55 

Tytonia  DON 351 

U 

Udora  NUTT 45 

— canadensis  NUTT 46 

— occidentalis  KOCH  46 

Ulmaceae 192 

Ulmaceae  ENDL 192 

Ulmiphyllum 193 

Ulmus  LINN 193 

Ulmus  alba  RAF 193 

Ulmus  americana  LINN 193 

Ulmus  americana  var.  aspera 

CHAP...   193 

— americana  var.  bartramii 

WALP 193 

—  americana  var.  pendula 

AIT 193 

— americana     var.     rubra 

AIT 194 

— americana    var.    scabra 

SPACH 193 

—americana    LINN.  herb. 

BANKS 194 

— americana  PLANCH 193 

— crispa  WILLD 154 

— floridana  CHAP 193 

Ulmus  fulva  MICHX 194 

Ulmus  mollifolia  MARSH 19 i 

—pendula  WILLD 193 

— pubescens  WALT 194 

Ulmus  racemosa  THOS 1 93 

Ulmus  rubra  MICHX  f 194 

Uloptera  FENZL 390 

Ulostoma  G.  DON 418 

Umbelliferae 387 

Unifolium  ADANS 152 

Unifolium  canadense   (LiNN).  152 

Unifolinm  bifolium  (LiNN.)  ...  152 

racemosum  «  LINN.) 154 

—itellatum  f  LINN.) 153 

-  trifolium  (LiNN.  > 153 

Uniserna    RAF 137 

Urachne  TRIN 57 

— asperifolia  TRIN 58 

— brevicaudata  TRIN 58 

— leucosperma  LINK 58 

— racemosa  TRIN 58 

Uraspermum  NUTT 398 

— aristatum  OK —  398 

— aristatum  var  brevistyle 

OK '...  398 

-  clay  toni  NUTT 398 

hirsutum  BIGEL 398 

Urochloa  BEAUV 49 

Urochloa  KUNTH 49 

Urtica  LINN 1 96 

Urtica  canadensis  LINN 197 


INDEX. 


823 


Urtica  capitata  PURSH 199 

cylindrica  LINN 198 

dioica  MICHX 19.7 

dioica  var.  procera  WEDD  197 

-divaricata  PUKSH 197 

fasciculata  Pom 198 

rrtiva  gracilis  AIT 197 

Urtica'procera  PUESH 197 

— pumila  LINN 198 

— whitlowi  MUHL 197 

Urticaceae — 196 

Urticaceae  B.  and  H 192,  195 

Urticastrum  MOEHR 197 

Urticeae 196 

Utricularia  LINN 473 

— cornuta  MICHX 474 

Utricularia  estacea  HOOK 474 

Utricularia  intermedia  HAYNE.  474 

Utricularia  millefolium  NUTT  474 

Utricularia  minor  LINN . i 474 

Utricularia  personata  LE 

CONTE 474 

Utricularia  vulgaris  LINN 474 

Utriculariaceae  BAILL 473 

Uvedalia  B.  BR ~. 463 

Uvularia  LINN 146 

—grandiflora  SM 146 

Uvularia  lanceplata  WILLD  . .  146 

Uvularia  perfoliata  LINN 146 

Uvularia  perfoliata  var.  major 

MICHX 146 

— perfoliata     var.     minor 

MICHX 146 

Uvularia  sessilifolia  LINN 146 

Uwarowia  BUNGE 442 

V 

Vacciniaceae  LINDL 405 

Vaccinium  LINN 409 

Yaccinium  altmm  LAM 410 

—  album  LINN 486 

— album  PURSH 411 

— amoenum  AIT 410 

Vaccinium  canadense  KALM 410 

— corymbosum  var.  amoenum 

(AiT.) 410 

Vaccinium    corymbosum  var. 

fuscatum  HOOK 410 

— elevatum  DUN 411 

— elongatum  WATS 410 

— grandiflorum  WATS 410 

— hispidulum  LINN 407 

—humile  WILLD 410 

kunthianum  KL.  .  411 


macrocarpon  AIT 


409 


— marianum  WATS 410 

— multiflorum  WATS 411 

— myrtilloides  MICHX 410 

—  oxycoccusLiNN 409 

— oxycoccus  var.   oblongi- 

folius  MICHX 409 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum  LAM  410 

Vaccinium  ramulosurn  WILLD  410 

Vaccinium  stamineum  LINN 411 


Vaccinium  tenellum  PURSH   . 

Vahlodia  FRIES 

Valeriana  LINN 

Valeriana  ceratophylla  MACM 

ciliata  T.  and  G 

Valeriana  edulis  NUTT 

Valeriana  radiata  WILLD 

Valerianaceae 

Valerianella  MOENCH 

— chenopodifolia  (PURSH)  . . 

— radiata  (  WILLD.) 

Volerianites  SAP 

Vallisneria  LINN 

Vallisneriaamericana  Micnx. 

— bulbosa  POIR 

— — jacquiniana  EICHW 

— jacquinii  SAVI 

Vallisneria  spiralis  LINN 

Vallisneria  spiralis  var,  amer- 

icana(MiCHX.) 

Vanillosma  SCH.-BIP 

Varasia  PHIL 

Vaseya  THURB 

Velarum  SCHTTR 

Veratrum  LINN 

Veratrum  album  MICHX  

—album  var.  eschscholtzii 

DAWSON 

— album  var.  vi  rid  is  REGEL 
— eschscholti/Ji  GRAY  — 

Veratrum  viride  AIT 

Verbena  LINN 

angustifolia 

— bracteosa  MICHX 

— bracteosa  X  stricta  UPH  . . 

Verbena  canescens  CHAP 

— cuneifolia  RAF 

Verbena  hastuta  LINN 

Verbena  hastata  var.  pinnati- 

flda  PURSH 

— paniculata 

rigens  MICHX 

— rugosa  WILLD 

-simplex  LEHM 

— squarrosa^ROTH 

Verbena  stricta  VENT 

Verbena  urticaefolia  LINN  — 

Verbenaceae 

Vernix  ADANS 

Vernonella  SOND 

Vernonia  SCHREB 

Vernonia  altissima  DC    

corymbosa  SCHWEIN  .... 

Vernonia  fasciculata  MICHX  . . . 

noveboracensis  (LiNN.). . . 

Vernonia  praealta  HOOK 

tomentosa  ELL 

Veronica  LINN 

americana  SCHWEIN 

Veronica  anagallis  BONG 

Veronica  anagallis  LINN 

Veronica  beccabunga  ATJCT  . . 

caroliniana  WALT 

— ^intermedia  SCHW 


411 

67 

491 

492 

491 

491 

492 

491 

492 

492 

492 

49 

46 

46 

44 

46 

46 

46 

46 
499 
418 

58 
257 
145 
145 

145 
145 
145 
145 
442 
444 
443 
443 
443 
443 
443 

443 
443 
443 
444 
444 
443 
443 
444 
442 
346 
499 
499 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
465 
466 
466 
466 
466 
465 
466 


824 


METASPERMAE    OF   THE    MINNESOTA    VALLEY 


Veronica  marilandica  MURK..  465 

Veronica  pereyrina  LINN 465 

— scutellata  LINN 466 

Veronica  sibirica  LINN 467 

Veronica  virginica  LINN 467 

Veronica  xalipensis  HBK 465 

Veronicites  HEER  465 

Vesalea  MART,  and  GAL 483 

Vesicaria  AUCT.  AM •  263 

globosa  DESVX 263 

— ludoviciana  DC 263 

Vetiveria  THOU 47 

Viburnum  LINN 489 

— dentatum  LINN 490 

Viburnum  den ta turn  var.  gla- 

bellumMiCHX 490 

— dentatum  var.  lucidum 

AIT 490 

denta'um  var.  pubescens 

AIT 489 

— edule  HOOK 489 

Viburnum  lentago  LINN 490 

Viburnum  opuloides  MUHL.  .  489 

Viburnum  opulus  LINN 489 

Viburnum  opulus  var.  ameri- 

canum  T.  and  G 489 

oxycoccus  PURSH 489 

Viburnum  pubescens  (AiT.) 4£9 

Viburnum  raflnesquianum  R. 

and  S 489 

— subtomentosum  MICHX.  489 

— trilobum   MARSH 489 

— villosumRAF 489 

Vicia  LINN 315 

— americana  MUHL 316 

— caroliniana  WALT 316 

cracca  LINN 316 

Vicia  oregana  NUTT 316 

— parviflora  MICHX. 316 

— sparsifolia  NUTT 316 

— *ylvatica  NUTT 316 

tridentata  SCHW 316 

VicillaScHUR 315 

Vicioides  MOENCH 315 

Vigiera  VELLOZ 375 

Vigineixia  POM 567 

V  ignantha  SCHUR 106 

Vignea  BEAUV 106 

aquatilis  REICH 123 

—  canescens  REICH 110 

— chordorhiza  REICH 116 

persoonii  SCHUR Ill 

stenophylla  REICH  115 

— teretiuscula  REICH 114 

Vilfa  ADANS 64 

Vilfa  BEAUV 62 

aspera  BEAUV  64 

cry  ptandra  TRIN <>2 

cuspidata  TORR 63 

— depauperata  TORR 63 

— heterolepis  GRAY 62 

hookeri  TRIN 64 

juncea  TRIN 63 

longifolia  TORR 64 


Vilfa  utilis  TORR 63 

vaginaeflora  Touii 63 

Villanova  CRT 533 

Villarsia  GMCL 418 

— cordata  ELL 418 

lacunosa  VENT 418 

Vincentia  GAUDICH 103 

Viola  LINN 366 

A^iola  acuta  BIGEL 368 

albiflora  LINK 367 

— allegheniensis  R.  and  S.  369 

amoena  LECONTE 368 

— asarifolia  PURSH 369 

attenuata  SWEET 368 

barbata  MUHL 370 

Viola  blanda  WILLD 368 

blanda  var.  amoena  (LE- 
CONTE)   3»)8 

Viola  blanda  var.  palustrifor- 

mis  GRAY 368 

Viola  canadensis  LINN 367 

Viola     canina    var.    muhlen- 

bergii  TRAUTV 366 

— canina     var.    sylvestris 

REG 366 

ciliata  MUBL 369 

ciliata  U.  and  S 370 

clandestina  PURSH 368 

cordata  WALT 370 

cucullata  AIT 369 

cucullata    var.    cord  a  La 

GRAY 370 

cucullata    var.   palmata 

GRAY 369 

debilis  MICHX 366 

debilis  PURSH 366 

delphinifolia  NUTT 370 

dentata  PURSH 369 

digi tata  PURSH 370 

— heterophylla  MUHL 369 

Viola  lanceolata  LINN 368 

Viola  lewisiana  GING 366 

muhlenbergiana  GING  .  366 

muhlenbergii  TORR 366 

obliqua  HILL 369 

obi iqua  PURSH 368 

ochroleuca  SCHW 366 

ovata  NUTT 369 

Viola  palmata  LINN 369 

palmata      var.      cordata 

(WALT) 370 

Viola  palmata  var.  cucullata 

GRAY 369 

Viola    palmata     var.     obliqua 

(HiLL) 369 

Viola  papilionacea  PURSH —  369 

Viola  pedata  LINN 370 

pedatifida  G.  DON 370 

Viola  pennsylvanica  MICHX  . .  367 

--pinnataRiCH 370 

Viola  primulaefolia  LINN 368 

Viola  pubescens  AIT 367 

rotundifolia  MICHX 367 

Viola  sagittaefolia  SALISH  ....  369 


INDEX. 


825 


Viola  sagittata  AIT 369 

Viola  sororia  WILLD 370 

Viola  striata  AIT 366 

sylvtstris  LAM 366 

Viola  uliginosa  MUHL 366 

uniflora    var.  pubescens 

REG 367 

villosa  WALT 370 

Violaceae 365 

Viorna  PERS. 240 

Vi rga  aurea  TOURN 508 

Virgilia  L'flER 547 

Virgularia  R.  and  P 468 

Viscum  terrestris  LINN 413 

Vitaceae 357 

Viticella  MITCH 434 

Vi  dcella  MOENCH 240 

Vitis  LINN 358 

— aestivalis  Micnx 358 

cordi folia  LAM 359 

Vitis    cordifolia    var.  riparia 

GRAY 358 

hederacea  EHRH 357 

incisaJACQ 358 

intermedia  MUHL 358 

labrusca  WALT 358 

labruscoidps  MUHL 358 

laciniosa  MARSH 358 

odoratissima  DON 358 

palmata  VAHL 358 

quinquefolia  Micnx —  357 

Vitis  riparia  Micnx 358 

Vitis  virgin iana  Pom 358 

vulpina  LINN 358 

vulpina  var.    cordifolia 

REGEL  359 

vulpina  JACQ 358 

vulpina  MUHL 359 

Vitis-Idaea  TOURN 410 

Vitmannia  TURRA 216 

Vittadinia  A.  RICH 525 

Vivianaceae  LINDL 332 

Vleckia  RAF 449 

foenicula  (  PURSH) 449 

nepetoides  (LiNN. ) 450 

scro  pliul  ariaef  olia 

(WlLLD.) 449 

Voightia  ROTH 568 

Volvulus  MED     428 

sepium  (  LINN. ). .  428 

spithameus  (LiNN.) 428 

Vosacan  ADANS 539 

VulpiaGMEL 82 

Vyenomus  PRESL 348 

W 

Waldschmidtia  WIGG 418 

Waldsteinia  WILLD 299 

WalliaALEF 176 

cinereaALEF 177 

nigraALEF 177 

Webb i a  DO 499 

Webbia  SPACH 362 

Weigela  THUNB 486 


Weigela  PERS 486 

Wendia  HOFFM 389 

Whitlavia  HOOK 435 

Wiggersia  A LEF 315 

WikstrotniaSpKENG 501 

Wilhelmsia  C  KOCH 77 

Willdenowa  CAV 548 

Willkomrnia  SCHULTZE 554 

WoodvilleaDC 525 

WolffiaHoRK 134 

brasiliensis  WEDD 134 

—  coiumbiana  KARST 135 

Wulffla  NECK 134 

X 

Xamachrista  RAF 309 

trifoliaRAF 309 

Xanthidium  DELP 534 

Xanthiuni  LINN 535 

Xanthium  americanum  WALT  535 

Xanthium  canadense  MILL 535 

— canadense  var.  echinatum 

(MURR.) 536 

Xanthium  carolinense  DILL..  535 

echinatum  MURR 536 

maculatum  RAF 536 

macrocarpum  var  glab- 

ratumDC 535 

orientale  LINN 535 

strumarium  AUCT.  AM..  535 

strumarium    var.   cana- 
dense T.  and  G 535 

Xanthogalum  LALL 390 

Xantholinum  REICH 335 

Xanthoselinum  SCHUR 390 

Xanthoxylum    see    Zanthoxy- 

lum 

fraxini folium  MARSH...  337 

—mite  WILLD 337 

Xeniatrum  SALISB 151 

Xenocarpus  CASS ..  554 

Xiphion  PARLAT   160 

X  i  phocarpus  PRESL 327 

Xiphochaeta  POEPP.  and  ENDL  500 

Xiphocoma  STEV 241 

Xi pholepis  STEETZ 499 

Xylan thena  NECK 558 

Xylococcus  NUTT 408 

Xylopleurum  SPACH 380 

Xyiorhiza  NUTT 515 

Xyloohiza  SALISB 147 

XylosteumTouRN 485 

eiliatum  PURSH 486 

eiliatum     var.     album 

PURSH 483 

tartaricum  MICHX 486 

Xypherus  RAF 311 

Xyridaceae 135 

Xyridion  KLATT 160 

Xyris  LINN 135 

Xyris  bulbosa  KUNTH 135 

Xyris  jkxuosa  MUHL 135 

Xyris  j  u  picai  MICHX 135 

scabra  ENGELM 135 

Xysmalobium  R.  BR 423 


826 


METASPEKMAE    OF    THE   MINNESOTA   VALLEY. 


Ymnostemma  NECK 497 

Youngia  CASS 567 

Z 

Zahlbrucknera  REICH 274 

Zanichellia  LINN 39 

Zanichellia  gen iculata  GILIB.  .  39 

macrostemon  G.  W.  L..  39 

major  BNGH 39 

Zanichellia  palustris  LINN 39 

Zanichellia  radicans  WALLM..  39 

repens  BNGH 39 

Zanthoxyleae  ENDL 336 

Zanthoxylum  LINN 337 

americanum  MILL 337 

Zanthoxylum    fraxineum 

WILLD.. 337 

rami folium  MICHX 337 

tricarpum  HOOK 337 


Zeocriton  BEAUV 86 

secalinum  BEAUV 87 

Zerobotrys  NUTT 408 

ZietineaGLED 445 

Zigadenus  MICHX 144 

Zte  adenus  chloran thus  RICH  . .  144 

Zigadenus  ekgans  PURSH J44 

Zigadenus  glkucus  HOOK 144 

virginicus  KUNTH 145 

Zizania  LINN 53 

aquatica  LINN 53 

Zizania  clavulosa  MICHX 53 

—  palustris  LINN 53 

Zizaniopsis  DOELL.  and  ASCH.  53 

Zizia  KOCH 394 

aurea  KOCH 394 

cordata  KOCH 393 

Zizia  integerrima  DC 395 

Zosteraceae « 33 

Zosterospermon  BEAUV 104 

Zygadenus  see  Zigadenus 


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